Review of the Air Force Academy No 1 (28) 2015

THE ’ PERSPECTIVE ON THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM AND THE GLOBAL WORLD’S ASYMMETRIES

Oana-Andreea PÎRNUŢĂ

Transilvania University of Braşov,

Abstract: The present study analyzes the geopolitical and geostrategic background of the international security environment as the world has registered a very important shift from bipolarity to a fragmented universe where all sorts of antagonisms come into being. The present-day international security context requires a unitary action initiated by the international society against the new asymmetric security threats. Today globalization plays an important part being perceived as the process through which the global connections are expanded and life is organized at a global scale. Thus, the global conscience is generated. It aims at creating and strengthening a global society. The security systems have reconfigured their dynamics due to the relations between the member states, organizations and international organisms. The United Nations’ reform should be based upon a political system of liberal globalization. The United Nations’ perspective stipulates that the essential features regarding the strengthening of security promote the human rights as well as the social and economic development. The impact of globalization on the states’ security can be understood only if the actors’ perspective on the international relations is repatterned and the political integration instruments of the present and future relations are redimensioned.

Key words: globalization, international security, global system, United Nations, asymmetries. 1. INTRODUCTION When the communist regimes collapsed, the European security environment has been The geopolitical and geostrategic features influenced by powerful seisms. have changed in the recent years. The political and administrative European Regarding the global geopolitical and map has suffered changes in certain regions. geostrategic framework, it can be said that there This particular European remapping had is a great range of political actors, involved in major implications in the past and it also has at the international geopolitical pattern. They are present. responsible for the peace or the insecurity of the When referring to security, wealth and entire world. political traditions, we can consider Europe as It is very important for the strong and a continent divided into three distinct areas: powerful to know how to interweave the Western Europe standing for a stable security interests of each state with those of the political region, consisting of countries with old whole world in order to prevent the situation political traditions and representing economic in which one of the actors, irrespective of the and cultural powers; power possessed, could be affected when it Central Europe where the countries have comes to the issue of interests. more easily overcome the transition period, being economically assisted by the Western 2. THE INTERNATIONAL SECURITY countries; FRAMEWORK Eastern Europe, considered to be one of the most dynamic security environments. The international system needs an NATO and the EU require several strategic institutional architecture able to control the objectives, which are to be implemented in rhythm of global instability through efficient order to assure the regional and areal security. strategies.

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In this context, the main goal of Romania’s human rights violations, inefficient multilateral and Bulgaria’s integration in NATO (2004) institutions, ecological problems. and the European Union (2007) was the Nowadays, it is more difficult to identify strengthening of both NATO and the European these factors than it was to identify the political Union’s south-eastern flank together with and military threats, which existed throughout the inclusion of these two countries in the the Cold War. That is why, the states and the American anti-missile defense system as international security organizations have Octavian Manea considers in his article on repatterned their security strategies in order to the constitutionalization of the international fight against the new types of risks and threats political system published in the Romanian to security (Sarcinschi, 2007:63). revue Sfera politicii (Sphere of Politics), no. In the early 21st century, the main objective 116-117 (2005). Under such circumstances, the of the European security environment is United States of America and a strong Europe the reduction of the conventional risks and should combine their resources in order to the elimination of the situations in which a handle the new global, continental and regional continental or regional armed conflict could challenges. A common security design is highly emerge. recommended. This common pattern is the only The amplification of the asymmetric risks one being able to incorporate NATO and the EU and threats has caused the dramatic revival of in order to create a global management of the ethnic and religious nationalism as well as the post 9/11 security environment. In other words, widening of the economic and social gaps with we deal with a rethinking of co-operation negative effects on security (Petrescu, 2008:29). according to common interests: international The present-day risks and threats have terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, failed acquired an international status, without taking states etc. Concerning the present-day security into consideration the countries’ borders. environment, it is worth to mention several Therefore, there are not anymore major gaps specific features, such as: the dissolution of between the internal security and the external bipolarity, the emergence of a new era within one. This has led, in the field of defense and the framework of which the United States of security, to the tendency, shared by the majority America is considered to be the only credible of actors, to act within the framework of and viable political, economic, military and regional or global organizations. financial superpower (Petrescu, 2005:45- The main objective is to develop a common 48), the European Union as a generator of security and common defense strategies, which stability and progress, the powerful economic can be implemented in a regional or/and global and military development of China as well context. as the diplomatic offensive of Russia. All the The enlargement of NATO and EU eastwards previously mentioned major features prove that had a strategic impact on the international the future international security environment relations system, with a major influence on the will be based on a multipolar structure. Among international security environment. the main features of the security environment, Regarding the geopolitical context, in we can also mention the emergence of several the present-day Europe, there are two major new tendencies regarding the functioning dimensions. of institutions as well as political, economic The two dimensions are the Euro-Atlantic and security organizations, which aim at dimension and the Euro-Asian dimension. The repatterning and redimensioning the operative Euro-Atlantic dimension has been strengthened structures and strategies. by the enlargement of NATO eastwards. This enlargement has also generated several 3. THE GEOPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS difficulties regarding the management of the OF THE EUROPEAN SECURITY other dimensions. ENVIRONMENT On the one hand, there are no weaknesses in the geostrategic field and on the other hand, Several dramatic changes have occurred in there are several disagreements within the the security environment once the bipolarity Euro-Atlantic dimension. period was over. It is important to mention some Therefore, the so-called “New Europe” of these changes: the conflicts emerged within emerged. and between the states located near the border of This New Europe incorporates states, such the European Union, international terrorism, the as: Romania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic or proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, organized crime, illegal immigration, failed Poland. All these countries have been recently states, economic and social underdevelopment, integrated into the North-Atlantic Alliance.

