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Counterculture: A THE RISE AND FALL OF THE AMERICAN COUNTERCULTURE: A HISTORY OF THE HIPPIES AND OTHER CULTURAL DISSIDENTS A Dissertation by DAMON RANDOLPH BACH Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Terry H. Anderson Committee Members, James Burk Andrew Kirkendall John H. Lenihan Head of Department, David Vaught December 2013 Major Subject: History Copyright 2013 Damon Randolph Bach ABSTRACT The Rise and Fall of the American Counterculture examines the cultural dissidents and cultural revolutionaries of the 1960s era: the hippies. It fills a major void in the historical literature. Most scholars have focused on one aspect of the counterculture, examined it in a couple of locations, or relegated it to a single chapter. Moreover, scholarly narratives have been nearly identical, repeating the same themes and events, while presenting similar explanations for hippiedom’s origins and decline. Many historians utilize secondary sources and rely heavily on Theodore Roszak’s pioneering work. This study is different—it is the first comprehensive history of the hippies and other cultural dissenters, documenting the counterculture throughout the United States from its antecedents in the 1950s, to its origins in the early 1960s, to its emergence in the mid 1960s, to its blooming in the late 1960s, to its decline in the 1970s. Moreover, this study is based on documents seldom examined by historians, the underground newspapers, interviews, flyers, and pamphlets produced by counterculturalists. These sources provide crucial insights into the hippie philosophy and illuminate the forces that caused the counterculture’s materialization and decline. The Rise and Fall of the American Counterculture contends that hippiedom’s development occurred in four stages: its antecedents and origins from 1945 to 1965; its nascent period in 1965 and 1966; its flowering from 1967 to 1970; and its zenith and waning from 1970 through 1973. ii Cold War America—the institutions, culture, and government—alienated the youths who eventually became hippies. The counterculture’s constitution underwent fundamental transformations. When it emerged, it consisted entirely of cultural dissidents. By the late 1960s, however, New Leftists, who had earlier differed from hippies in philosophy and appearance, began to embrace dope, long hair, liberated sexuality, and countercultural clothing. A partial blending of the New Left and counterculture occurred; hip politicos, hippie activists, and hybrid counterculturalists— those who expressly combined political and cultural radicalism—became indistinguishable. Despite overlapping and blending, however, the counterculture and New Left remained distinct entities. From 1970 through 1973, the counterculture expanded to include most New Leftists, becoming a united, inclusive, dissident youth culture and countersociety of millions. iii For my parents, Randolph and Suzanne iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 CHAPTER II “THE PRISON WAS THE AMERICAN DREAM”: COLD WAR AMERICA AND THE ORIGINS OF THE COUNTERCULTURE, 1945-1964………….. ................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER III “THERE’S SOMETHING HAPPENIN’ HERE”: THE COUNTERCULTURE IN SAN FRANCISCO, NEW YORK, AND LOS ANGELES, 1965-1966…...... ........................................................................... 69 CHAPTER IV THE AGE OF AQUARIUS ASCENDANT AND THE QUINTESSENTIAL COUNTERCULTURE, 1967-1969........................................ 132 CHAPTER V THE EMERGENCE OF THE DISSIDENT YOUTH CULTURE AND COUNTERSOCIETY, ITS APOGEE AND DECLINE, 1970-1973……… ...................................................................................................... 223 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION: LEGACY, EVALUATION, AND CONCLUDING REMARKS……….. ...................................................................... 