University of Sibiu Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Department of International Relations, Political Science and Security Studies

STUDIA SECURITATIS

Security Studies Magazine

Two Issues/Year

Volume XIII No. 2/2019 ISSN: 1843-1925

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INTERNATIONAL AFFILIATION:

CEEOL: http://www.ceeol.com/ EBSCO: http://www.ebscohost.com/ ERIHPLUS: https://dbh.nsd.uib.no/publiseringskanaler /erihplus INDEX COPERNICUS: http://www.indexcopernicus.com/ ULRICH'S PERIODICAL DIRECTORY: http://ulrichsweb.serialssolutions.com/ INFOBASE INDEX: http://www.infobaseindex.com/ SOCIONET.RU: http://socionet.ru/ RESEARCHBIB: http://www.researchbib.com/ MIAR: http://miar.ub.edu GLOBAL IMPACT & QUALITY FACTOR: http://globalimpactfactor.com/

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BOARD EDITORIAL BOARD:

CHIEF-EDITOR: Gra țian Lupu CO-EDITORS: Cristian Troncot ă, Gabriel Șerban, Nicoleta Annemarie Munteanu, Marius Șpechea, Iustin Vancea, Emilia Tomescu, Iuliana Neago ș

SCIENTIFIC BOARD:

• Corvin Lupu (Founder Studia Securitatis) • Eugen Str ăuțiu (Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu) • Marc Chesnel (Académie des Belles-Lettres Sciences et Arts de la Rochelle) • Siegmar Schmidt (Universität Koblenz-Landau) • Liubiša Despotovi ć (Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade) • Gheorghe Bichicean (Romanian-German University of Sibiu) • Alexandr Dughin (Lomonosov University of Moscow) • Valeriu Mo şneaga (State University of Moldova, Chi şin ău) • Antonio Nadal (University of Malaga) • Dan Dungaciu (Institute of Political Science and International Relations, Romanian Academy, ) • Tomasz B ąk (University of Information, Technology and Management of Rzes źow) • Teodor Frunzeti (Academy of Romanian Scientist, Bucharest) • Stelian Sc ăuna ş (Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu) • Anzhela Ignatyuk (Taras Shevcenko University, Kiyv) • Mihai Marcel Neag (Nicolae B ălcescu Land Forces Academy of Sibiu) • Forrest Nabors (University of Alaska, Anchorage) • Vakhtang Maisaia (Sukhishvili University, Tbilisi) • Cristian Barna (Mihai Viteazul National Academy of Intelligence, Bucharest) • Aurelian Lavric (Alexandru cel Bun Military Academy of Chisinau) • Mojtaba Zarvani (State University of Tehran) • Vasile Tab ără (Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu)

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SCIENTIFIC REVIEWERS:

• Victor Moraru (Academy of Sciences, Chisinau) • Lucian Cioca (Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu) • Andrey Devyatkov (University of Moscow) • Teodor Bodoa șcă (Dimitrie Cantemir University of Târgu Mure ș) • Ganna Kharlamova (Taras Sevecenko University of Kyiv) • Viorica Țîcu (Free International University of Moldova, Chisinau) • Mircea Cosma (Alma Mater University of Sibiu) • Leonid Litra (Institute of World Policy, Kyiv) • Diana Bencheci (State University of Moldova, Chisinau) • Gligor Ciortea (Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu) • Victor Saca (State University of Moldova, Chisinau) • Vasile C ăru ţaşu (Nicolae B ălcescu Land Forces Academy of Sibiu) • Natalia Albu (Alexandru cel Bun Military Academy of Chisinau) • Vladimir Yastrebceak (Taras Sevcenko State University of Tiraspol) • Paul Brusanowski (Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu) • Dragan Trailovi ć (Institute for Political Studies, Belgrade) • Natalia Putin ă (State University of Moldova, Chisinau) • Silvia Florea (Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu)

Copyright © 2017-2020, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Department of International Relations, Political Scrience and Security Studies 550324 Sibiu, Calea Dumbr ăvii nr. 34 Tel. / Fax: +40-269-422169 Web: http://reviste.ulbsibiu.ro/studiasecuritatis/ E-mail: [email protected]

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CONTENTS

INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Anghel ANDREESCU, WHO NEEDS BOMBS? THE ISLAMIC JIHAD: FROM 6 Nicolae RADU THE DEFEAT OF TERROR AND THE HOLY WAR TO THE HOPE OF LIBERTY

Maria VLACHADI MIGRATION FLOWS AND ECONOMIC DATA 12 Georgia KOUFIOTI ANALYSIS Athanasios KOUNIOS

Svetlana CEBOTARI THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE 20 Sergiu PLOP GEOPOLITIC INTERESTS OF THE MAJOR POWERS

Romina BERE Ș CONFLICTS PERSPECTIVE AND THE TENSIONS IN 38 Marius ȘPECHEA THE MIDDLE EAST

HUMAN SECURITY

Ion SÎRBU THE HUMAN PARADIGM IN COMMUNICATION: 49 SECURITY ISSUES

Emilia TOMESCU FUTURE POLITICS, HUMAN SSECURITY AND THE 61 FUTURE OF THE HUMAN BEING

Dan Alexandru POPESCU DERADICALIZATION FOR DUMMIES. THE SCOURGE 67 OF HAZARD Valentin B ĂDESCU TRANSFORMATIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY AND PUBLIC 83 LAW IN THA NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN SPACE AFTER 1989

ECONOMIC SECURITY

Corvin LUPU THEACTIVITY OF THE ROMANIAN SECURITATE 111 ON SPECIAL CURRENCY CONTRIBUITION Gra țian LUPU BANKING ACTIVITIES AND BANK INTEREST – 124 THREATS TO ECONOMIC SECURITY

BOOK REVIEW S Corvin LUPU TREASON HAD NESTED A LONG TIME AGO IN D.S.S., 131 BY CONSTANTIN AIOANEI AND CRISTIAN TRONCOT Ă

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Anghel ANDREESCU (1) Academy of Romanian Scientists, Military Sciences Nicolae RADU (2) ”Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Police Academy, Bucharest

WHO NEEDS BOMBS? THE ISLAMIC JIHAD: FROM THE DEFEAT OF TERROR AND THE HOLY WAR TO THE HOPE OF LIBERTY

Abstract: The Islamic fundamentalism, the conspiracy theory, the terrorist organizations Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State and Al-Shabaab, are leading topics for the 2020 Agenda also! Iran urges to reflections! Northern Africa is shaken by multiple attacks, Nigeria mourns its dead, Somalia lives in terror! The democracy in has been attacked on several occasions! What is to be done? Without having the decision-making power in preventing and combating terrorism, our concerns are met through “The Islamic Jihad: From the Defeat of Terror and the Holy War to the Hope of Liberty”, which is intended, beyond all controversy, a call to profound introspection! In the hope that we will not determine destructive behaviors, we reiterate information of interest, in the hope that those who have the duty of defending peace shall strive unremittingly for a better future, through consensus and viable actions! Peace does not stick with blood! Peace shall be kept with wisdom! Keywords: Intelligence; Fight for resources; Multiple interests; Geopolitical reconfiguration; Introspections Contact E-mail: details of the (1)[email protected] author: (2)[email protected] Institutional (1) ”Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Police Academy, Bucharest affiliation of (2)Academy of Romanian Scientists, Military Sciences the author Institutions (1)Ilfov Street, No.3, sector 5, Bucharest, phone: 021.314.74.91, address: http://www.aosr.ro/ (2)Aleea Privighetorilor Street, No. 1-3, sector 1, Bucharest, phone: 0040- 021.317.55.23; fax: 0040-021.317.55.17, http://www.academiadepolitie.ro/

In the context of the need for Powers, including the G20, whether we are legitimizing the military actions in the talking about the United States of America, Middle East, terrorism certainly remained or we think about Russia, France, and will certainly remain an opportunity , Spain or the People’s Republic for discussions at the table of the Great

6 of China! 1 If we look back, in the last few thing happened on the 29 th of March, at years, in the Middle East, more than Sirte, in Libya, on the occasion of the Arab 21,000 persons had fallen victim to the League summit discussing the measures 1,500 attacks. In the African Sub-Saharan for supporting the Palestinian Authority regions, over 3,445 people died in 187 and the arrangements to force the Jewish attacks while in Asia, 302 attacks state to change its policy towards the happened, resulting in 3,279 dead. We construction of new dwellings in the cannot but mention Europe and the United Eastern neighborhoods of the capital-city States of America, where over 700 people Jerusalem. were killed in approximately 55 attacks 2! Held under the slogan “The Arab Do we have an explanation for all these citizen is waiting for action and the Arab crimes? What causes the terrorist actions? public has got enough of words.”, the The primary answer lies within each of us Summit had Italy’s Prime Minister Silvio and yet the terrorist actions call for a Berlusconi also as a guest, who was caught complex analysis! on cameras as he was kissing Gaddafi’s If the relationship with Europe is hands! What was it that determined Italian America’s most important contract in the multibillionaire Silvio Berlusconi to do world, then what was the relationship of such a gesture?! It is known that Gaddafi the USA with the Arab world, after the and Berlusconi had a very close personal death of Osama bin Laden was relationship 5. However, what is not as confirmed?! Looking only towards Saudi well-known is that Berlusconi keeps in Arabia, towards Egypt, Yemen, Jordan, touch with one of the investment Syria or Iran, we understand that the undertakings of the Libyan state. In June interests lead to multiple divergencies, 2009, a company registered in the which makes us approximate Winston Netherlands, controlled by the Libyan Churchill’s words: “We have no lasting Arab Foreign Investment Company, took friends, no lasting enemies, only lasting over 10% of the shares of “Quinta interests” 3! This thing is all the more Communications”, a film production and visible if we only recall the “historical” distribution company based in Paris. gesture, of full significance, given by the “Quinta Communications” was founded in fact that the Italian Prime Minister the 90s, by Berlusconi, in partnership with Berlusconi kissed the Libyan President Tarak Ben Ammar, the former Tunisian Colonel Muammar Gaddafi’s hand. leader Habib Bourguiba’s nephew 6. Berlusconi kissed Gaddafi’s hand 4! This The Libyan investors own shares in strategic Italian companies. They would

1https://www.mediafax.ro/externe/atentatele-din- hold approximately 1% of the biggest europa-si-statele-unite-si-terorismul-in-orientul- Italian oil company, “Eni”, but also 2% of mijlociu-africa-si-asia-o-istorie-comparata- 15532110, (11.19.2019) 2https://europunkt.ro/2017/10/15/interviu-prof-univ- 1_50ad927e7c42d5a663978295/index.html/, dr-nicolae-radu-in-fata-amenintarii-teroriste- (14.10.2019) cooperarea-internationala-este-mai-necesara-decat- 5http://epochtimes-romania.com/news/gaddafi-ar- oricand/, (13.01.2020) avea-miliarde-de-dolari-ascunsi-in-conturi-din-golf- 3http://epochtimes-omania.com/news/citate-celebre- dar-si-in-italia-si-m-britanie---102512/, ale-lui-winston-churchill---274660/, (14.10.2019) (14.10.2019) 4https://adevarul.ro/international/europa/video- 6https://lifeplusmd.wordpress.com/2015/04/ berlusconi-i-a-pupat-mana-gaddafi Civilizatiile se ucid, nu sunt ucise/, (14.10.2019)

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“Finmeccanica”, 2% of “Fiat”, and almost agent within the French secret services is 15% of “Retelit” telecom society. Tripoli suspected of having executed Gaddafi, on has also purchased 22% of the capital of Sarkozy’s direct order, precisely so that he “Olcese” textile products company 7. could not breathe a word about the 50 However, one of the best-known million given for the former French investments is that in “Juventus” football President’s electoral campaign 8. team, out of whose shares, Tripoli holds Under the NATO airstrikes and 7.5%, while the most controversial one is both the liberal and Islamist insurgents’ that in “Unicredit”, the biggest bank in raids, Libya went from a Jamahiriya into a Italy. Isn’t that the same economic interests “young democracy” 9. What was the need led Muamar Gaddafi to be received with for this “democracy”? Were actually the great pomp in Paris, in 2007, and to Libyan people the one wishing the receive the approval to install his tent in overthrow of its leader, Muamar Gaddafi? the park of “Marigny” Hotel, located near Could this be the identical scenario to that Élysée Palace, the residence of the French in or in Iraq? Romania interfered President, on the occasion of a visit to with the plans of the globalizing “elites” of France, in 2007? The French financial enslavement of the world, by administration’s response leaves no room intending even to establish an investment for interpretations! The placing of the tent fund of the developing countries, a project has to do with “the tradition of the desert” whereby Ceau şescu was to be financially which Muamar Gaddafi, born – according supported by some oil-producing Arab to his own legend – in a Bedouin tent, countries, but also by some Third World “scrupulously abide by”, the French countries 10 . How many of us still want to Presidency’s spokesman, David Martinon, know that Ceau şescu intended to build, pointed out. with Arab support, a world bank in However, the rush with which Bucharest for small loans granted to France bombed Libya, on the 19 th of developing countries, Romania thus having March 2011, without NATO’s approval, the opportunity to become a center of under the pretext of supporting the rebels economic power? The answer? Ceau şescu who were fighting for the ousting of was executed in the Holy Christmas Day, Colonel Gaddafi, caused suspicions related on the 25 th of December 1989! He had paid to Paris’ hidden interests. The interception the foreign debts and had forbidden by law of Sarkozy’s telephone conversations, that Romania should ever borrow money! during the investigation targeting the The reality is as one would expect to be! influence peddling in which he is involved, After 25 years, Romania is now again on revealed the fact that the former leader at Élysée was extremely concerned about the 8https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- investigation on the alleged funds received 2210759/Gaddafi-killed-French-secret-serviceman- orders-Nicolas-Sarkozy-sources-claim.html, from Gaddafi, for his electoral campaign of (10.01.2020) 2007. Surprisingly or not, in 2012, the 9https://www.globalresearch.ca/libya-why-was- Daily Mail newspaper revealed that an muammar-gaddafi-killed-may-we-never- forget/5590628/, (16.10.2019) 10 https://www.zf.ro/business-international/o-noua- banca-mondiala-pentru-marile-economii- 7https://gandeste.org/general/operatiunea-furtuna- emergente-transpunerea-la-scara-mai-larga-a- decisiva/52345/, (14.10.2019) visului-lui-ceausescu-12938486/, (17.10.2019)

8 loan from the IMF, the billions of euro are 20,000 dollars, in one instalment, from the being spent without the country making Libyan Jamahiriya. any progress 11 . More than 25 years after 14. There was no tax on buildings, for the Revolution in Romania, the project is apartments and dwelling houses. implemented by the BRICS Alliance (the 15. High taxes were forbidden by law. acronym of the new world bank), formed 16. The Libyan citizens received interest- of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South free credits from the state. Africa, based in Shanghai. 17. Electricity was free of charge for the Under the circumstances of population. interests’ reconfiguring worldwide, what 18. In the whole country, a network of were the real reasons for which Colonel shops was developed for the families with Muamar Gaddafi was executed, as well? many children, shops in which basic According to the open sources 12 : foodstuffs were sold for a symbolic price. 1. Gaddafi’s Libya had no debt towards no 19. For selling foodstuffs whose expiration one in the world. date had come up, the fines were sky-high. 2. The price of a gasoline gallon was 0.14 20. For the falsification of medical dollars. products, the punishment is death sentence. 3. The price of bread was 0.15 dollars. 21. Alcohol sale and consumption were 4. Education and hospitalization were free forbidden by law. of charge. 22. Brokering in real estate sale is 5. The newlyweds received a gift of 64,000 forbidden by law. dollars, in order to purchase an apartment. 23. After Gaddafi came to power, the big 6. Every Libyan family had its own house. business was hounded out from Libya. 7. The Libyan family received subsidies of 24. Only after Gaddafi seized power, the 1,000 dollars annually, for each member. black people in the Southern Libya 8. The Libyan family received material received civil rights. support of 7,000 dollars, for every 25. In 40 years of “dictatorship”, the newborn child. population of the country increased 9. The dole was 730 dollars monthly. threefold, and the infant mortality 10. Every Libyan, if admitted to any decreased ninefold. university in the world, received from the 26. The life expectancy increased from state 2,500 euros plus maintenance, plus an 51.5 to 74.5 years old. automobile. 27. Gaddafi took the decision to take Libya 11. A nurse’s salary was of minimum out of the world banking system, and 1,000 dollars. another 12 Arab countries were ready to 12. The automobiles within the country follow his example. were sold only for the factory price. The Middle East is changing! And 13. For opening one’s own business, the yet, according to Open Source , what’s left citizen was offered a material assistance of of Libya? Now, Libya has got nothing left, besides “democracy” 13 . Under these circumstances, it should be borne in mind 11 https://www.ampress.ro/ Romania are imprumuturi/, (17.10.2019) 12 https://www.justitiarul.ro/libia-a-fost-o-tara- 13 http://wordpress.com/libia/, (11.11.2019); infloritoare-sub-dictatorul-gaddafi-acum-este-o- https://vremuritulburi.com/tag/libia/, last accessed ruina-democratica/, (17.10.2019) on: (12.10.2019)

9 that power depends also on the interests of GDP/capita (142 nd place), is a key USA the powerful in the countries known for allied state in the region 18 ; their oil resources: • Syria, led by Bashar al-Assad • Saudi Arabia is one of the USA (since 17 th of July 2000), is one of the reliable allies in the Middle East and an enemies of Israel and the USA in the important oil supplier; hence Washington region, having strong ties to Iran and to is interested to the highest degree in Hezbollah 19 ; with a 4,800 dollars preserving the status-quo 14 . Isolated GDP/capita (152 nd place), Syria ranks manifestations occurred here as well, the 33 rd in the world in terms of oil and 47 th wave of public discontent being however in terms of natural gas 20 ; easily extinguished. With a 24,200 • Iran, led by Mahmoud dollars GDP/capita (55 th place), the Ahmadinejad since 2005, is one of the country holds oil mineral resources (20% beneficiaries of the protest movements in of the global resources), natural gas. King the Muslim world. These movements Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud is also weaken, at least apparently, the influence the Prime Minister, since August 1, in the region of the USA, the deadly 2005 15 ; enemy of a radicalized Iran. With a • In Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, an old 11,200 dollars GDP/capita (100th place), USA ally in the region, in power since Iran ranks fourth in the world for oil, and 1981 16 , reached the critical point of his third for natural gas resources 21 . career as the head of the Egyptian state, Preserving a unipolar world, ending up being held in confinement for unequivocally dominated by the United years, into a hospital; States, represented, from the very • Yemen, led since 1990 by Ali beginning, one of the stated objectives of Abdallah Salih, is a fragile USA allied the neoconservatives underpinning the state in the region, being exposed to some current Washington administration 22 . Right chronical problems, such as corruption, in his first “State of the Nation Address”, the lack of vital resources (water) and the delivered on the 29 th of January 2002, strong penetration of Al-Qaeda terrorist President Bush spoke of the “new network in the country. An increase in the American empire” of the 21 st century 23 . influence of Islamic radicalism is to be The question arises, what is the USA expected. With a 2,600 dollars th GDP/capita (174 place), Yemen ranks 18 https://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_carti/conferinta_2015 37 th in the world in terms of mineral _vol1.pdf/ geopolitica puterii/, (17.10.2019) 19 resources, oil, liquefied natural gas 17 ; http://www.bbc.co.uk/romanian/forum/story/2006 /07/printable/060723_israel_hezbollah_conflict.sht • Jordan, led by King Abdallah II ml, (16.01.2020) (since 1999), with a 5,300 dollars 20 http://www.contributors.ro/economie/energie- economie/razboiul-civil-din-siria-un-razboi-al- gazoductelor/, (17.10.2019) 1414 https://www.geopolitic.ro/arabia-saudita-un- 21 https://m.hotnews.ro/stire/8258812/ Harta nou-rege-un-nou-inceput/, (18.11.2019) revoltelor populare/, (17.10.2019) 15 https://politicall.ro/arabia-saudita/, (17.10.2019) 22 https://www.9am.ro/stiri-revista-presei/2007-03- 16 https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2017/04/ 03/sua-si-hegemonia-mondiala.html, ( 10.10.2019) 05/its-time-to-take-a-hard-look-at-the-u-s- 23 Newhause, J., Imperial America , USA, 2004; relationship-with-egypt/, (09.19.2019) see , also, Alexe, V., https://www.9am.ro/stiri- 17 http://iss.ucdc.ro/revista-pdf/us6.pdf/ The power revista-presei/2007-03-03/sua-si-hegemonia- reconfiguration/, (17.10.2019) mondiala.html, (17.10.2019)

10 administration really after, by great force Bibliography concentrations in the area of the Persian Gulf and in other regions of the world? Books: Isn’t that, under the garb of the war against 1. Andreescu, Anghel; Radu, Nicolae, international terrorism, USA seeks to Jihadul Islamic , Editura RAO, transform the military supremacy it holds Bucharest, 2015. vis-à-vis the rest of the world into 2. Frunzeti, Teodor et al., Lumea 2019 – unilateral economic advantages? Enciclopedie politic ă şi militar ă (studii Beyond all controversy, the world strategice de securitate) , CTEA, needs the United States of America in the Bucharest, 2019. fight against terrorism, as well. According 3. Huntington, Samuel Philips, Ciocnirea to His Excellency, Mr Abdulrahman I. Al- civiliza ţiilor şi refacerea ordinii Rassi, the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to mondiale , Editura Samizdat, Bucure ști, Bucharest, the terrorists do not threaten 1995. only Syria and Iraq. They extend across 4. Newhause, John, Imperial America: the borders, threatening all the world. 24 If the Bush Assault on the World Order , authority of a state can be diluted, from Alfred a Knopf Inc, 2007 one day to another, through the lack of response, the fight for resources leaves Websites: them frontally open for the third 5. http://epochtimes-romania.com/ millennium also. Who needs bombs? Did 6. http://iss.ucdc.ro/ Vladimir Putin consider only by accident 7. http://wordpress.com/libia/ that “the financing of the Islamic State 8. http://www.bbc.co.uk/ comes from 40 states, including from 9. http://www.contributors.ro/ several G20 states”25 ? 10. https://adevarul.ro/ Considering the course of the 11. https://cssas.unap.ro/ geopolitical events, the words are useless! 12. https://europunkt.ro/ The oil resources remain one of the main 13. https://gandeste.org topics for the secret Chancelleries, while 14. https://lifeplusmd.wordpress.com legitimating the actions for taking over 15. https://politicall.ro/ these resources forces us to understand that 16. https://timpolis.ro/ the details make all the difference! 17. https://www.9am.ro/ Certainly, the intelligence analysis offers 18. https://www.ampress.ro/ solutions, but not decisions! In whose 19. https://www.brookings.edu/ interest is it that terrorism exists?! Who are 20. https://www.geopolitic.ro/ the terrorists?? Terrorism, where to? 21. https://www.globalresearch.ca 22. https://www.mediafax.ro/ 23. https://www.zf.ro/

24 https://timpolis.ro/trebuie-sa-invatam-sa-traim-cu- teroristii/, (15.11.2019) 25 https://europunkt.ro/2017/10/15/interviu-prof- univ-dr-nicolae-radu-in-fata-amenintarii-teroriste- cooperarea-internationala-este-mai-necesara-decat- oricand/, (17.1.2019)

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Maria VLACHADI(1) University of Thessalia-Greece, University of Neapolis-Cyprus Georgia KOUFIOTI(2) EKPA, IHU, University of Western Attica ASPAITE-Greece Athanasios KOUNIOS(3) Health Organizations,University of Western Attica-Greece

MIGRATION FLOWS AND ECONOMIC DATA ANALYSIS

Abstract: The recent international economic and financial crisis has a number of ramifications that reflect, inter alia, adjustments in international migration flows. Immigration is amongst the most crucial and vibrant phenomena in the world, particularly in the European area, which is currently under severe migration pressure, on the one side, due to geopolitical reshuffling at international scale, and on the other, because the whole European framework appears to be a "land of opportunity" for population groups of countries that have lived through a long period of time. The short-term impact of recessions on foreign migration are characterized by a reduction in the flow of migrants into crisis-hit developed countries, a rise in the flow of migrants, and the introduction of government policies that attract unemployed immigrants to resettlement. Contemporary demographic movements, furthermore, consider taking on increasingly complicated dimensions, such as inland, circular and short or medium- sized transnational movements, which also render it extremely difficult to adhere to the classic typology of (permanent or prolonged) migration from one country (origin) to another (establishment). This study tries to include the available data as far as the economic consequences of migration in EU countries and especially Greece. Keywords: Migration Flows; Data Economic Analysis; Discussion Contact E-mail: details of the (1) [email protected] authors: (2) [email protected] (3) [email protected] Institutional (1) University of Thessalia, University of Neapolis-Pafos-Cyprus affiliation of (2) EKPA, IHU, University of Western Attica, ASPAITE-Greece the authors: (3) Health Organizations, MSc, University of Western Attica-Greece Institutions (1)Papasiopoulou 2-4,35131,Galaneika,Lamia-Greece, Papasiopoulou 2-4, 35131 address: Lamia, Greece. (2) ASPAITE-Greece Athens 157 72, Grecia (3) Agiou Spiridonos 28, Egaleo 122 43, Grecia

Introduction involve, among others, modifications in Experiences of past financial crises international migration flows to and from (such as the Great Depression of the 1930s, countries involved by acute deflationary the Oil Crisis of 1973/4, the Latin American crisis of 1998-2002) demonstrate that brief-term effects usually

12 economic circumstances 26 . The refugees from Syria or Iraq. Nonetheless, globalization of the economy is also according to Eurostat reports, it points out correlated to migration, in the context that that only 21 per cent arrive from Syria, migrants from poorly developed or while the real number is actually less than underdeveloped countries, both countries 20 per cent. Another intriguing of origin and hosting countries, are trying demographic component is that the to seek access to international market and overwhelming majority of incoming global capital. 27 people-62%-are young men, while women In the second period of the economic represent only 16%. As a result, increasing crisis, from 2015 onwards, Greece endured population flows include several unique migration flows from Asia and potentially refugee populations (Syrians, Africa, without eventually overcoming its Iraqis, Libyans, Afghans), but also "pending issues" on migration compliance immigrant populations (other peripheral over the last two and a half decades. There countries), i.e. individuals migrate to really is no argument that the spotlight is Europe not due to internal unrest or fear of on the plethora of new immigrants or persecution, but for economic or refugees, the increases in legal residence in residential reasons 28 . the country of asylum seekers, as well as the implications of their massive entrance Discussion into the Greek labor force and the The destination of refugees and livelihood of indigenous people. While migrant movements is Europe as the unique sociopolitical – and, in particular, cornerstone of the process. The countries kinetic – variables guarantee that of Europe, and in general those with a xenophobic and racist attitudes and lengthened coastline or located in the practices dominate both inland and inland Mediterranean area (Greece, Italy, Malta, islands, structured institutional Spain), are subjected to massive interventions are rather disappointing. immigration and refugee flows from the By implementing naively idealistic region or inland. conceptual principles, the UN continues to Frontex data indicates that between deny the ability of EU Member States to 2007 and 2015, unauthorized migrants to influence their external borders or even the European Union had surpassed their internal territory. The media also 3,000,000 people, of whom 58,4% or misidentifies the migrant population as 1,800,000 reached Greece. For the four- year period 2015-2018 specifically, the number of foreign nationals arriving on 26 Khalid Koser, The impact of financial crises on 29 international migration: Lessons learned . European territory is almost 2,000,000 . Migration Research Series No. 37. Geneva: IOM; According to the same publication, Castles, S. 2009. Migration and the global financial the overall number of entrants to third crisis: A virtual symposium. Update 1.A: An overview. [http://www.age- countries in Europe is forecasted to exceed ofmigration.com/uk/financialcrisis/updates/1a.pdf., (15.10.2019) 28 Eurostat (ed.), Asylum Quarterly Report, 27 Owen T., Migrant Workers: Best Practices 16/9/2015 Regarding Integration and Citizenship , Workshop FtsHzf; (Ed.), Refugees/Migrants of International Experts on Best Practices Related Emergency Response- to Migrant Workers, Santiago, Chile, 19- Mediterranean, http://goo.gl/47BF1N. 20.06.2000 29 Frontex annual risk analysis 2015

13 one million in 2015, while according to things evidence of continuing migration UNHCR data, the total number of entrants pressure – against overemphasis on the fact to Greece has exceeded 856,723 persons. that the total number of detections has been More than 50 percent of the above people at its lowest possible level since 2013 32 . migrated in Lesvos, while the other major entryways were other islands, such as Chios, Samos, Kos, Leros, Agathonisi and Kastelorizo 30 . Of all these individuals, by the end of 2018, a total of just over 52,000 had claimed asylum, of which 35,000 remained in mainland Greece and the remainder of the islands, whereas another 30,000 had been identified as refugees. According to the prevailing hypothetical situation in the demographic trends of Graph: Detections of illegal border- social scientists, subsequent migration will crossing at the EU’s external borders 33 not outperform 100,000 permanent residents in the coming years and is Checking at the Member States expected to have a commensurate and recording the most detection systems – as polished distribution across the country 31 . well as nationalities – reveals the For the third year in a row after the continued correlation between the European migration crisis of 2015, the significant changes in irregular migration amount of detonations of illegal patterns movements in the Western immigration along the external borders of Mediterranean and, to a smaller degree, in the EU has decreased substantially. In the Eastern Mediterranean. Among the 2018, Member States confirmed 150 114 general tendency of dropping detections, occurrences of illegal border crossings Greece and Spain are predictably paying along the external borders of the EU, a the price for this trend. Portugal, which is reduction of 27 per cent particularly in not entirely relevant to conventional comparison to 2017 (about 12 per cent of migration routes, is also the consequence the 1.8 million detection methods at the of migrants coming from Latin America on height of the migration crisis). air destinations. The Brazilians were by far The decline in 2018 was just about the largest minority reported, with entirely due to increased detections on the detections more than doubling especially in Central Mediterranean path. The ongoing comparison to 2017 34 . migrant pressures on the western Mediterranean region and the once again increased pressure on the eastern Mediterranean path alert – among other

30 Idem 31 Coleman, Europe’s Demographic Future: Determinants,Dimensions, and Challenges , in “Population and Development Review, No. 32, The 32 Frontex · Risk Analysis for 2019 Political Economy of Global Population Change, 33 Idem 1950-2050”, 2006, pp. 84-86 34 Frontex · Risk Analysis for 2019

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Perhaps the most significant theoretical mid-level perspective is the theory of network or social capital that social networks and the capital of families, communities and the wider community perform a determining role in the decision of migrants to migrate to particular destinations 39 . Historically, it can be said that Greece, Spain, Portugal and Italy have 35 Graph: Illegal stayers common migratory patterns. Even though- as discussed below-there are substantial Emerging economic integration and differences between the four countries in globalization are of particular relevance in terms of features and attracting factors- the context that migrants are among the among other things-their economic growth basic components of globalization by has been one of the determinants of their promoting the creation of a fundamental, shape as a migrant attraction 40 . 36 transnational labor market . The A key feature of the Spanish modifying geopolitical situation in the immigration model is the large influx of post-Cold War era, with the global immigrants - mainly since the mid-1990s - economic collapse of communist states, from former Spanish colonies to Latin modifying demographic changes and America. In 2012 the number of foreign gender stereotypes, the predicted ageing nationals was 5.4 million, half of whom are population of the developed world's third-country nationals from Latin America population and, at the same time, rapid (mainly from Ecuador and Colombia) but population growth, as well as enhancing also from Africa (mainly from Morocco), women's work, education and economic with the rest coming from EU Member social position globally, are important States (mainly from Romania) 41 . 37 elements impacting migration flows . In the context of the recent economic Analogously, Herm and Poulain crisis, and mainly after 2010, there has point out that the primary fact still remains that while migration is more affected by in ”Revue Européenne des Migrations short-term economic factors than other Internationales”, No. 28(4), 2012, pp. 145-169 39 T. Faist, The volumes and dynamics of demographic events, there is no prompt international migration and transnational social update of data to analyze changes in spaces, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000 40 migration flows in times of recession 38 . J. Arango; C. Finotelli, Past and future challenges of a Southern European migration regime: The Spanish case , in “IDEA Working 35 Idem Papers”, Νο . 8, 2009 36 Philips Muus, International migration and the 41 J. Arango; C. Bonifazi; C. Finotelli; J. Peixoto; European Union, Trends and Consequences , in C. Sabino; S. Strozza; A. Triandafyllidou, The ‚European Journal on Criminal Policy and making of an immigration model: Inflows, impacts Research” No. 9, 2001, pp. 31-49 and policies in Southern Europe , in ”IDEA 37 OECD, Migration Policies and EU Enlargement: Working Papers”, Νο . 9, 2009; E. Gonzalez-Gago; The Case of Central and Eastern Europe , in M. Segales Kirzner, Geographical labour mobility ‚International Migration”, 2001 in the context of the crisis: Spain. London: 38 A. Herm; M. Poulain, Economic crisis and European Employment Observatory , National international migration. What the EU data reveal? , Institute of Economic and Social Research, 2013

15 been a decline in migratory inflows and an identified, the crisis appears to have led to outflow of mainly Latin American a slight increase in the outflows of third- nationals who either return to their country nationals and a decrease in countries of origin or head to more inputs 44 . prosperous European countries but mainly Specifically, there are significant to the Americas 42 . variations in GDP per capita between 2008 Similar to Spain, Portugal, in the and 2013, with Greece (-20) and Spain (- 1980s and early 1990s, migratory inflows 11) decreasing the most, and Italy (-7) were directly linked to the country's declining marginally in Portugal (-2). Over historical, linguistic, cultural and colonial the same period, public debt (as a links with immigrants who came mainly percentage of GDP) of the countries under from Portuguese speaking countries and study increased, while in Greece from Brazil. However, in recent years, and 109.4% in 2008 to 177.0% in 2013, mainly after the onset of the recent recording the highest public debt in the economic crisis, studies point to the Eurozone. In Spain, public debt is doubling increasing outflows of both Brazilians and (from 39.4% to 93.7%), Portugal from citizens from Eastern European countries 71.7% in 2008 to 129.0% in 2013, while (mainly from Ukraine) who had entered the slightest increase is in Italy (from the country and joined its workforce during 102.3% to 128.8%) 45 . the 1990s 43 . The consequences of the economic In 2012, foreigners were 4.39 million recession are expressed, inter alia, in the and accounted for 7.4% of the total Italian significant increase in poverty and the population. Most of them come from comparatively high level of unemployment Romania, including third-country in the countries under observation and, in nationals, mainly from Albania and particular, in Greece and Spain 46 . Morocco. Some studies have suggested that the recent economic crisis has not 44 OECD, International migration outlook 2014. shown a dramatic change in migration Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016; F. Pastore; V. movements in Italy, while others make an Claudia, Italy , in H. Duncan, J. Nieuwenhuysen; S. argument that, although no changes in the Neerup (eds), “International migration in uncertain times”, pp. 109-128 MontrealKingston: McGill- outflows of Italian nationals have been Queen’s University Press; G. Ciccarone, Geographical labour mobility in the context of the crisis: Italy. London, in “European Employment 42 J. Recaño; M. Roig; V. Miguel, Spain: A new Observatory“, National Institute of Economic and gravity centre for Latin American migration. Social Research, 2013 Demographic Analysis of Latin American 45 R. Gutiérrez, Welfare performance in Southern Immigrants in Spain, in “Applied Demography Europe: Employment crisis and poverty risk , in Series”, No. 5, , 2015, pp. 181-209 “South European Society and Politics“, 19(3), 43 J. Peixoto; C. Sabino, Portugal: Immigration, the 2016, pp. 371-392 labour market and policy in Portugal: trends and M. Matsaganis; Ch. Leventi, T he distributional prospects, in “IDEA Working Papers”, Νο . 6, impact of austerity and the recession in Southern 2013, Arango; C. Bonifazi; C. Finotelli; J. Peixoto; Europe, South European Society&Politics, 19(3), C. Sabino; S. Strozza; A. Triandafyllidou, The 2014, pp. 393-412 making of an immigration model: Inflows, impacts 46 OECD, International migration outlook 2013. and policies in Southern Europe , in “IDEA Paris , OECD Publishing, 2013 D. Karantinos, Working Papers”, Νο . 9, 2009; D. Justino, Geographical labour mobility in the context of the Emigration from Portugal: Old wine in new crisis: Greece. London, in “European Employment bottles?, Washington, DC: Migration Policy Observatory“, National Institute of Economic and Institute, 2016 Social Research, 2013

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Disadvantageous employment of developed countries and their conditions influence specific population populations is a necessity, while groups to a greater extent-and in line with disregarding the fact that refugees and previous recessions-and may be main refugee movements are the direct factors in determining of resettlement for consequence of human protection of these both foreign and indigenous populations. communities in the least stable in International experience of past economic means countries of Asia, Africa economic downturns suggests that and Latin America. 49 Therefore, foreigners, and in particular third-country phenomena such as trafficking in nationals, are among the primary victims, individuals, smuggling of human beings as they are primarily financially supported and the proliferation of irregular migration in sectors (e.g. construction, are the adverse effects of policies on manufacturing, etc.) that are especially immigration 50 . vulnerable in times of crisis and often The implementation of a mandatory occupy temporary and part-time jobs in refugee resettlement system in all EU low-skilled professions. Unfavorable countries is only a temporary measure that working conditions can be important can not be expanded, as it will continue to factors in repatriating foreigners from entice new migrant flows if the division by countries experiencing severe recidivism 47 . country is a legally binding fact 51 . Consequently, the reinforcement of the EU's humanitarian aid and civil protection system and the exceptional financial support for the states of entry of refugees and migrants are only medium-term approaches that resolve the effects and not the causes of the migration and economic crisis 52 . Worth mentioning a surprising data mentioning that according to the Global Wealth Migration Review, Greece is Graph: Main irregular border crossings depending on nationality48 49 D. Bigo, Security and immigration: Towards a critique of the governmentality of unease , in The fundamental predominant “Alternatives: Global, Local Political“, Vol. 27, approach to ' securitisation of migration ' 2002, pp. 63-92 50 illustrates the perception that the stability A.G., Papadopoulos, Migration and Security Threats, in “Southeastern Europe, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies“, Vol. 11, No 4, 47 D. Papademetriou; M. Sumption; A. Terrazas, 2011, pp. 451-469 Migration and immigrants two years after the 51 A. Muxel, Young People and Politics , in P. financial collapse: where do we stand? Perrineau & L. Rouban (eds.), Politics in France Washington, D.C.: Migration Policy Institute; and Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009 OECD, International migration and the economic 52 V. Smil, The Next 50 Years: Unfolding Trends , in crisis: Understanding the links and shaping policy “Population and Development Review“ Vol.31, No. responses, Paris,OECD Publishing, 2009 4 (12/2005), pp. 605-643; 48 ESPON, Territorial and urban aspects of E. Kaufmann, Shall the Religious Inherit the migration and refugee , 2015, inflow,. Earth? , Profile Books, New York, 2012, pp. 181- https://www.espon.eu/main/, (18.10.2019) 182.