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All these facts could lead to a repatterning of Subsequently, it was thought that the issues the Euro-Atlantic relations, but not necessarily to on security lost in their intensity. Nowadays, a strengthening of these relations. According to analysts focus their attention, again, on the certain specialists, these previously-mentioned military dimension of security, through the states, through the process of integration, have initiation and intensification of thewar on terror turned into supporters of the American unilateral and the multidimensional character of risks and strategy. This could be underlined by the fact threats has acquired recognition (Frunzeti & that these states can have the role of a gateway Zodian, 2009:33). towards the former-Soviet space, especially Recently, security, at a global level, has through Poland and the Baltic countries, but experienced a dramatic change. The former also towards the Caspian space and the Middle risks and threats have been replaced by new East, through the Black Sea, with the support ones, modern ones, which are more terrifying, of Romania and Bulgaria. In this context, the being generated by international terrorism security and stability of Europe are endangered and the proliferation of the weapons of mass by risks known as “residual risks”, which are destruction. mentioned in the European security strategy Therefore, the world has witnessed that was adopted by the Brussels European the development of international crime Council on the 12th of December 2003. organizations, illegal drug and human The so-called residual risks represent a trafficking as well as the policies implemented heritage of the end of the Cold War and were by the failed states. generated by former Soviet states, or countries The new risks and threats to international which were under the USSR’s influence. A security have been generated against the Secure Europe in a Better World, the European background of the phenomenon of globalization security strategy, identifies the global challenges and the process of fragmentation, but also in as major threats to the stability and security of the context of traditional conflicts, religious the European Union. tensions and ethnic disputes taking place in Among the European strategic objectives, certain regions all over the world. it is worth to mention the following ones: building security in the European Union's 5. GLOBAL SECURITY SYSTEMS neighbourhood and promoting an international order based on effective multilateralism. The EU In the early 21st century, the concept of Security Strategy mentions the major risks and security plays a central role. Therefore, it is threats to the European region: terrorism, the necessary to repattern the world order. The proliferation of mass destruction weapons and, beginning of the millennium has highlighted a of course, organized crime, which recently has wide range of risks and threats associated with turned into a global threat as well. These kinds the phenomenon of globalization. Among the of residual risks can generate the appearance most dangerous risks, it is worth to mention of transnational risks and threats, which could terrorism, international organized crime and affect the stability and security of some regions religious extremism. located at the edge of the European continent. The states have to focus their attention and efforts on the prevention and control of these 4. GLOBALIZATION AND THE asymmetric threats in order to assure stability INTERNATIONAL SECURITY within the framework of the global security ENVIRONMENT system. The major changes, which occurred in 5.1. DYNAMICS OF THE RELATIONS the international security environment, have st BETWEEN STATES AND affected the early 21 century. Globalization INTERNATIONAL ORGANISMS becomes more and more a necessary and irreversible process, with both positive and Each global security system is founded on negative effects within the framework of society. the principles of democracy, efficient governing Teodor Frunzeti and Alexandra Sarcinschi, the and compliance with laws. authors of an article, on international security The states have to co-operate at an highlighting its dimensions and strategies, international level in order to avoid major published in the volume entitled Lumea 2009 conflicts. In the case in which such conflicts standing for the 2009 World, consider that have already started, states have to manage throughout the Cold War, the major threat to such crises and conflicts strengthening the security was considered to be a large, extensive framework of stability, security and peaceful and expansive nuclear conflict that could have coexistence. been a total military and human disaster. 33 The United Nations’ Perspective on the International Security System and the Global World’s Asymmetries