305 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 327 v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The American Sixties conjure up a variety of images: sit-ins at segregated lunch- counters; John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address in which the president spoke the memorable words, “Ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country;” The March on Washington in which Martin Luther King declared, “I have a dream;” soldiers and marines trudging wearily through the sweltering jungles of Vietnam; bloodied student demonstrators clashing with police in full riot gear; exploding ghettos and fires in the streets of Watts, Detroit, and Newark; Robert Kennedy and King lying in blood; Vietcong overrunning the American embassy in Saigon; astronaut Neil Armstrong stepping off the Apollo Lunar Module onto the moon’s surface, proclaiming, “That’s one small step for [a] man—one giant leap for mankind.” The Sixties also brings to mind another image: colorfully-dressed, flowers-in- their-hair youth dancing with wild abandon to the clamorous, psychedelic sounds of the Jefferson Airplane and Grateful Dead at a love-in. The Rise and Fall of the American Counterculture examines these individuals, the cultural dissidents and cultural revolutionaries of the 1960s era: the hippies. Hippies rebelled against and rejected Cold War culture and mainstream societal values; these sexually liberated individuals championed communal living, embraced Eastern religions and mysticism, preached and practiced love and peace, and sought more meaningful, authentic lives. They also 1 endeavored to create a better culture based on moral precepts—community, cooperation, truthfulness, love, empathy, and egalitarianism. Numerous scholars have written about the counterculture, and the first studies appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s when it was at its height. Psychologists, psychiatrists, anthropologists, sociologists, journalists, English professors, and other academics descended on countercultural enclaves and communes to study the behavior of the hippies.1 Historians began investigating the counterculture when it was at its zenith, and their explorations have persisted over the last 40 years. Many have written about the 1960s or the post-World War II era and they examined the counterculture in a single chapter; examples include William L. O’ Neill’s Coming Apart (1971), Allen J. Matusow’s The Unraveling of America (1984), Terry H. Anderson’s The Movement and the Sixties (1995), Mark Hamilton Lytle’s America’s Uncivil Wars (2006), and Irwin Unger’s recent text, The Sixties.2 1 Leonard Wolf and Deborah Wolf, eds., Voices From the Love Generation (Boston, 1968); Burton H. Wolfe, The Hippies (New York, 1968); Lewis Yablonsky, The Hippie Trip (New York, 1968); Helen Swick Perry, The Human Be-In (New York, 1970); Delbert L. Earisman, Hippies in Our Midst: The Rebellion Beyond Rebellion (Philadelphia,1968); John Gruen, The New Bohemia (New York, 1966); J.L. Simmons and Barry Winograd, Its Happening (Santa Barbara, 1966); Roy Ald, The Youth Communes (New York, 1970); Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective (Cambridge, 1972); Keith Melville, Communes in the Counter Culture (New York, 1972); Benjamin Zablocki, The Joyful Community (Baltimore, 1971); Richard Fairfield, Communes USA: A Personal Tour (Baltimore, 1972); Lawrence Veysey, Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Counter-Cultures in America (New York, 1973). 2 William L. O’Neill, Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the 1960s (Chicago, 1971); Allen J. Matusow, The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s (New York, 1984); Terry H. Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties (New York, 1995); Mark Hamilton Lytle, America’s Uncivil Wars: The Sixties Era From Elvis to the Fall of Richard Nixon (New York, 2006); Irwin Unger, The Sixties (New York, 2011); Other single chapters on the counterculture are in Edward P. Morgan, The 60s Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America (Philadelphia, 1991); William E. Leuchtenburg, A Troubled Feast: American Society Since 1945 (Boston, 1979); David Burner, Making Peace With the 60s (Princeton, NJ, 1996); David Chalmers, And the Crooked Places Made Straight: The 2 Other studies have focused on one particular element of the counterculture. Todd Gitlin’s The Sixties (1987) and W. J. Rorabaugh’s Berkeley at War (1989) discussed the counterculture, but concentrated primarily on the New Left and campus activism. Timothy Miller has written Hippies and American Values (1991), which analyzed hippie ethics, and the 60s Communes (1999), an investigation if intentional communities. Abe Peck’s Uncovering the Sixties (1985), and John McMillian’s Smoking Typewriters (2011) document the history of the underground press. Charles Perry penned a history of the Haight-Ashbury, and more recently, Larry Eskridge focused on the “Jesus People” movement in God’s Forever Family (2013), while Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo investigated hippie women in Daughters of Aquarius (2009). Tim
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