17 facing a modest inflow of wealth persons Bibliography as shown in the below graph 53 . Books and Studies:

1. Faist, Τ., The volumes and dynamics of international migration and transnational social spaces, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000 2. Kaufmann E., Shall the Religious Inherit the Earth? , Profile Books, New York, 2012 3. Muus, Ph., International migration and the European Union, Trends and Consequences , European Journal on 54 Graph : Milionaire Migration Criminal Policy and Research No. 9, 2001 4. Muxel, A., Young People and Politics , Conclusions στο P. Perrineau & L. Rouba, in The evaluation of the budgetary ”Politics in France and Europe”, aspects of modern immigration to Greece Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009 addresses a major question of political 5. Owen, T. Migrant Workers: Best interest for two reasons. First, the Practices Regarding Integration and economic activity and implications of the Citizenship , Workshop of International involvement of hundreds of thousands of Experts on Best Practices Related to migrants on the budgetary indicators is one Migrant Workers, Santiago, Chile, 19- of the core areas to be taken into 20.06.2000 consideration when implementing their 6. Pastore, F.; Claudia, V. Italy , in H. national policies on immigration. Second, Duncan, J. Nieuwenhuysen and S. even though there are substantial Neeru, International migration in differences and exhilarating scientific and uncertain times , McGill-ueen’s political controversies about the methods University Press, Montreal Kingston, used, the assumptions in question are 2012 preferentially exploited by different interest groups and are clearly intended to Documents influence government policies. 1. Arango, J. and Finotelli, C., Past and future challenges of a Southern European migration regime: The Spanish case. IDEA Working Papers, Νο . 8, 2009 2. Arango, J., Bonifazi, C., Finotelli, C., Peixoto, J., Sabino, C., Strozza, S. and Triandafyllidou, A. (2009). The making of an immigration model: Inflows, impacts and policies in Southern Europe, IDEA 53 “AfrAsia Global Wealth Migration Review“, Working Papers, Νο . 9, 2009 2018 54 Idem

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3. Bigo, D., Security and immigration: 12. Matsaganis, M. and Leventi, Ch., The Towards a critique of the governmentality distributional impact of austerity and the of unease , Alternatives: Global, Local recession , Southern Europe. South Political, Vol. 27, 2002 European Society & Politics, 19(3), 2014 4. Ciccarone, G., Geographical labour 13. OECD, International migration and the mobility in the context of the crisis: Italy. economic crisis: Understanding the links European Employment Observatory, and shaping policy responses, OECD National Institute of Economic and Social Publishing, Paris, 2009 Research, London, 2013 14. OECD, International migration outlook 5. Coleman, Europe’s Demographic Future: 2013 , OECD Publishing, Paris, 2013 Determinants, Dimensions, and 15. OECD, International migration outlook Challenges , Population and Development 2014, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2014 Review 32: The Political Economy of 16. Papademetriou, D., Sumption, M. and Global Population Change, 1950-2050, Terrazas, A., Migration and immigrants 2006 two years after the financial collapse: 6. Gonzalez-Gago, E. and Segales Kirzner, where do we stand? Migration Policy M., Geographical labour mobility in the Institute, Washington, D.C., 2010 context of the crisis: Spain, European 17. Papadopoulos, A.G., Migration and Employment Observatory, National Security Threats in Southeastern Institute of Economic and Social Research, Europ e, Southeast European and Black London, 2013 Sea Studies, Vol. 11, No 4, 2011 7. Gutiérrez, R., Welfare performance in 18. Peixoto, J.; Sabino, C., Portugal: Southern Europe: Employment crisis and Immigration, the labour market and policy poverty risk , South European Society and in Portugal: trends and prospects. IDEA Politics, 19(3), 2014 Working Papers, Νο . 6, 2011 8. Herm, A. and Poulain, M., Economic crisis 19. Recaño, J.; Roig, M.; de Miguel, V., and international migration. What the EU Spain: A new gravity centre for Latin data reveal? , Revue Européenne des American migration, Demographic Migrations Internationales, 28(4), 2012 Analysis of Latin American Immigrants in 9. Justino, D., Emigration from Portugal: Spain, Applied Demography Series, 5, Old wine in new bottles?, Washington, 2015 DC, Migration Policy Institute, 2016 20. Smil, V., The Next 50 Years: Unfolding 10. Karantinos, D., Geographical labour Trends , Population and Development mobility in the context of the crisis: Review 31:4, 2005 Greece,European Employment Observatory, National Institute of Websites Economic and Social Research, London, 21. https://www.espon.eu/ 2013 22. https://frontex.europa.eu/

11. Koser, K., The impact of financial crises 23. http://www.oecd.org/ on international migration: Lessons 24. http://www.age-ofmigration.com learned , Migration Research Series No. 37. Geneva: IOM, 2009.

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______Svetlana CEBOTARI (1) Moldova State University Sergiu PLOP (2) “Alexandru cel Bun” Armed Forces Military Academy Chi șin ău

THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GEOPOLITIC INTERESTS OF THE MAJOR POWERS

Abstract: The Black Sea region over the centuries played an important geostrategic role in the relations between the great powers. Currently, at the confluence of two Versailles culture and religions, the Christian and Islamic and many nations, the Black Sea is a space of both convergence and collision of the interests of the riparian countries, but also of the various international actors. This article outlines the main interests of the great powers. Thus, the geostrategic, political-military and geo-economic interests of the US and NATO, the Russian Federation, and, incidentally, those of the EU are under investigation. Keywords: Black Sea basin; Russia; US; EU; NATO; Geopolitical interest; Geostrategic interest; Geo-economic interest Contact E-mail: details of the (1) [email protected] author: (2) [email protected] Institutional (1) Moldova State University affiliation of (2)Alexandru cel Bun Armed Forces Military Academy Chi șin ău the authors: Institutions (1)Moldova State University, 60 A. Mateevici Str., Chi șin ău, http://usm.md address: (2)Armed Forces Military Academy of Chi șin ău: 23 Haltei, str. Chisin ău. www.academy.army.md/

Introduction rich regions 55 . In this context, the Over the centuries, geopolitical energy axis joining Caspian geographically, geo-economically and Sea, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean geostrategically, the importance of the Sea deserve attention. Oleoducts and Black Sea was mainly based on the role pipelines are the connecting routes for that the region played by major powers and these spaces. The Black Sea region of empires (Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Stricto Senso includes the territorial sea Ottoman, Russian). It was simultaneously a and the coast of Romania, Bulgaria, connecting bridge and a border, a buffer Georgia, the Russian Federation, Turkey, zone and transit between West and East, between South and North. In addition, the Black Sea has been and continues to be a 55 connecting point for trade for the energy- Elena Dana Frunzeti, Politici şi interese energetice în spa ţiul M ării Caspice , http://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_publicatii/is18.pdf, (12.11.2019)

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Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova 56 . and the increase of the projection There are three NATO member states and capabilities of the forces, plus the fact that two EU Member States around the Black it is a great internal power, with a unique Sea. A number of political transformations way of exiting the planetary ocean and the have prompted advances to democratic one controlled by a single state, Turkey 61 . regimes in other states in the region. The Being at the confluence of two area of the Black Sea basin continues to be cultures and universal religions, the transformed 57 . European Christian and Islamic, and many The Black Sea region is the South families of nations, the Black Sea is a Caucasus, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine and space of both convergence and collision of some of the EU Member States (and the interests of the riparian countries and therefore the Union) 58 . also of the various international actors. The The Black Sea Basin is the aquatic geopolitical and security developments in space with an area of 413 000 km 2, with a the Black Sea region, the geographic length of 1 150 km from the West to the position of the region, the risks and threats East and 600 km from the North to the to stability in the area, political, economic South 59 . The Black Sea region also and military aspects of cooperation are includes a diversity of cultural, linguistic, issues that further attract the interest of the ethnic and religious identities. The international community, European and heterogeneity is also met in terms of the Euro-Atlantic organizations, generates a structure, size and economic orientation of closer look at the area's problem. In the the countries of the Black Sea region. context of new realities, geopolitics and Surrounded by Europe, the Caucasus geostrategic, Euro-Atlantic, as a result of region of Anatolia, the Black Sea basin is the enlargement of NATO and the connected to the Aegean Sea and the European Union, gives the Black Sea basin Mediterranean Sea to the south through the the characteristics of a geostrategic space Bosphorus Strait and the Marmara Sea 60 . of importance 62 . The Black Sea as a region has been It is an intersection of strategic disputed in the light of its dual bridge or directions and routes that provide the frontier vocation. The size of the Black Sea connections between the West and the Orient, competition, cooperation between 56 Teodor Frunzeti, . Securitate în regiunea M ării Negre , in important international actors, from ”Revista de Ştiin ţe Militare”, No. 2 (43) Anul XVI, different economic and social collocations 2016, pp.5-11, http://aos.ro/wp-content/anale/R-S- M-Vol-16-Nr2Full.pdf, (12.11.2019) and antagonistic value systems. Since 57 S. Oğan, The Black Sea: new arena for global 2004, the Black Sea has been defined as competition , the eastern limit of the EU and NATO, http://turkishpolicy.com/dosyalar/files/sinan%20og an.pdf p.42, (12.11.2019) located in the vicinity of the CIS and the 58 D. Triantaphyllou, The ‘security paradoxes’ of the Black Sea region , in ”Southeast European and 61 Black Sea Studies”, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2009, http://www.afsouth.nato.int/JFCN_Operations/Act pp. 225–241 iveEndeavour/Endeavour/Endeavour.htmsihttp://w 59 G. C. Maior, S. Konopliov, Cunoa ștere ww..int/issues/active_endeavour/index.html, strategic ă în zona extins ă a M ării Negre , Bucure ști, (11.12.2019) 62 2011. p. 251 Teodor Frunzeti, vladimir Zodian, Lumea 2009. Enciclopedie politic ă și militar ă (studii strategice și 60 M. Țăranu, Geopolitica. Concepte și teorii de securitate) , Editura CTEA, Bucure ști, 2009. social-politice. Ia și, Instiutul European, 2011 p.1104

21 member states of the Collective Security trade routes and regions rich in energy Treaty Organization. The analyzed region resources. The Black Sea has always been also has a special economic value due to a strategic area for the deployment and the presence of energy resources and mobilization of the armed forces, both terrestrial and marine raw materials, from the perspective of defensive and modern industrial capabilities, the number expansionary policies. and degree of education of the population, Its strategic position, between the the magnitude of regional and trans- hydrocarbs reserves in the Caspian Basin regional trade etc. 63 . and Europe, places the Black Sea in a Also, the Black Sea Basin is a densely unique position. But while the opportunity populated area with significant natural to transfer Caspian oil and gas to European resources connected to the Mediterranean markets increases economic development Sea through the Bosporus and Dardanelles, and regional economic prosperity, and has direct links with important competition for the control of pipelines, communication lines through the Danube, waterways and transport routes to ensure Volga, Don and Corridors on a land link greater political and economic influence from east to west Central Caucasus and not only in the region, on a global scale, Central Asia, and from north to south the raises the risk of confrontation. At the Baltic region of South-Eastern Europe and same time, the proliferation of routes, the Mediterranean Sea. These routes have while the potential for increasing bilateral been used extensively for both military cooperation to the detriment of the region campaigns and trade since the can at the same time lead to redundancy establishment of the first Greek colonies due to too many capacities for not along the shores. The only time the Black sufficient gas and oil 64 . Sea represented a "frozen lake" and the In the context of the analysis of the communication channels were interrupted Black Sea Basin, consideration should be was during the 50 years of the Cold War given to analyzing the geopolitical and when the border between the two blocks geostrategic interests of the actors present was practically the center of the region. in the region. Thus, in the Black Sea region can be assessed under the following Black Sea in the context of the major headings: powers interests 1) Global Powers: United States, The geostrategic importance of the European Union and Russia; Black Sea Basin over the centuries has 2) Regional Powers: Turkey, Ukraine, been based on the role played by the and Romania. These actors have region, being both a bridge and a border, a difficulties in formulating policies buffer zone and a transit zone between independent of global actors, so they have Europe and Asia at the intersection of to work in coordination with them; former powers and empires. In addition, 3) International Organizations: the Black Sea was a junction point for NATO, EU, OSCE, GUAM, Black Sea

63 Elena Dana Frunzeti, Politici şi interese 64 A 2020 Vision for the Black Sea Region A Report energetice în spa ţiul M ării Caspice, p.492, la by the Commission on the Black Sea , http://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_publicatii/is18.pdf, http://aei.pitt.edu/74137/1/2020_Vision_for_the_Bl (14.11.2029) ack_Sea.pdf, (13.10.2019)

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Economic Cooperation Organization The United States of America is the (BSEC) 65 . benchmark on the "grand chessboard", Thus, by looking at the strategic primarily aimed at strengthening its interests of the Russian Federation, the US position in the Black Sea area, its main and including those of the EU in the Black pillar being geo-economic interest. The Sea Basin, these can be examined from intention of removing the Russian several perspectives monopoly over the Caspian energy exploitation and transport processes is also Geostrategic interest a strategic successor of the United States of After the collapse of the USSR in America. In the context of the global anti- 1991, newly created states are in the orbit terror war, the United States is engaged in of different power centers. This also the modernization efforts of the Georgian applies to Ukraine, Belarus, and the and Azerbaijan armed forces, as well as in Caucasus states, including the Republic of the process of monitoring and evaluating Moldova, for which both the Russian the Black Sea oil traffic, especially through Federation and the US and the EU are the Turkish straits 68 . The significance of interested. In the early 2000s, geopolitical the Black Sea for the US is also important competition for control over the Black Sea for the following reasons: Basin began between the West and • Through the Black Sea, U.S.A. can Russia 66 . control the "vulnerabilities" of Russia, the Analyzing the position of the Black North Caucasus, and engage in different Sea from a geopolitical and geostrategic forms of provocation. perspective, we could determine the causes • Can increase the confidence and courage of the geopolitical, geostrategic and geo- of Ukraine, Georgia, and the Republic of economic competition triggering the Moldova to manifest themselves as interests of the Russian Federation and the international law actors in the country, USA, EU and NATO for this space. What causing them to raise their voices against are the US, NATO and EU interests Russia. towards Ukraine? 67 . The main actors of • In addition to Iran, the Black Sea serves the new strategic scenario that is portrayed as a plateau to exert pressure on Middle in the Black Sea border, with the Caspian East countries such as Iraq and Syria. oil stake, are the United States of America, • The region is strategically important for Russia and the European Union. the war on terror, which began in Afghanistan. • The Black Sea region offers feasible 65 Idem 66 N. Raboteajev Ucraina mejdu Rossiei I opportunities for the isolation of Russia. Zapadom: opît gheopoliticeschih analiz În • NATO has included the region in the Mirovaia economica i Mejdunarodnîe Otno șenia . Partnership for Peace Program (PfP). (Работяжев , Н. Украина между Россией и Западом : опыт геополитического анализа , in • The strategic position of the Black Sea ”Мировая Экономика и Междунородные could allow the mobilization of ships and Отношения ”, № 9, 2008, p.75-83 67 Federalinîi zacon ot ( Федеральный закон от )28.12.2010 № 390-ФЗ ( ред . от 05.10.2015) (o 68 Teodor Frunzeti, Securitate în regiunea M ării Negre ., in bezopastnosti)" О безопасности ", ”Revista de Ştiin ţe Militare” ,Nr. 2 (43) Anul XVI, http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LA 2016, p.5-11, http://aos.ro/wp-content/anale/R-S- W_108546/ (19.10.2019) M-Vol-16-Nr2Full.pdf, (13.10.2019)

23 war bases in and around this region, which economic development due to in practice could be used to conduct improvements in transport and intelligence operations against Russia. The infrastructure communications; and the United States has also formulated a six- promotion of tourism, customs prongen strategy in the region: cooperation, environmental protection, etc. • Frozen conflicts should be of higher Security is the third pillar of the US priority: attention should be given to the approach in the region. In this case, the conflicts in Transdniestria - Moldova, main focus was on combating terrorism, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia and organized crime and smuggling with Abkhazia. Russia's objectives are to create weapons of mass destruction, a turmoil in these regions for its own strengthened border security regime and a interests and use conflicts to exert pressure civil-military response. Of particular on regional powers. importance in this regard was the US support for the Black Sea Border Security • Ukraine should focus on: The US Initiative and the Black Sea Civil considers that the coup in Ukraine is a 69 Emergency Response Plan, funded by the positive development for the region . US Department of Defense, which is Another factor regarding the United designed to improve cross-border States and NATO has been to prevent new coordination. For improving the profile in independent states from yielding to the area, the US has developed close Russian influence or pressure. The US has bilateral security ties with regional actors reassessed its geostrategic interest in the such as Georgia, Ukraine, Bulgaria and area and added a military dimension to its Romania. strategy to strengthen NATO's role. This If we are to analyze the interest of has led to a predictable response from the USA, NATO and the EU for the Black Russia. The United States has sought to Sea Basin, then we can see that it serves as develop a more coherent and a tool for coercion and stopping Russia's comprehensive strategy towards the Black expansionist interests and ambitions - Sea Region. This had three main points. Ukraine's independence from Russia and First of all, US administrations have paid its inclusion in the sphere of influence of special attention to promoting democracy the US and NATO. As stated in 1997 Zb. and the market economy. This approach Brzezinski, the purpose of the US lies in has focused on greater political freedom, as "not admitting the creation of an Eurasian a result of free and fair elections, the rule empire that would be able to put an end to of law, respect for human rights and the US geostrategic trends and goals." US transparency of market economies. goals in the Black Sea Basin focus on Second, priority was given to the energy ensuring geopolitical pluralism in the post- issue and the expansion of free trade. This Soviet space. Goals and interests in the includes an increase in the number of gas Black Sea Basin are also NATO, although and oil pipelines; an increase in trade and in principle they coincide with US interests. Firstly, it aims at extending the

69 Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea. Building Alliance to the East. In the event of joining an inclusive, innovative, and integrated region NATO, Ukraine, it will soon be the role of https://www.bstdb.org/publications/Regional_Coop eration_in_the_Black_Sea.pdf, (13.10.2019) "keeping" the Russian Federation in its

24 expansionist tendencies and of influence in the area is to achieve the participating, as necessary, in the interest - to ensure national security. formation of a new "health cordon", which As the USA exercised simultaneous would allow division, removal of Russia military and political influence on the from the states of the European Union. Black Sea through the expansion of NATO Speaking about the interests of in the region, the Russian Federation NATO member states, according to F. considers it the intensity of the Russian Cune, there are five reasons for showing fencing fear was evident during the August interest in this area: 2008 crisis. For this reason, Russia's 1. Geographic and geostrategic location interests in the Black Sea region could be of the region; defined as follows: 2. The role of the Central Caucasus for • given the growing influence of Eurasian security; regional and global actors in the Black 3. Total unexploded gas reserves in the Sea region, the Russian Federation is Caspian basin; trying to maintain its position as one 4. The presence of problems with the of the main actors in the region; threat and spread of the weapons of • to prevent the emergence of problems mass destruction; or projects that are not under Russian 5. Not admitting the hegemony of a control; 70 power in the area .In the context of the • preventing the emergence of anti- analysis of the interests of the great Russian military coalitions; powers in the Black Sea Basin, • preventing countries in the region attention is drawn to the interests from joining NATO; and 5) fighting expressed by the Russian Federation in and suppressing separatism, the region. Thus, for the Russian fundamentalism and terrorism 71 . Federation, the Black Sea area is a The Russian Federation has faced a fundamental strategic objective, and in crisis in the last decade as a result of the its relationship with the riparian states loss of the status of the second world it imposes a status equal to that of the superpower. Simultaneously with the North Atlantic Alliance. Being one of developments in the Yugoslav crisis and the main actors, Russia's main concern the serious involvement of the US in the in the "near neighborhood" is to region, Moscow has abandoned the claims maintain and consolidate its power and of political hegemony in Southeast Europe. to restrict the presence of other powers, Analysts believe that today's Russia building on the premise that Ukraine focuses on the issues of corporate and Georgia considers Russia as a restructuring and strengthening the CIS threat, but the Russian Federation, while at the same time diversifying its considers to be surrounded and covered partnerships with the US and the EU and by the West, the reason for maintaining its relations with the countries of the Far East. The Russia-US Partnership is

70 F. Kune, NATO I Iujnii Kavkaz. Cavcazchii perceived in Moscow as a global institute mira, democratii I razvitia. Tbilisi (Kуне , Ф. НАТО и Южный Кавказ . Кавказский 71 I. Chifu, Gândire strategic ă. Editura Institutul de институт мира , демократии и развития . Știin țe Politice și Rela ții Interna ționale. Bucure ști Тбилиси ), 2003, pp.13-14. 2003. p. 334

25 understanding, and the Russian-NATO playground backyard 74 . The Kremlin does Partnership (renewed in May 2002) not see the growing involvement of the addresses the issue of combating terrorism, United States in Central Asia and the cross-border crime and the proliferation of Caucasus in the area of influence that nuclear weapons 72 . Russia regards as its own. The Black Sea region is an On this aspect, essentially extremely important area of Russia's geopolitical, he attracted the attention and foreign policy, due to its geopolitical report of the "Strategic Studies Institute". importance and the specificity of Russia's The huge US investments in the two interests during the difficult transition mentioned giant pipelines - pipelines period. The concept of "Neighborhood" deliberately diverting the very turbulent was developed to reflect the sudden Russian territory from Central Asia- replacement of the former Soviet republics Caucasus, establishing US bases in the by sovereign states, generating widespread region and supporting pro-American concerns also in the Black Sea area. governments in the area, lead to counter- There are a number of reasons for Russian reactions 75 . Russia's interests in this area. For Russia, South Caucasus is regarded by the Black Sea has always been a gateway Russia as "close neighborhood". So, it is a to the world oceans. The region is also a Russian military zone for intervention, if natural bastion for Russia and is marked by necessary. What turns the conflict in the a number of potentially destabilizing Caucasus into a major international crisis, factors such as the alarming situation in with possible big "surprises" in the future. Transcaucasia and North Caucasus, a Moscow has already made known its terrible crisis in the Balkans, the Kurdish ambitions to restore a "Russian orbit," issue and the perceived situation around composed of states belonging to the "close Iran and Iraq. In addition, many Russian neighborhood", Ukraine, Belarus and the regions have maintained strong economic former Soviet republics of Central Asia. links with the Black Sea area. Russia faces The Russian energy giants RAO and the a transformation of the geopolitical UES - where most of the actions are held environment in the Black Sea region, by the Government - have begun a major clearly marked by an increasing number of operation to restore this regional international actors in the area 73 . supremacy. RAO acquired most of the The Kremlin considers Georgia and energy actions in Armenia and Georgia the Caucasus to be exactly what the White and announced plans to export energy to House thinks of Central America: its own Turkey and Azerbaijan 76 .

72 Eugen Bădălan, Repere ale construc ţiei 74 La mer Noire et les intérêtsqu’ellesuscite, https://l- arhitecturii de securitate în arealul M ării Negre , express.ca/la-mer-noire-et-les-interets-quelle- http://cssas.unap.ro/ro/pdf_publicatii/is18.pdf, suscite/, (13.10.2019) (13.10.2019) 75 Teodor Frunzeti, Securitate în regiunea M ării Negre . ”Revista de Ştiin ţe Militare”, Nr. 2 (43), Anul XVI, 73 E. Büyükakinci, Security issues and patterns of 2016, p.5-11, http://aos.ro/wp-content/anale/R-S- cooperation in the Black Sea region, in ”Security in M-Vol-16-Nr2Full.pdf, (13.10.2019) the Black Sea Region Policy Report II”, Commission of the Blak Sea, p. 23 76 Idem

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Moreover, the overlapping of the was the starting point for Russian naval NATO-EU border on the Black Sea by the power in the Mediterranean. accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the Following the Russian-Turkish Alliance is explicitly perceived by Russia wars, Russia gained access to the Black as a direct threat to its security, for which it Sea in 1783. At the beginning of the feels right to remodel "geostrategic twentieth century and during the Second practices specific to the Cold War and World War, 1939-1945, the Black Sea fleet abandoned in 1992. The Russian was one of the main military forces. Federation's military manifestations in fact Immediately after the collapse of the mark the Kremlin's tendency to resume the USSR, the maritime fleet became a force policy before the collapse of patrimony of the CIS, and on April 5, by communism on the one hand and on the signing by the President of Ukraine the other hand a hard exercise image 77 . Decree on "The means of establishing the maritime forces of Ukraine", according to Political-military interest which "the Black Sea maritime fleet passes The Black Sea Basin for the under the jurisdiction of Ukraine and its Russian Federation is also an interest from basis became the armed forces of a political-military perspective. Thus, Ukraine". analyzing the political and military Russia's reaction was immediate. interests of the Russian Federation in Already on April 7 th the same year, the Eastern Europe, they, depending on the President of the Russian Federation issues geographical position of the states, have the decree by which the Black Sea their degree of manifestation. Ukraine's maritime fleet falls under the jurisdiction independence has deprived Russia of its of the Russian Federation. Over the course dominant position in the Black Sea, where of 7 years, there have been disputes to Odessa was a vital gateway to trade with resolve this issue. Only on May 28, 1997, the Mediterranean and the world beyond. the signing of the Agreement on the Black Ukraine's loss is a loss of geopolitical pivot Sea Fleet Splitting Parameters - "Status because it has limited Russia's geostrategic and conditions of the Russian Federation's options in the Black Sea basin. By keeping fleet on the territory of Ukraine", "Mutual control of Ukraine, Russia could still try to calculations for the division of the Black be the leader of a Eurasian empire in which Sea Maritime Fleet on the Ukrainian Moscow dominated non-Slavs in the south territory". and south-east of the former USSR. All these agreements have been The loss of the Baltic Sea dominant concluded for a period of 20 years, being position is repeated in the Black Sea not automatically extended for a period of 5 only because of Ukraine's independence years if one of the parties does not require but also because of the independence of the their termination. These agreements Caucasian states - Georgia, Armenia, and allowed the signature of the Russian- Azerbaijan. Prior to 1991, the Black Sea Ukrainian Friendship and Cooperation Agreement on 31 May 1997, according to which the maritime fleet will not have 77 G. Nicolaescu, Geopolitica securit ății , Editura nuclear weapons in its arsenal. The Universitatea Na țional ă de Ap ărare Carol I, Bucure ști, 2010, p. 299 purpose of finding these forces in the

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Black Sea aquatic territories is to ensure launchers (reduced by 6 times), and marine the safety and exploration of the sea. aviation has been fully liquidated 79 . A part Thus, until the 2014 events in of the air force was transferred to the Ukraine, with the annexation of Crimea to Novorossiysk region. All these reductions the Russian Federation, in the Black Sea denote the considerable weakening of the waters there were 388 units. Basically, Russian Federation's maritime and military 70% of the Russian Black Sea Fleet's power in the Black Sea. infrastructure is in the Crimean area. Also, In this context, it is also possible to the maritime fleet also had deployments in mention the request of the Ukrainian side Sevastopol (Sevostopolskaia, Iujnaia, to submit to it all its naval and Karantinnaia, Kazacia), Feodosia and hydrographic objects, motivating the Nikolaev - for the repair of seagoing responsibility for the security of swimming vessels. The Director of the Institute of in the aquatic territories belonging to CIS States mentioned that in August 1992, Ukraine. the Black Sea Maritime Fleet consisted of As a result of the submitted 894 vessels, the maritime aviation had 400 requirements, the procedure for the aircraft, the land forces had 28 anti-missile liquidation and withdrawal of Russian shields, 258 medium-sized tanks, 826 objects is taking place. Claims against armored vehicles, 457 artillery systems. Russia also had the Crimean Property Aircraft fleet coverage was performed by Fund, according to which the Black Sea the FAA (Anti-Air Force) forces. Under fleet of the Russian Federation illegally those conditions, the fleet was located on uses 96 objects from the Crimea. Another the Black Sea coast from the Danube Delta requirement from Ukraine concerns the to Batumi. revision of the cost of renting the bases on Its foundations were located on a which Russian naval forces are deployed. length of 1,750 kilometers, 200 kilometers Although there in the agreements is from the seaside. Also in the defense stipulated the amount of 97 million. US $ system were the bases of Bulgaria, Syria, annually 80 , Kiev quite often raised this Egypt and other Mediterranean countries, issue, showing a firm position. which constituted a ratio of 2.5: 1 in favor An issue not less important in the of the USSR 78 . Russian-Ukrainian relations is the Already in 1997, the fleet's arsenal delimitation of the maritime borders shrinks considerably (by 2014 there is only between the states of the Strait of Kerch one submarine), the seaside division is and the Azov Sea. Until the collapse of the reformed, and the foundations of the cities USSR, the Sea of Azov was largely of Simferopol, Eupatoria, Perevalinoe and internal, and, according to the principles of Megorya are lost. The 31 tanks (reduced international law, the Kerch Strait was a by 8 times), 211 armored vehicles (reduced way of internal waters with a "strait" by 4 times), 54 weapons and mine status. The borders between the Crimean and the Krasnodar regions as part of a state 78 Ecspert: Ras șirenie NATO na vostoc vozniclo iz were purely nominal. With the za o șibchi Gorbaciova . ( Эксперт : Расширение НАТО на восток возникло из -за ошибки Горбачева ), http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1010280.html, 79 Ibidem, p.108 (13.10.2019) 80 Ibidem, p.108

28 disappearance of the Soviet Union on the NATO and to prepare the scene for Russia international arena, this border becomes to disintegrate 82 . interstate, the Strait of Kerch and the island The political-military aspect of the of Tuzla pass under the jurisdiction of Russian Federation's interests is also Ukraine. present in Armenia. Thus, in 1995 the Under these circumstances, both the Russian-Armenian agreement on the military and civilian ships to pass through location of the Russian Military Base 102 the Sea of Azov to Rostov, Taganrog, Eisk, in Armenia was signed. The location of Temriuk, Caucasus Port, have to pay the this strategic object serves as a pretext for fee for transiting and operating the straits the Russian Federation to protect Armenia (annually over 2000 ships). Ukraine, in this from possible intervention by Turkey and case, accounts for 70% of the Azov Sea Azerbaijan. On August 20, 2010, Russia water area, rich in various species of fish, and Armenia signed a Protocol (No 15) to multiplied by only Russia, with the Yerevan to extend until 2044 the term of exploration of the mineral resources on the application of the 1995 Inter-State coast and about 120 gas and oil. Agreement on the Russian military base Negotiations have been taking place since no. 102 in Gyumri, a locality in northern 1992, but by 2014 the issue remains Armenia. unresolved, leading to disputes and The protocol was signed by conflicts 81 . Defense Ministers of the two countries, The Russian Federation is also Seiran Oganian and Anatoli Serdiukov, in limited by NATO and Ukrainian joint the presence of Presidents Dmitry military and naval maneuvers, including Medvedev and Serje Sargsian. The Turkey's growing role in the Black Sea Russian-Armenian agreement on the region. The geostrategic interests of the Gyumri Military Base originally provided Russian Federation in the Ukrainian area that Russian military troops would be are quite visible lately, and the events in stationed in Armenia for 25 years (by Kiev on Ukraine's integration policy in the 2020). Protocol No. 15, signed on August European Union show us once more the 20, provides for a term of 49 years, to be tendency to maintain the former union calculated from the entry into force of the republics in its sphere of influence. In this Interstate Agreement. A new element context, the fight for Crimea, a brought by Protocol no. 15 is the geostrategic point of the Russian possibility of automatically extending, Federation in the Black Sea basin, the after 2044, the term of the Russian- involvement of the armed forces in the Armenian Agreement every five years, "if Donbas, and Lugansk area can be neither party expresses a contrary will" 83 . mentioned. Also, the Russians viewed the Military presence needs to be Orange Revolution of Ukraine in examined in a complex way with other December 2004-January 2005 as an aspects of foreign policy and state attempt by the US to attract Ukraine into 82 George Friedman, Urm ătorii 100 de ani. Previziuni pentru secolul XXI , Editura Litera, Bucure ști, 2009, p. 69 83 Armata rus ă r ămâne în Armenia pân ă în anul 2044 , http://archiva.flux.md/articole/10207/, 81 Ibidem, pp.109-111 (13.11.2019)

29 economy. The Military Base in Gyiumri power and structure. The Caucasus states, includes motorized subdivisions, tanks and especially Georgia, have deposits such as artillery. The force is 3,500 soldiers, uranium. The Institute of Physics and including some of the officers transferred Technology in Sukhumi can be considered to Armenia as a result of the withdrawal of one of the dangerous objects of the USSR. Russian military forces from Batumi and Due to the conflict with Abkhazia it cannot Ahalkalaki (Georgia) in 2007 and currently be controlled. Also, the Medzamore located in Ghiumri, Erbuni and Yerevan. nuclear power plant (Armenia) can lead to Thus, in the absence of a full a similar catastrophe to Chernobyl's impact Russian security system, the Gyiumri Base on Turkey's markets as well. NATO allies is just one point, which serves Armenia's also worry that states such as Iran, Iraq and interests, but which, in the future, can be Pakistan may demand exploring this region seen as a potential for strengthening in the region. Thus, the Caucasus has an Russia's influence in the region. Russia's important role to play in US, NATO and pragmatism lies in prolonging its military EU policy. Enforcing a monopoly of power presence and ensuring its presence in the in the region could deprive the US and the event of a possible confrontation with the European states of income. interests of the US, Turkey, and Iran. The No less interest raises the issue of Russian Federation also assumed the the fleet of Black Sea coastal states. On 2 responsibility to protect the 345-km-long April 2001, they established a naval Armenian-Turkish border and the cooperation body called the Armenian-Iranian border segment of 45 BLACKSEAFOR Black Sea Naval Joint km 84 . In the case of the withdrawal of the Task Force (BLACKSEAFOR), aiming at Russian Federation from the region, other mutual knowledge, confidence building powers would claim to impose their and security in the Black Sea, the actions presence in Armenia. Thus, withdrawing being focused on humanitarian issues, from Armenia, the Russian Federation is search-rescue, mines, pollution and so on It aware that the degree of danger to Russia's can be used as a force in the Black Sea, but security would increase considerably, and on request it can also intervene outside, in its economic interests in Azerbaijan would accordance with the agreement of the also be limited. Against the backdrop of participating states. the events in Ukraine, Armenia seems to There is a strong Russian military be a stable partner of the Russian presence in the Crimea, which has led to Federation 85 . certain disagreements between Russia and During the Soviet period, the region Ukraine on the status of the Black Sea inherited a potentially strong nuclear Fleet and the strategic base of Sevastopol (June 1995 agreement on the Black Sea 84 Voeno-tehnicescoe sotrudnicestvo mejdu Rossiei fleet allocates 81.7% of Russia and 18.7% I Armeniei. Dosie. (Военно -техническое сотрудничество между Россией и Арменией . of Ukraine). According to the military Досье ),http://tass.ru/info/803760, (13.11.2019) doctrine, the Russian Black Sea fleet will 85 Karavaev, A. Rossiscaia baza v secure the defense of its own coasts, Armenii:pragmatizm ili dolgosrocinaia strateghia prisutstvia. (Караваев , A. Российская база в maintain capacity for the execution of the Армении : прагматизм или долгосрочная blockade, and be able to carry out a assault стратегия присутствия ?), http://ia- centr.ru/expert/8821/, (13.11.2019) maritime long distance operation.