According to the European Security In the contemporary society, a major Strategy, in a world in which threats, markets necessity is represented by the development of and means of communication have a global an international system and political institutions, dimension, the people’s security and prosperity which aim at finding efficient solutions to the depend more and more on the existence of an process of globalized economic transitions, to efficient multilateral system as Traian Liteanu the consolidation of stability, the promotion of mentions in his course on security theories and peace, the conflict management, geopolitical doctrines. We have to build a stronger global inequalities as well as to the entire world which society by a good functioning of the international relies, more than never, on the international co- institutions and a world order based on a set of operation. norms established by the international law. A repatterning and reform of the United The international relations are founded Nations is highly required today. on the framework constituted by the United On the one hand, there is a group of Nations Charter. Also, the main objectives of institutions, such as: the World Bank, the the United Nations Security Council are the International Monetary Fund and the World protection of peace and the strengthening of Trade Organization, and, on the other hand, security. Therefore, states and international there is a military alliance similar to NATO. organizations are preoccupied with the According to Gustave Massiah, it is highly consolidation of the United Nations so that required to implement a strategy, which should the UN should provide the necessary means take into consideration the challenges faced to implement efficient actions. The relations by the international institutions, globalization, between states and the European Union or wars, international law, the guiding lines of NATO have been improved by the processes global democracy and the international social of European and Euro-Atlantic integration, contract, the strategic role of the international actively influencing the international security law, the emergence of a strategic axis aiming at environment and therefore strengthening the the democratization of the international system. community, which represents the states that Peace represents the basic objective of the share principles, such as: democracy and United Nations. During the Cold War, the United market economy. Therefore, the global security Nations played an important part: namely, and stability have been strengthened. decolonization and nuclear disarmament Thus, the united Europe turns into a global treaties. actor and a pole of power and stability. The There are cases in which the United Nations European Union and NATO are the organizations Organization lacks the necessary rights to that promote and strengthen the states’ security impose the respect of the peoples’ rights or it is relations as well as the Euro-Atlantic relations. viewed as being not strong enough to manage The security systems have the role of and stop certain conflicts. raising the awareness, among the member It can be said that the United Nations states, regarding the interdependence of their Organization faces a crisis, felt against vital interests in a world, threatened by major the background of unilateralism and crisis risks and dangers, in which the international multiplication. Therefore, the perspective co-operation and a new solidarity process is used for the enforcement of peace should be required in all fields of activity as Mureşan, repatterned. According to the same Gustave Pop & Bonciu consider (European Institute of Massiah, the world trade and money, the peoples’ Romania. Study nr. 4: 11), by repatterning the right to choose their form of development joint operative methods initiated by the states and the correlation of the levels of economic having similar interests. management are three major aspects regarding the development of an international system in accordance with the requirements of modern 5.2. THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE society. UNITED NATIONS IN THE PROCESS OF It is worth to mention the fact that the world GLOBALIZATION trade does not have the capacity to reduce poverty. Nowadays, it could be noticed that the United This problem can be solved in the case in Nations face a turning point. The activity of this which the process of national development is organization is perceived as being not a very prior to global integration. It is also known convincing one, being assessed by the weak as that trade liberalization increased the structural having the role of a recording device (Bădescu problems of poor countries. But, every people & Dungaciu,1995:216), being coordinated by has the right to choose its own development the Western powers. model. 34 Review of the Air Force Academy No 1 (28) 2015

