Men, Masculinities and Emotion: Understanding The
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Men, Masculinities and Emotion: Understanding the Connections between Men’s Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence, Alcohol Use and Sexual Behaviour in Dharavi, Mumbai Benjamin M. Davis Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University College London October 2011 Declaration by candidate I, Benjamin Davis, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed: Date: 19th October 2011 2 Abstract Background An increasing men‟s studies movement attempts to understand how different masculine norms affect men‟s health and behaviour and how behaviours such as alcohol use and violence act as ways of coping both with the pressure to fulfil masculine norms and with emotional distress. However, the vast majority of this work has been in western contexts. This study sought to extend this fairly western- centric work by examining the relationships between gender norms, emotional distress and men‟s alcohol use, perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual behaviour in a low-income area of Mumbai, India. Methods Secondary quantitative data (n=2,381) from a survey of men in three low-income districts in Mumbai were analysed in order to identify psychosocial factors associated with men‟s perpetration of IPV, alcohol use and extramarital sex. A period of fieldwork was undertaken in Dharavi, Mumbai in 2009-10 which included in-depth interviews with 29 married men, aged 21-52. Results Quantitative analyses found evidence for associations between men‟s ability to fulfil masculine norms and perpetration of IPV as well as psychological distress. Qualitative interviews highlighted the range of norms men were exposed to, defended and contested. Many men struggled to fulfil dominant notions of masculinity. In addition, many men had poor emotional and social support, frequently dealing with distress on their own. Men reported using behaviour such as alcohol use, violence and extramarital sex as ways of dealing with difficult emotions, social isolation, as well as a range of difficulties in their marital relationships. Conclusion Norms around masculinity and the effects these have upon men emotionally are important in understanding men‟s involvement in these behaviours in this context. Understanding men as gendered as well as emotional beings is important in engaging with a wide variety of men in order to bring about lasting social as well as behavioural change. 3 Acknowledgments There are a considerable number of people who have helped me over the course of the PhD process without whom this work would not have been possible. First and foremost, I am extremely thankful for my supervisor at LSHTM, Martine Collumbien. Her guidance, support and friendship have surpassed everything I expected of a supervisor. Her tireless reading of drafts and the discussions which followed have been key to my development as well as the shaping of this thesis. I am also very grateful for the help of Prof. Graham Hart at UCL, who has been a great support, imparting much wisdom and helping to guide me through this process. I also wish to express my thanks to Prof. Shalini Bharat at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences for her guidance during my time in Mumbai. I also owe a big debt to Prof Gordon Stewart and the UCL MBPhD team for supporting this research and GlaxoSmithKline for their generous funding. In addition, thanks go to the many people in Mumbai who believed in the importance of this research and supported it in various different ways. Firstly, my excellent assistant Murgesh Sivasubramanian; the team at SNEHA, particularly Dr. Nayreen Daruwalla and Dr David Osrin, who, when I was looking for a collaboration, were enthusiastic, open and made me feel incredibly welcome and Dr Ravi Verma at the ICRW for his interest, support and allowing me to use quantitative data from the RISHTA project. I am also extremely grateful to all the participants who gave their time so freely, talked so openly and gave me so much to think about! The final thanks must go to the many friends in London and Bombay, who made this process such a pleasurable one. Ruchika, Nick, Nova and Adam thank you for helping to make my time in Bombay so rich, colourful and varied and to my office mate Kathryn for listening to and sharing endless PhD worries. Finally, I am so grateful to my partner Luqman for his continual love and support, which have got me through these last few months. 4 Abbreviations, definitions and Hindi words and phrases Asli mard A „real‟ or particularly „masculine‟ man AYUSH Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy – non-allopathic practitioners. Bewada Drunkard Bhadwe Pimp Bhaiya A sub-caste usually from north India Bhabhi Sister-in-law CBO Community based organisation Charas Hashish Chawl A building made up of several small separate dwellings CI Confidence interval (95% unless otherwise state) Desi daru Locally brewed alcohol Dhat Semen FGD Focus Group Discussion Garmi Lit. „heat‟ and „heat-related‟ complaints Gauna The bringing of a new bride to the new family home Gita Hindu holy book Gupt rog „Illness of private parts‟ – sexual health complaints Gutkha A form of chewed tobacco popular in India Hatbhatti A local distillery Hijra Eunuch IPV Intimate partner violence Kamjori Weakness LSHTM The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Mard „Masculine‟ man Mardangi Masculinity Namard Unmanly man NGO Non-governmental organisation OR Odds Ratio RISHTA Research and Intervention in Sexual Health: Theory to Action, also meaning relation or relationship in Hindi Sabha Meeting SNEHA Society for Nutrition and Health Action, also meaning „affection‟ Tadi Madi Locally brewed alcohol, made from palm sap 5 Table of Contents Declaration by candidate ...................................................................................... 2 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................. 4 Abbreviations, definitions and Hindi words and phrases ................................... 5 Table of Contents .................................................................................................. 6 Figures and tables ................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION .............................................................................11 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................11 1.2 Aim and objectives .................................................................................15 1.3 Outline of thesis ......................................................................................16 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................18 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................18 2.2 Research and intervention on male perpetration of intimate partner violence, alcohol use and sexual behaviour: existing approaches and disciplinary tensions ........................................................................................18 2.2.1 Biological determinism ...................................................................20 2.2.2 Epidemiology, biomedicine and the individual ................................21 2.2.3 Structural approaches and the feminist movement ........................23 2.2.4 Masculinities, emotion and behaviour ............................................31 2.3 Research on men in the Indian context .................................................41 2.3.1 Historical approaches ....................................................................41 2.3.2 Contemporary men and masculinities ............................................42 2.3.3 STI and HIV prevention..................................................................47 2.4 Summary .................................................................................................50 CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY ............................................................................52 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................52 3.2 Study areas..............................................................................................53 3.3 Quantitative component .........................................................................56 3.3.1 Objectives of the quantitative analysis ...........................................56 3.3.2 Source of data ...............................................................................56 6 3.4 Operationalising dependent variables ...................................................58 3.4.1 Selecting and operationalising independent variables ....................59 3.4.2 Use of factor analysis ....................................................................60 3.4.3 Statistical analyses ........................................................................61 3.4.4 Creating multivariable models ........................................................61 3.4.5 Interaction ......................................................................................62 3.5 Qualitative component............................................................................62 3.5.1 Institutional