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Control zone of important frozen one of the two routes crossing the North conflicts Caucasus and reaching the Black Sea In the geopolitical sense, the Black passes on its territory. The significance of Sea position is the key to its importance for Abkhazia is even greater, because it is on the entire South Caucasus, especially if the the Black Sea coast, and Sukhumi port is conflict between two countries in the on its territory. On the other hand, Baku - region - Armenia and Azerbaijan is also Tbilisi - Ceyhan and Baku - Soupsa taken into account. Because of its location pipelines and the NABUCCO (Baku - among nations with systemic risk factors, Erzerum) gas pipeline have been designed as well as a very high degree of corruption, in Georgia. Georgia also has several Black it has left the way for the development of Sea ports (Suhumi, Poti, Soupsa, Koulevi this country. and Batumi), which have become very Maintaining frozen conflicts is a active in oil exports to the EU. Russia does geopolitical priority for the Russian not control the supply routes, as is the case Federation, as they are very important in Northern Caucasus routes (Bacu - regional control levers, monitoring or Novorossisk). involving armed forces in such conflicts is The importance of this area comes ensured by concluding bilateral from the considerations of the geopolitical agreements. Overall, Georgia can be strategies of the great powers disputing the considered a geopolitical "bridgehead" for spheres of influence. the development of regional businesses and Construction of the Baku - Tbilisi - the promotion of economic interests in the Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, the Baku - Tbilisi area's local markets, the exploitation of - Erzerum pipeline and the Karas - mineral resources in the area, the use of Akhalkalai pipeline are part of a plan to labor, etc. 86 . From a geostrategic point of capitalize Georgian geostrategic position view, on the one hand and the other on the between Europe and Asia. In geo- Black Sea, the Balkans and especially the economic terms, Georgia is located on the South Caucasus are characterized by shortest route connecting Europe to Asia, numerous tensions and conflicts meaning that this territorial proximity has (Chechnya, South Ossetia, Transnistria, the been transposed into other projects such as Carabakh Mountain, Abkhazia etc .), for TRACECA (Transport Corridor Europe which international security organizations Caucasus Asia) and INOGATE (Interstate are working hard to solve 87 . Oil and Gas Transport to Europe ) - projects in which Western economic Energy interest functions and interests are visible in the The strategic importance of the economic development of the state. Black Sea Basin lies also in the fact that The energy potential of the Caspian basin requires that these resources be

86 M. Țăranu, Geopolitica. Concepte și teorii social- transported through a branched pipeline politice. Institutul European, Ia și, 2011, pp.129-130 system, some of which must cross 87 Black Sea bastion regional profile: the security Georgian territory. Currently, Georgia has situation and the region-building opportunities .https://www.isis- two maritime terminals where Caspian oil bg.org/Research_Studies/Black_Sea_Basin_Region is transported to other locations. One is al_Profile/BlackSea1999_10-12.htm, (13.11.2019) located at Supsa, with a capacity of

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200,000 barrels per day, and the other in seven countries, and a syndicate of 15 the Batumi port of the same capacity. commercial banks 88 . Georgia is an essential energy Brussels is primarily concerned corridor towards the West and, along with with the formation of a stable economic other transit states, it has an obligation to and political area that focuses on common guarantee the safety of oil and gas European values. The European pipelines from the Azeri region of the Commission publishes in March 2003 the Caspian Sea. Pipes are of great importance "Neighborhood of extended Europe. A to the European Union because they reduce New Framework for Relations with dependence on Russian supplies and do not Neighboring Countries in the East and cross Russian territory. The Baku - Tbilisi South", which outlined the basic principles - Ceyhan oil pipeline has a total length of of the future European Neighborhood 1768 kilometers, of which 443 kilometers Policy addressed to Russia, Ukraine, cross Azerbaijan, 249 - Georgia and 1076 Belarus and the Republic of Moldova, as kilometers cross Turkey. It crosses well as to the Caucasus states. This numerous mountains that reach up to 2830 document outlines the EU's strategy for meters and intersects 3000 roads, railways, relations with neighboring countries. The useful lines and 1500 waterways with aim of this strategy lies in "creating a widths of up to 500 meters (such as the prosperous neighborhood and Ceyhan River in Turkey). The Oleo duct neighborhood friendship - "friends ring", occupies an 8-meter corridor and is buried with which the EU has close ties with along its entire course at a depth of at least friendship, peace and cooperation. one meter. The Communiqué and the Concept In parallel with BTC, there is the had a negative reaction from the Russian Southern Caucasus gas pipeline that administration. For Moscow, this release transports natural gas from Sanganchal signifies the EU's intention to strengthen Terminal to Erzerum, Turkey. It has a its economic positions in Russia's sphere of useful life projected for a period of 40 influence in the CIS - the area of priority years and, since 2009, it has carried one interests. At the same time, the EU's million barrels (160 000 cubic meters) of interest is also the issue of fuels exposed oil per day. It has a capacity of 10 million on European markets from Russia, which barrels of oil, which will flow through the transit through Ukrainian territory. That is oil pipeline by 2 meters per second. why the EU is not interested in triggering a There are 8 pumping stations along conflict with Russia because of Ukraine, the pipeline (2 in Azerbaijan, 2 in Georgia doesn’t want to worsen the Russian- and 4 in Turkey). The project cost $ 3.9 Ukrainian relations, following which it billion, 70% of the costs were financed by suffers the energy security system 89 . third parties - the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, operating credit agencies in 88 88 M. Țăranu, Geopolitica. Concepte și teorii social-politice. Institutul European, Ia și, 2011, p.128 89 Ecspert: Ras șirenie NATO na vostoc vozniclo iz za o șibchi Gorbaciova . Эксперт : Расширение НАТО на восток возникло из -за ошибки Горбачева ,p. 75,

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The South Caucasus region has an natural gas and oil. The Russian Federation important role, which makes the EU exports about 44 million tons of oil to the interested in this region. The main thrust of region, half of which comes from Poland. the newly independent South Caucasus Starting with 2014, as a result of the states after the collapse of the Soviet Union Russian-Ukrainian crisis, there is a more is the possibility, without the involvement political turn in the relations between the of the Russian Federation, to explore Russian Federation and the Eastern energy resources and to build on the European states (EU member states). The territory of these countries ways of Russian-Ukrainian crisis also affects the transporting energy sources to the trade relations between the Russian European area of the region South Federation and the Eastern European Caucasus and Central Asia. partners. Eastern Europe's trade deficit The geopolitical role of the states in with the Russian Federation is down to $ the region has grown as a result of Western 32.5 billion ($ 36.4 billion in 2013). If states' interest in diminishing influence and Russia's imports to Eastern European dependence on the Russian Federation. In countries in 2008 were 2, 6 times higher the last 13 years the Azerbaijan pipelines than in 2014, then in 2014 it dropped 2.2 in Turkey - "Baku - Supsa" and "Baku - times. Tbilisi - Geyhan" - and the Azerbaijan Regarding energy resources, the pipeline in Turkey, Baku - Tbilisi - Ezrum states of the analyzed region depend 90 . Georgia is a transit state for strongly on energy supplies from Russia's international markets, which runs counter oil and gas supplies, a particularly to the interests of the Russian Federation, important vulnerability. Thus, with the which intends to control the transit of support of Western Black Sea states, the exported fuel to Europe. Georgia also has a West seeks to open up access to energy tourism potential but has not explored it sources in the Caspian Sea and the near fully. and Middle East, which would in the Unlike the interest in former medium term reduce the dependence of Eastern European states, especially in the Eastern Europe - the EU in general - on preservation of the monopoly over energy The Russian Federation. resources, the Russian Federation's interest The geo-economic and geopolitical in the EU member states is a pragmatic location of the Central Caucasus states is one, focused on deliveries of petroleum not so important to NATO member states products and natural gas to the area. The but serves as a point of reference for all decisive factor in the relations between the other interests. The region is the border of Russian Federation and the East European the European Common Space, an countries remains to be the export of economic center and a transport corridor. The Caucasus is the bridge between http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1010280.html, , Europe and Asia, an important element in (12.11.2019) trade relations between the Orient, the US 90 I. Pa șkov, Deiatelinosti Evrosoiuza na Iujnom and NATO, and between North and South. Kavkaze, in ” Mirovaia Ekonomica I Mejdunarodnîe Otno șenia” , Пашков , И. Деятельность It plays a strategic role in reviving the Silk Евросоюза на Южном Кавквзе , in ”Мировая Road, as it is a land-based way of Экономика и Международные Отношения ”, № 5, 2009. pp. 59-63 transporting goods and raw materials from

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Central Asia to the Mediterranean Sea and Russian Federation, having common Europe. Due to its economic potential and interests in the region, are two competitors. commercial cooperation, the region can In order to increase the influence in the become an important economic center. region, both actors use methods of exerting The civilization of the Caucasus is influence, but the methods are different. not European, but cannot be considered as The US intends to intensify its Asiatic either. It is a connecting link of influence by the method of cooperation European and Asian (Muslim) civilization. and economic principles, hoping to expand Thus, according to S. Hadington, this type the commercial aspect and expand the of culture is growing considerably, security in the region. The Russian especially after the events of September Federation, for its part, does not allow the 11, 2001, as a bridge between Christianity independent development of the Caucasus and Islam. The existence of conflicts in the states. Russia continues to invest enormous area is of interest to European security. amounts in order not to lose control in the Throughout history, the South Caucasus region. has been a buffer zone, or an area of Also, for the US, the Black Sea is influence of the great powers - Russia, an important passage in the transfer of Turkey and Iran - each of which has its energy resources from the Caucasian- own interests. The difference is that the Central Asia line to the Western markets. status of the former empires turns into one Not only are the foreign powers operating of regional powers 91 . in the region influenced in shaping the That is why the primordial interest energy policies of the countries of this line, of the US and NATO in the area is to keep but they can also dictate the energy Russia at the periphery of these interests policies of the whole region, the main and not to admit the fortification of export channel for oil and natural gas. In Russia's presence in the Caucasus. NATO this context, the location of the Black Sea members watch Turkey's growing role in at the core of North-West, North-South the region. Thus, by estimating all these energy corridors and the manifestation of interests, it can be mentioned that the region as a considerable alternative to cooperation with the NATO member states the Middle East reserves, an increasingly is only a matter of priority interests. The unstable area, urged both the US and the region is an "important periphery". It is a EU to establish good relations with the region where it is difficult to reach a states of the region. consensus 92 . The Black Sea is a region Russia can be considered the main considered by Iran as a channel for export US and NATO competitor in this area. Its of oil and natural gas. Therefore, the active policy and actions in the region can be involvement of the US in the region offers qualified as the main factor influencing the opportunity to manipulate Iranian NATO policy. Both NATO and the energy policies. At the same time, geographical proximity can turn Iran into 91 F. Kune, NATO I Iujnii Kavkaz. Cavcazchii an easy target for aircraft that could take institute mira, democratii I razvitia. Tbilisi (Kуне , Ф. НАТО и Южный Кавказ . Кавказский off from bases or aircraft transported to the институт мира , демократии и развития . region. Тбилиси ,) 2003, p.15 92 Kune, F op.cit.

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Another key state for the realization economic partners for Western investment. of oil and gas transport projects from the Therefore, in order to strengthen regional Caspian Sea to Europe, bypassing Russia, cooperation and cooperation, Black Sea is Turkey. Ankara is interested in states have set up a number of managing transit of oil and gas in the organizations, such as the BSEC, or are Middle East, the Caucasus and the Black members of others - CIS, GUUAM. Sea. Thus, since 1994, Ankara has become With the accession of Central and one of the promoters of the Baku-Tbilisi- Eastern European countries to the EU, the Ceyhan (BTC) project, as an alternative to EU has become the Black Sea the "Nordic Route" proposed by Moscow. Neighborhood. With the accession of Competition does not exclude, however, Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, the EU has and cooperation within certain limits. become an active power in the Black Sea Turkey is massively importing natural gas region. Starting from the premise that the from the Russian Federation, although it is EU is bordering the Black Sea, the trying to diversify its sources of supply problems of this region are addressed (the Nabucco gas pipeline, between Iran, through the "European Neighborhood the Balkans and Central Europe). The Policy" framework. Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and Baku-Erzurum The European Neighborhood pipelines offer Turkey an alternative Policy seeks to recognize sovereignty and energy source and increase the strategic independence, to resolve conflicts, to importance of the state 93 . recognize human rights and democratic Thus, more economical transport foundations and to implement economic routes and energy routes (the Baku-Tbilisi- reforms. Being located on energy routes, Ceyhan oil pipeline and the trans-Caspian the Black Sea is becoming an important gas pipeline) align the countries of the two area for the EU. In addition, environmental groups 94 . factors have created a link between the Throughout this equation, Romania Black Sea and the EU through the has an important strategic role in membership of Romania and Bulgaria to international economic circuits, both for the EU. Thus, the EU has a coastline on the Russian oil transit or the Baltic Sea basin Black Sea, and responsibilities such as to Western Europe (for example the coastal protection, water scarcity and the Constanta-Belgrade-Trieste project) and fight against radioactive waste will come quality an exporter of electricity and to the fore. In addition, the Black Sea oil petroleum products. The uneven economic tankers will have to comply with EU development of these states has negative security standards. effects in turning them into credible The EU's relationship with the region is also necessary to control potential immigration from the fragile and relatively 93 T. Frunzeti, Securitate în regiunea M ării Negre , in ”Revista de Ştiin ţe Militare”, Nr. 2 (43), Anul XVI, underdeveloped countries of this region in 2016, pp.5-11, http://aos.ro/wp-content/anale/R-S- Europe 95 . The intensification of the energy M-Vol-16-Nr2Full.pdf, (12.10.2019) 94 Black Sea bastion regional profile: the security 95 S. Oğan, The Black Sea: new arena for global situation and the region-building competition , opportunities .https://www.isis- http://turkishpolicy.com/dosyalar/files/sinan%20og bg.org/Research_Studies/Black_Sea_Basin_Region an.pdf, (12.10.2019) al_Profile/BlackSea1999_10-12.htm, (12.10.2019)

35 dependence of most riparian states, region. The intention of the European together with the forced delay of the Union to integrate into its sphere of implementation of the Western countries' influence the Republic of Moldova and plans to exploit and transport energy Ukraine is determined first and foremost resources, are the premises of a cumulative by the formation of a stable economic and risk. political zone that would ensure the NATO's strategic goal in this part stability at the eastern borders. of the globe is determined by the need to strengthen security and stability in the Bibliografy: region and to build a model of cooperation. After the admission of Bulgaria and Books: Romania to NATO, the construction of the 1. Chifu, I., Gândire strategic ă. Ed. seat belt around the Balkan conflict zones Institutul de Știin țe Politice și Rela ții will be completed, which has considerably Interna ționale. Bucure ști 2003 increased its importance in this area as a 2. Friedman, G., Urm ătorii 100 de ani. major trade route between East and West, Previziuni pentru secolul XXI . especially from the point of view of Bucure ști: Litera, 2009 transport energy resources. As a result, the 3. Frunzeti, T., Zodian, V . Lumea 2009. unified security region expanded and the Enciclopedie politic ă și militar ă (studii Black Sea, which ceased to be isolated, strategice și de securitate). Editura "becoming" a continuation of the link CTEA, Bucure ști, 2009 between the Mediterranean, Caspian and 4. Maior, G. C., Konopliov, S. Cunoa ștere the energy resources of the Caucasus, strategic ă în zona extins ă a M ării Kazakhstan and the Near East. Negre . Bucure ști, 2011 5. Nicolaescu, G. Geopolitica securit ății . Conclusions Ed. Universitatea Na țional ă de Ap ărare Thus, analyzing the Black Sea ,,Carol I, Bucure ști, 2010 Basin region from a geopolitical, 6. Țăranu, M. Geopolitica. Concepte și geostrategic and geo-economic teorii social-politice. Ia și: Instiutul perspective, it is worth mentioning that the European, 2011. region is the area in which the interests of major powers such as the USA and NATO, Journals: the Russian Federation, including the EU. 7. ”Revista de Ştiin ţe Militare, No. 2 (43) Russia is interested in not accepting the Anul XVI, 2016 presence of the US and NATO in the area 8. ”Southeast European and Black Sea which, according to Moscow, is the area of Studies”, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2009 its exceptional interests. Foreign presence 9. ”Мировая Экономика и in the area, especially the location of the Международные Отношения ”, No. 5, Western military contingent in Ukraine and 2009 Georgia, will weaken and ultimately 10. ”Мировая Экономика и neutralize Russian influence in these states. Междунородные Отношения ”, No. 9, The interest of the USA, NATO and the 2008 EU lies in constraining and hindering Russia's interests and influence in the

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Websites: 8. https://l-express.ca/ 1. http://aei.pitt.edu 9. http://turkishpolicy.com/ 2. http://archiva.flux.md/ 10. https://www.bstdb.org/ 3. http://cssas.unap.ro/ 11. http://tass.ru/info/ 4. ttps://www.isis-bg.org/ 12. http://ia-centr.ru 5. http://www.afsouth.nato.int/ 13. http://www.consultant.ru/ 6. https://www.academia.edu/ 14. http://www.regnum.ru/ 7. http://aos.ro/

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______Romina BERE Ș(1) Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Marius ȘPECHEA(2) Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu

CONFLICTS PERSPECTIVE AND THE TENSIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Abstract: The tensions of the Middle East are now influencing and determining more than ever the dynamics of the international system in which the unpredictability of the actors involved and the geopolitical interests can blow the world to the brink of conflict or generate multinational crisis impacting on medium and on long term the security state. The tensions between US and Iran reach extreme culmination, the teasing methods were overcome with direct attacks and strange reactions specific to an asymmetrical and unconventional confrontation. Iran's nuclear program, US interests in the region, the instability of Iraq and the recrudescence of the terrorist phenomenon in the region transforms the area of the Middle East into the powder barrel of the contemporary world. Through a review of the general and particular context as well as a recapitulation of specific events in the evolution of things now, this following article attempts without concluding the identification by scenarios of at least two perspectives of the evolution of things in the region. Keywords: Orientul Mijlociu; Balance of power; Strategy; War; Nuclear weapons; Middle East Contact details of E-mail: the authors: (1) [email protected] (2) [email protected] Institutional (1) Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu affiliation of the (2) Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu authors: Institutions 550324-Sibiu, Calea Dumbr ăvii nr. 34, et. II, cam. 10 address: Tel: 0040/734306434, Fax: 0040/269/422169,

General and particular context American hegemony from the Middle East The "axis of resistance", led by to create a faithful region of Shiite Iran, gained after the Syrian civil war, representation in Tehran. unacceptable regional power from the The geopolitical tendencies in the perspective of the United States and its region do not foresee in a short term a allies, Israel, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia. capitulation of conflicts, on the contrary, The western axis opposition describes they signal even greater tensions. It is easy Iran's Proxy groups as terrorist factions to understand how power vectors work aimed at destroying Israel and removing under the given circumstances, both sides

38 have hegemonic claims in the region and increasing the price of fuel, which led to are trying to destroy each other without protests and opposition to the current regard to international law, UN position government. Due to the long experience of and observations or the recommendations sanctions carried out since the 80's, Iran of other global powers. The war between has managed to alleviate the import/export the US and Iran is asymmetrical so far, and dependency by increasing the productivity neither side wants an escalation followed at national level, providing services and by conventional war. But paradoxically products replacing those from abroad. In they cannot opt for peace either, which other words, Iran seems to be resisting as a leads to a complicated situation and more closed economy. than interesting forms of confrontation. Thus, we see how, the sanctions did The voices of the great powers echo the not work entirely in the case of Iran and cessation of hostilities and the mediation of were not sufficient for now to reach the conflict through diplomacy. Unfortunately, renegotiations on the conditions of the this option does not exist for Iran and the nuclear program and US demands US, the conflict between them has existed regarding human rights and proxy factions. since 1979, both states refusing to trust Moreover, Iran has developed over time each other. the defensive industrial branch so that it The current situation is the result of has its own missile defense system 99 as well the US withdrawal from the JCPOA as ballistic missiles that could attack Israel, agreement 96 , signed to keep uranium Saudi Arabia, or even central Europe at enrichment nuclear plan under control. any time. Although the other signatory states, Russia, China, France, the United Kingdom and Germany remained members of the agreement, they could not effectively contribute to supporting Iran's economy, which was continuously challenged by sanctions imposed by the United States. This set of sanctions, called by Trump's representation as "maximum pressure campaign" 97 , was meant to destabilize Iran's economy by stopping exports and imports to zero 98 . Indeed, Iran has experienced serious economic problems following the sanctions,

96 https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings- Source: statements/president-donald-j-trump-ending-united- states-participation-unacceptable-iran-deal/, https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic- (28.12.2019) dossiers/iran-dossier/iran-19-03-ch-1- 97 https://www.state.gov/advancing-the-maximum- pressure-campaign-by-restricting-irans-nuclear- tehrans-strategic-intent activities/, (28.12.2019) 98 See all the sanctions lists released by US to 99 https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy- Iran:https://www.state.gov/iran- analysis/view/iran-develops-air-defense-capability- sanctions/,(28.12.2019) for-possible-regional-role, (28.12.2019)

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Iran's foreign opposition had to blamed pro-Iranian factions in Iraq for resort to other forms in order to arouse and committing attack, after US citizen dies 101 , eventually to kneel the Tehran despite the fact that there are still non-state government. actors in Iraq who are active in the military The beginning of 2020 has rocked and no one has claimed the attack. the geopolitical world on a global scale by Iraq's northern border with Iran is escalating the US-Iran conflict. As a result an important strategic point for Iran used to of the latest hostile actions in Iraq, by the pass weapons, missiles and military aid to US and Iran, we could witness the Lebanon, Syria and Iraqi Militias. The US escalation of the conflict, which was dull military presence would hinder the proper so far, to even war. Iraq has the proper functioning of the Shiite corridor created to fighting ground, at least for now. Why feed the "axis of resistance". Iraq? Because Iraq's Proxy factions are If, indeed, Iran has been targeted in Iraq as certain groups of the instrumenting the attack, it would have "Popular Mobilization Forces", and the US expected less violent responses, based on military is still omnipresent in Iraq recent precedents 102 ,103 . following the war against the Islamic State. Supporting the idea mentioned Another reason is the proximity of above, we see from the reports of the US Israel and Saudi Arabia, US important Department of Defense that in the last year allies, and the danger it faces because of has been an increase of attacks by Shiite the strengthening of the Shiite resistance Militia Groups against bases hosting the axis. Why now? It is not easy to find the US and coalition forces, which have 100% true answer. In the context of the eventually increased significantly in the events leading up to the beginning of 2020, last two months 104 . Iran was seen weakening its regional The US did not immediately influence, being attacked from within by counteract by military and hostile measures anti-government protests following the against these protracted attacks. The death current economic crisis, and from outside of an American citizen represented the by anti-Iranian protests in Iraq and moment when the US found the advantage Lebanon, protesters contesting Iran's to counterofficially the Iranian Proxy influence inside their governments and factions in Iraq. chanting its removal. Also because of the An immediate response was needed strikes against Unites States and its allies to intimidate and weaken Shiite militias. forces in Middle East, which are suppose The missile attack of the five Kaitaib lead by the "axis of resistance".

Highlights of tensions 101 Recent escalations of the US-Iran https://www.newsweek.com/rocket-attack-iraq- kills-us-citizen-1479430, (30.12.2019) conflict began on December 27 following 102 https://twitter.com/SecPompeo/status/120557866 rocket attacks in northern Iraq at K-1 base 1526671360?s=20, (30.12.2019) 103 in Kirkuk, near Iranian border 100 . US https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/06/21/trump- fearing-casualties-aborts-iran-strike-at-last-minute/, (30.12.2019) 100 https://www.defense.gov/explore/story/Article/20 104 https://www.defense.gov/explore/story/Article/20 49385/esper-kataeb-hezbollah-will-likely-regret- 50341/senior-dod-official-describes-rationale-for- further-provocative-behavior/, (30.12.2019) attack-on-quds-force-commander/, (03.01.2019)

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Hezbollah units in Iraq and Syria 105 ,106 , Shiite People's Movement Militia 109 , to was a reaction of President Trump to defeat the Islamic State. Iraqi militias were restore US hegemony in the Middle officially born in 2014, when Ayatollah Ali East.The official motivation came through al-Sistani, a senior Shiite cleric, decreed a press conference held by Secretary of the fatwa law 110 , by which he urged Iraqi State Mike Pompeo and Secretary of civilians to voluntarily fight the Islamic Defense Mark Esper, where it was revealed State, after the government's armed forces that these offensive actions came in collapsed and ISIS militants headed for response to the countless attacks by pro- Baghdad. This mobilization by clerical call Iranian factions, Kaitaib Hezbollah, on meant for Iran a unique opportunity to Iraqi units, where the lives of Americans strengthen its influence within Iraq. and Iraqi civilians have been Special Forces Quds and MOIS endangered 107 . Any imminent danger to fight hard to get Iraq closer and closer to US citizens and to interests of the United over Iranian influence, following the US States must be countered by any means. invasion. The leaked cables documents reveal the way Iranian intelligence works The targets of the US attack were and affects Iraqi politics 111 . Iraqi Shiite Militia groups, Kata'ib The unconventional war between Hezbollah. This grouping is part of the 40 the US and Iran continued with the Popular units of the Iraqi Shiite Militia, also known Mobilization Forces loyal supporters as the "Popular Mobilization Forces". Last response attacking the US Embassy on 31 year, these militias were incorporated into of December 112 . Of course, the political the Iraqi army under the expectation fora representation in Tehran has not assumed closer control of the members. any involvement, but through the presence It is important to note that there is a of the supporters and members of the high influence of the Quds Special Forces Popular Mobilization Forces at the siege of on the Shiite Militia in Iraq, which is a the embassy, makes Iran directly involved branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard in the hostilities. Corps in Iran, considered a terrorist by the Due to the experience in US president D. Trump 108 . Benghazi 113 , precautionary measures have This relationship has as an been taken by the United States, the important landmark, the training by the Quds Special Forces of a large part of the

109 https://www.gppi.net/2017/08/16/quick-facts- about-local-and-sub-state-forces, (26.12.2019) 110 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast- 105 https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Re crisis-iraq-politics/top-iraqi-shiite-cleric-says- lease/Article/2047960/statement-from-assistant-to- paramilitaries-should-be-part-of-state-security- the-secretary-of-defense-jonathan, (30.12.2019) bodies-idUSKBN1E90Z0, (28.12.2019) 106 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/29/politics/us- 111 https://theintercept.com/2019/11/18/iran-iraq- strikes-iran-backed-militia-facilities-in-iraq- spy-cables/, (28.12.2019) syria/index.html, (30.12.2019) 112 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_ 107 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEsXWvVlU east/protesters-attack-us-embassy-in-baghdad-after- 1w, (26.12.2019) airstrikes/2019/12/31/f30772ba-2c33-11ea-bffe- 108 https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings- 020c88b3f120_story.html, (31.12.2019) statements/statement-president-designation-islamic- 113 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/18/us/politics/ revolutionary-guard-corps-foreign-terrorist- questions-and-answers-on-the-benghazi- organization/, (28.12.2019) attack.html, (18.10.2019)

41 embassy fortress in Baghdad could not be along with him 117 , he was the deputy easily breached. commander of the Iraqi militias ( Popular Following the hostilities over the Mobilization Forces ). embassy attack, the US Department of Public opinion among top Defense has sent out reinforcements that is diplomats was divided by pros and cons. located mainly in Kuwait 114 . It is expected Inside US, the Republicans 118 applauds to send more troops to stabilize tensions Trump, and Democrats 119 are contesting and to defend the interests of the US and his action as uncalculated and could lead to its allies. Currently, there are over 6,000 serious repercussions, such as a possible US troops in Iraq and in the Middle East war with Iran. One thing is clear; nobody their number is in the thousands 115 . inside the United States wants another war in the Middle East. Iraq's Prime Minister, Adel Abdul Mahdi,which is a Shia Muslim, says after the death of Soleimani and al-Muhandis, Iraq has not given favorable opinion to the US military to conduct attacks against faction leaders in its territory 120 , therefore, any military action implemented without the agreement of the Iraqi government is a violation of sovereignty. Abdul Mahdi also said, "What happened was a political assassination", and foreign US troops were in Iraq only to train their forces and help target the remaining members of the Islamic State "under the supervision and Source: The Washington post 116 , the approval of the Iraqi numbers are approximate, before of last government” 121 .Following the attack, at a deployment of troops non-binding level, the resolution was passed that all foreign troops in Iraq should The height of these tensions was leave the country immediately. The reached on January 2, as tensions between resolution passed due to the majority of the United States and Iran escalated Shia representation in parliament and the further, after an American airstrike killed Qassem Soleimani, commander of the 117 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/iran- tensions-latest-updates-200103022407743.html, Quds and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard (18.10.2019) Corps. Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis was killed 118 https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/0 1/03/iran-us-war-powers-congress/, (18.10.2019) 119 https://twitter.com/RepAdamSchiff/status/12129 114 https://www.defense.gov/explore/story/Article/20 54668340563969?s=20, (04.01.2020) 49385/esper-kataeb-hezbollah-will-likely-regret- 120 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/iraq- further-provocative-behavior/, (18.10.2019) braces-difficult-days-soleimani-killing- 115 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/where- 200103122412024.html, (18.10.2019) us-troops-are-in-the-middle-east-and-could-now- 121 https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/body-of- be-a-target-visualized/2020/01/04/1a6233ee-2f3c- commander-slain-by-us-strike-arrives-in-iran-to- 11ea-9b60-817cc18cf173_story.html, (18.10.2019) crowds-of-mourners/2020/01/05/4ca3281a-2f17- 116 Idem 11ea-bffe-020c88b3f120_story.html, (18.10.2019)