There are two very important dimensions: There are fields of activity, which require the process of peacebuilding and the process of new institutions of the type of the permanent conflict regulation. International Police, which would summon the The United Nations has to take into states that violated the norms, in front of the consideration these dimensions. International Court of Justice or in front of other The contemporary society should be Special Courts. If the decisions implemented by repatterned in accordance with the conditions the Courts are not complied with, either military imposed by freedom and equality. or non-military penalties are applied according Michael Shooyans in L’ONU et la to the situations. globalisation highlights the way in which the United Nations deals with globalization. 5.3. THE UNITED NATIONS’ He criticized the United Nations’ active PERSPECTIVE ON THE contribution to the promotion of globalization: INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM globalization means that the economic changes AND THE GLOBAL WORLD’S have multiplied at a global level; globalization ASYMMETRIES promotes the interdependency of human societies; globalization affects the sovereignty It is worth to mention that globalization of the states because their power is reduced and has not only specialized the organized crime subjected to the control of a worldwide political groups, but it has also led to the increase of the power; the process of globalization has its illegal activities carried out by these groups, foundation on the international labor division; through violence, threats or blackmail, in order globalization helps the wealthy countries; to gain huge profits. the UN is actively involved in the promotion The process of globalization helped these of globalization as a rescuing solution for groups to spread at an international level humanity, which otherwise is doomed to not because it made possible the consolidation of have a future anymore. the relations between the criminal groups able The United Nations approaches globalization to create more complex strategies. not only from an economic, political or legal Thus, the organized crime has got a global point of view, but it also highlights the global character. And this process has affected the soul. activity of the political, economic and social The basic instruments used by the United state institutions, but also the states’ stability Nations Organization for the promotion of and national security. globalization are the following ones: the world The phenomenon of organized crime has pact, which aims at joining the fundamental acquired a special status, being determined values concerning the human rights, the by its transnational features and its capacity environment and the labor norms, the positive of corrupting important components of the international law system. decisional structures. The United Nations Organization uses the The crimes made by the members of such positive international law as an instrument for groups had devastating effects, which differed the development of a superstate, an international from state to state, depending on the source and criminal court. the dimensions of the consequences. Overall, the tendency is to create a new At an international level, the role of the state, political and legal world order. regarding the implementation of norms, will The 1994 United Nations Development become very important. Once the international Program Report specified for the first time the economy expanded, the social governing will need for a world government as the national gain a global status, the international laws will governments could not find anymore viable automatically have a greater importance when solutions to the mankind’s problems. dealing with preventing the organized crime. So far the UN agencies have had only a At an international level, the global consulting role, but it is very important for these institutions and organizations are based on institutions to become executive agencies. interstate agreements and treaties and the Thus, the United Nations Industrial international civil associations will exert public Development Organization would become functions in fields, such as: the human rights, the World Ministery of Industry, the Food environmental preservation, the implementation and Agriculture Organization would become of international laws and the struggle against the World Ministery of Agriculture and the the global organized crime. International Labor Organization would It is well known that the security environment become the World Ministery of Social Affairs. is influenced by information, being exposed to multiple threats.

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In this context, the informational aggression This asymmetry was specific neither to the is the kind of danger which uses information first wave of globalization within the framework as a weapon against the entities that process of which the production factor was very mobile, the information. Thus, the victims become nor to the second one characterized by a reduced dependent on their aggressors. mobility. The fact that it became easier to have Globalization has registered important access to the modern communication and advantages in the developed countries because transportation means led to co-operation forms this process led to an important increase in among several states, regions and civilizations income due to a better usage of the resources. from all around the world. But, it is important But, globalization has also registered negative to mention that these forms and means could effects, especially in the poor regions where initiate dangers, risks and asymmetric threats to the spread of epidemics occurs as fast as the the citizens’ stability and security. population grows. Therefore, the state has to find, through its Globalization is the phenomenon which has institutions, the most efficient solutions used contributed, on the one hand, to prosperity and to strengthen the citizen’s safety and stability. the consolidation of stability and on the other Also, these strategies have to be adapted and hand, to the security problems, leading to the correlated to the ones found at international emergence of insecurity. level. The approach is very important as it should integrate both the national environment 6. THREATS, RISKS AND and the international one in the context of global VULNERABILITIES IN THE GLOBAL co-operation. SECURITY SYSTEM The debates regarding the development center around two schools of thought. One Security represents a state in which the school considers that the development or lack dangers that can cause physical, mental or of development is a consequence of the actions material damages are controlled in order initiated by national forces. The other school to protect the health and wealth of both the considers that the international factors are individual and the community. Therefore, important when it comes to development, the security is a fundamental right of the human inequalities being highlighted. being. In this context, there have been identified Nowadays, the state of security is interpreted three main asymmetries of the global world, according to several non-military indicators, playing an important role in the international such as: economic security, political security, security system. All these asymmetries are personal security, educational security, health perceived according to the UN specialists’ security, community security, environmental perspective. security. The first asymmetry focuses on the The idea of security is based on two main technological developments concentrated in the tendencies. developed states. The technological progress Every state tries to reduce its insecurity represents the main source of economic growth either by diminishing its internal vulnerabilities in these states being distributed from the center or by preventing and counterattacking the towards the periphery. But this transfer is not external threats, which are hard to manage, very efficient and its advantages are distributed irrespective of the situation. unequally in the developing countries. In the contemporary society, we are often The second asymmetry focuses on the confronted with the concept of risk and that of macro-economic vulnerability, which is specific security. to the developing countries. This internal The human activity is influenced by every vulnerability appears when the external shocks economic, political, social and military decision. occur due to the currencies of the developed Therefore, the decisions that have been countries and the nature denoting rules that taken have a greater or a smaller impact not apply only in favor of the transformations of a only on the individual’s security, but also on the whole cycle specific to the money flows from national and global security. the developed states towards the developing Every decision has a certain degree of countries. risk. When we assume a risk, we also assume, The third asymmetry is based on the contrast more or less consciously, the consequences of between the high degree of capital mobility and the choice we made, irrespective of the field the international labor mobility, especially the of activity, and especially in that of homeland unskilled labor. This feature is specific to the security. third wave of globalization.