42 lack of opposition. In fact, only the US and Inside Iran and from their proxies, coalition troops are addressed to the exit statements are much more violent, resolution. sparking even greater “anti-American” and The pro-Iranian presence is there to “anti-Zionist” hatred. For Iran, and the stay because the majority ties are Iraqi Shia Shia axis of resistance, Qassem Soleimani citizens and the power of them is huge. is a martyr who fought against the Islamic There are two massive blocs, Sunni State, Daesh. Leaders like Ali Khamenei, supporting the western coalition and Shia Hassan Rouhani and Javad Zarif, as well as supporting Iran, splitting Iraq politics into faction leaders threaten the leaders of US chaos and uncertainty. and its allies withharsh revenge. Russia 122 ,123 , China 124 ,Turkey 125 as well thepolitical powers of Europe 126 have Why Iran foreign policy is a threat? challenged Donald Trump's unilateral The removal of General Qassem actions and fear repercussions. The only Soleimani is regarded as an act of war states that acclaim and support US action against Iran. Iran is pursuing an external are Israel and allies in the Saudi Arabian policy of establishing relations with Shiites Gulf and the UAE. people living under Sunni administrations Secretary of State Mike Pompeo is while also influencing the internal politics very disappointed because the Europeans of these states. were not as cooperative as they would like After the US invasion of Iraq, and to be. Pompeo said: ”The British, the the removal of Saddam Hussein, the French, the Germans need to understand expansion policy projection became more that what we did, what the Americans did, and more widespread. This new reality had saved lives in Europe too” 127 .That a significant role that encouraged Iran to happened due to a lack of communication pursue its goal of expanding its regional between the global actors regarding power, termed by “the revival of the Shiite imminent threads and strategy engagement. sect”and "anchoring Shiite interests in national identities" 128 . Iran has increased its power and

122 influence in the region by supporting the https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenoapoza/2020/01 129 /03/russia-says-iran-generals-killing- Alawite government in Syria , the Shiite illegal/#70c4bbbeba63, (18.10.2019) community and militias in Iraq, supporting 123 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/30 the Shiite opposition in Bahrain, the Shiite /tehran-condemns-us-airstrikes-in-iraq-and-syria- as-act-of-terrorism, (05.01.2020) population in western Saudi Arabia and by 124 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security- blast-iran-china/china-tells-iran-foreign-minister- that-us-should-stop-abusing-use-of-force- 128 Vali Nasr, The Shia Revival: How Conflicts idUSKBN1Z30D6, (18.10.2019) within Islam will Shape the Future, W.W. Norton 125 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security- Company, 2006, New York & London, p. 234, blast-turkey/turkey-says-killing-of-soleimani-to- https://www.scribd.com/document/314855555/The- fuel-instability-idUSKBN1Z21C6, (18.10.2019) Shia-Revival, (18.10.2019) 126 https://www.businessinsider.com/us-allies- 129 Geneive Abdo , “The New Sectarianism: The response-trump-iran-qasem-soleimani-attack-alone- Arab Uprisings and The Rebirth of the Shia’a world-2020-1, (18.10.2019) Sunni Divide” , The Saban Center for Middle East 127 https://amp.theguardian.com/us- Policy at Brookings, Analysis Paper, No:29, April news/2020/jan/04/mike-pompeo-european- 2013, p. 4, response-to-suleimani- https://www.scribd.com/document/435448240/sunn killing?__twitter_impression=true, (18.10.2019) i-shia-abdo-pdf, (18.10.2019)

43 mobilizing Zaydis (Houthis) in Yemen 130 . government" of Israel and the "US Therefore, the Proxy wars and Iran's invader". expansionist policy, from its perspective, The inclusion of Iran in the axis of are trying to maintain the balance of power evil by US President George W. Bush in against the Sunni bloc in the Persian Gulf 2002 meant a further strengthening of region and against Israel. Iranian foreign relations.As a result, Iran Back in time, we see how Iran has begun efforts to improve bilateral began its expansionist policy by creating relations with neighboring states in order the Hezbollah group in Lebanon. The to reduce the side effects of isolationism establishment of Hezbollah by Iran and caused by weak external relations caused Syria in June 1982 cemented the alliance by eternal economic sanctions since the of the two countries. Hezbollah was revolution. created to be the essential terrorist At present, the state of Israel is organization serving the two states against trying hard to counter the Shiite expansion Israel 131 . and, with the help of the United States, to Syria is very important in withstand the transit of missiles, weapons maintaining its connection with Hezbollah and ammunition that would be destined for and Hamas, and Iran has learned how to them and the US military 132 . Saudi Arabia, defend its national interests by supporting EAU and their allies stands against Iran the Alawite government. regime, due to religion and the proxy they With the support of Bashar al- are founding against each other. Assad, Iran strengthened its influence in the area and at the same time ensured its After Soleimani death, immediate passage through Syria and the domination repercussions of the Shiite crescent. This corridor built The United States has handled by Iran works because of conflicts already unilateral attacks without the opinion of existing in the area and as a result of the other politically and strategically important gaps left vacant by the other powers. states. The United States once again It is not news that Iran is wanted to show its hegemonic power not subordinating important military factions only in the Middle East, but also in the rest to the territory of these states, thus of the world. The president's geostrategic continuing, via the Shiite corridor or outlook against Iran does not appear to be crescent, to transfer arms to its allies, supported by other major political actors in threatening "regional security", especially the future. Only Republicans inside the of Israel. United States proudly look at actions in From western opposition, the Iraq, and from outside, the Allied Gulf Iran-Iraqi-Syria-Hezbollah-Hamas countries. The rest of the influential states coalition iscalled the "axis of resistance" or see these actions as hostile with very "axis of evil" against the "Zionist serious repercussions in the region. The reasons for the attack are 130 Ali Parchami, The Arab Spring: The View from looking suspiciously, without concrete Tehran , in “Contemporary Politics”, Vol. 18, No.1 (2012), p. 39 131 Marius Deeb, Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The 132 https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Kochavis- Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon , Hoover explosive-comments-on-Iraq-ANALYSIS-612134, Press, 2013, p. 18 (06.10.2019)

44 evidence, only at the declaratory level by man who fought for the defeat of terrorism Mike Pompeo, Donald Trump and his and the Islamic State. Surprising is that administration 133 . They claim that among a large part of Muslims, not just Soleimani would have launched immediate Shiites, Soleimani was a hero 136 . attacks on the Americans. In doing so, Apparently,the assassination of without any prove, President Trump's Soleimani helped Iran, uniting Iranian action appears to be illegal, violating Iraq's Shiites, who are mourning and calling for international law and state sovereignty. "Death to America" 137 in return of their At the same time, these actions loss. Following the resolution in Iraq and bring more tensions between Shiite and statements by leaders in Iran and Sunni people within Iraq. President Trump Hezbollah 138 , the axis of resistance or the certainly did not expect such reactions the Shiite crescent is more unified than ever. day after the attack, many voices claiming By "Death to America", the he acted recklessly, Soleimani's killing Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei does not being an escalate action by the US. refer to the entire civilian population of the Even that Trump later claims that United States, only to political leaders, he does not want to go to war with Iran, by Donald Trump, Mike Pompeo, John his actions,he succeeded to bring more hate Bolton, who governs by amplifying a from the Iranian people and their regime. hostile strategic policy against Iran 139 . He meant only “to stop a possible The attack on US bases in Erbil and conflict”, and the death of the Soleimani Ain al-Asad came as a revenge for the loss terrorist was necessary. Within hours, of Soleimani. This revenge itself has little Trump was responding to Iranian threats significance for the world and US with messages targeting important cultural Officials, even than Iran is the first state points inside Iran 134 and praising the attacking a US base since Pearl Harbor. performant military equipment US has 135 . The support of this idea comes from the Apparently these were clear messages send fact that US was aware of the immediate to Tehran, not to try to retaliate and to attack of Iran. That means, the US forces intimidate the further decisions, or as we were informed to be transferred under safe see, these messages were received as zone. The information could come directly instigator movements. from Iran through Iraqi government or The message from Tehran was very through US intelligence 140 . One thing was harsh; Iran's leaders were demanding sure, were no human causalities. A wish justice for General Soleimani's death. Moreover, they promise a crushing 136 https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the- vengeance for American domination in the meaning-of-qassem-suleimanis-death-in-the- Middle East. Not only in Iran are echoes of middle-east, (06.01.2020) 137 outrage over Soleimani's death. The https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=05P2- ubDAlc, (05.01.2020) completely Shiite world is crying for the 138 https://twitter.com/Iran/status/121388250756263 1168?s=20, (05.01.2020) 133 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DxwV8GC 139 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6AG1OqeI r, (06.01.2020) t, (17.01.2020) 134 https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1213 140 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security- 593975732527112?s=20, (06.01.2020) early-warning/hours-of-forewarning-saved-u-s- 135 https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1213 iraqi-lives-from-irans-missile-attack- 689342272659456?s=20, (06.01.2020) idUSKBN1ZC218, (17.01.2020)

45 that Iranian officials wanted to avoid For Iran Cause, the latest November 2019 knowing that more US causalities protest were presented as terrifying by meanthostile acts back. However, the strike western media and human rights of US bases was merely a warning and a organizations, at least 300 people were debt to pay, allowing Iran to satisfy the killed and 7000 detained 144 . Iran revenge call for Soleimani killing. constitution, under article 27 gives The impacting problem come freedom for gatherings and protest unless afterwards the attack. IRCG – Islamic arms are carried and Islamic principles are Revolutionary Guards Corps – was in high not undermined 145 . alert waiting for US retaliation. They Iran take the fifth and the final step intercept a civil plane as a unidentified on reducing commitments to JCPOA aircraft and shut it down. All 176 people agreement 146 . That means the JCPOA were killed; the Iran officials take the terms are no longer followed by Iran responsibility of the strike just three days nuclear developments. Hassan Rouhani is before. Iran officials declared this action as not excluding the option of leaving a human mistake. The admitting mistake Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.The brought students protestors against the Europeans have to deal with this problem government again. of Iran nuclear program and the US The officials positions was sanctions who led to this situation. toapology and to blame US for bringing The remaining countries of JCPOA, instability to the region 141 .This was not UK, France, and Germany have “officially enough and Iran was losing credibility triggered the dispute mechanism” 147 in the again over the international public. The Iran nuclear deal”hoping for a saving supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Sayyed resolution against the sanctions impose Ali Khamenei, respond to western from US. allegation regarding the followed protests, What Trump has achieved through asking, “Who are the people of Iran. The the assassination of Soleimani is only a hundreds protesters who ripped off the short-term victory that will not stop Iran or posters of the general or the millions who the Iranian influence in the region. The attend to his funeral?” 142 . Khamenei reasons why Iran will not interrupt its himself see that his power is weakening, so ascension in the region consisted of the he must come forward and support the immediate appointment of a new general in people of Iran. He was leading the Friday place of the Soleimani. Thus, the praying in order to deliver his thoughts and assassination of Soleimani, for the position due to the previous tensions 143 .

Coming back to protests, we see 144 https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/12/ how protest are happening all over the iran-thousands-arbitrarily-detained-and-at-risk-of- world, and the people tend to have similar torture-in-chilling-post-protest-crackdown/, (17.01.2020) demands, like a better living and stability. 145 https://fisiran.org/en/resources/legaldoc/constituti onislamic, (17.01.2020) 141 https://twitter.com/JZarif/status/12158472833817 146 https://theiranproject.com/blog/2020/01/06/iran- 55914?s=20, (11.01.2020) takes-final-jcpoa-step-removing-last-limit-on- 142 https://twitter.com/khamenei_ir/status/12181381 nuclear-program/, (20.01.2010) 42856896517?s=20, (17.01.2020) 147 https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-nuclear- 143 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8jMbxYxcz deal-uk-france-germany-trigger-dispute- c, (17.01.2020) mechanism-2020-1, (20.01.2019)

46 moment, does not mean stopping the Shiite religion, which brings everyone close to it, expansion, only inciting the masses. and the historical nostalgia of the Persian Empire through which the Iranians held the Possible scenarios: entire Middle East. 1. War in Middle East For the US, a war would mean A war in the Middle East is not a Trump's presidential end. We see how scenario wished by any Western power, American citizens go out in the street nor are the states in the Middle East still shouting anti-war slogans. living with the consequences of the Arab A war in the Gulf would not have Spring. The Middle East is already Western supporters; we see how Russia's kneeling by the aftermath of the civil wars, foreign policy manages to maintain the Muslim Arab world being horrified and relations with states that are mutually full of hostility, fear and insecurity. The hostile. Russia is the state that maintains Middle East wanted a change, which good relations with Iran and the US. The unfortunately did not happen through the EU, China and the other great powers, overthrow of regimes or at least did not even the Gulf countries, allies of the lead everywhere to a change for the better United States, do not want tension in golf so far. because the world economy could be A war between Iran and the US severely affected. Oil supply through the would not temper the problems in the East Hormuz Strait would be difficult or even and we can bring important wars in the stopped. past by the United States. The invasion of The geography of Iran does not Afghanistan and Iraq did not leave behind allow for a slight invasion, and Iran has the change that they were acclaiming and systems in place to make it difficult to "consolidating" the Americans over time, enter its territory. Turkey, Afghanistan or but on the contrary, after them, there was Pakistan are unlikely to wage war against more instability. the Muslim brothers. Gulf States, enemies The Muslim world cannot follow of Iran, would be safe targets for Tehran, the ethnocentric path, human rights cannot as they did not want a Dubai or Abu Dhabi be fully respected due to Islamic doctrine, in flames, which calls into question any democracy is not an accepted form of support for a war in golf. government, the Western and Islamic An eventual nuclear war is again world have too many cultural, religious unlikely. From what we know so far, Iran and social differences to embrace a does not have nuclear weapons, and the US common front. An invasion is unlikely in would not risk using nuclear weapons Iran and there are many factors attesting to again. It is not impossible for Iran to this conclusion. Iran is much bigger, receive nuclear weapons, wars have not stronger and more proud than any other always been anticipated. state with which is compared. We must not compare them with the Arab people, 2. Teasing actions and asymmetric war through the veins of Iranians Persian blood We are already witnessing this flows, and the glory of the Persian empire scenario, being the most plausible and cannot be challenged. In support of Iran's predictable scenario since the US exit of desire to expand, we have two factors:

47 the JCPOA agreement. This is the US-led Bibliography move to change the regime in Iran. Iran cannot easily forget and bury Books and studies: General Soleimani's death and they will 1. Abdo, Geneive, The New Sectarianism: not. The current conflict will last and The Arab Uprisings and The Rebirth of change the perception of the Middle East. the Shia’a Sunni Divide , The Saban Iran and their allied states will do their best Center for Middle East Policy at to create a negative image of the United Brookings, Analysis Paper, No. 29, States in the region. April 2013 On the other hand, in the United 2. Deeb, Marius, Syria, Iran, and States, as long as Trump is in the position Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its of president, there will be no diplomatic War on Lebanon , Hoover Press, Sep 1, action to remedy the already existing 2013 conflict. In Trump's view, Iran is a 3. Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival: How "malign" state that must adhere to Western Conflicts within Islam will Shape the demands, especially the US, to abandon Future, W.W. Norton Company, New the nuclear program, to give up the power York & London, 2006 of the Proxy factions, and to respect human 4. Parchami, Ali, The Arab Spring: The rights. View from Tehran”, Contemporary It is hard to believe that a Politics , Vol. 18, No.1, 2012 theocratic, Islamic state governed by Sharia laws could soon align with the demands of the West. Websites: In addition, we can observe the 1. https://amp.businessinsider.com/ double standard accepted by the USA. It is 2. https://edition.cnn.com/ not news that Saudi Arabia, allied to the 3. https://foreignpolicy.com/ US, is allowed to exercise public 4. https://twitter.com/ beheadings or annihilate its citizens in the 5. https://www.defense.gov/ territory of other states, the most well- 6. https://www.defense.gov/ known example being the Khashoggi case. 7. https://www.newsweek.com The case of Palestine is another relevant 8. https://www.forbes.com/ example in the eyes of those who criticize 9. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ US policy in the Middle East. 10. https://www.gppi.net/ 11. https://www.jpost.com/ 12. https://www.newyorker.com/ 13. https://www.reuters.com/ 14. https://www.theguardian.com/ 15. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/ 16. https://www.washingtonpost.com

48

HUMAN SECURITY

Ion Sîrbu Alexandru cel Bun Centre for Defence and Security Strategic Studies Armed Forces Military Academy, Chisinau

THE HUMAN PARADIGM IN COMMUNICATION: SECURITY ISSUES

Abstract: The major objective of the article is to demonstrate the necessity of the human paradigm in communication and its contribution to the security of the human species. Communication is one of the most important contemporary issues after the global human problem or the global anthropological crisis. Both of these relate to the security, survival and sustainable development of man, society and the terrestrial nature. Work, communication and consciousness, appearing simultaneously, transformed the “monkey” into a social being - man. Communication in all its forms and types confesses about the degree of development of man and of human society. At the present stage of the evolution of the society, the communication and, in particular, the communication management in the armed forces and between the armies of the states of the world are of particular importance. Communication, military communications management, including the stratcom, under current conditions can contribute to ensuring world peace and security throughout one's life, if they are based on a universal human paradigm. The latter can be characterized the implementation of humanism in all spheres of human activity. Keywords: Communication; Communication management; Stratcom; Human paradigm; Human activity; Human security; New humanism Contact details E-mail: [email protected] of the autors: Institutional Alexandru cel Bun Centre for Defence and Security Strategic Studies Armed affiliation of the Forces Military Academy, Chisinau autors: Institution Haltei Str. Nr. 23, Chi șin ău, Republica Moldova, phone: address: +373 693 84 078, website: ttp://www.academy.army.md/en/

Introduction beginning of anthropogenesis, from the Communication, like work and emergence of humankind. We can say that conscience, culture and societal life, is work, communication, conscience, culture characteristic of man from the very and society have appeared and

49 consolidated at the same time, being in an Results and discussions interaction, coexistence and mutual Human communication - the coordination. Without even one of these highest form of communication. components, man is no longer human in Communication is not only a feature of the true sense of the word. We consider the man. Animals also communicate. Some of generic man and not the human individual them (dolphins, monkeys, birds, insects, taken apart. The latter could replace work etc.) even have very complex and with sport or inactivity, society – sophisticated communication systems. temporarily - with robinsonade However, none of these communication (loneliness), consciousness with lack of systems, even of dolphins, which is based consciousness (madness, illness) even on ultrasound additionally, cannot be though they are not absolute. However, compared to that of man, which is these states directly and indirectly imply significantly superior to them. It is based the existence of society, culture, work and on words, notions, conscious or rational communication. sentences. But the animals’ ones are based The elements listed - work, on different instincts expressed by sounds communication, society, which also or signs that do not portray the true reality. implies culture, consciousness, as a result For example, certain horns of the crows of their interactions, are all very important, express danger, the presence of animals, as they are human attributes. But in this the desire for intimacy, etc., but they are article, we are interested in not materialized (what kind of danger, communication. Its interaction with the what food, what intimacy and with whom) universal paradigm of the human, their role as in human communication through in human activities in society, nature and articulated, written, mimicked speech, knowledge, in the establishment of world through music, dance, art in general, etc. peace and in the liquidation of mass and Non-verbal human communication, family violence, in the elimination of however, is ultimately interpreted through xenophobia and of enmity between people. notional or conceptual language, which Are these possible? Subsequent cannot occur in animals and birds. The meditations will show. communication is also present in insects. For example, bees communicate through Materials and methods dance or something similar to dance. Philosophical-scientific and Termites also have their "language", a historical literature, media reports, rather complicated system of objective and subjective social reality, communication. natural and technological disasters - all Human communication can and in served as investigative material. most cases is appropriate to reality. But it The following served us as can also be misleading in various interests methods: the analysis, the generalization, or to mislead someone, so - consciously the extrapolation, the philosophical deceptive. People, from politeness, foresight, the unity of the logic and the including from noble interests, do not history, the ascent from abstract to speak to, do not communicate to others concrete. what they know about them. All this, however, does not speak at all about

50 hypocrisy, although it is present in certain David, "Communication between the cases and circumstances, but it speaks components of the Ministry of National about delicacies or interests that do not Defense is at best sporadic and, in some admit sincerity and honesty. And in these situations, non-existent. There seems to be aspects, human communication is different an uninstitutionalized link between the from that of non-human beings from Minister, Secretary of State and the Chief nature. of the General Staff. Below this level, the People have done and do to each communication channels close very other many bad things through quickly” 148 . These are also valid for the communication. For this reason, human National Army of the Republic of Moldova communication must be based, penetrated of today. The defense ministers in our by the universal human paradigm or the country change a few times a year, each Anthropological Principle. The human (usually) comes with its "opinions" paradigm and anthropological principle are (caprices). Communication and often used by me as synonyms. Both communication management in the army express the humanism (traditional, must function permanently and adequately ecological and ethnic) that is required to the reality. However, communication, implemented in all spheres of human especially when it comes to the military activity. Hence the universal paradigm of sphere, has to be analyzed properly to the human. All paradigms of science and exclude certain unpleasant or even very human practice, sooner or later, have been dangerous, possibly tragic surprises. and are being replaced by others. This The management of the Russian principle seems more constant and more communication, regarding the annexation permanent. Both the principle and the of Crimea, was very knowledgeable on the paradigm are about humanism and one hand, but on the other hand it showed humanity, which does not have to be Russia's cowardice towards Ukraine, temporary, changed with something else. which until now were considered sisters Using them as synonyms, in some previous with a common Slavic ancestry. publications I have used the term Paradigm Misleading world public opinion, of the human, and in others the Russia under the pretext of effective Anthropological or Human Principle, guarding of the participants in the Olympic considering them both necessary and Games in Sochi, has displaced military of permanent in all human activities, thousands near Crimea. If the West had including in communication. So, it does stepped up to defend Crimea, Russia was not matter that we use the term human ready to use the nuclear weapon only to paradigm, or anthropological or human not retrocede the Crimea to the Ukraine. principle, it is important that it is about the More than that. The Russian Federation implementation of humanism in all human demanded a much larger territory. In the relations and activities. 18th century, the Novorossia province was created in the Russian empire. The The necessity of the universal human boundaries of this province over the years paradigm in military communication. According to some studies of 148 David G., Managementul comunic ării în Armata României . Editura Universit ății Na ționale de strategic communication, says George Ap ărare „Carol 1”, Bucure ști 2005, p.11.

51 have been constantly changed. Thus, from Dilemma of the ways of development of a historical perspective, the Kharkov the Republic of Moldova in the current regions as well as the northern districts of complex. the Luhansk region can be considered as The failure of the Russian policy of territories that were part of the dismantling the Ukrainian state was due to "Novorossia" project, on the one hand. On the effective communication of the West the other hand, the historical "novorossia" through countermeasures taken in response was assigned to the regions of Crimea and to the actions of the Russian Federation in Taganrog 149 .A new impetus for this Ukraine. The main one, however, was the political project was given by Russian refusal of the population from the President V. Putin, who at the press mentioned regions of Ukraine, to support conference on April 17, 2014 stated that Russia's aggressive policy and to join the 2 Kharkov, Donetsk, Luhank, Herson, existing "republics". Nicolaev and Odessa are areas that "Although it is considered a failure, constitute "novorossia", areas which it is not excluded that this project will be historically did not belong to Ukraine. reactivated by the Russian Federation" 151 . From President Putin's assertions, Thus, Moldova, like Romania, Ukraine, is "novorossia" was included in the worried about its threatened state security composition of Ukraine by the Bolsheviks from the East. Could the Republic of as a result of the 1917 revolution. Eastern Moldova effectively resist the possible Ukraine: Odessa, Herson, Nicolaev, Russian aggression? Yes, it could, but only Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhe, Kharkov, in two cases: either it joins NATO and the Donetsk and Luhansk. In fact, as a result of EU, which is impossible today, or it unites the Russian-Ukrainian crisis, only the with Romania from which it was violently Luhansk and Donetsk republics were snatched by the Russians in 1940 and 1944 created 150 . and who keep us on we Moldovan Putin, in his time, wanted the Romanians hostage today through Republic of Belarus, which was to become Transnistria. "Romania, - affirms the part of Russia, to be divided into 7 general (2) Vasile Roman, has the mission provinces, which made Luca șenco, the to convince the Republic of Moldova of president of Belarus, give back the Rosia the need to travel a common route for Union. Belarusians didn't do it. Now the accession to the European Union, either by ghost of this union appears again, and the the possible opportunity of opening the Belarussians protest vehemently and union, or by achieving the unification of massively in Minsk and other cities of the the two states". "Also, he writes, Romania republic. Little does he seem to have a must convince all the actors involved in the psychic complex with the formation of project of the economic and security provinces and republics. importance of the Republic of Moldova and the fact that the virtual relocation of the security border of both NATO and the EU on the Dniester river would be a great 149 S. Plop, S. Cebotari, Securitatea Republicii Moldova în contextul unui eventual scenariu „Novorossia” , in ”Mediul strategic de securitate: Provoc ări și tendin țe”, Chi șin ău 2019, p.18 150 Ibidem, p. 19 151 Idem

52 strategic advantage” 152 . What would be the Strengthening the political class economic importance of Moldova? Vasile and civil society, as well as strengthening Roman writes that in a synthetic approach national security, increasing the economy we find that the importance of the Republic and material well-being, raising the of Moldova is given by the fact that it is a standard of living of the Moldovan country located in the south-east of Europe population, must be based on the universal with a soil suitable for agriculture in a paradigm of the human, on the human proportion of 53%, it has an exit to the intercultural, internal and external, of state Danube river on 700 meters (can be used and interstate and international for access to the sea), it has the Dniester communication, ultimately. “The relations river and a hydrographic network of 16000 between the states, - says Ionic ăCârciu, - km 153 . are carried out according to their interests, The accession to NATO and the the national interest being predominant. EU, as well as the re-unification of The way they generate, amplify or mitigate Moldova with Romania, depends not only different conflict situations determines on the external factors but also on the what is called the political and internal ones. However, the consolidation international security situation” 155 . Thus, of the Moldovan political class on these the relations between Moldova and its issues is completely lacking. Without this, neighbors Ukraine and Romania bring their however, joining the EU and NATO, as contribution to the political and well as re-uniting with Romania, are international security situation. If they are impossible. Submitting to the analysis the good, they positively influence the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian crisis, as international situation, if they are bad - the well as the impact of the Russian project influence is harmful and not beneficial. "Novorossia", a project which, although But how are the relations of exhausted, its reactivation is not excluded, Moldova with Ukraine and Romania in it is worth mentioning, says Sergiu Plop reality? Relations with Ukraine could be and Svetlana Cebotari that all these factors much better than they are today, both states have a direct impact on the security of R. - Ukraine and Moldova have common vital Moldova. In the context of the events in interests: stopping Russian aggression and Ukraine, as well as the presence of internal leaving the Russian Federation's area of threats (Transnistria, Gagauzia etc. N.n.) influence. Ukraine, during the towards the state security, the Transnistrian conflict, did not support consolidation of the political class from Moldova, hoping that this area will sooner Chisinau, of the civil society becomes an or later become part of it. Thus, Ukraine imperative of the time 154 . was looking after its national interest back then. Ukraine's actions regarding the

152 V. Roman, Republica Moldova și proiectul building on the Dniester River of six Intermarium , in ”Mediul strategic de securitate: electrical stations, as well as the Provoc ări și tendin țe”, Chi șin ău 2019, p.92 153 Idem 154 S. Plop, S. Cebotari S., Securitatea Republicii 155 I. Cîrciu, Dinamism și incertitudine în Moldova în contextul unui eventual scenariu geopolitica actual ă, in ”Mediul strategic de „Novorossia” , in ”Mediul strategic de securitate: securitate: Provoc ări și tendințe”, Chi șin ău 2019, Provoc ări și tendin țe”, Chi șin ău 2019, p.32 p.36.

53 prohibition of education in Romanian and win followers 156 . This is the positive language for the population in the south meaning of propaganda, as a synonym for and north of the former Bessarabia, publicity or advertising. In the perception territories dictatorially included in the of English speakers, propaganda is closely composition of Ukraine, do not positively related to the lie, the deception, the influence Moldova for a common alliance manipulation, terms with a profound evil against the Russian Federation. Ukraine, in load, says SorinBecciu. In the view of the this situation, should further moderate its Latin countries, propaganda means aforementioned tendencies to have an "publicity". In the Romanian space, due to additional ally against Russian tendencies the influence of the communist totalitarian of annexation of foreign territories. regime, the meaning of the term In essence, the relations of the "propaganda" is approaching the Anglo- Republic of Moldova with Romania are Saxon tradition 157 . As things would not be nothing better, even considering the in reality, the universal paradigm of the disinterested material support and human is necessary both in the field of assistance granted to Moldova. The advertising and propaganda. The humanity division of the political class and of the is necessary in any sphere and field of civil society, and of population human activity, including propaganda, or correspondingly, supported by the to better put it, counter-propaganda. Kremlin, makes it impossible at the To combat black propaganda, says moment to find the ways and methods of SorinBecciu, counter-propaganda actions reintegration of the Republic of Moldova are organized. Counter-propaganda into the composition of Romania. Bringing involves actions designed to combat enemy them together would not only strengthen propaganda. It is closely linked to the Romanian state, but as we have shown, propaganda, because similar methods are considerably the EU and NATO. used. However, counter-propaganda has a The reunification of the Republic of defensive purpose and can be based, as Moldova with Romania would be in full opposed to propaganda (which allows lies), agreement with the universal paradigm of only on the truth. the human, so humanism would triumph in Counter-propaganda feeds its new variant in ecosophy - traditional thematically, says S. Becciu, from the humanism, ecological and ethnic one. ideology of the state and promotes spiritual Hence the enormous importance of mass- and aesthetic values, general human ideas media communication in general to and advanced democratic practices specific illuminate the minds of many who are lost to the given state. It also promotes a and frightened by the negative Russian and healthy way of life based on an ancestral pro-Russian propaganda, carried and culture and multisecular traditions, to disseminated by the media hostile of re- combat pseudoculture and non-values unification. promoted subtly. A second goal is to Propaganda, says SorinBecciu, is unmask enemy propaganda, spreading the action of spreading ideas that present and support a theory, a conception, a 156 S, Becciu, Efectul propagandei asupra statelor în political party, etc., in order to convince proces de modernizare ., in ”Revista Militar ă”, no.1, Chi șin ău, 2018, p.62 157 Ibidem, p. 63

54 misinformation, myths and rumors. The Ionic ăCîrciu, - the science that studies the strategic task of the counter-propaganda geographical influences on the relations activities would be to eliminate the between powers, in the context of channels for promoting the hostile ideas; international politics - has known, over the formation to the citizens of a moral, time, different degrees of attention in the aesthetic and cognitive immunity to the theoretical approaches of the specialists, in harmful ideas of the spirit and the health; the attitudes of independent political formation of strong beliefs in the citizens, analysts as well as in the actions of state or based on modern science, the history of the non-state actors. nation and the Church, the holy books of It is considered that the maximum civilizations and the ancestral culture, the point of the return of geopolitics in the knowledge of the universal culture and sphere of public interest was reached in the aesthetics. The strategic task also involves period 1989-1990 when the balance of counteracting all forms of diversions and power established at the global level was informational misinformation coming from unbalanced by the manifestation of global inside and outside by operationally turbulences 159 . revealing their goals, methods of Geopolitical theoreticians, promotion, by conducting counteracting Ionic ăCârciu further states, - have tried to activities 158 . demonstrate the importance of geography The Baltic States and Ukraine have in the development of national policies, succeeded in stopping the black, evil referring to natural borders, access to propaganda of Russia; Moldova has not important trade routes and to having succeeded. In our country, even the control over territories of strategic president, I. Dodon, deals with propaganda importance for the Russian Federation or, and misinformation, while not being it can be used as an effective platform stopped doing it, not even talking about the against the Balkan world and even the punishment appropriate for his actions of whole of Europe, in the event of a military great treason of the state. In Moldova it is conflict between Russia and the Western always unlike in civilized and truly world. Hence the interest of the Russians democratic countries. The population of to use Transdniestria and, if possible, the the Moldovan state is ultimately to blame. entire Moldovan republic, in its However, this cannot continue to infinity. expansionist interests. Basically, the entire Sooner or later, the purifying "explosion" Russian-speaking population of the will also occur. Nothing is eternal; republic, including Transnistria and everything is transient, even good and evil. Gagauzia, plus a certain part of the The triumph of the human paradigm is indigenous population that does not respect inevitable here, too, in Moldova. their national identity, is on the Russian Namely, propaganda in its harmful vector of political tendencies. sense in the Republic of Moldova Even with our Republic supporting emphasizes geopolitics, dividing and and tending towards the EU, NATO and contrasting the population in this way.

Geopolitics, in the broadest sense, - says 159 I. Cîrciu, Dinamism și incertitudine în geopolitica actual ă, in ”Mediul strategic de securitate: Provoc ări și tendin țe”, Chi șin ău 2019, 158 Ibidem, p.66 p.35.

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Romania, it can be said with regret, that terms of their "exclusivity" encourage a only a part of its population becomes a new arms race, including in the outer geopolitical and strategic interest for the space.The main world actors and partner West as well. From here and the deviations states, says Ionic ăCîrciu, will always act to of the Moldovan politics either on one occupy a leading position in the hierarchy, side, or on the other, so on the Russian but will not accept the global hegemony of one, or on the Westerner one. Even this someone else, and for this reason state of affairs or situation is convenient expressing, at least on a declarative level, for Russia. for equity in the international order, in The triumph of the universal human which the solutions for ensuring peace and paradigm in this field of geopolitics would security are jointly adopted, through bring Moldova to its rightful place - in the extended political dialogue. In the absence European Union and in the composition of of concrete solutions for the development Romania. Let us hope that the triumph of of international political dialogue, Russia the mentioned paradigm is not far off. "In has already focused on unilaterally raising the conditions when, as a result of the the potential of national defense and advanced technologies, the geographical security 161 . It defies all previous distances have decreased, the geographical restrictions on the pursuit of armaments, factor, however, continues to be an shocking international public opinion by important factor in the political, economic, responding appropriately. military or any other decision making" 160 . Today's Russia cannot reconcile Intercultural, interethnic, interstate, with the new realities, that it is no longer interregional communication leads to one of the two economic superpowers in globalization. How this will be depends the world, that it is no longer at the head of decisively on the morality of people, a military bloc equal to NATO. The latter ethnicities, states and humanity as a whole. has broadened considerably, at times even Only of these will be based on the golden closer to the borders of the Russian rule of morality (European Christian Federation. The latter tends to remain a conception) or the law of reciprocity superpower in the military field, even if (Confucian conception) i.e. based on "Do not in the economic one. It does everything not do to another what you do not want to possible to be perceived in this way and is be done to you" or "Do to another what capable of many actions incompatible with you wish to be done to you". They form pacifist and collaborative tendencies. the core of the Universal Paradigm of Putin's Russia has today become a death Human or the Anthropological Principle. threat to the world, for peace first and The whole world is in a critical foremost. It is not against globalization, moment today, says Ionic ăCîrciu, due to only that it should be recognized at its the fact that the relations between states head. change substantially - the conflicts are The tendency of people towards resolved mainly by force, especially the rudimentary globalization was still military one, and not by dialogue, and the claims made by a number of countries in 161 I. Cîrciu, Dinamism și incertitudine în geopolitica actual ă, in ”Mediul strategic de securitate: Provoc ări și tendin țe”, Chi șin ău 2019, 160 Ibidem, p.37 p.43.

56 manifest in antiquity and throughout the becoming a democratic state in the true historical period until the second half of sense of the word. the 20th century. This is manifested The second contemporary model of through the conquest of territories, restricted globalization, we believe, is ethnicities, states. The Great Empires, presented by the European Union, which starting with Alexander the Great, the today has many problems. They also derive Roman Empire, Cinghiz-Khan, Ottoman, from the tendency to impose certain things, Austrian, Tsarist, British, French, colonial of wills restricted to all members, being in general, etc. they tended to globalize the practically suitable only for Germany and world not through dialogue, science, France. Brussels is assuming certain things economics but through violent and anti- without consulting its partners properly. human conquests. Perhaps such decisions have led to Brexit, The Soviet empire, based on or have served as a pretext for it. Marxist ideology, which theoretically The EU, so far, remains an proclaimed the equality of rights of all experiment and a micro-model of people, ethnicities and states, like the globalization, taking into account even its Roman Empire, which at a certain stage failures, errors. Will this model survive? began to rely on Christian ideology, which Time will tell. We believe that it will also theoretically proclaimed the equality survive and serve as a model for general of all before the divinity, could have globalization, only if it corrects its become the first model of human mistakes and the leading countries will globalization, not based on violence and defeat their own ambitions. The universal conquests.But it wasn't to be. The failure human paradigm is required in the practice of Christian ideology was due, I believe, to and activities of the EU, of all its members, anti-human methods of attracting people in globalization and globalism. All this and people to this faith. cannot take place outside of The Soviet empire, especially communication which is also based on the during the Gorbachev period, could have universal paradigm of the human. turned into one of the first models of The mentioned paradigm is globalization, if a new Union Contract with required in all types and genres of a true democratic and true equality of the communication, including in the so-called Union Republics was made. Russia could organizational communication. "Today, not go for it and the USSR collapsed. The says VasileChioca, any organization must, Russians were incapable of overcoming voluntarily or by necessity, listen to its their national ambitions and in building the interlocutors and respond to the CIS, also remaining "leaders", "rulers", expectations of an increasingly diverse and therefore "at the forefront". demanding audience. Shareholders, Basically, they do not recognize or suppliers, consumers, opinion leaders, are incapable of performing peer-to-peer journalists and public authorities have communication. Thus, the possible first asserted their right to know and world-wide globalization of contemporary understand. They communicate and want globalization has failed. We have the to build a communication policy as impression that Russia is incapable of

57 efficient as possible” 162 . The effectiveness Nations, similar to the future European of communication will also depend on the Union, so a harmonized or at least degree of appropriateness, use and optimized EU. This is where the European dissemination of the requirements of Union will be able to serve as a micro humanism, hence the universal paradigm model for a macromodel - the Global of the human. Union of Nations, which will be Organizational communication, qualitatively different from the UN today. says Vasile Ghioca, appears increasingly Based on the universal paradigm of as a complex process in which the meaning the human, the GUN will be able to of the messages is not given a priori, but a exclude from its practice and from construction with a deep cultural character humanity the violence and wars. that is elaborated collectively according to Otherwise, insecurity will persist until all the situations, in the time and place. The forms of terrestrial life and, first of all, the human paradigm is needed especially when human species disappear. it comes to conflict-tension situations The universal paradigm of the concerning the organization. "The human is necessary in the activity of managers of the organization, says the communication of the entire mass-media mentioned author, must propose ways to system, including the educational programs provoke and even perpetuate conflicts, but of entertainment of those related to films also ways to ameliorate and resolve them. and the television theater 164 . "Currently, By researching the sources of says AlexandruLupa șcu-Bohan țov, conflicts and the relationship between following the unprecedented proliferation communication and conflict, conflict of audiovisual products of entertainment, resolution strategies are formulated. At the the literary page of quality is increasingly same time, it is argued that the negotiation hardening its way to the small screen ... occupies the central place in the and yet, in the age when television and management of relations within the new media literally bumped the cultural organization, as well as of the relations space, the theater, as an elite art, must between the organization and its external modernize its communication strategies environment” 163 . with the public, including through the use Globalization includes practically of audiovisual channels” 165 . all the states of the world in its “law”. Strategies for communicating with They could be compared and likened to the public will not be successful if they organizations. Conflict-tension situations lack the component of the humanity, in them and between them could be solved therefore the universal paradigm of the according to the model set out above and human. The entire journalistic output, based on the human paradigm. This path in including the print media, is in dire need of the future could reach the upper stage of the humanity and human paradigm. globalization, which would coincide with Especially under the current conditions. the building of the Global Union of

164 A. Lupa șcu-Bohan țov, Privire retrospectiv ă 162 V. Ghioca, Mijloacele comunic ării asupra teatrului de televiziune , in ”Convergen țe organiza ționale , in ”Convergen țe spirituale Ia și- spirituale Ia și-Chi șin ău”, No.14-15, Ia și 2019, Chi șin ău”, no.14-15, Ia și 2019, pp.104-115 pp.14-22 163 Ibidem, pp. 104-105. 165 Ibidem, p. 22

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"The involvement of new In the confirmation, I use a double quote. information technologies in the print media Journalist MihailGuzun states that "in an activity", says GeorgetaStepanov, despite interesting essay -" Language and identity: the fact that it conditioned some National, Ethnic, Religious "- its author, conceptual and functional changes, had a John Joseph, reflecting on the beginnings positive impact on its evolution, as it of nationalism, reproduces the biblical created new conditions for manifestation in subject concerning Making the world the contemporary media context, and (Genesis). It is assumed, as Joseph notes through this has provided this element of that in the absence of a common name, that the media system with stability and is, of national identity, people must competitiveness on the contemporary necessarily spread. Identity creation aims international market” 166 . to serve the interests of consolidating The new technologies and their people, who belong to a nation and who implementation in the activity of the media are dependent on each other and on their in general, of course, is a beneficial thing, places of birth. It is a perfectly valid but even more beneficial will be when it is thought also for those who are now in the truly implemented and the human factor or process of identifying ... their national the universal human paradigm will work. identity, strengthening their national This also implies "independence, unity” 169 . impartiality, fairness and equidistance, which are probably the most important Conclusions values of a truly independent press. To Communication, like work, reflect the events in the press from the consciousness, culture and societal life, is perspective of these basic norms of characteristic of man, it is an attribute of it, journalistic ethics is a professional even from the beginnings of obligation of every journalist” 167 . anthropogenesis, therefore of man, Communication concerning the distinguishing qualitatively from that of media, based on the universal paradigm of animals. the human, not only contributes to the The human paradigm, the universal education of the masses, to the resolution human paradigm, the human principle or of the conflictual states between people, the anthropological principle are used by organizations and states, but also to the us as synonyms, meaning the strengthening of the national identity, to implementation of humanism in all spheres the consolidation of the national unity” 168 . of human activity. The necessity of the universal

166 G. Stepanov, Impactul pozitiv al tehnologiilor paradigm of the human in the informa ționale moderne asupra producerii communication and management of the jurnalistice. Cazul presei tip ărite , in Convergen țe military communication has today a vital spirituale Ia și-Chi șin ău, No.14-15, Ia și 2019, p.87 167 B. Parfentiev, Presa din Republica Moldova – în importance in ensuring the security, continuare par țial liber ă, in ”Convergen țe survival and sustainable development of spirituale Ia și-Chi șin ău”, No.14-15, Ia și 2019, the man, the society and the terrestrial p.132 168 Guzun M. Contribu ția mass-mediei la nature. consolidarea unit ății na ționale. Convergen țe spirituale Ia și-Chi șin ău, No.14-15, Ia și 2019, pp.162-166 169 Ibidem, p. 166.

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Efficient communication, based on Bibliography the universal human paradigm, of the Republic of Moldova with the EU, NATO, Books: Romania, as well as the strengthening of the Moldovan political class, also through 1. David, G., Managementul communication, is the way to solve the comunic ării în Armata României, problem of further development of the Editura Universit ății Na ționale de population of the former Bessarabia or of Ap ărare „Carol 1”, Bucure ști, 2005 R. Moldova. The communication related to the media, based on the mentioned paradigm, Journals: contributes to educating the masses, to 1. Revista Militar ă, No.1, Chi șin ău solving the conflicting states, to 2018 strengthening their identity and to 2. Mediul strategic de securitate: consolidating the national unity. Provoc ări și tendin țe. Volumul conferin ței știin țifice interna ționale, Chi șin ău, 2019 3. Convergen țe spirituale Ia și- Chi șin ău, No.14-15, Ia și, 2019

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Emilia TOMESCU, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu

FUTURE POLITICS, HUMAN SSECURITY AND THE FUTURE OF THE HUMAN BEING

Abstract: Conscience lives in time and its most obvious trait is the capacity for constant self modification and adaptation to new circumstances, a limitless responsiveness to new and urgent conditions of relevance. Could computers ever be conscious? This has been a thorny question with a long and tangled history. Some argue that only biological entities can be conscious while others claim that it is the functions the computer carries out that are relevant, not what it is made of. Keywords: Conscience; Politics; Security; Human Being; Human Enhancement; Morality; Dignity; Power Contact details of the E-mail: [email protected] autor: Institutional affiliation of Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu the autor: Institution address: 34 Calea Dumbr ăvii, 0269422169 fax, site web http://www.ulbsibiu.ro

When we think about the future people especially, but in positive we generally think about a world in which circumstances, others, who were in search people who are identical to us in every of comfort and well-being, have tried to do important way enjoy better technology: their best to live as long as possible and as laser guns, intelligent robots, and well as possible. spaceships that travel at the speed of The search for immortality light.Yet the revolutionary potential of became the personal quest of King future technologies is to change Homo Gilgamesh of Uruk who decided that he sapiens itself, including our bodies and our would somehow find a way to defeat minds, and not merely our vehicles and death...Yet Gilgamesh failed in his quest. weapons. The most amazing thing about He returned home empty-handed, as mortal the future won’t be the spaceship, but the as ever, but with one new piece of wisdom. beings flying them 170 . This is the vision When the gods created man, Gilgamesh shared by those who consider that had learned, they set death as man’s humankind should be upgraded and is inevitable destiny, and man must learn to directly connected to one human ideal -the live with it 171 . one of immortality. History has But those who consider progress demonstrated that along centuries rich to be inevitable and a priority of our time do not share the conclusion of Gilgamesh. 170 https:www.ynharari.co./topic/future/, (12.11.2019) 171 Idem

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For men of science, death is not an insists to make us all believe that each of inevitable destiny, but merely a technical these transhumans will be altruistic, a problem. People die not because the gods citizen of the planet...his neighbor’s equal decreed it, but due to various technical in rights and obligations, hospitable and failures...And every technical problem has respectful of the world. Together, a technical solution. If the heart flutters, it transhumans will give birth to planetary can be stimulated by a pacemaker or institutions and change the course of replaced by a new heart. If cancer industrial enterprises. rampages, it can be killed with drugs or For the benefit of each individual, radiation. If bacteria proliferate, they can they will develop essential goods (the be subdued with antibiotics.True, at most important being a good time), and for present we cannot solve all technical the general benefit a common good ( problems. But we are working on them. whose chief dimension will be a collective Our best minds are not wasting intelligence )174 . Attali continues, insisting their time trying to give meaning to death. that those who advance the cause of men Instead, they are busy investigating the who will realise that happiness depends on physiological, hormonal, and genetic that of others and that the human species systems responsible for disease and old can only survive united and pacific...will age. They are developing new medicines, become ... transhumans, altruistic, revolutionary treatments and artificial conscious of the history of the future 175 . organs that will lengthen our lives and There are other voices, honest and might one day vanguish the Grim Reaper more reasonable, who are trying to define himself 172 . and clarify the term of transhumanism. This is the voice of the dominant Professor Nicu Gavrilu ţă , from Ia şi, ideology of the present moment- the New includes transhumanism in the same group Marxist one, promoting the material values with political corectness and the and vision, and supporting the system all technologies of the future, interpreting over the world while presenting it as being them as the new secular religions. the most advanced and, at the same time, Professor Gavrilu ţă considers that the most humane one. Yuval Noah Harari transhumanism represents the secular cult is not the only prominent voice of this of Homo Deus, a possible dystopia as it is ideology. developed on a basis which lacks the Jacques Attali is another one, the sacred element. He insists that the spiritual one who speaks about transhumans as perspective of the observer is important, as vanguard players and about technical he/she is structuring reality. advances which will foster a growing The common element of the three awareness in a growing number of people secular religions is, among others, a certain that the world is a village that abundance is type of spiritual reductionism.The three of conceivable, that it is possible for everyone them reduce the spiritual data to to live longer and much better. 173 He philosophical questions of ethics.

172 https:www.ynharari.co./topic/future/, (12.11.2019) 173 Jacques Attali, A Brief History of the Future, 174 Ibidem, p.259 Arcade Publishing, New York, 2011, p.257 175 Ibidem, p.260

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Mythological and religious components are future politics. One fundamental concept de-sacred, simplified or even ignored 176 . of humankind is power . The question is: Other authors, using a different how do the strong dominate the weak? The style, ask direct questions about honest answer follows: by exerting power. transhumanism. Laurent Alexandre and And he goes on, defining power as the Jean-Michel Besnier, in their book on bedrock of political order and the transhumanism, ask twelve questions godfather of political concepts. which can clarify the problem if answered Any serious effort to understand honestly: the future of politics must involve an 1. Should the human species be investigation of what power is, what forms improved? it will take, and who will wield it. 178 2. Should mankind change its way Susskind suggests that in the future of reproduction? power will take three forms : force, 3. Can technology really fix scrutiny and perception-control. He adds everything? that digital technology will increasingly be 4. Will we all become cyborgs? the main source of all three. This means 5. Could we make love to a robot? that those who control the technologies of 6. Do we really want to live a force, scrutiny, and perception-control will thousand years? be powerful 179 . 7. Is transhumanism a form of Advances in genetic engineering, eugenics? medicine, robotics, nano-technology, and 8. Will artificial intelligence AI are set to alter our biology in ways that destroy the human being? the theorists of the past could scarcely have 9. What are the economic risks? imagined. The ability to edit our DNA, to 10. Are laws necessary? join together with machines (using 11. Should we expect A Brave implants, prosthetics, and interfaces) and New World? adopt their unhuman power as our own, to 12. How far can we push manufacture fresh new organs and tissues, research? 177 to personalize medical treatment for the What we know at this moment is genetic makeup of each patient-such that transhumanism or posthumanism is faculties could forever change what it defined as a futurist ideology and also a means to be human. Human enhancement movement, a philosophical movement , is no longer the stuff of fiction. 180 advocating for the enhancing of human Following this vision, we should mention intellect and physiology . that some authors consider that our Jamie Susskind, a more balanced descendants will improve their minds, author than Harari or Attali, discusses the mood, and memory. They’ll be able to big problems and asks the big questions of diminish the effects of pain and the need for sleep. They’ll sharpen their senses, 176 Nicu Gavrilu ţă , Noile Religii Seculare, Corectitudinea politic ă, tehnologiile viitorului şi transumanismul , Polirom, Ia şi, Bucure şti, 2018, p. 178 Jamie Susskind, Future Politics , Oxford 204 University Press, Oxford, 2018, p.89 177 Laurent Alexandre, Jean-Michel Besnier, Pot 179 Idem face robo ţii dragoste?12 întreb ări despre 180 Jamie Susskind, Future Politics , Oxford transumanism , Humanitas, Bucure şti, 2019, p.5 University Press, Oxford, 2018, p. 362

63 giving them superhuman vision and world in which a class of new godlings hearing. They’ll access entirely new emerges to live alongside the old Homo worlds of emotions, sensation and desire. sapiens is one in which the term politics They’ll have the capacity to dictate the itself ceases to have a clear or fixed characteristics of their unborn children . meaning. We are still living in a society in They’ll slow or reverse the ageing process, which the individuals are all recognizably postponing death itself 181 . human. In the world to come, this But with such impressive changes assumption may no longer be safe. The in the body and the mind of the human difference between classes could look species, the consequences will be felt in all more like the difference between the other fields of activity, at all levels, species 184 . Considering such a perspective, including politics in general and human we could ask ourselves questions as rights in particular. Important ethical following: questions generated by these programmes - What would be the meaning of of human enhancement will appear, if they politics in such a world? are not already in the process of - Would we still seek to live discussion: together in the same way? -Should such an enhancement be Even if we still cannot answer permitted? such questions, we can say for sure that we -On what terms should it be permitted? are not ready -intellectually, -Should it be considered a right? philosophically or morally- for the world -Should self-enhancement be seen as a we are creating... duty to unborn generations and the gene Yuval Noah Harari, in his already pool itself? 182 famous book Sapiens A Brief History of It seems that one immediate Humankind, suggests that we should take aspect of the political risk of the human seriously... the idea that the next stage of enhancement could be its accessibility. history will include not only technological Some authors compare the access to this and organisational, but also fundamental possible future enhancement with the one transformations in human consciousness to the health care system, as there are too and identity 185 . But, as he himself states many who cannot benefit from the present most people prefer not to think about it. 186 health care system unless they have Yet there are so many questions to answer money. Will such a dream-like programme at this point: of enhancement be available only for the -What is it forbidden to do? rich people? 183 -Is it acceptable to carry out genetic Normally, we consider that experiments on living human beings? politics refers to the collective life of -On aborted fetuses? human beings... then any change in what it -On stem cells? means to be a human being is likely to -Is it ethical to clone sheep? have profound political consequences. A -And chimpanzees?

181 Ibidem , p. 363 184 Idem 182 Idem 185 Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens A Brief History of 183 Jamie Susskind, Future Politics , Oxford Humankind , Vintage Books, London, 2014, p. 463 University Press, Oxford, 2018, p. 363 186 Ibidem, p. 464

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-And what about humans? of suffering in the world? Time and again, All of these are important massive increases in human power did not questions, but it is naive to imagine that we necessarily improve the well-being of might simply... stop the scientific projects individual Sapiens, and usually caused that are upgrading Homo Sapiens into a immense misery to other animals...Is there different kind of being. For these projects anything more dangerous than dissatisfied are inextricably meshed together with The and irresponsible gods who don’t know Gilgamesh Project 187 or The Human Brain what they want? 189 Project and so on. Harari goes on revealing And yet, another conclusion of a fragment of the big truth by saying that Harari, confirming the approach of we should ask scientists why they study the Professor Nicu Gavrilu ţă when talking genome, or try to connect a brain to a about the new secular religions, computer or try to create a mind inside a conclusion-vision, directed towards the computer. Nine out of ten times you’ll get future of mankind, which, from Harari’s the same standard answer: We are doing it point of view, seems to look more science to cure diseases and save human lives...this fiction than ever, maybe even horror is the standard justification given, because fiction. The new religions...will emerge nobody can argue with it. This is why the from research laboratories...where hi-tech Gilgamesh Project is the flagship of gurus are brewing for us brave new science. It serves to justify everything religions that have little to with God, and science does. everything to do with technology. They Harari invites all of us to have a promise all the old prizes-happiness, peace, moment of self awareness and admit that prosperity and even eternal life-but here on humans seem to be more irresponsible than earth with the help of technology, rather ever, that we consider ourselves self-made than after death with the help of celestial gods with only the laws of physics to keep beings. 190 us company... accountable to no one, 188 the In order to conclude, we insist that masters of the entire planet but terrorising the concept of human security , one of the the surrounding ecosystem, and seeking fundamental concepts of our everyday life, little more than our own comfort and should remain flexible enough to develop amusement, yet never finding satisfaction. as our understanding of the roots of With a realistic to negative worldwide insecurity deepens as does our conclusion that can make all of us be capacity to address them 191 . And we go on, totally ashamed, this contemporary adding that human security analysis has historian insists that unfortunately, the called attention to the importance of Sapiens regime on earth has so far recognizing the interconnections between a produced little that we can be proud of. We host of factors that in combination produce have mastered our surroundings, increased food production, built cities, established 189 Yuval Noah Harari, Sapiens A Brief History of empires and created fat-flung trade Humankind , Vintage Books, London, 2014, p. 466 190 networks. But did we decrease the amount Youval Noah Harari, Homo Deus A Brief History of Tomorrow , Vintage, London, 2017, p.409 191 ShahrbanouTadjbakhsh, Anuradha M. Chenoy, 187 Idem Human Security Concepts and implications , 188 Ibidem , pp.465-466 Routledge, London, 2009, p.71

65 insecurity providing an effective means for Bibliography preventing the degradation of people’s well-being and dignity, as human security 1. Attali, Jacques, A Brief History of the ...signifies shared political and moral Future, Arcade Publishing, New York, values 192 .Our theoretical basis considers 2011 that debates regarding international 2. Besnier, Alexandre, Jean-Michel , Pot security must include considerations of face robo ţii dragoste? 12 întreb ări power and politics, that is, questions despre transumanism , Humanitas, concerning who gets to set the agenda or Bucure şti, 2019 decide how particular issues are 3. Browning, Christopher S. , International understood as threats and to whom, and Security, Oxford University Press, also that debates about international Oxford, 2013 security inevitably refer to justice, 4. Gavrilu ţă , Nicu, Noile Religii Seculare morality and social responsibility 193 . Corectitudinea politic ă, tehnologiile Any understanding of the political viitorului şi transumanismul, Polirom, and ethical nature of debates about Ia şi/Bucure şti, 2018 international security requires 5. Harari, Yuval Noah, Homo Deus A understanding that such debates often have Brief History of Tomorrow , Vintage, background in the different conceptual and London, 2017 theoretical assumptions that different 6. Harari, Yuval Noah, Sapiens A Brief actors have, about both the content and History of Mankind , Vintage, London, nature of security and of what it constitutes 2014 the appropriate concern of international 7. Susskind, Jamie, Future Politics, politics 194 . Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2018 8. Tadjbakhsh, Shahrbanou, Chenoy, Anuradha, Human Security Concepts and implications , Routledge, London, 2009

192 Idem 193 Christopher S. Browning, International Security , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2013, p.3 194 Ibidem, p.4

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Dan Alexandru POPESCU Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu

DERADICALIZATION FOR DUMMIES. THE SCOURGE OF HAZARD

Abstract: Radicalization nowadays represents an extremely complex topic. Farhad Khosrokhavar, a sociologist at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS, Paris) came up with a complex definition: „ the process by which an individual or a group adopts a violent form of action, that is directly linked to an extremist ideology with a political, social, or religious content, which contests the established political, social, or cultural order „ (Radicalisation, 2014, p. 7). In most cases, we come across the term „ radicalization „ in a context related to immigration, terrorism, counter-terrorism, political and/or religious violence, the Islam vs. the West paradigm, key notions in understanding the big issues in the contemporary world. Thus, we witness a heightened preoccupation with radicalization on a European political level, correlated with an entire chain of events on the international scene. Out of this arises the necessity of programs and concrete measures for deradicalization, implying those actions meant to ”reverse the radicalization process” the term being mostly used in relation with Islamist terrorism. Keywords: Radicalization; Deradicalization; Terrorism; France; Islamism Contact details of the [email protected] authors: Institutional affiliation of Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu the authors: Institutions 34 Calea Dumbr ăvii, 0269422169 fax, site web.http://www.ulbsibiu.ro/en/ address:

People are willing to kill or be I confess that I did not intend to killed over a cartoon, a flag, a piece of write, these days, about the phenomenon of clothing, a song. We have some explaining radicalization and, implicitly, about what to do, concludes Robert Sapolsky, one terms”deradicalization practices ”. It is professor of biology and neurology at sufficient to turn on the news, be they Stanford, in a closing chapter of his online or on TV, to witness how, all monumental work 195 , entitled Behave. around us, fanaticism and intolerance proliferate.

195 Over 800 pages, according to the Romanian edition: Robert M. Sapolsky, Biologia fiin ţelor umane în ipostazele lor cele mai bune şi cele mai Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and rele , Ed. Publica, 2018, p. 631 (English edition: Worst , 2017)

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Paradoxically, even though we live spirit and might result in various anxieties, in a brave new world, designed by or in extremist, unexpected behaviours. technology 196 , the situation evolves Listening to and watching only according to a much older paradigm: news of a certain type, the individual everyone has declared war on everyone comes to project his inner universe else 197 and the only thing that matters is the between artificially imposed parameters. level of aggression with which one Of course, at that moment, I was manifests oneself, and by means of which exaggerating, invoking with a relative one sustains one’s beliefs and ideas. easiness, the metamorphosis of a person’s We did not become civilized, in reality who spends time locked up in his accordance with the expectations. own home, limiting his information However, I digress. Two recent events sources to tv shows and to the opinions – prompted me to reconsider my stance on most often vehemently articulated – of the the aforementioned aspects. In fact, more figures onscreen, or adhering to the than events, they were two trivial verbal specific stubbornness of social media exchanges about life. The first one channels, which intensely exploit our fears occurred while I was in Bucharest, when I and frustrations. Both of the above heard, for the first time, the incidents triggered some deep reflections term”jih ădeal ă” (English: a jihad-like within my mind. deluge). ”Watch out! The jihad-deluge is The usage, even if sporadic, of coming! ”, in the sense of ”flash flood ”, these terms, drifting away from their initial ”torrent ”, ”violent rain ”. A term sense, points, to a large extent, to the characteristic of suburbia jargon, but notoriousness of these phenomena. without alluding to Muslims or Arabs. The Radicalization nowadays represents an second source of inspiration was, I confess, extremely complex topic. self-incriminatory. I was on the phone with In a book published in November somebody, talking about a friend who 2014, just a few weeks before the Charlie preferred the couch and the TV to going Hebdo attack 198 , French-Iranian professor out, and I found myself saying:”If he and sociologist Farhad Khosrokhavar 199 continues this way, he’ll get radicalized… ” came up with a complex definition: ”the I was thinking, of course, not along the process by which an individual or a group lines of him embracing some cult or adopts a violent 200 form of action, that is ideology or planning a terrorist attack (here directly linked to an extremist ideology one must ponder on the necessity of amply studying this phenomenon, outside the 198 The attack on the satyrical magazine Charlie Hebdo happened in Paris, on 7 January 2015, in the public flow of prejudice), but rather simply aftermath of which 12 persons were killed (10 considering that this isolation weakens the journalists and 2 policemen), and another 11 injured 199 Director of Studies at EHESS in Paris and responsible for a centre for the study of extreme 196 Technology seems to invite one to share all of violence, L’Observatoire des radicalisations, a part one’s secrets, all intimate thoughts, and this of Fondation Maison des sciences de l’homme, openness makes persons vulnerable, being an http://www.fmsh.fr/fr/recherche/28035, advantage for certain tendencies and circumstances (15.11.2019) of manipulation. 200 Radicalization can be both violent and non- 197 Bellum omnium contra omnes (the war of violent, even if we will henceforth refer only to the everybody against everybody), in Thomas Hobbes, first category. Furthermore, we have chosen to Leviathan , 1651 focus mostly on the case of France.

68 with a political, social, or religious content, strategies related to national security and which contests the established political, terrorism, both in as far as prevention and social, or cultural order ”201 . But it seems to control are concerned. Thus, we witness a also be a fashionable and widely used heightened preoccupation with term, with an entire neology being radicalization on a European political developed in the Western space, in the level, correlated with an entire chain of unfortunate context of the terrorist attacks events on the international scene (global committed in Europe (especially those in wars on terror/ on terrorism in Iraq and France). We are flooded with concepts and Afghanistan, the Israeli–Palestinian classifications, and simultaneously conflict, the civil war in Syria, the refugee inhibited by their improper usage. In most crisis, to mention only those that have cases, we come across the term received most media attention). Out of this ”radicalization ” in a context related to arises the necessity of programs and (im)migration, terrorism, counter- concrete measures for deradicalization, terrorism, political and religious violence, implying those actions meant to”reverse ”the clash of civilizations ”, see the Islam the radicalization process ”, the term being versus the West trend of thought 202 , key mostly used in relation with Islamist notions in understanding the challenges terrorism (or jihadist, supported by Islamist and the fundamental problems of the movements) 203 . contemporary world. Researchers from the domain of Launched on the 9 th of September international relations, sociology, 2011, almost symbolically, in Brussels, the psychology, security studies, intelligence, European network focused on increasing or even biology or neurosciences, claim the public awareness about the dangers of right to define and tackle this topic. radicalization (Radicalisation Awareness Radicalization has taken on, along with the Network/RAN) and formed under the evolution of events, multiple sets of supervision of the European Commission meanings: an ethical and social term (The Directorate-General for Migration (essentially, the renouncing of the values and Home Affairs/DG Home), has set out of harmonious cohabitation, to gather experts from various institutions interdependence and mutual respect), but and organizations, both public and private, also a definably mystical and religious one and thereby to create a platform of access (accentuated naivete, which also springs to proper ways of debating the various out of insufficient knowledge). forms of violent extremism. Radicalization is opposed to tolerance, to a The work groups have the role of prescribed mode of behaviour, to civic and supporting the states with elaborating moral responsibilities, universal principles

203 It is worth mentioning that the authorities’ 201 Farhad Khosrokhavar, Radicalisation , Éditions focusing on the islamist element determined a de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris, 2014, neglect of far-right domestic terrorism, like for p. 8 (English edition: Radicalization. Why Some example in Germany, see Katrin Bennhold, „A People Choose the Path of Violence , The New Political Murder and Far-Right Terrorism: Press, 2016). Germany’s New Hateful Reality”, The New York 202 People today jump too easily to embrace the idea Times , July 7, 2019, online source: that everything has to do with the chasm between https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/07/world/europe Islam / Islamic world and the West, which is too /germany-murder-far-right-neo-nazi-luebcke.html, simplistic to be an explanation (15.11.2019)

69 in their entirety, and to the foundations of winged. Admittedly, in recent years an open society. ”Traditional law jihadist terrorism has gained a wider enforcement techniques are insufficient to momentum. deal with the evolving trends in A study initiated by a member of radicalization”, a European Commission the European Parliament 207 , cited by the communication from the year 2014 French newspaper Le Parisien , reveals a underlines 204 . Radicalization evinces the tragic statistic: 1868 fatalities, as a result of traits of an unstable, disturbed terrorism, in the time-span from 2000-2018 personality 205 ; consequently, it disrupts the (out of which 1703 are victims of jihadist mechanisms which normalize human terrorism, 91,1% of the total number of relationships, or the relations between victims) 208 . Almost two decades of individual, family and community, violence and mass terrorist attacks. between various communities situated or Contrary to the general perception, the not in the same geographical region, or scope of organized terrorism is not strictly simply between an individual/ a group and killing, or producing economic damage, the state. but seeding hatred, fear and division in Thinking about radicalization as a society, between communities. phenomenon that occurs in a specific Thereby a proper medium for the context (social, political, economic, spread of fundamentalism and extremism locally, regionally or globally) we face the is created, with aggressive reactionary need for inter- and transdisciplinary propaganda proliferating and the register of reading and conjugated action. In its most debate being transferred to the problem of recent report regarding terrorism in radicalization, of the heightened receptivity Europe, Europol identifies various for indoctrination. ideologies 206 , which underlie terrorist and If radicalization is the one that extremist actions. Among these, one can basically determines terrorism and violent mention jihadist ideologies, those inspired extremism, how then could such actions by nationalist and separatist movements, as which are destructive to contemporary well as anarchist ones, be they left-or right- humanity be prevented? Could it be through constant effort to educate, to

204 Preventing Radicalisation to Terrorism and develop critical thinking, to awaken Violent Extremism: Strengthening the EU's consciousness, in accord with general Response , Communication from the Commission to human values and universal behavioural the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the guidelines? Radicalization suggests the Committee of the Regions, Brussels, 15/01/2014 (COM(2013) 941 final). 205 Mark Hecker, ”137 nuances de terrorisme. Les 207 „Un ‘livre noir’ fait le bilan de deux décennies djihadistes de France face à la justice ”, Focus de terrorisme en Europe”, Éric Pelletier, in Le stratégique , No 79, Ifri, April 2018, Parisien , 4/03/2019, online source: https://www.ifri.org/fr/publications/etudes-de- http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/un-livre-noir- lifri/focus-strategique/137-nuances-de-terrorisme- fait-bilan-de-deux-decennies-de-terrorisme-en- djihadistes-de-france-face, (15.11.2019) europe-04-03-2019-8024640.php., (15.11.2019) 206 European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend 208 See Le Livre blanc et noir du terrorisme en Report 2019 (TE-SAT), European Union Agency Europe 2000-2018 . Initiative de Maite for Law Enforcement Cooperation, Pagazaurtundúa, ALDE/AFVT, online source: https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities- http://www.bruxelles2.eu/wp- services/main-reports/terrorism-situation-and-trend- content/uploads/2019/03/livreblancnoirterrorismefr. report-2019-te-sat., (15.11.2019) pdf, (15.11.2019)

70 return to the unforgiving dark ages of an experimental construction site, without religious wars, a remote era in our any guarantee of success. historical chronology (mention should be There is an immense need for made that this periodization bears the educators, shapers, as much as for security European watermark), but which somehow specialists and operators: avoiding the has made its way back to the present. phenomenon is highly difficult, and the A rematch of the archaic spirit, mission of reducing the damage and the radicalization recalls a tenebrous past impact of these dramatic events is characterized by violence and social collective. injustice, by the disregard for human The safety of the future can come existence, and by irrational, immoral and only from education – the precise fraction insensitive manifestations, while of the budget so often neglected by the deradicalization appears as a modern tenet, political factor, whenever we are facing which implies elaborate deconstruction complicated crisis situations (of techniques of the mental, alternative psychological, structural, or global educational and social service methods, as nature).”In the charged post-tragedy well as considerable human and financial atmosphere, we tighten security…” resources. Considering that radicalization Because that is the (only) thing we do. is defined as a process through which the Unfortunately, the victims can no longer actions of a group become increasingly benefit from these new dispositions, with intransigent and tough politically and immediate effect. Let us then focus on the socially (according to the famous causes, and not only on the consequences. Larousse ), what could deradicalization In the European Parliament resolution of mean? Convictions are the sense of a 11 February 2015, adopted under the human being’s existence… if one takes emotional shock of the Charlie Hebdo them away, what is left? How can one attack, the term “radicalization” is used no remove fixed ideas from somebody’s less than… 19 times! Comparatively, the head? How does one remove the individual term “education“, in its adjective form from what has become the major “educational“ appears only once. significance of his life? Basically, all of the approximately seven Deradicalization in a strict sense pages of the text abound in propositions means extracting certain convictions from regarding measures to be taken for a way of being, removing the seeds of combating terrorism and violent radicalization, erasing those certainties and extremism, inviting Member States “to beliefs which have engrained the invest in schemes which address the root individual’s mind, as a result of a process causes of radicalisation, including of initiation and learning. And what does educational programmes, promoting one replaces all of these with, to rebuild integration, social inclusion, dialogue, the sense of existence? Another, novel participation, equality, tolerance and sense… this is where the role of the understanding among different cultures psychologist, sociologist, anthropologist, or the humanist par excellence comes in, and less of the expert in armed conflict, of the combatant. A titanic amount of work,