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Globalization and the liberalization of The impact of globalization on the states’ commercial or informational exchanges do not security can be understood only if the actors’ allow the separation of the evolutions registered perspective on the international relations at the internal and international levels within is repatterned and the political integration the framework of a globalized world. In this instruments of the present and future relations context, the internal and external risks can fuel are redimensioned. each other. A security strategy in globalization is highly But, it is important to mention that the required being based on the one hand, on a holistic background, against which the dynamics of the thinking of the global players and on the other multiple interdependencies among states are hand, on an interdisciplinary understanding of built, is a positive one. This is possible through the phenomenon and processes animated by the the generalization, at a European level, of the other local, regional and transnational players. co-operation regarding the strengthening of Thus, the common aspects of globalization and stability and security. security can be easily harmonized and merged Furthermore, this fact is possible through together in a single mechanism. These aspects the active involvement of the United Nations, have a historical, educational, psychological, NATO, the European Union or the Organization religious and environmental nature. for Security and Co-operation in Europe in the Such a security strategy in globalization management of the global security problems. has as a main objective the mutual shaping and adjustment of globalization and international 7. CONCLUSIONS security. This type of shaping can be achieved being based on similar values and through In the contemporary society, the international a harmonization of the differences between relations coexist with the global ones. The globalization and security. international relations are defined in terms of Thus, the phenomenon of globalization sovereignty, and the global ones have passed should help people reach a peaceful state beyond the state borders in the economic, and strengthen stability by means of its social, political and cultural fields of activity. main instruments identified with integration, Thus, globalization can be seen as a progress development and security. of the international organization, having new paradigms. Globalization brings not only new BIBLIOGRAPHY opportunities, but also new risks and threats. This phenomenon highlights the interdependence 1. Badalan, E., Zaharescu, L., Bogdan, V. between states, being a process guided by (2009) Sisteme globale de Securitate, Curs. economic, political and technological forces. Recently, the promotion of anti-globalization Editia a III-a, Bucuresti: Editura Centrului has taken an extremist emphasis. The specific Tehnic-Editorial al Armatei; means have imprinted a terrorist character 2. Badescu, I., Dungaciu, D. (1995) Sociologia to these actions. But, generally speaking, the si geopolitica frontierei. Volumul I, aspects of globalization are controversial and Bucuresti: Editura Floare Albastra favorable if we refer to development, integration 3. Collins, A. (2007). Contemporary Security and security. There should also be mentioned the beneficial Studies. New York: Oxford University effects of globalization on the population, in the Press. sense that this process can improve the standard 4. Frunzeti, T. (2009) Geostrategia.Bucuresti: of living and can bring stability. Editura Centrului Tehnic-Editorial al Some social and state elements could be Armatei; affected by globalization and this fact could lead 5. Frunzeti, T., Zodian, V. (2009). Lumea further on to the strengthening of superstate and transnational factors. 2009. Enciclopedie politică şi militară. Those who believe in globalization perceive Studii strategice şi de securitate. Bucureşti. it as having a beneficial impact on the security Editura Centrului Tehnic-Editorial al of states. Armatei; Those who view it with mistrust are those 6. Massiah, G. La réforme de l’ONU et le who see in it a global act, which is not able to movement altermondialiste, accessed assure a global security and this could lead to an uncontrollable situation, a global chaos. at http://www.reseau-ipam.org/article/ php3?id-article=465

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