71 and religions, and rehabilitation But why does radicalization that programmes“209 . leads to terrorism spark our interest more How beautiful it all sounds! than, for example, the criminal negligence Tolerance, understanding, equality! Then of traffic participants, of drivers who we concretely resort to military street behave increasingly careless on the road patrols and increased border controls, on and cause serious accidents? Or the airports, at public concerts. Inevitably, radicalization of various movements in our exaggerations and abuse occur 210 , societies, such as conspiracy theories prompted by the desire to secure the which result in the battle against present, neglecting precisely those vaccination? essential aspects related to late and The number of victims, in a global inadequate investments in education and graphic, is much higher, in the case of not formation, with long term results. observing traffic rules or adopting The issue about tackling counter- extremist existential habits. Why are we terrorist measures generally is that they concerned more with the violence resulting appear after the actual attack, being from isolated terrorist attacks than with the modelled on the operational model and the everyday domestic one directed at our life data of the phenomenon that occurred. partners? The numbers are shattering! After which the cycle is taken up again. In Probably for the same reason why an air other words, it is a situational treadmill. traffic accident, which occurs much less The string of errors leans towards infinity, frequently, causes infinitely more fear and and humanity passively awaits the next heated debate in society than the thousands drill. Here is where, doubtlessly, the of traffic accidents, which happen much combination scheme of intelligence comes closer to us, with a much higher likelihood in, with its predictive-preventive role 211 . of affecting us. An attack which has occurred and about Our mind is caught up in which we all talk, may hide other increasingly complex social schemes, successfully prevented ones, but which subscribed to the same type of news remain unknown to the general public, (spectacular, sensational, profitable) and based on classified information 212 . gaining the same interpretative code (the information comprised in articles is not 209 European Parliament Resolution of 11 February subjected to personal filters, while critical 2015 on anti-terrorism measures (2015/2530 spirit and objective perspectives become (RSP)), point 6 210 With a racist tendency, like a police increasingly rare). announcement in Spain which recommends We act mechanically, unleashing heightened vigilance around „ persons of Arab origin ”, shortly after the Charlie Hebdo attack, a terrible storm and frightening scenarios. France 24 – Les Observateurs , 28/01/2015, One lives with the impression that https://observers.france24.com/fr/20150128- everyone is thinking of the same thing. espagne-police-recommandations-circulaire- individus-origine-arabe-securite, (5.10.2019) Collective delusion? The internet not only 211 „ La meilleure anticipation possible ” (the best transmits our messages, but also amplifies possible anticipation), in Bernard Squarcini, our anxieties. „ These massacres have Étienne Pellot, Renseignement français: nouveaux enjeux , Éditions Ellipses, Paris, 2013, p. 17 become the centre of the world, because 212 „ Il y a toujours des succès dont on ne peut pas parler… ” (there are always successes about which we cannot speak), ibidem , p. 104

72 nobody can think of anything else „213 , the government, offered him the opportunity to sociologist Gérald Bronner recalls, with write a book where rationalism and reason reference to those tragic moments, when he are in an obvious dispute with conspiracy found out about the Charlie Hebdo terror theories, with the abundance of fake news attack. From this point of view, the on social media, and the collective moment is decisive and historical, madness which triggers opinions and influencing numerous subsequent political stances defended in a thoroughly decisions on a local, European and aggressive manner. international level. It was however a first settlement, Furthermore, another important out of a series of 14. The promising aspect worth mentioning is: citizens, in initiative triggered right from the start their entirety, have become conscious of numerous debates and controversies. It the fact that some mystical beliefs and functioned for ten months, it housed only religious ideas, which were being nine voluntary patients and the costs were propagated around them and in their midst, of approximately… two million euro! It could have led to such abominable acts closed quicker than it had opened, by the and, consequently, have to be stopped. decision of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Thus, in September 2016, with a from the 28th of July 2017, much to the significant media attention, the first joy of the locals, frightened and disturbed deradicalization centre in France was by the vicinity with these Islamists arrived inaugurated (called Centre de prévention, for ideological rehab. d’insertion et de citoyenneté de A useless endeavour, the press Pontourny ), in Beaumont-en-Véron, close wrote, fuelled also by political sensitivities. to Chinon, three hours away from Paris. It But it is common knowledge that every should be observed that the centre did not failure bears a valuable lesson. Obviously, use, in its official title, the term the radicalization of individuals is much “deradicalization”, but the symbolic one less costly than their deradicalization. And “citizenship“, a place for rediscovering of another important aspect: we are talking civic behaviour and regaining the values of about a pilot-project where persons offered the Republic. “The only thing missing was voluntarily to participate, accepting the expression ‘sustainable development’, “therapy” freely. And why would they not? to dress this beautiful project in the clothes The location was welcoming, with a large of emptiness”214 , Gérald Bronner ironically park surrounding the XVIII th century remarks. It is worth mentioning that his mansion, individual rooms, sports and presence there, prompted by the French recreation facilities, an office to guard the privacy of the referents – psychological 213 Gérald Bronner, Déchéance de rationalité. Les counselling being central, a chapel for tribulations d’un homme de progrès dans un monde prayer, etc. In spite of this, the radicalized devenu fou , Éditions Grasset & Fasquelle, 2019, p. 14. Between 2013 and 2016, DGSI blocked 15 youngsters were not too eager to terrorist projects in France, signals Patrick Calvar, participate in the experiment. “It was an former general director of French internal security initial appreciation error”, the department’s agency, as part of a Parliament hearing, 10 May 2016 ( Compte-rendu No 47 , Commission de la prefect declared. There is a large target défense nationale et des forces armées, Assemblée group, but the persons on the point of Nationale, session ordinaire de 2015-2016) 214 Ibidem, p. 33 radicalization are not only difficult to

73 identify, but also difficult to convince to education he received in the centre was lost participate in such a project 215 . on him. Without a proper methodology of A topic which at that time stirred handling and evaluating activities, without heated debate in France, revolved around a laborious strategy as a backup, one of the former patients of the Pontourny deradicalization turns into a fiasco. And… centre, a „ fiché S „216 , who had been a luxury fiasco at that! In June 2018, the placed under police/DGSI observance 217 , 26-year old extremist was sentenced by the as being a threat to national security, and correctional court of Paris, to eight years of who had evinced prior interest to travel to prison. Syria, in order to join the Islamic State. He He had been friends with one of had failed twice to take the trip, and the the Bataclan kamikaze attackers 219 , momentary solution, maybe in order to together with whom he had tried to escape escape the rigors of the law, had been his to Syria the first time. On the other hand, voluntary enrolment in the French Gérald Bronner states, there were also government’s deradicalization programme. persons who did not seem to fit into this He remained in the centre for four centre. It was the case of a pregnant girl months, debating the efficiency of the suffering from autism, for whom system and declaring: “things made no admittance into radicalization “rehab” was sense, the educators did not know what to useless 220 . Or another case, where the make us do, they were taking us to visit person was rather a victim of a love affair castles, to walk in the zoo… “218 . The gone wrong 221 . Each one had their own life story, theirown way of seeing the world,

215 France Bleu Touraine , 28/07/2017 and also their own reasons for being there, and 29/12/2017, online source: consequently had to be treated https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/societe/retro-2017- individually. fermeture-du-centre-de-deradicalisation-de- beaumont-en-veron-1513333667, (10.10.2019) The major criterion for selection 216 In France, an „ S card ” is an individual file from proved somewhat irrelevant. The principle the File of Wanted People (FPR, Police Nationale). 222 It is not, therefore, a proof of guilt, but a part of of volunteering requires the combination what one calls a classic operation of surveillance. of consciousness and will, of feeling and The letter S is derived from the syntagm „ sûreté de reason. In other words, these youngsters l’État ” (state security). There is also a second instrument authorities can resort to, the File for had chosen the path of deradicalization signs of preventing terrorist radicalization (FSPRT), freely, as a result of a thinking process? which contains the names of the most dangerous radicalized individuals. At present, according to the press, over 20.000 persons are included in this radical-de-mustafa-s-trois-echecs-et-l-ombre-d-un- centralized database, the role of which is to identify kamikaze-11-06-2018-2226209_23.php, / detect possible threats to security on the French (7.10.2019) territory. See also „Terrorisme: qu’est-ce que la 219 Parisian concert hall targeted by the terrorist fiche„ S „?”, Samuel Laurent, in Le Monde , attacks of 13 November 2015, claimed by the 31/08/2015, online source: Islamic State https://www.lemonde.fr/les- 220 “Ils n’étaient pas fous, mais fanatiques ” (these decodeurs/article/2015/08/31/terrorisme-peut-on- youngsters were not mad, but fanatic), interview sanctionner-les-personnes-faisant-l-objet-d-une- with G. Bronner in La Nouvelle République , fiche-s_4741574_4355770.html, (10.10.2019) 2/05/2019, online source: 217 The General Directorate for Internal Security https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/tours/a- (French: Direction générale de la sécurité pontourny-ils-n-etaient-pas-fous-mais-fanatiques, intérieure , DGSI). (9.11.2019) 218 Le Point (AFP) , 11/06/2018, online source: 221 G. Bronner, op.cit. , pp. 206-210. https://www.lepoint.fr/societe/dans-l-itineraire- 222 Ibidem , pp. 69-73

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Had the awareness campaign been fruitful? end of January 2015, so immediately after Did they suffer and were requesting the Charlie Hebdo attack, the French society’s help? Difficult to imagine or to government launched an informational answer, even though the concept behind website educating citizens about the the centre, considered a third option, dangers of jihadism 225 . The pedagogical intermediary in nature, was preferable online platform is part of a larger national instead of the traditional incarceration device meant to prevent radicalization and method, which could bring about the to stop terrorist organizations propaganda. opposed result 223 or to living freely in Radicalization is the result of an society, where the individual had been evolutional, multifaceted process. It is not radicalized in the beginning 224 . just a conflict between the individual and What, then, would be a good society, but rather an issue of the recipe for long-term institutionalized individual’s relationship with society and a deradicalization? The compulsory warning signal regarding social commitment to closeed centres? dysfunctions, the values of diversity and Constraints placed on daily schedule? the forms of intercultural dialogue being Forced treatment citizen re-education? (a only apparently assimilated 226 . We are term that frightens, in its historical talking about specific paths of understanding). What would be the proper radicalization, of generally valid and duration for such „ therapy ”? What would favourable circumstances, as well as of a be the criteria of selection for the mixture of emotions associated with a „ candidates ”? How does one evaluate the different way of perceiving the world, a degree of radicalization, according to complicated scheme of social factors and which one later measures the results of the personal vectors. process? What would be the costs and who The observation according to would cover them? One last essential which ”it is almost impossible to detect a question; I believe that what we can affirm, person who will choose the path of beyond the shadow of a doubt, in light of radicalization, until they do not truly do past events, is that radicalization costs it”227 showcases the true complexity of the much less than deradicalization. topic at hand. A true game of hazard. And We could add that it is also a time is crucial in this equation. The speedier process. How can one fight a interval at our disposal between the product which implies minimal costs and is beginning of the individual’s at everyone’s disposal, especially through indoctrination (the phase of fascination), the internet? An easy to access progressive fanaticism (the radicalization phenomenon on a global level? Which has phase) and the moment when the sprung from a dynamics typical of our age, individual feels the need to pass on to as a result of the acceleration of human interaction and so-called cultural 225 The website is www.stop-djihadisme.gouv.fr, integration? I would like to add that at the (9.11.2019) 226 Bernard Squarcini, Étienne Pellot, op.cit. , p. 151 227 Alina Ieremie and Brându şa Gal, Radicalizarea. 223 We plan to talk over the issue of radicalization Rena şterea intoleran ţe, in ” Intelligence and deradicalization programmes in prisons in a Magazine”, S.R.I., 4 March 2019, future article. https://intelligence.sri.ro/radicalizarea-renasterea- 224 Ibidem , pp. 210-211 intolerantei/, (9.11.2019)

75 violent acts (the engagement phase) 228 , The challenge investigators have when he erupts, trying to demonstrate his to face, resides in uncovering the person’s convictions, to impose his cause, his motivation: the act of a psychologically superstitions, his worldview, at all costs, unbalanced person, or a premeditated turning into a real danger for society, is action, with a radical connotation? „These painfully short. undetectable profiles are our biggest fear, While I am writing these lines, an they can surface at any moment”, declares individual attacks and kills, with a white a specialized officer 231 . And the virtual weapon, haphazardly, multiple persons world of computers, of cyberspace, who were patiently waiting in a bus station favourites and amplifies the process that in Villeurbanne, in the suburbs of produces a „lone wolf”: no more training metropolitan Lyon. Wrong place, wrong camps and practical exercises are time, one might say. One person dead and required 232 , a few videos and online eight injured. The offender is caught alive, tutorials will do! It is extremely alarming but until the present moment his motif is that over 90% of jihadist recruiting is done unknown. Possibly of Afghan origin, through the internet and social media asylum seeker, bearded, with an empty, networks, purposeless glance, according to witnesses’ Professor Cristian Barna accounts 229 , the assassin’s profile has not argues 233 . A type of propaganda which been elaborated yet. A psychopath? A enjoys a large audience. Brainwashing „lonely wolf”? The attack was not claimed. continues to produce new identities, A new set of heated debates between (the between conspiracy theory and the devil’s extreme) left and right; tragedies which symbols. And if a brief love story is were instrumentalized by both politics and thrown into the mix, the battle is half won, media. In fact, as a former chief of the novelist Émilie Frèche concludes 234 . French internal security service 230 Let us commit to mind that „the mentions, no special training is required to main consumers of online content are shoot passers-by or children on city streets. young people, and from here spring the One does not necessarily need a strategy or high chances of intoxication”235 . „A an admittance request into the jihadist market of illusions” which many are International. tempted to explore, especially in an

228 S. Garcet, Adolescence et positions radicales: 231 Le Monde , 31 August, article cited previously exaltation identitaire ou vulnérabilité , Université de 232 Bernard Squarcini, Étienne Pellot, op.cit. , pp. Liège – Département de criminologie, 162-163. http://www.aidealajeunesse.cfwb.be/index.php?eID 233 Interview with Prof. Cristian Barna, by Vladimir =tx_nawsecuredl&u=0&g=0&hash=55e8750c55e8 Adrian Costea, in EuroPunkt , 31/03/2017, online 24281dbb26448f437f6e1a6548fa&file=fileadmin/si source: https://europunkt.ro/2017/03/31/interviu-cu- tes/ajss/upload/ajss_super_editor/DGAJ/Documents prof-univ-dr-cristian-barna-mediul-on-line-este-un- /Radicalisation/Garcet_- canal-de-recrutare-folosit-de-jihadisti-peste-90-din- _Adolescence_et_positions_radicales.pdf, recrutari-realizandu-se-in-acest-fel/, (19.11.2019) (9.11.2019) 234 Short interview with Émilie Frèche on the 229 According to a Breaking news in Le Monde , 31 concept of radicalization, 9 April 2018, online August 2019, online source: source: https://actu.fr/pays-de-la-loire/sille-le- https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2019/08/31/ guillaume_72334/la-radicalisation-lavage-cerveau- agression-a-villeurbanne-un-mort-et-au-moins-six- entre-theorie-complot-signe-diable_16228257.html, blesses_5504983_3224.html, (9.11.2019) (19.11.2019) 230 Bernard Squarcini, Étienne Pellot, op.cit. , p. 163 235 Ibidem.

76 economic and social vulnerability context sciences, the humanities, sociology, (let us consider the case of Mauritania 236 , a philosophy, anthropology, sociocultural country marked by insecurity and education. In spite of this, the following terrorism, where more than 50% of the aspect has to be mentioned: nowadays population is under 18, being vulnerable to violence is a much more reduced the influence of extremists). Over 9 million phenomenon than in the past. Let us teenagers have abandoned education, in the consider, for example, the phenomenon of Middle East and North Africa, a UNICEF terrorism: the attackers „kill very few report shows 237 . One of three young people, but manage to frighten billions and people… What will their chances for the to destabilize huge political structures”239 . future be? What path will they take? Once The emotional impact of an explosion Evil settles in the human mind, it is very nowadays can be much more intense than difficult to remove it. the material damage it produces. When radical opinions tend to One of Harari’s lessons faces us encourage violence, to legitimize with this precise paradox, comparing themselves through numerous extremist terrorism to „a small coin, that causes a lot behavioural patterns and hateful of noise in a large empty jar”240 . Its manifestations, and are based on a set of devastating effects are however a certainty: beliefs exclusively and firmly, things an armed attack of small dimensions, but become problematic 238 . These concerns which brings about panic and death, can justify the recent founding of a prevention lead to the fall of a government, to chaos centre for radicalization leading to violence and instability, or to the collapse of the by the city administration of Montréal, entire social order. with the support of the Québec government The modern state has created a and other community and institutional series of rules and institutions which are partners. meant to „keep political violence away The centre is a pioneer endeavour, from the public sphere”241 , from its for the region of Canada and North citizens. Its rational legitimacy springs also America, employing a multisectoral from the recognition of these effective approach and comprising in its structure competences, from the promise to prevent specialists in criminology, political and not to tolerate violence at all 242 , within its borders. The good news, Robert Sapolsky claims, is that „fewer and fewer 236 „Étude sur le rôle potentiel des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (TIC) dans la people are acting violently, while societies prévention de la radicalisation des adolescent(e)s et are trying to isolate them”243 . He also tries des jeunes”, United Nations Population Fund – UNFPA Mauritania, 2016, online source: to share the bad news with us: „the area of https://mauritania.unfpa.org/fr/submission/unfpa- action of the few violent ones is mauritanie-recrute-un-bureau- d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tude-pour- r%C3%A9aliser-une-%C3%A9tude-sur-le- r%C3%B4le-potentiel, (19.11.2019) 239 Yuval Noah Harari, 21 de lec ţii pentru secolul 237 UN News, 30 August 2019, online source: XXI , 163 (English edition: 21 Lessons for the 21st https://news.un.org/fr/story/2019/08/1050662, Century , 2018).Ed. Polirom, Ia şi, 2018, p. 23 (19.11.2019) 240 Ibidem , p. 169 238 Le Centre de prévention de la radicalisation 241 Ibidem , p. 168 menant à la violence, Québec-Canada, website: 242 Ibidem , p. 169 https://info-radical.org/fr/, (19.11.2019) 243 Robert Sapolsky, op.cit. , p. 70

77 increasingly bigger”244 , a consequence of fight between the good (most often, the the speed at which information travels, of West) and the evil (its opponents), between the increase of virtual social connections, believers and unbelievers, with reference of the impact a piece of news can have, to religiously motivated terrorism 248 . thousands of kilometres away, with the aid I recall a line commonly attributed of the internet, and last but not least, of the to Robert Benchley: „There are two types improvement in infrastructure and means of people in the world: those who divide of transportation, due to technological the world into two types of people and advancement. those who do not”. But it is not Deradicalization has to begin at religiousness per se which leads to the very roots of the follower’s belief supporting terrorism, as much as frequent system, to contribute to the conflict of participation in religious service and values between the individual baggage interaction with other followers, who (central values) and the group doctrine proclaim „a common identity, devotion, (collective values) 245 , to seeding doubt, and love and hate, […] stimulating hostility last but not least to developing critical towards other group” 249 . thinking in the individual 246 . Which are the Moreover, the projection of elements that made him believe blindly in another world, designed by heroic ”that certain something”? sacrifices, is extremely captivating 250 . Deconstruction is a long term Individuals hope that the future will bring endeavour, because it implies both them comfort and will avenge the present, demolition and rebuilding, with considered according to many people’s questionable chances of success. It is not vision, a fertile ground for injustices and enough to transmit to a radicalized or about hardship, for human weaknesses. The to be radicalized individual (how do we revolutionary dream that animates them guess which is which?) that what he is will offer them countless joys, a rematch doing or thinking is wrong, to denounce with everyone, a well-deserved reward his behaviour, mistakes, incoherence, and (like the 72 virgins, promised in exchange at the same time to show him „the true for absolute loyalty and proven courage). path”. It is precisely this type of universal The quote commonly attributed to Osama dichotomic vision, highlighting the bin Laden, possibly the most notorious differences between the ideological terrorist of all times, is illustrative: „We universe of the individual/group members/ organization and the rest of the world (me/us versus them), that aids radical 247 analyse processuelle et biographique des engagements and fuels the continuous engagements violents , Rapport de recherche pour la Mission de recherche Droit et Justice, 2017, online 244 Ibidem source (in HAL): https://halshs.archives- 245 Romy Sauvayre, „ Le changement de ‘croyances ouvertes.fr/halshs-01592825/document, invraisemblables’: essai de modélisation ”, in Pévet (18.11.2019) P., Sauvayre R. et Tiberghien G. (dir), Les sciences 248 Andreea-Cristina Mihai, „ Terorismul religios, o cognitives. Dépasser les frontières disciplinaires , ‘nou ă violen ţă arhaic ă’? „, in Studii de securitate , Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 2011, pp. 97- 12/05/2009, pp. 60-72, online source: 107. http://perspective.politice.ro/sites/default/files/2009 246 G. Bronner, op.cit. , p. 46 -12-05.pdf., (18.11.2019) 247 Xavier Crettiez, Sèze Romain, Saisir les 249 Robert Sapolsky, op.cit. , pp. 708-709. mécanismes de la radicalisation violente: pour une 250 G. Bronner, op.cit , pp. 59-63

78 love death. The United States love(s) life. there being, in addition, very tempting? This is the difference between us”251 . And what has actually happened there over In the end, I will return to the the duration of one year? Are we talking deradicalization centre in France, because about a series of specialized therapy the example of its ephemeral existence is sessions, individual and group ones? Was characteristic for the degree of inefficiency it a personalized educational programme? and superficiality we have reached in the A national plan for civic re- treatment of social phenomena. Nowadays’ education? An institutionalized effort of ultra-bureaucratic management inspires normalizing representations, behaviours horrors and errors, in the context that and beliefs? A process of ideological migration, terrorism, Islamic radicalism (cognitive) change and reclaiming and generally any type of fanaticism, youngsters from the realm of deviance and requires a common, personalized and long- criminality? Gérald Bronner underlines: term action on the part of states, ”The brain mobilizes impressive resources administrations and civil society in order not to renounce its system of organizations, a real understanding of the representation […] The empire of beliefs is complexity of demographical processes like an almost unconquerable citadel, and geopolitical mutations of the present. impossible to subdue over a short period of Professor Bronner, the observations time”252 . And Professor Romy Sauvayre, in and research of who have motivated the an ample paper on the sociology of present study, has tried to decode the sense beliefs 253 , concludes: more than six years, of this first endeavour on part of the from the onset of the first doubts, and a French authorities of reclaiming young series of factors, are required for the people on the threshold of radicalization by individual to abandon his convictions, to committing them to the Pontourny centre. renounce those ”unlikely” ideas, to Actually, considering the unusual distance himself from the sectary criteria of admission, based on voluntary movement that he had previously confinement, the very profile of the project embraced. is difficult to determine. What could we In a short video by the American call these youngsters? Clients, TV channel CBS 254 posted on the beneficiaries, patients, interns? Were they YouTube platform, we are shown considered dangerous or not, keeping in interesting images from a terrorist mind the open nature of the location (not rehabilitation centre in Saudi Arabia. We restricting freedom of movement)? Were are talking about former combatants in Al- they pseudo-inmates? Having developed a Qaeda and ISIS, returned from the conflict high criminal potential, what would zones in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria or Libya keeping them under surveillance require? and integrated in what is considered to be Or should they simply be considered volunteers in a public structure, conditions 252 G. Bronner, op.cit. , p. 40 253 Romy Sauvayre, Croire à l'incroyable. Anciens 251 See also „ ‘We Love Death as You Love Life’, et nouveaux adeptes , Paris, PUF, 2012 by Raffaello Pantucci. Homegrown terrorism in the 254 „ Terrorist rehab: Rare look inside Saudi de- UK still looms large ”, in Financial Times , radicalization program ”, CBS This Morning, 26/04/2015, online source: YouTube , 19/11/2014, online source: https://www.ft.com/content/8c4de55a-e46b-11e4- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JupSK4odKW 9039-00144feab7de, (18.11.2019) Q, (18.11.2019)

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”the best financed and the most stable afford 259 . In order to counter extremist deradicalization program in history”255 . superstitions, mentalities and practices one The complex of facilities shown in the needs to study them first, to decipher them, footage resembles on first sight a five star to understand their mechanisms of hotel: pools, gyms, instructors, vast spaces functioning. One needs to be a good and comfortable rooms which would spark listener, before attempting to be a good the jealousy of any demanding tourist. In policeman. And the system needs to allow spite of this, notwithstanding the success for a long-term strategy, not a few isolated rate (measured in the percentage of tactics placed in a triumphal or electoral relapse) 256 , the programme, unfolding on light or characterized by logic of various levels, was incapable of reclaiming circumstance. One also needs to address some of the most dangerous jihadist the question: is there sufficient will and militants. political coordination? Because the results Moreover, using this experiment of any educational program, of any plan of as a model for other states has its action for a country, are visible only over limitations, connected to specific local the course of years, and the probability that cultural factors 257 (credibility and authority there will be a shift of political power in of spiritual and religious leaders the meantime is high. ”Deradicalizing a involved 258 are crucial, an objective spirit would mean removing belief from a difficult to fulfil in the secular West), but brain ”, Gérald Bronner states. „ And even also to high costs, which other countries if such a thing were ethically justifiable – a facing the same problems could not source of never-ending debate – how could one go about achieving this? In truth, many have attempted to do this, but nobody has 255 Christopher Boucek, Saudi Arabia’s ‘Soft’ succeeded yet ”260 , the French sociologist Counterterrorism Strategy: Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Aftercare , Carnegie observes. In practice, matters are always Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie more complicated than they seem … Papers, Middle East Program, No 97 / Sept. 2008, p. 3, online source: „Finally, you don't have to choose https://carnegieendowment.org/files/cp97_boucek_ between being scientific and being saudi_final.pdf, (18.11.2019) compassionate ”. This is how Robert 256 Kamel al Khatti, article retrieved from the European Eye on Radicalisation platform, 10 June Sapolsky concludes his thoughts, 2019, online source: condensing his entire work – made up of https://eeradicalization.com/fr/pourquoi-le- the results of many years of practical programme-de-deradicalisation-darabie-saoudite- est-un-succes/, (18.11.2019) research - into one single sentence: „ It is 257 „ Though it is a Saudi response to a Saudi complicated ”261 . We have the duty to keep problem, […] deradicalization efforts are still being refined ”, in Marisa L. Porges, The Saudi trying. Deradicalization Experiment , Council on Foreign Relations, January 22, 2010, online source: https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/saudi- deradicalization-experiment, (18.11.2019) 259 Andreas Casptack, Deradicalization Programs 258 „Central to the success of the dialogue process in Saudi Arabia: A Case Study , Middle East has been the ability of the Saudi state to muster its Institute, June 10, 2015, online source: considerable religious authority to confer https://www.mei.edu/publications/deradicalization- legitimacy on the process […] This factor cannot be programs-saudi-arabia-case-study#_ftn3, understated: Detainees do not sit down with (18.11.2019) religious figures who lack credibility in the eyes of 260 G. Bronner, op.cit. , p. 51. fundamentalists and their admirers” 261 Robert Sapolsky, op.cit. , pp. 760-761.

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______Valentin Stelian B ĂDESCU The Romanian Institute of Legal Research of the Romanian Academy

TRANSFORMATIONS OF SOVEREIGNTY AND PUBLIC LAW IN THA NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN SPACE AFTER 1989

Abstract: The aim of this study is to arouse a debate involving specialists in the field of public law - theorists, practitioners, researchers - and is intended to be a forum for analysis of new research directions on the transformations of public law in the national and European space after the year 1989 and their influences on state sovereignty, as well as the administrative codification in our homeland, where this need for proceduralisation from several directions is felt: public administration, administrative litigation judges and administrative law practitioners. Especially now when we are offered, perhaps not by chance, the opportunity to discuss some conceptual and legal issues of social expression, at least for the last two decades in the attention of those interested in the administrative phenomenon. My daughter wants to have the opportunity to build a secure future in Romania; to study, to get involved in his country and to establish a family. And I think that we citizens, we have to take control of what is happening in our Romania. I want a safe Romania where the administrative law - material and procedural - is part of everyday life. The protection of citizens must be the first priority. The administration must be strengthened and the judicial system improved. We are one of the last states of the European Union that does not have a code of administrative procedure under the conditions of an accentuated Europeanization of administrative law. And regarding the Administrative Code, at the date of the appearance of this study, the Constitutional Court of Romania has already ruled, but it is still to decide, once again, on the unconstitutionality of our administrative Code, adopted by emergency ordinance! Keywords: Sovereignty; Public law; administration; Legal order of the European Union; Development paradigm Contact details of the E-mail: [email protected] author: Institutional affiliation of Romania Institute of Legal Research of the Romanian Academy the author: Institutions Calea 13 Septembrie no.13, corp B, et. 4, sector 5, Bucharest, cod postal 050711, address: Phone: 021/318 81 30, Fax: 021/318 24 53

Argumentum liberation of the nations of Eastern Europe The year 1989 - named on the under the communist regime. The release official website of the European Parliament revealed a picture painted in dark colors of as the Year of Miracles - brought the reality, which highlighted the contrast

83 between the two parts of the continent. countries, starting from a clear and From the beginning, the states released in complete analysis of reality 262 . 1989 have taken a single path, namely that Romania needs a change in the of real democratization, of effective present paradigm of development to face governance, in which citizens become the challenges of the 21st century. We are partners and beneficiaries of the political- living in a period marked by the process of administrative institutions. globalization, of increasing inequalities This path, which the citizens of and aggravation of the problems of Central and Eastern Europe wanted to go humanity. National administrative law can from the beginning, led to the accession to be one of the solutions and addresses these the European Union - all the states that challenges, proposing interstate regained their freedom in 1989 being today administrative cooperation based on the members of the European political and principles of respecting national administrative space. But this path meant- sovereignty and identity within a from the very beginning-the complete prosperous and invigorated European transformation of the constitutional, legal, Union. administrative, economic, social and moral The national sovereignty framework, which led to the adoption of represents, in the Romanian context, the adequate public policies and new desire to achieve a balance, a synthesis constitutions, new laws of public between the aspirations of the free-born administration and in property, business citizen, the society on which it depends environment, etc. All these public policies and by which it is defined and the context and new normative acts created another that allows the self-realization. This reality, closer to the models of articulated balance starts from the human being, the societies in the west of the continent. central actor who seeks an individual However, citizens feel the need for a balance and favorable conditions to be deeper transformation of the states and achieved. The favorable conditions are communities in which they live, which influenced by the society that has to forces the political and administrative support and motivate it and the decision makers to a higher quality environment in which it is found and can conduct, in relation to the highest find its balance. European standards. In any country, The role of the state in the context science is obliged to understand the of globalization and implicitly of realities in which people act, to find the Europeanization is to help achieve this best models for society and solutions to balance, not only for the current citizens, problems that everyday life cannot solve. but also for future generations. This is why To achieve these goals, researchers and my daughter wants to have the opportunity academics, along with practitioners, must to build a secure future in Romania; to constantly meet; have a deep, open study, to get involved in his country and to dialogue, following which to formulate establish a family. And for this, I think that new ideas and proposals for improving the we citizens, we have to take control over political, administrative, economic, social and social framework. Moral of their 262 https://evenimente.juridice.ro/2019/09/transform ari-ale-administratiei-si-dreptului-public-in-spatiul- national-si-european-dupa-anul-1989, (19.11.2019)

84 what is happening in our Romania. I want And for this reason, the aim of this a safe Romania where the administrative study is to arouse a debate that will involve law - material and procedural - is part of specialists in the field of public law and of everyday life. the Romanian and international The protection of citizens must be administrative sciences - theorists, the first priority. The administration must practitioners, researchers -, and is intended be strengthened and the judicial system to be a forum for analysis of the new improved. We are one of the last states of directions of research regarding the the European Union that does not have a adoption of the Code of administrative code of administrative procedure under the procedure in our homeland where this need conditions of an accentuated for proceduralization from several Europeanization of administrative law. But directions is felt acute: public let's not forget that in the US the administration, administrative litigation administrative procedure code was judges and administrative law elaborated by teachers and then submitted practitioners. Especially now in 2019 to the Government for approval. Even the proclaimed as the Omagial Year of the myth of e-government if it was overthrown Romanian Village, a faithful guardian of cannot save the administration and the church tradition and the national implicitly the administrative law from the culture, which was over time the space in real collapse. "E-gov has failed" or in a which the spiritual, cultural and moral more common approach, but which values of the nation were developed and actually summarizes the same sentence, "e- thus as he appreciated, in his reception government - talk". This myth is simply speech at the Romanian Academy, of June false; examples of the success of electronic 5, 1937, entitled "Praise of the Romanian governance will be found in other Village", the poet and philosopher Lucian countries. The reality is that few Blaga: "To live in the village means to live understand it and feel its presence. in the cosmic turmoil and in the There are few doubts that consciousness of a destiny emanating from researchers in this field have regarding the eternity. future of e-government and the utility of The pride of the village of being in everyday technologies. And there is the center of the world and of a destiny has something else, "when it is implemented, it kept us and saved us as a people over the will be left with availability". This is not centuries of misfortune. The village was only false, but also nonsense. not tempted and attracted to the history of We must understand that those others over our heads. He has kept his responsible for launching and maintaining virginity untouched in the autonomy of his this myth are those who "keep away" from poverty and mythology for times when he information technology, those who still can become the sure foundation of an prefer the traditional means of governance; authentic Romanian history”. 263 Similarly, in other words, digital illiterates, next to functional illiterates, graduates with 263 Lucian Blaga, Elogiul satului românesc , publicat diplomas, who pushed until the refusal of în ”Academia Român ă. Discursuri de recep ție”, the Romanian public administration. LXXI, Editura Imprimeria Na țional ă, depozitul general, Cartea Româneasc ă, Bucure ști, 1937, pp. 3-16

85 in his reception speech at the Romanian systems meet, the legislation of a country Academy on May 29, 1940, entitled must necessarily seek solutions to "Praise of the Romanian peasant", the normalize these relations in order to put inter-war writer Liviu Rebreanu spoke public life on a normal footing. about "the pure gold from the soul of the One of the solutions, with a positive Romanian peasant, which is in fact his effect, is the elaboration of laws and norms deep spirituality, the light of faith and hard of their application that regulate the norms work., of dedication and sacrifice as self- of coexistence on all levels (economic, giving and spiritual dedication over time social, cultural, moral, etc.), for at least and beyond”264 . two reasons. We are one to 101 years after the The first reason is that, by their Great Union's 1918 anniversary, a major nature the laws sometimes set a pre- anniversary moment that gives us, perhaps existing state of affairs, thus generalizing a not by chance, the opportunity to discuss norm established for public use, regardless some conceptual and legal issues of social of borders; other times, however, they fix expression, at least for the last two decades states of things arising from the need to in the attention of those interested in the harmonize at national level various actions administrative femininity. that tend to hinder each other in their The Great Union opened new evolution perspectives and transformations and from The second reason would be that a legal point of view the first problem was the successive laws are the ones that that of legislative unification throughout explain their mechanisms of application at the state. Viewed strictly in terms of the the institutional level and clarify the issues role it plays in a society, the legislation is of detail. This is why, after the Union from meant to arrange relationships between December 1, 1918, in Romania one can individuals, on the one hand, but also speak of a transitional period that extends, between individuals and state institutions, according to an opinion, until 1925, a whatever they may be, on the other. But period in which the legislative unification these relationships, which may naturally be aimed, first of all, at the creation of a state in a normal, stable society, may be of normality, meant to consolidate the modified, may be affected when, in a newly formed new state. This meant, as a society, a determined transitional period rule, maintaining those laws that were settles, in turn, from a decisive historical obviously needed, for example, for moment, such as was, for example, the administrative unification and the Union from December 1, 1918, after the elimination of those with double use or, achievement of the Romanian national more plastic said, of those who "go head to unitary state. Being a transitional period in head". which different concepts and laws of Essential to the success of the human and interinstitutional political legislative unification was the elaboration of "short and clear laws, meant to be applied", because, otherwise, a stubborn 264 Liviu Rebreanu, Laud ă țăranului român, publicat în ”Academia Român ă. Discursuri de law can create the impression that it was recep ție”, LXXVII, Bucure ști, Editura Imprimeria specifically designed so "to be more easily Na țional ă, depozitul general, Cartea Româneasc ă, Bucure ști, 1940, pp. 3-14 annihilated by the way of interpretation”.

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However, a custom of the legal procedure purpose of serving the public and to provides that the application of laws is facilitate relations between citizens or made "in spirit and not only in their form". between them and the state. In this case, Where and how were the laws applied, this general rule was due to the need to according to the universally valid precepts, change the mentality of the civil servant in recognized by the jurisprudence, as a first the sense that he had to be aware that he is step in the normalization of the at the disposal of the citizen, the taxpayer institutional relations that the kingdom of who pays for taxes, taxes, etc., and not vice Romania needed after December 1, 1918? versa. First of all it was the public administration This is all the more so in the but also the justice 265 . transition period through which the new Some theorists have divided the nation state created after the Great Union administration, from the point of view of was passing, when at least three types of the aim pursued, into three major groups. public servant mentalities met, namely: The first group that includes that of the official from the Old Kingdom, "administrations having a commercial or that of the official from the Austro system. industrial character and whose purpose is - Hungarian and that of the one who came to serve the public". These can be the from the former Tsarist Empire. Therefore, Railways, Post office, Telephone, in addition to issues related to changing the Telegraph, Communal services, etc., which mindset of the civil servant, an important are created and maintained directly or role, until its dissolution on April 4, 1920, indirectly from the citizens' money. That is was held by the Governing Council, why these administrations should be elected by the Grand National Assembly organized exclusively for the purpose of from December 1, 1918, from Alba Iulia as facilitating everything they need to bring. provisional government, managed The second group is the one of the economic, political, social, cultural, administrations "whose purpose is the religious, etc. with responsibility and application of laws", such as "tax professionalism. collection, customs, justice services, Returning to the contemporaneity, etc." 266 . in another transitional period that seems The third group is "a mixed group not to end, we express the hope, together comprising administrations that are law with all the people of good faith in this enforcement bodies. And at the same time, country, that a consensus will be created who should serve the public. This is where such as that of a century that would allow all the services from ministries and local the creation of a a reflection group on the government bodies come in”. announced issues, from a multidisciplinary All these groups of administrations perspective, of the law and of the science can apply a general rule regarding their of the law, which would simplify and remedy the Romanian law of all the abuses 265 Viorel Vân ătoru, Unificarea legislativ ă și committed on it during the nearly thirty administra ția local ă în Jude țul Hunedoara dup ă years since the coup in December 1989, in marea Unire , http://www.anuarulsargetia.ro/unificarea- order not to you also remember the legislativa-si-administratia-locala-in-judetul- ominous mischief of the right of hunedoara-dupa-marea-unire, (20.11.2019) 266 Idem

87 communist descent placed in the service of within the rule of law. It is well known that power, totally enslaved to it. real democracy cannot exist outside the In this regard, the recent and rule of law which, in turn, could not be massive recoding of the Romanian law conceived without its basic pillar - justice. carried out by the entry into force of the I believe that the EU will only be able to new legislative codes (civil-01.10.2011, secure its future if it is made up of Member civil procedure-15.02.2013, criminal and States with well-functioning and criminal procedure-29.01.2014), have consolidated institutions and development brought a series of changes in the levels as close as possible, with a high Romanian legal environment that are not respect for human rights. That's why I sheltered by critical formulations. think it's better to have criticism than to Taking me only after the criticize that you have no criticism. presentation of the reasons for these draft There are a limited number of codes, which says that they were inspired countries in the world that have an by about seven codes, [the new penal administrative code and perhaps not by codes], and the civil one from a federal chance are dictatorship countries that area beyond the ocean, they seem rather certainly have stability in substantive collages. Failures that even the legislation because no one dares to Constitutional Court of Romania contradict them. slaughtered, not to mention the harsh and Otherwise there are no justified criticism of the specialists. administrative codes as it is very difficult Obviously the new codes and the to keep the substantial part of the respective procedures, just a few years administrative law unchanged. As for my after their entry into force, have already opinion on the simultaneous adoption of received their baptism regarding their the two codes, but I fear that it will have interpretation and application in practice. the same fate to that Corpus Iuris, who, in In this time, the Constitutional the early 1990s, wanted a European mini- Court has established, by its decisions, that code, a right against the nature of the many of the articles included in these national law of to the sovereign states, codes, especially the criminal ones, are since the universe of laws is infinitely unconstitutional, which requires them to be larger than that of the Law. in line with those decided by the Law is the way in which the constitutional court. decision maker disposes of the rules that On the other hand, the deficiencies are imposed on people. 267 It is the heir of resulting from their application imply a Jesus, who designated the formulas by broader revision through the operation and which justice is expressed 268 ; but, based on other modifications and completions of the the idea of direction (directum), he adds codes closer to the requirements and values the ideas of justice to that of the line of of the company. Moreover, of equal conduct, already present in the Latin rule importance is the amendment and (ruler) or norm (echer). Ruler, chessboard, completion of the laws of justice, which should aim to strengthen the position and 267 Cătălin Vrabie, Elemente de e-guvernare , place that justice, as a public service, and Editura ProUniversitaria, Bucure ști, 2016 268 Alain Supiot, Homo Juridicus , Editura Rosetti the body of magistrates must occupy Educa ţional, Bucure şti, 2011

88 lines and right angles: with Law, justice difficult 269 . I recently read a book by the becomes a problem of geometric Peruvian writer Varga Llosa, which was representation rather than case law; it titled The World of the show, a very derives rather from a measurement than interesting and surprising book; because in from a conciliation, although it is always this book, the great Peruvian writer spoke ultimately, according to the famous of the crisis of the West. But that's formulation of Digeste, to attribute to each probably been talked about 50 years ago, one what is right (suum cuique tribuere). probably. I remember the fact that Paul This is why the word Right, in its Negulescu, a well-known professor of objective sense of normative architecture, administrative law, wrote a book, The does not have an exact equivalent in Destiny of Humanity, and spoke about this common law countries. Here, we translate crisis, about the conflict between the Law through Law, but the primary source generations, so nothing new under the sun. of Law, in the UK or in the United States, But I want to say that Varga Llosa was is to be found in the judicial precedent, and talking about light education, about light not in the codes, rather in the cases cut by literature, about light cinema, about light the judge than in the ways indicated by the architecture - that is to say that everything state. And especially, like the idea of law is mockery. in the continental space (law, law, Gesetz), An extraordinary writer who the idea of law also includes the rules over fascinated me; and his life and Varga which people have no control: the Law of Llosa's work was interesting. He lived in Moses or the Law of Islam, the laws of the United States, France for a while, then Kepler or Newton, those of in Spain and ran for presidential elections thermodynamics or universal gravity. Lex, in the early 1990s. The counter-candidate whose primary sense was religious, of his reign was Fujimori. Varga Llosa was exposes yet another imperative, a power a modest man, but he had no political that is imposed on people. support. Even though he was a great writer, But it can also be understood as a a great personality, because he was already physical or metaphysical power rather than a Nobel Prize winner for Literature and he a human power. While the idea of law is lost, appreciated in his country probably peculiar to legal thinking, allowing the was not. He wrote a book afterwards - El jurist to close in his own system of norms, pez en el agua. It's just about his life and the one of law is also the problem of his competition with Fujimori. And religion and science, thus allowing us to Fujimori was a farmer, he was an unknown perceive the different normative registers illustrator. But he took his tractor and that structure western thinking. For this crossed this country, which is about five way of thinking in the terms of the law times as much as Romania, campaigning does not come by itself and has nothing from village to village. And he became universal in it. Perception allows us to see president. with other eyes what we call the dynamics The story is more complicated, of the West. after which he was convicted of fraud. I But, I couldn't help but notice your attention with a few reflections. I think we 269 P. P. Negulescu, Destinul omenirii (vol.1,2,4) Funda ția pentru Literatur ă și Art ă „Regele Carol live in a complicated time, not to say II”, Bucure ști, 1938

89 made this brief foray into the recent history rigorously organized around the vision of a of a prominent personality of universal unique subject. From where the literature in order to reveal in this way the ambivalence of their invention, world of today, a world in which I no contemplated by Panofsky: "We are all longer find myself, a world too civilized entitled to conceive the history of the for me, in which the law, especially the perspective as a triumph of the meaning of one administrative law must be revitalized, reality, constitutive of distance and and the norms of the Reneual Code of objectivity, as a triumph of this desire for administrative procedure of the European power that animates man and deny any Union can offer a remedy to the Romanian distance, as a systematization and administrative law. stabilization of the outer world as an extension of the sphere of the Ego." 271 Some theoretical aspects regarding the What Panofsky says here about the correlation between the norms of the invention of the laws of perspective might Renewed Administrative Procedure deceptively correspond to the invention of Code of the European Union with human laws and the laws of science freed Romanian Administrative Law from any metaphysical reference. On the To address the current situation, we one hand, these laws operate "a must understand the ambivalence of this systematization and stabilization of the secularization, this disassembly of laws, outside world". such as the statues of the Renaissance, They submit to the dominance of departs from the cathedrals to populate objectivity the relationships between markets and gardens. people and the relationships of people with The history of art, precisely, is able nature. Conceived as a general and abstract to explain. She follows a parallel course norm, human law is imposed on everyone with the history of Law or Sciences. alike, including the State of Law that is its The mathematization of space in living source, while the law of science painting by the discovery of the laws of submits our relationship with the world of perspective preceded it even by the one the causality principle, and excludes operated in the sciences by Kepler's laws. miraculous or divine intervention. The ancient Orient, Classical Antiquity and The force of these laws is even the Middle Ages had more or less rejected greater as we conceive them as elements of the prospect "because it seemed to a logical body that links them to each introduce an individual and accidental other. But, on the other hand, these laws factor into an otherwise extra-subjective or operate an "expansion of the sphere of the over-subjective world 270 . This was Ego" because the center of the logical body particularly authentic in religious art; the is found in Reason, ie in the human brain image of the Future could not be subjected (the vision of the painter corresponds to the to an individual point of view that it was Cartesian cogito of science theory, or will intended to overcome. sovereign state legislator). If the medieval According to the laws of man occupies only a place subordinated to perspective, on the contrary, the image is

271 Auguste Comte Catéchisme positiviste , 270 A. Supiot, op. cit. p.103. Gallimard, Paris, 1852

90 the divine, the modern man will be able to abandoned to discover, by means of stable, imagine himself as the intellectual center general laws and abstracts, a world whose of the world. By the rule of law, he himself complexity escapes: the law becomes a will lay the order of human society; and by rule of limited validity or even fades in the discovering the laws of science, he will face of transactions and conventions. By find the means by which to master nature. obeying the principle of reality, the law has These two aspects were, moreover, kept its own promises in the vision of St. closely related to the era of the Lights, in Paul or Luther: to persuade the Man of his which the idea of laying the Law on human helplessness and to teach him to lose self- nature, using the method of physical and confidence. As in Kafka's parable, he will mathematical science, was cultivated. We spend his life waiting for the Law gates to need to examine more closely where each open, counting the lions that leap from the of these two dimensions has led each other guard's beard. 272 Will he break this gate, if we want to establish the place of laws in decipher a law behind which you will find contemporary thinking. another thousand, a thousand times more To the extent that it has triumphed difficult to distinguish? in the sense of reality, the law has Dürer’s Melencollean I had already progressively appeared inaccessible to expressed, at the dawn of modern times, human reason and has left room for other this feeling of reasonlessness in perceiving notions (paradigms, models, ideal ideas, the complexity of the world, and the structures, transactions, domains, systems, nostalgia of the now-gone era in which conventions, etc.) avatars. In the nineteenth thought could be based on the divine law. century, however, in the order of natural But apart from its religious root, the sciences, scholars gathered in international law also freed the "desire for power that congresses to decide what scientific law dwells in man and deny any difference." was in certain controversial points. Today, As the place of the divine law became the notion of law (eg Newton's laws) is vacant, Man could not miss the chance to only allowed within restricted limits of occupy himself and maintain the very validity. Physicists admitted, with founding discourse of any law. Such a Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, that discourse was not likely to flourish but to there is an element not covered by the laws obtain legitimacy comparable to that of the of the infinite little, something that is not natural sciences, thus translating the subject to the principle of causality, as we methods of these sciences into the study of understand it through the idea of law. From man and society. Auguste Comte is the one the perspective of human sciences, Freud's who has expressed this idea with greater unconscious discovery led in a similar way clarity. to recognizing in Man a dark part that The disappearance of a supernatural functions as a language, but which evades source, which alone could evade the law of logical determination. Finally, in the human interpretation, leaves no room in its institutional order, the rule of law and the 272 law resist and still rest, but we cannot say This was the only story Kafpka accepted to publish during his lifetime fom the whole text of that they are entitled to stand. The Trial. The story can be found in the ninth As a prey to new forms of chapter of the editions published after Kafka’s death, Œuvres complétes, vol. I, Gallimard, feudalism, the state seems to have „Bibliothéque de la Pléiade”, pp. 453-455

91 view only to the laws revealed by the study the destiny of people (the laws of history, of nature. 273 From where the foundation of economy, society, etc.). 274 a new science, called sociology, and the Instead, ideologically and discovery of the "laws of the three states", politically, this project has been a great which provide the key to the historical success, because it opens the desire for development of human societies, and power that dwells in every man unlimited enable the emergence of a society without horizons. In other words, he opened the the Law. Auguste Comte hoped that it gates of madness. The totalitarian systems would be possible, in portions of Saint- that marked the twentieth century allow us Simon's formula (to whom he had been a to see exactly where the delusional point of disciple), to replace the administration of the scientific control project of the society things with the rule of men. is. This certainty that the scientific and They are not in their likenesses, technical norm was called to replace which are enough, with religions. Surely, completely human law is found in the among those who trust in the instruments Marxist critique of law. Faced with the of the divine law and those who trust in the injustices of their time, Saint-Simon, instruments of the law of history Comte and Marx dreamed of a liberation of (according to which only the most humanity which, after descending deity, advanced class survives) or Nature found in the laws of Science the means of (according to which only the most able breaking off from the power of states. ones survive), there is more than one The tripartite of laws (divine, similarity; and the numerical comparisons natural and human), the Philosophy of of the massacres committed in the name of Lights has substituted the duality of natural one or other of these laws are not such as and human laws, united under the aegis of to mark the difference between them. Reason. Wanting to reduce this duality, For this difference is elsewhere. emerging social sciences have understood The divine law (in the religions of the to establish the legislative sovereignty of Book), like the law of the Republic today, Science, and to discredit the theology of always addresses Man as a subject; it which they have taken their place in the confers identity and at the same time universities and the Law in a single affirms its freedom and responsibility movement. (especially the freedom to violate the Law On a scientific plan, this project and thus to impose sanctions). The laws of was doomed to failure, for it was subject to science, on the contrary, represent Man as the search for the laws of implants to know an object; they explain it by reporting what the limits of its understanding. it is or what it does to objective As social sciences accumulated an determinations that obviously do not unprecedented amount of knowledge, the engage its responsibility. complexity of what they discovered The law of science does not know revealed the vanity of affirmation of the the distinction between innocent and alarming laws that ultimately determined guilty; she knows only clues of causes and

273 Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism , 274 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf , Editura Pacifica, Editeur Harcourt Brance, 1951 Bucure și, 1993, p. 338

92 effects. In this direction, since the sixteenth puppet at the service of the Party, an century, the Spanish theologian Suarez apparent government serving to conceal wrote that we can speak of law only by the real places of power. "The state, wrote metaphor, "it is about things that do not Hitler, is not a substance, but a form"278 . escape it". They also emptied the positive law, To claim the laws of society on the keeping only its name. "We model the laws of Science suppose no longer lives of our peoples, and our legislation consider people as subjects, beings complies with the verdicts of genetics," endowed with reason, but as objects, like says the Hitlerite Youth Handbook 279 . particles in a magnetic field or as animals Hitler repeatedly repeated that "the state on a farm, as "things that lack reason". does not command us, but we command Hitler could say about himself: "I am only the state" and that "the state is only a a a magnet that constantly moves through means of achieving a goal; the purpose is the German nation to extract the steel” 275 . to preserve the race"280 . The analogy with the laws of physics The extermination policy carried deserves to stop it: Hitler does not claim to out by the Nazis was not just about killing act in the name of a distinct law, but claims millions of women, men and children in to be its direct incarnation, the active the name of racing. It also consisted of object. "In a world, he continues, in which different legal layers that made it subject to the planets and the astrologers follow the law: to withdraw the full civilian capacity, circular trajectories, in which the satellites to cancel their professional status (and not revolve around the planets, in which the just the profession), then to the patrimony power reigns everywhere and is the sole (and not only the property), then to master of weakness, which it constrains to nationality in the stateless), then the name serve under or otherwise"276 . (making them some figures), that is to The language of the Third Reich deny them the quality of human being was the crucible of concepts such as" before taking their life. human material, "which reduces the world And the executioners do not act in of people to that of objects. The the name of a law of the Race, they elimination of the right subject in the name represent this law, and any distance of Science is the delusional point in which between it and them is totally denied; were anthracite totalitarian thinking 277 . invited to consider themselves as some If the denial of the law guarantees mechanisms driven by higher forces and to the identity and rights of individuals is thus break free from any sense of responsibility the hallmark of totalitarianism, it is or guilt. because he wants to be the instrument of a The political reference to it claimed stronger law, of a scientific and scientific laws (the "biological" law of the superhuman law that disregards the state survival of the most apt race, or the and the positive law. Communism and "historical" law of the dominance of the Nazism have conceived the state as a mere "motor" class of history) implies annihilation of the anthropological

275 H. Arendt, op. cit ., p. 185 276 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf , Editura Pacifica, 278 Ibidem, p. 286 Bucure și, 1993, p. 393 279 A. Supiot, op. cit. , p. 108 277 H. Arendt, op. cit. , p. 76 280 Idem

93 function of positive laws. The latter To quote Hannah Arendt for a long actually have the role, as Hannah Arendt time is a way of reminding that for her the wrote, "to raise barriers and to organize killing of the Jews committed by the Nazis ways of communication between people was "the fundamental experience of our whose communities are constantly age and its fundamental disaster" that threatened by the newborn people. With starting from this foundation we must try every new advent in the world, a new to build "new knowledge of man" and that beginning is born in the world; it is a new this history does not offer "any argument world that is becoming virtual. susceptible to serve a political purpose, Stability of laws responds to the whatever it is". It does not seem that these perpetual motion of all human affairs, a lessons have actually been learned. movement that can never stop as long as On the one hand, the people are born and die. The law embraces anthropological function of positive laws is each new beginning with limits and, at the negative, including in legal classifications. same time, ensures freedom of movement, On the other hand, we do not agree the possibility that it brings what it is all to appeal to ethics (the product is found in new and unpredictable. The barriers to multiple versions: bioethics, ethics of positive laws are for the political existence business, etc.), submitting to us without of man what memory is for his historical knowing the advice given by Hitler to existence: they guarantee the preexistence German lawyers in 1933: "The totalitarian of a common world, the reality of a certain state must ignore any difference between continuity that transcends the life of each law and ethics"281 . generation, absorbs all new beginnings and A "mirror effect" reigns, thus nourishes them". leading the undoubtedly denouncers of Talking about the anthropological totalitarianism to be governed today in the function of laws allows us to emerge from manner they denounced. For thinking that endless debates on Justice, highlighting the the Nazis are only men like us means need to guarantee every new generation a already thinking like them; wanting to burn "already there," which Arendt calls here books of fire amateurs means to brighten "the preexistence of a common world their ranks; to write an official Truth in transcending the life of each individual criminal law means not to believe in the generations". force of historical truth. In a word, This need is specific to the human "totalitarian inheritance is fueling our being as a symbolic animal, which, unlike social practices from now on." other animals, perceives and organizes the That is why justice must be the world through the language filter. This cornerstone of a democratic state. If we does not mean that Western law or have a good justice, we will have a good constructions are the only means of economy and be a prosperous country. I ensuring this anthropological function. am convinced that there are very many This was the Western manner, but there are middle-class people in the legal world; others, among the first ones being the

Chinese one, which is based on ties, not 281 Jens Peter, Herwig Schneider, C.H Hofmann, laws, rites, and not rules. Jacques Ziller, Dacian C. Dragos, Codul reneual de procedur ă administrativ ă a Uniunii Europene , Editura Universul Juridic, Bucure şti, 2016

94 even from the younger generation. But if soon the EU Administrative Procedure we can do something, we can only do it Law 283 . with perseverance, with little ambition and From this perspective, its influence a lot of work. Einstein's speech, I am on national law systems will be convinced that only 10% is inspiration; the remarkable, at least in mixed procedures, rest is sweating. And I add something. I involving the implementation of European recently read a book written by two law. For Romania, which unfortunately American journalists. It is titled, Why does not yet have a law of administrative Nations Fail 282 . We all know the answer: procedure, the Code can be a model of success or failure is due to the way the good administrative practices and country is managed; the way in which principles of administrative law relevant to governance is achieved. But, attention, we public administration and administrative cannot have a better government than we courts, given that the draft Code are. summarizes these practices and principles That, ultimately, the governors, the at European level. Ț MPs, are our representatives. Those whom Even for this reason, the scientific we have chosen or whom the authorities research of Romanian administrative law is have appointed the competent institutions crushed between the annoyance of the that we have chosen. The life of the Romanian proponent's impotence and the fortress is in a complex dynamics, and for hammer of the European Union's exigency. its good functioning it needs well-informed citizens interested in the well-being of the The scientific research of the Romanian society in which they live. So the crucial administrative law crushed between the legislative issue, today, is the quality of the annihilation of the Romanian normative act and let us, perhaps, give up proponent's inability and the this legislative industry. And the laws requirements of the European Union should be very stable. That is why I have I think it should be noted from the proposed to speak in the next section about beginning that although the modern the influence of the ReNEU Code of Romanian law system begins with the Administrative Procedure of the European adoption of codes during Cuza's time, Union, elaborated at the initiative of the however, the roots of Romanian legal life European Union Administrative Research are older and we are not only referring to Network (ReNEUAL), which aims to the customary law, the old Romanian law , ensure the transposition of the we are actually considering a continuity of constitutional values of the European Byzantine Roman Law. We must not Union the administrative procedure forget that, in fact, the Justinian Code is a concerning the administrative Roman Law Code; and we must not forget implementation of Union legislation and that afterwards this code was applied in the policy with a high chance of becoming Byzantine Empire. In one way or another, with more or less interventions determined

282 James A. Robinson; Daron Acemoglu, De ce eșueaz ă na țiunile. Originile puterii, ale 283 Verginia Vedina ș, Codul administrativ – Legea prosperit ății și ale s ărăciei , Editura Polis, anului 2018, in „Universul Juridic” No. 7, iulie Bucure şti, 2016 2018, pp. 9-17

95 by the adoption of the Christian religion as As a rule, she was relatively a religion of the Byzantine Empire. abandoned after the elections, others being But in Romania, at least in the priorities for those who regularly take Moldavia and Wallachia, this takeover of over the reins of the government. We say laws, of Byzantine tradition regulates, in "relatively", because in almost three fact, a continuity of Roman law on this decades, serious steps have been taken to territory, in a specific form. And I would create collectives for the elaboration of not ignore these roots that the modern draft Administrative Codes. "Personally, Romanian legal system has, we must not with reputed and recognized specialists in limit ourselves to the codes adopted by the field, from all schools who were part of Cuza, there are also older roots that show the team that had the chance to finalize the the continuity of Roman law on the project, which, with some modifications territory of the Romanian countries. It is brought by the MPs, inherent to the true that today, almost 30 years after the legislative process. As it is known, the fall of communism, we relaunch the Code was not promulgated by the interwar and antitebellar tradition of President of Romania, moreover, the Romanian law, a tradition which means, Constitutional Court of Romania was among other things, the preservation of notified of the unconstitutionality of the constants, but on the other hand it also Law on the Administrative Code of means taking over all the new elements Romania. have developed in the Roman-German Awaiting the motivation of the system and even in the Common Law decision of our "constitutional lawmaker" system. who declared the non-fortuitous law in the Finally, we report today not just to integrity, we will confront some aspects of a system of law or another; we are the current legislation in the field of referring to EU law and, to put it right, the administration in terms of the requirements polar star of our legal system is European of a good functioning of the Union law 284 . administration, as we have a busy Starting from these premises, we legislation, which co-exists with several find that "the problem of coding regulations, hence the risk of administrative law has been concerned inconsistencies or uncovered areas. It with servants of this branch of law for a should be unified, using unitary long time, the draft of an Administrative terminology for the same legal realities, by Code has "haunted "many minds supplementing, correlating and clarifying concerned with the fate of the issues related principally to the occupation administration. After 1990, he became one of public functions, to the incompatibility of the issues that have stirred the political regime, and to the legal regime of public world, the governors, who have assumed it and private property of the state in the as a political project consistently included administrative- so that we have a clearer, in government programs. predictable and predictable regulation and take into account the decisions of the Constitutional Court and the European 284 https://www.universuljuridic.ro/daca-pe- directives that must be transposed into marginea-vechiului-cod-civil-adoptat-de-cuza-s-a- discutat-peste-100-de-ani, (19.11.2019) national law as the last quarter of a century

96 in which the Romanian public administration, through an Administrative administration was properly organized for Code and a Code of Administrative a state democratic, has witnessed an Procedure, was established in 2001 as part increasing mass of normative acts in force of the governance programs and legislative in the field of public administration. programs. Therefore, on the basis of the At present, the inflation of the analysis documents elaborated during the normative acts issued and the frequent process of substantiating the draft changes in the regulations that were Administrative Code, other analyzes necessary in the process of their carried out on the system of public implementation generated parallelisms, administration (field analyzes, functional overlaps and, implicitly, in practice, analyzes, analyzes regarding the implementation difficulties. application of normative acts, etc.) and As solutions to solving these following the meetings of consultation problems, we have: simplifying and with the representatives of the central and restricting legislation, achieving a unitary local public administration revealed a legal framework in a certain area, and series of malfunctions of the legislation clarifying a specific topic; simplifying the applicable to the public administration, set beneficiaries' access to the legislation in out in the Document containing the main force, improving its application. conclusions of the studies comprising the Concerning codification initiatives, the guidelines of the overall design of the draft options under consideration go from the Administrative Code and which, in elaboration of single sector laws essence, malfunctions of legislative (Portugal), to field law collections (codesx technique and regulatory malfunctions. - France) and sectoral coding (France, Dysfunctions of legislative technique were Germany), but none of these states there is considered: the lack of uniform definitions no Single Administrative Code that of the main concepts in the public integrates in a unitary and systematized administration; redundant and parallel manner the legislation in several areas of legal provisions; the existence of public administration. contradictory legal rules; the legal vacuum The problems of the Romanian and the difficulties in applying the legal legislative framework, including in the provisions in force generated by unclear field of public administration, are known and unrelated legal norms. by the state authorities, which, through Finally, all have been clarified and several strategic and programmatic correlated, and now, at the time of editing documents, state the need for this study, we have an unconstitutional rationalization and systematization of Administrative Code! Will these regulations, including coding tools. This embarrassments strengthen the need is also highlighted in the context of consciousness of the values of the European Union, which places constitutional democracy!? I hope that, particular emphasis on "good governance" beyond some objections that, for one and "smart regulation". reason or another, are made in a very vocal The intention of the Romanian way; beyond the attacks that exist in the Governments to codify the legal media, the Romanian legal system will framework in the field of public remain founded on the values of

97 constitutional democracy. And that means complex, interactive and fluid. Especially that everything that we have gained in in the area of public administration, which these years since the fall of communism is, through its specificity, a complex field. should not be lost. Its scope of activity ranges from the Obviously, there are things that administration of some communities to the need to be improved, there are some administration and governance of the imperfections, there are many ballasts, and country. And when we refer to the country, there is still a lot of leech. But we do not we have in mind both "the problems have to throw the baby with the dirty water inside", to express ourselves in the from the cops. The Romanian legal system Romanian archaic speech, the chronicles has a good, good part, which is first of all and the first laws, and the ones from the based on European values, the values of outside. And the latter influence not only constitutional democracy - this part must us, the destiny of a state and a people, but be preserved, which is really necessary to also the countries with which we enter into be removed, but to take care, as I said, not various relationships, in regional or to we throw away the dirty water from the international structures. 286 cop and the baby. The child must be kept. The complexity and magnitude of And that in fact means the system of the administrative phenomenon raises an values specific to constitutional appetite for lawmaking, trying to keep up democracy 285 . What are the implications with the multitude of forms in which it and expected results of administrative materializes and acts. Although regulation codification? In a brief enumeration that is trying to solve the problems, simplifying cannot be considered exhaustive, we will the paths, in reality, the consequence is, as try to present them in the concluding a rule, the opposite. sentences below. And instead of reducing bureaucracy, reducing procedures, Conclusions simplifying paths, more complicated. We As we have seen on other similar have constantly drawn attention to the fact occasions, through this scientific approach, that not only is it regulated, it is this study seeks to reaffirm its position of "overregulated", but it also regulates badly. reflection on the law, the laboratory of In addition to the agglomeration of legal legal thinking open to different schools and normality, we are also confronted with the legal traditions, to promote not only rhythm, with an instability with which it is national diversity, and not by a validation hard to keep up, along with the concern to court on theoretical legal ideas and find legal solutions not general but rather constructions, in the conditions of punctual, the Constitutional Court, called pluralism, controversy, dialogue and to order in this "despair" of the debate, creativity and legal prospect, in a phenomenon of legal normality, constantly more and more unpredictable global world draws attention to the fact that public where contemporary law reveals that the authorities have to exercise their legal world is multiple, heterogeneous, competence within the constitutional limits, not arbitrarily.

285 Ioan Petru Culianu, Religie şi putere , Editura Nemira, Bucure şti, 1996, p. 115 286 Ibidem, p. 206.

98

Referring to the law, she has stated the objectivity of values, the rationalism of that "accepting the idea that Parliament can Marxism, and the analytic of language. We exercise its discretionary powers of law at express our view that a conceptual or any time and under any circumstances, by global concept of administrative law in the adopting laws in areas exclusively contemporary world can be understood, in belonging to infra-legal, administrative, a Hegelian manner, as an open concept, would amount to a departure from the always enriched in different weights and constitutional prerogatives of this authority degrees, by the various philosophical enshrined in Art. 61 par. (1) of the approaches in particularly complex Constitution and transforming it into relationships, interactions, mutual executive public authority. „Mutatis reincarnations, interferences, mutandis, nor the Government, as a contradictions and mutual ignorance, delegated legislator, cannot substitute for disputes, dialectical passes, etc. the Parliament, which is the only The ever-increasing vision is to legislative body, turning into legislation 287 . connect the scientific approach to all the In this context, the modern diversity of its currents to the general paradigm of mechanical order is overcome. network of knowledge, each demonstrating The study of the law is made from a its potential for solving contemporary variety of perspectives, pointing to problems alongside other entities of uncertainty and injustice. If we cannot knowledge. We cannot omit the fact that capture the absolute perspective of God's the scientific research has revealed, in the Eye, we can set up various legitimate way, the anecdotal way of Law, among perspectives, depending on the position of cultures and civilizations, as a prime actor the legal-legislator, the judge, the lawyer, of society, under the sign of pluralism and the doctrinaire, etc., emphasizing the multiculturalism, but also with the hope of importance of the solution of setting up a global legal rationality, to transdisciplinary. Legal pluralism, a contribute to solving the problems of behavior guided by several legal orders, contemporary society in accordance with becomes a new paradigm of law. In this the values of humanity. Of course, I could context, reflection on the law takes place only present a few notations on such a vast under the sign of philosophical pluralism. and controversial issue, in a multiplicity of Postmodernism, recognizing its meanings and hypostases, about legitimacy contributions, does not grasp and cannot and criticism, validity and controversy, grasp the philosophical space if at least we vulnerability and coherence, interrogations are considering a cardinal term promoted- and anxieties, cognitive resources and deconstruction. relative and limited actions, but capable of Undoubtedly, in contemporary contributing to the prospect of times, we can emphasize the coexistence of administrative law, solving national schools and currents such as: the problems, and cultivating desirable social philosophy of natural law, positivism, trends. utilitarianism, the historical school of law, At the same time, it would be desirable for these debates of topical 287 Emilia Şercan, Fabrica de doctorate sau cum se issues, which are in the attention of the surp ă fundamentele unei na ţii , Editura Humanitas, Bucure şti, 2017, p. 29 lawyers and the society as a whole, to

99 pursue coherently the transmission of a That is why it is time for lawyers to message of unity and solidarity to the be more united than ever and to send a Romanian jurists, as well as a plea with strong message to the rule of law and the arguments theoretical and practical in order independence of the judiciary. In to support and strengthen the rule of law conceiving this study, we started from the based on independent, impartial, strong premise of the importance of the public and professional justice, to be carried out administration and civil servant for the in strict compliance with the law, human enhancement of the quality of the act of rights and fundamental freedoms both justice. Also, given the solutions and within the public administration. Romania measures that have proved their today needs more than ever a clear, effectiveness in previous years, I did not concise, predictable legislation that will propose an exhaustive analysis of the facilitate the fastest integration of our administration system, but only those country into the EU, in order to truly looking at an improvement or even a become a member state to have a say, and reconfiguration. Summarizing and to promote the rule of law as a state of systematizing all of the above-mentioned development, respect for human rights and ideas, our proposals for the future of the social security, which implies higher levels administration and of the profession of of social cohesion, well-being and civil servant and why not for the future of economic growth, as well as a lower level our Romanian justice would set up, in an of inequality. aleatory order and which does not all Any slippage from constants, pretend, the following aspects relevant for fundamental principles of law, politics, and our approach to scientific research. economy etc. in favor of small groups Let's get out of festivity and temporarily and briefly in power, would be resignation! We no longer allow, as an a danger to any democratic construction, administration, to go further without let alone a fragile one such as Romania. breaking the past. I remind you that Otherwise, a new road to another Romania did not have a lustration, so that form of servitude, much more after the fall of the communist regime in sophisticated and more sophisticated this administration they continued to activate time - to paraphrase the title of the book securitized civil servants in the same way The Road to Servits, published in 1944, by in all legal professions and not only. It is Friedrich Hayek, Nobel Prize-winner in time to break the ghosts of the communist- Economics in 1974 - it could threaten our security past, which is why if civil servants national being. Personally, I would not were recruited informants and want to live in a society where in the name collaborators, or if they have acted as of the better of the people the meaning of covered officers of a secret service acting moral and political terms of common use with security methods, this must the latter, such as freedom, law, law, equality, etc. - revealed. It is never too late for the truth, as Hayek mentioned earlier - be changed to and it is important for the Romanian public the contrary by some alleged opportunities administration to make light in the dark planners who would like to even plan our administrative system. personal freedom. That is why, in addition to the mechanisms regulated by substantive and

100 procedural legislation to ensure a unitary gradual shift from state control in detail to administrative practice, we have included external counseling from various in this study some proposals that will be stakeholders. That is why the institutions able to upset the world of Romanian law distinguish between the governance of by the scope and considerations that will higher education and management. be further analyzed. In higher education, governance Firstly, the role of higher education focuses on rules and mechanisms through in the knowledge society is recognized at which the various stakeholders influence both EU and Member State level. This decision-making, control, and responsible level of education is expected to make an persons. In the context of higher education, important contribution to achieving the the term governance refers to "official or objectives of the Lisbon Treaty in terms of unofficial exercise of authority, taking into growth, prosperity and social cohesion. In account the laws, policies and rules that order to meet these expectations, higher establish the rights and obligations of the education, including the legal one, has to various active participants, including the address some major challenges: to reach a rules by which they interact". qualitative level to go through the In other words, governance international comparison test, to improve includes the framework where an leadership and accountability, increase its institution pursues its aims, objectives and funding, and - and diversify funding policies in a coherent and coordinated sources. manner to answer the questions: Who leads These major goals imply changes in and what are the sources of legitimacy in higher education, which must be topped on making decisions by the various active the political agenda and national strategies participants? Management, on the other of Romania. It is noteworthy that over the hand, refers to the implementation of a set past few decades the higher education of objectives pursued by a higher system in our homeland has undergone a education institution based on established major transformation, influenced by rules. He answers the question as to how national and international changes such as the rules apply and his concerns are the the rapid increase in student numbers, a efficiency, the good functioning and the slight decrease in public funding correlated quality of the services provided by the with insufficient private funding, internal and external partners. Despite the increasing importance research and distinction made between governance innovation in the world economy centered (which focuses on setting long-term on knowledge and wider competition policies and objectives, as well as between higher education institutions. strategies to achieve these goals) and The need to respond to these management (action-oriented), the various profound changes and to improve the connections between governance and quality of higher education has led to a management will not be overlooked view. review of institutional governance In the continuation of this structures. Although public authorities argumentative context, I propose, no less have retained their central role in or less, the abolition of all faculties of regulating and coordinating higher public and private law in Romania, some education, in recent years there has been a of them true outbreaks of intellectual

101 prostitution or as cute and provocative but verification of its results in practical life, realistic, I think, called them distinguished without reducing itself to the continuous Mrs. Prof. univ. Dr. Verginia Vedina ş, in erosion of its own memory. the pages of the "Palace of Justice", Reuniting the exigencies and "procedural orgies," a cycle of articles that experiences, we conclude that the most would represent a sort of alarm signal on suitable tops for this confluence and use is events happening in our public life, state the Romanian law and the public authorities and institutions that deviate institutions that make it operational. The gravely and dangerous from the letter and fundamental issue is related to the nature spirit of the fundamental law, from the and the character of a unique faculty of law general principles of a state aspiring to since the principle of state neutrality in the become law, as it is, moreover, proclaimed field of law and justice, the expression of by the Constitution. modern transformations in its institutional Instead, a single University of Law order, has proved ambiguous since its directly subordinated to the Romanian inception. On the one hand, this principle Academy or the Superior Council of shows that in the sphere of modern Magistracy (hereinafter SCM), which can political organization, the law is essential, ensure the essential interinstitutional being important for the role of justice and cooperation for making the administrative its institutions, including the legal system more efficient and ensuring a high professions, the organization of consensus level of independence and transparency. and the constitutional order. The control An area that involves the joint effort of all exercised by the institutional bodies for the powers of the state, within the limits of this purpose on society serves to respect the powers conferred on them by the the fundamental human rights and Constitution. The idea of a Unique and freedoms. State Law faculty that enlivens me at the On the other hand, the very term beginning of the 16th century and the "neutrality" barely succeeds in masking the prefiguration of a unifying center, which is fact that the state proceeds from time to nowhere, is not a generous utopia. Today, time according to concrete configurations willingly accepting that an of power and is a form that assumes interdisciplinary systematization, based on different contents, depending on the a unique general methodology, without problems and goals it proposes to pursue producing forms of doctrinal imperialism, them. Without being seriously destroyed, is almost impossible. But tomorrow is not one cannot build seriously; it also seems to known! teach us individual psychology and the However, one cannot give up the history of civilizations. 288 It is a situation idea that the contributions of the various in which State intervention, which, through systems of relevance serve to something the SCM, establishes the architectural unitary. But once again (we deduce from structure of justice, must be urgent. experience), it cannot be a unitary "sense", In the institutional architecture of for it is good that the meanings remain Romania, the SCM has the fundamental multiple and communicate with one role, enshrined in art. 133 par. 1 of the another, constituting themselves. In fact, no scientific discipline can give up the 288 Emilia Şercan, op. cit ., p. 29

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Constitution, the guarantor of the Our framework law on education independence of justice. As such, and in designates an administrative person (I do line with its statutory duties, the SCM is not mean those working under the dome of responsible for the normal organization administrative law here) that creates and functioning of the judiciary as a public bureaucracy, superstructures, appetite for service. The Council has the duty to be leadership as it means money, high actively involved in matters concerning the salaries. Law no. 1/2011 generated a judicial authority in strict accordance with professional egoism alien to the the letter and spirit of the normative acts professional scientific accomplishments governing the Romanian justice and in and human qualities of others, and the direct co-operation with the other powers negative consequences of regress in of the rule of law. regulating such an important area were not As a guarantor of the independence delayed: notorious cases of veritable of the judiciary and the representative of individuals who have entered higher the judiciary, the SCM can express concern education who have obtained under about our approach in the adoption by the suspicious paths the title of doctor, then the Romanian State of the legislative proposal quality of university teachers, promoted on the establishment of a Law University quickly to the highest positions. of Romania under the high patronage of This has led to the phenomenon of the Romanian Academy. From this "Doctorate Factory" or "Dissemination of perspective, legal higher education the Fundamentals of a Nation". 289 Clearly, becomes state - as happens, for example, in in Romania, from only 1,500 titles of Germany - because the state is Doctors in Science awarded for almost 100 implementing the administration. I think years, between 1900 and 1990, in 90 years no one wants a private administration 1,500 titles, there were 67,000 titles of where everybody has his justice, and the Doctors in Science in 30 from 1990 to general interest no longer cares for anyone. 2017, most, over 30,000, in the last 6 Moreover, those who carry out the act of years. Where did they all start from? The justice, as we say in the argumentation answer also comes from recent history: I from the beginning of the study, are remember that in Romania there were the invested with state authority. university centers in Bucharest, Cluj, Ia şi, Even if it seems contradictory to Timi şoara, followed by other centers, such what was said above, as if it were a as Craiova, Bra şov with forestry and road communist glimpse - I was not a member vehicles, Sibiu with administrative law, of the defunct communist party and I abhor Galatiul with ships and food chemistry, communism - the proposal takes into Constanta only the Marine Institute, Târgu account that society is increasingly Mure ş with Medicine, Petrosani mines and perceiving that the non-observance of the Petrol and Gaze from Ploie şti. The whole law, the act of justice is committed by national economy was served by these persons with legal responsibilities. And centers, 12 were. Now there are 37 maybe everything starts from the university centers! We have faculties at importance of the person with the Slobozia and Caracal. attributions of selection and management of human resources in the faculties of law. 289 Ibidem.

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There are nearly 50 state come across invaded and occupied from universities, plus 7 military higher the inside of our society. Victims are our education institutions, as well as over 50 students to whom impostors cannot pass on private universities. Then we must never more knowledge than they have. The brighten the quality of education in academic environment is degrading by Romania! That you stand and ask yourself superficiality and subjectivity. It is what academic teachers able to export necessary for the human and professional knowledge to students are in small towns, model of the integrative university where the teaching staff is made up of interested in selflessly professional gathered armor, from overnight university competence, the morality of the members professors. And education, all this bad of the same professions. scheme is from within. Professors have To ensure the seriousness of legal altered the system, no one came from studies, the new and true reform of outside, from the real economy, education in Romania must start from restructured them; teach them how to teach Romanians, not from foreigners, even if at school. They alone had complete they were called "Bologna". The freedom. Only the university autonomy originality and the severity of the was very poorly understood. requirements that all those who want to Another misfortune: it plagues all devote to the professorship must deal with over the world. But intellectual chain fraud are also the criterion of having the title of was invented in Romania during the doctor. transition years. In the ad-hoc academies, Regarding the meeting of this the intellectual false, in which doctors condition, careful and demanding, we draw overwhelming overnight become attention to the need for rigorous coordinating teachers of plagiarized verification of the provenance of diplomas, doctorates, pulses at a rate that is hard to as the practice of recent years has shown follow. Get on a tape with tens of us de facto states on which we will no thousands. Of these protected criminals, longer insist, examples being eloquent in prime ministers, ministers, generals, this respect. If, in the first years after the commissioners, prosecutors, politicians, December 1989 coup, we consider that mayors, university professors, etc. are cumulating of functions is beneficial to elected in Romania. "The Elite of the higher education, seeing boundless greed, Country"-this unbelievable performance as well as the defiant efforts of some grinds the nation's foundations. There are teachers to accumulate as many functions things in the world that you cannot joke and to be in at the same time, ministers, about. With the borders of a country, for deputies, senators, referees, university example, he's out of war. Even with the professors in Bucharest and other boundaries of the spirit cannot joke. university centers in almost all the county Because then it mixes stupidity with residences, who became sinks for the intelligence, honor with theft, merit with parties and the families they were part of, I rogue. We get to be driven by tricks, totally reviewed my opinion: I am thieves, and impostors. convinced that it is impossibility, even That's exactly what happened to us. incompatibility of the professor with any By abolishing intellectual borders, we have

104 other quality than the constitutional one, Romanian law and the study of ethics that of the parliamentarian. appear to be the main subjects to complete Therefore, "If bad is the current the legal culture of the students. I support state of things, if we are determined to this not only from patriotic and scientific change it, we would not make a useful considerations, as the same Nicolae work by limiting ourselves to details Titulescu stated: "Nothing more useful the reforms, the entire building is sinning dangerous illusion of the fixity of the law, through the foundation, so to restore it in order to have the true meaning of many from the foundation." 290 At the same time, obscure provisions, to find the Nicolae Titulescu found it necessary that characteristic of the national genius, to the formula of the law must "lose more and follow the successive stages through which more the appearances of a theorem", and our legal institutions have passed to the separation of legal issues "blows a become what we are today." 292 stream of humanity that wants the letter of Another defect in the organization the text to succumb to the needs of of legal higher education is full freedom - society." "Renovation and true guidance of we dare to call it colloquialism, freedom - juridical sciences will not be given for the which reigns in faculties of law: anyone common good, except on the day when all who can take the exam at any time, not to will be penetrated by people moving under mention attendance at courses. the sanctions of laws, and sacrificing an This absolute freedom is excess of logic means to say that man is synonymous with the lack of organization; made for the law, and not the law for man it is largely the case of the teacher's what is an absurdity"291 . weakness and the mistrust of the profane in The appropriation of the method of the seriousness of the legal studies. humanitarian interpretation of laws was Removal of these faulty procedures not, in Titulescu's view, merely a first step becomes imminent and must be achieved in the legal education process or, as he by: admission to admission only of the said, "an indisputable minimum" that law best-prepared candidates, limitation of the students must know. The next step in this number of students, compulsory attendance process is to deepen the legal sciences that of courses, as much as possible enable specialists to understand the examination of the attendance, compulsory undeniable truth that "law evolves in presentation of exams, non-admission to parallel with social needs". Achieving legal exams of students less than 10 courses education according to the domestic social were missed. needs requires the modification of the One of the greatest drawbacks of whole program of the faculties of law. university education is the indifference of The most useful and urgent changes the student's work. To force the student to that need to be made to the current work and we can only do it through severe program are the reorganization of the rules. Up to the examination, especially content of the taught subject itself, and a right, he did not have the chance to talk to first-line amendment is that the history of the professor. By eliminating this indifference, the process of learning will 290 Ion M. Oprea, Nicolae Titulescu , Editura Ştiin ţific ă, Bucure şti, 1966, p. 21 291 Ibidem, p. 24 292 Idem

105 gain extra effectiveness, mirrored in the why do we send the children to school or more thorough preparation of students, and college? Why do we, teachers, go to school the teachers' knowledge of this training or college? What is the purpose of under its many aspects, knowledge capable education? of largely suppressing the role of hazard in Lately we are increasingly obsessed verifying the knowledge assimilated by with the labor market! As jobs are students. We still have something to add becoming more and more poorly paid and here. The discrepancy between the rich and hard to find as a result of moving the poor is also felt among students. No production bases in third world countries one can dispute that even among students and automating the production process, without material means there are real Romanian education is struggling to create values. But not allowing them access to the adaptable individuals to the labor market! study of law would be to remove from the The more foolish we are, the harder our quality of our noble robe an important part. teachers are to justify our existence and Returning to ensuring the activity by producing future integral into seriousness of legal studies, we call for the the labor market. This major shift in genuine reform of national education and direction towards which education is about higher education to establish effective to start has very serious consequences. The measures for the selection of the teaching teacher becomes an intellectual critic, staff and at the same time to regulate its engaged in civic projects, a teacher willing duties seriously. As the main criterion, to spend time debating with the students on which is the basis for the recruitment of the main themes, a docile clerk, a more teachers required for higher education, we educated nurse with two mentions. To anticipate the high level of professional bring money to the university and to training doubled by a certain inclination integrate into the labor market. Yes, no towards the scientific and didactic activity. matter how comical it sounds, more The recruitment of teachers with a recently as university professors, not only higher level of professional training with a do we not have to claim to pay for our distinct spiritual and moral profile decided university, but we have to bring new to dedicate themselves to the training and money home to the university. Let's not education of the student is the pledge of forget the horrible case of the two highly the elaboration and teaching of the courses regarded college students at Columbia with a high scientific and didactic status. In University, Carol Vance and Kim Hopper, this way, they can seriously prepare future who were kicked out, despite their critical generations to develop competent legal and socially engaged voice, or maybe research as well. because of that, did not bring enough We are convinced that the grants to the university! That is not enough implementation of the true legal higher to bring important visibility and research. education reform has become an We have to make money - we're rated imperative necessity and in so many according to the money brought in! 293 discussions about the educational ideal, the curriculum, university autonomy, student- centered education, skills training, and so 293 Maria Cernat, Despre universit ăţ i şi obsesia pie ţei muncii , http://www.criticatac.ro/285, on, we forgot to ask an essential question: (18.11.2019)

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The student becomes a consumer of show to students with the whims of the educational services, a product of the market? That faculty should not be an university, but also a client of the ivory tower isolated from the rest of university. In this dual quality of product society accepts everyone. But accepting and consumer he has the sole purpose of this dictatorship in the labor market is just acquiring skills that make him eligible on as dangerous. the labor market. The story of thinking and That's what the university painting critical reflection is empty in this context. looks like after we force it to bring What is it, sir, to think critically? To be so, inaccurate and adaptable individuals to the a Gica-counter? Well, there is no way we labor market. 294 I say this because I can quantify in our wonderful quantitative traveled through Romania for legal and system of academic performance - see the tourist events and I have often met with beautiful documentary by Adam Curtis on very young people, students or students. this quantitative assessment - and we do And the talks are not just about justice, not really need reflexive people on the justice and justice, but also about the labor market. We need Gica - cut and dig! future. Time for debate and disappears! Young people see with me and Discussions and roundtables something else, a dialogue with someone without BDI or ISI indexed writing does from whom they may have different not matter! If it does not matter and does answers than what they usually hear. From not help us to promote or win grants, we them, they receive a series of questions, will not organize them. It is some related to the scope of personal or counterproductive and inefficient to waste professional choices, such as the question: time with student circles or debates as long "what do you advise me to prepare for a as they are not quantified. career in Romania or for a career abroad?" The few teachers, who are still it's hard to meet an 18-year-old for the first more serious about students, do so in their time and give a good advice. time and resources. In current academic It seems to me that today's youth education, what matters is, as I have said, ask this question more often than we, the to gather points in the self-assessment generation that did high school before sheet, and these points are not earned from 1989. Do these young people do not give working with students, but from grants, more hope to Romanian society? Or, if we BDIs, ISIs, and more also. The evaluation were still talking about the right, does the of the quality of the teaching will, of Romanian legal cultural space not meet course, be made by the number of people their expectations? So, in Romania or integrated into the labor market. abroad? I answer this question as follows: We all know how volatile this It is good to prepare yourself market is. We also know that a college is professionally with the thought that the day not a flower shop closing it or opening it will come when you will have to face overnight. Specialists are formed in years another 100 candidates in an honest and years. And yet, in the performance contest. And you want to be so good that indicators of study programs, we have the you can compete in the right competition. number of integrations in the labor market.

What is the dedication and devotion that I 294 Idem

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No matter what your job will be, are relative and the procedure is the most from be toner to mathematician, doctor to rigorous way of success. And I've learned translator, judge to taxi driver, the time of in this area to be rigorous myself. And the competition will come. And there will thanks to this, some colleagues have be confrontations in good, purely appreciated me; others wondered why the professional terms, where the job or grant teacher was so rigorous. Does she watch, or contract will return to the best. I know follow us, and force us to go to classes? that it is better for you to live in Romania Well, it's democracy; we no longer have to in your homeland, but no matter where you do seminars, we no longer have to do are, it is better for you if you prepare for courses. now with the certainty that the moment of There is, unfortunately, such a way the competition will come. Even if you are of thinking. And then surely these only 18 or 20 years old now, it works by colleagues probably loved me less. But I knowing that you can make a real do not think I had a problem and I do not difference for you from today. And that think I have a problem from this point of has nothing to do with where you live, but view. I think they had a problem. If today I just how you prepare for your future work. have a dissatisfaction - and it exists - it is I also want to make a very real that we have had a certain perception, a confession to you: we have gone a long certain vision of the constitutional way, over half a century of activity. I've mechanisms. come to a certain destination, I think. That To find today, however, that things is, we have gone through a stage like in the do not work even in those parameters that Civil Process. Sure, I have gone through we were considering. Certainly the the stage of the trial and I think it is also in Constitution was amended in 2003, it is the means of appeal; and now the final likely that a constitutional reform will once judgment will take place. again be achieved. I still think that in the The decision was pronounced. Now current constitutional formula this will be they are going through the forced almost impossible to achieve in the execution phase, a difficult phase for the perspective of the coming years, in a debtor and having a less happy ending. relatively close perspective. There were You know, I do not want to think about some issues that I have seen in a Dante Alighieri - La vine is a coreo of theoretical manner. For example, the muerte. But this, sooner or later, is separation of powers in the state. It is said happening. I really like a Mexican song in doctrine that it is a dogma, that it is that says, "It's important not to get to the overcome. We in the 1991 constitution destination, but to know how to get there. I have not spoken of the separation of did everything I could to get to the powers in the state. destination, to go through all the This is a theoretical problem. Very procedural steps if you want. Of course, nice, the amended Constitution speaks at my professional destiny was connected the moment. But I speak theoretically. with the Law and the Army. If you ask me Because we have inspired ourselves from why, it is relatively simple: because both the French Constitution, which in Article 3 areas are of great rigor; because we, the para. 1 says power belongs to the people. lawyers, have our relativity; many things And another article that says the people do

108 not share power with anyone. Therefore, Bibliography power is unique, it is unique. There are authorities. The Constitution of France 1. Bălan, Emil, Administrative does not speak of pouvoir; nor the Procedure , University Publishing Constitution of Romania; spoke to the House, Bucharest, 2005 authorities - the judicial authority, separate 2. Djuvara, Mircea, The General from the parliament, by the Romanian Theory of Law , All Beck government. Finally, it is not necessary to Publishing House, Bucharest, 1999 insist. 3. Hamangiu, C., General Code of There are many things I think we Romania. New Laws of Unification , should reflect in the future. These are real Bucharest, 1932 things. This is how things happen with our 4. Ioan, Alexandru, From National education: it is ridiculous. Do you know Administrative Law to Global that in 1992 a Romanian writer and poet, Administrative Law , Romanian Paul Dimitriu, expressed himself in a work Academy Publishing House, in the following way - which is very Bucharest, 2017 surprising, in 1992 is that education is in 5. Iorgovan, Antonie, Administrative the derisory stage of a vocational Law Treaty , C.H. Beck, Bucharest, education; university education. Well, 2002 since then it has evolved a lot. But, 6. Le ş, Ioan, Contemporary Legal unfortunately, not positively. There is Institutions , C.H. Beck, Bucharest, much to talk about. Before finishing, I 2007 would ask you to allow me to point out to 7. Oprea, Ion M., Nicolae Titulescu , the public administration: a good Scientific Publishing House, administration is expensive for a country Bucharest, 1966 like ours. But it gives it more brilliance, 8. Pop, Ioan-Aurel, History, Truth and more grandeur, more importance, more Myths , Encyclopaedic Publishing prestige, and correct administration of House, Bucharest, 2014 society. It gives more order, more culture 9. Popa, Nicolae, The General Theory and more dignity to human life than any of Law , All Beck Publishing House, other action of material civilization. Bucharest, 2002 We could have no railway, no 10. Popescu, Agripa, Administration motorway, no palace, but if we had a and Normalization , Bucharest, model administrative organization, nobody 1932 would dare to say: in the full crisis of 11. Popescu, Sofia, The General values, in the full struggle and division of Theory of Law , Lumina Lex the societies we live in, the rupture of Publishing House, Bucharest, 2000 people on arbitrary criteria, age, sex, place 12. Schneider, Jens, Peter; Hofmann, of birth, studies, crafts, religions, or even Herwig; Ziller, Jacques; Drago ș, crafts, it is good to remember who we are Dacian, Renewal Code of actually. Are we the ones who have hearts Administrative Procedure of the of stone and heavy words on our tongue or European Union , Publishing are we united and when it hurts one of us House, Universul Juridic, all jump? Bucharest, 2016

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13. Şercan, Emilia, The Doctorate 15. Vedina ş, Verginia, Deontology of Factory or How to Dissolve the Public Life , Editura C.H. Beck, Foundations of a Nation , Bucharest, 2008 Humanitas Publishing House, 16. Vrabie, C ătălin, Elements of E- Bucharest, 2017 Governance , Pro Universitaria, 14. Supiot, Alain, Homo Juridicus , Bucharest, 2014 Rosetti Educational Publishing House, Bucharest, 2011

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______Corvin LUPU Lucian BlagaUniversity of Sibiu

THEACTIVITY OF THE ROMANIAN SECURITATE ON SPECIAL CURRENCY CONTRIBUITION

Abstract: The article highlights the activity of the commercial companies of the Securitate and the way in which the process of stealing the economic gains of the Romanian national economy started and also was ended. After December 22, 1989 and the formal termination of the Securitate, the huge amounts of money in the accounts of the Securitate remained in the accounts of the Securitate-officers who were credit directors and coordinated the account numbers, passwords and access codes. There was no Communist Party control of these amounts and they were only partially reported to the political leadership of the country. These amounts have disappeared entirely. They far exceeded the amount of Romania's external debt and were accumulated in the period when the people were afflicted by the economic crisis, artificially induced by those who were preparing to trigger the popular uprising behind which the state coup meant to remove Ceau șescu from power was covered. Removing Ceau șescu from power was ment to regain the political and military control over Romania by the USSR and the take- over by the Western economies of the Romanian place on the world market and the sources of raw materials in Romania. Keywords: Betrayal of the Securitate in December 1989; Financial Operations of the Securitate; Commercial Companies of the Securitate; Food and consumer goods crisis in Romania; Nicolae Ceau şescu; Undercover agents of the Securitate Contact details of the [email protected] author: Institutional affiliation of Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu the authors: Institutions 550324 Sibiu, Calea Dumbr ăvii nr. 34 address: Tel. / Fax: +40-269-422169

Motto: mention some aspects that were „Anything can be done!” unyieldingly avoided by the recent Efraim Halevy Romanian history, given the sensitive (ex al Mossad director) nature of the matter. Assigning tasks on carrying out In the matter of the activity trading activities should not lie with the carried out by the Securitate of the information gatherer, but an economic Socialist Romania on special currency activity of ministries and governments. equity, I believe that it is necessary to Nevertheless, during the second half of the

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XXth century, intelligence agencies later obvious purpose of accessing the undertook a series of tasks in the area of country’s money reserve. The Securitate economic activities. As corruption reached had the means to influence the a larger part of the contemporary world, administrative decision in any direction. secret services became preoccupied with Once the officers of the Securitate accessing society’s incomes, no longer changed from state security protectors and interested in ensuring state security, the information gatherers to traders and money most important component of a society’s manufacturers, including by means of activity, in exchange for a paycheck, even approved smuggling, and trafficking the if these were significantly higher than labour of an entire country, the temptations those of other social categories. For the of richness increasingly affected the entire referenced period, the role of ideology range of employees, from managers to continuously decreased for the activity of mere workers in the system. secret services. Ideological passions of the Romania’s new “traders” became first half of the XXth century were concerned with obtained as much profit as replaced with the financial interest. Money possible for themselves and “fatten” the became the main purpose in the systems’ accounts they were administering, rather activity, and, by default, of the secret than in an efficient sell of production. service workers. The new incentive was Commissions awarded by beneficiaries of much stronger than the old one, born from Romanian products made it so that lower ideological ambition. An experienced prices were accepted, sometimes with no Soviet spy said: “ Forget ideology. Get the profit, or, in some cases, the price didn’t money!” He was suggesting that instead of even cover manufacturing costs. exploring the subtle philosophies of Nowadays, it is a known fact that the entire communism, it’s more important to see: exterior trade was taken over by the “Who stands to benefit”? 295 Securitate, through CFI (Centre for Romania’s Securitate understood Foreign Intelligence of the Securitate), that and fell in line with the strategies of “Dunarea” CFT (the Concern for Foreign other international secret services, mainly Trade) and other trading companies, some the Soviet ones, with whom it had strong of which we’ll mention below. collaborations296 , the first institutions that The activity of the Romanian started the globalisation process, and it Securitate on special currency equity wasn’t hard to convince RCP CC’s started in the early 50’s, when the political decision makers that it would Securitate was given the task to also benefit the country if its officers were acquire hard currency and gold from the involved in commercial activities, to the West. And so, Operation “The Inheritance” was initiated, and for a while it functioned with no special organization, more or less 295 John Loftus, Mark Aarons, Războiul secret împotriva evreilor , Editura Elit, Ia și, 1998, p. 109 occasionally. The first group specialized in 296 This collaboration was illegal after1964, when this activity was created in 1958. In 1960 Romanias collective lead, which became the LC Sector was created for this activity, independent, forbidded army, intelligence and police officers to collaborate with the Soviet within the DFI (Direction of Foreign intelligence. Larry L. Watts, Fere ște-mă doamne de Intelligence of the Securitate). This sector prieteni... R ăzboiul clandestin al Blocului Sovietic cu România , Editura RAO, Bucure ști, 2011 cashed in the money resulting from

112 repatriation, foreign successions, pensions This activity of the SCE (Special and indemnities. Currency Equity) became more important In 1955, when he was transferred as Romania’s development dictatorship to DFI’s Internal Securitate, General needed increasing amounts of currency. Pacepa wrote that Operation “The After the creation of the CO Inheritance” became something of a fine Sector, general Pacepa, deputy director of art. He said that DFI officers, under DFI, empowered colonel Vasile Angelescu consular cover, would contact older (a future general) to lead the activity of the emigrants and lured or blackmailed them LC Sector. To that end, Vasile Angelescu into leaving their fortunes to their families was sent to Vienna, as a fully entitled at home, or to churches, schools or other officer of the Romanian Economic Romanian institutions. The DFI created Agency, serviced by DFI, later on GDFI grandchildren and great-grandchildren for (General Directorate of Foreign the emigrants who had no other relatives in Intelligence of the Securitate). Operation Romania. Creating grandchildren and “The Inheritance” consisted of contacting great-grandchildren became a daily routine Romanian citizens living in the West, with for LC Sector officers. 297 no heirs, and urging them to leave their Come 1966 LC Sector’s activity fortune to the state of Romania. The scope widened, now comprising of operation was a success, by 1978 the identifying and repatriation tasks of assets account opened to this end having gathered belonging to the national cultural heritage. an amount of 400 million dollars. 299 The In regulating this activity several laws dollar had a great power at that time. were issued, stipulating that it was the Subsequently, these amounts would be Ministry of Interior’s duty to store all the insignificant in comparison to what would gold obtained and 80% of the income to be gathered after 1982, when the Securitate the Romanian State Bank and 20% of the took control of all Romania’s foreign trade. income must be deposited into a special In some cases of succession, account of the Ministry of Interior, also where there were no heirs, the DFI would open with the Romanian State Bank, in fabricate false heirs thus obtaining the order to be used for the operative needs of money that would have belonged to the the Securitate. Later on, in 1975, the Sector state, whose citizens were the heir-less for Currency Operations (CO) was created, deceased. alongside the LC Sector, under the An important moment in the coordination of general Gheorghe Marcu, activity of the Securitate of obtaining and the officers with direct responsibilities currency equity was the year 1978, when in this field were colonels Teodor Cârlan, the ministry of interior, Teodor Coman, Florin Sandu and Teodor Gudin ă.298 ordered that the currency to be obtained by the Securitate to be doubled. Given the

297 Ion Mihai Pacepa, Cartea neagr ă a Securit ății, conditions of the period, there were no vol. III, L-am tr ădat pe Ceau șescu , Biblioteca Ziua, legal means for doubling currency income. Editura Omega SRL, Bucure ști, 1999, p. 50, apud This made the Securitate resort to a Florian Banu, De la SSI la SIE. O istorie a spionajului românesc în timpul regimului comunist (1948-1989) , Editura Corint, Bucure ști, 2016, p. 299 Cornel Nemetzi, Ultimul curier ilegal. 598 Memoriile unui spion român , Editura Marist, Baia 298 Florian Banu, op. cit. , pp. 503-504 Mare, 2013, pp. 352-353

113 genuine plunder of Romanian economic Other activities of the SCE were companies. As successions and other such with regards to obtaining confidential activities were not enough to gather the commissions from suppliers or foreign amounts requested my ministre Teodor beneficiaries of foreign trade. Money was Coman, who most probably had his orders, also obtained from confidential it came to the situation of widening the commercial discounts for certain import operational range for obtaining large contracts, handled by Romanian foreign currency equities. And so, the Securitate trade companies, hence intelligence would buy cheap weapons, ammunition officers, either directly with the foreign and military techniques from Romanian companies, either with their representatives companies, and re-sold them at a higher in Romania. The Securitate would gain price abroad. It did the same with money from confidential tranzit taxes of exporting certain banned products, which it banned products and light weaponry sold despite legal interdictions. At the transported across Romania. 302 There was same time, the Securitate would re-sell also money in broker operations carried foreign alcohol and cigarettes bought at a out by CFI officers of confidential trade preferential price, given the most favored companies, between foreign buyers and nation Clause, thus gaining from sellers and from speculative operations of significant price differences. The stock exchange values and products. CFI Securitatea would also buy and resell stock officers would also carry out over-billing market goods: cereals, oil, sugar, non- and issuing fictive invoices. Other ferrous metals, reselling them at a higher operations consisted of selling confiscated price abroad. 300 Romania’s economy was gold, precious metals and stones. The same in decline, as it was in the situation of institution was responsible for retrieving having to sell for small prices, and the the currency illegally owned by Romanian Securitate would gather huge amounts, citizens. For example, in just one year, selling at higher prices. In this manner, it CFI’s profit was of 400,000 dollars, from came to the situation that in 1989, the an activity of selling five million dollars accounts of the Securitate had around 30 worth of feathers(!). 303 It is quite clear that billion dollars, which, on today’s dollar these activities of the Securitate are market is about 200 billions. 301 And so, completely different from the mission for colonel, we’re right to say that the socialist which it was created and the reason for economy of Romania, a country with over which the institution was legally operating. 12,5 million workers, was a very profitable Following the investigations I yet highly illicit one, so that all the added tried to carry out throughout a three decade value of the economy ended up in the dirty documentation, I personally, don’t believe hands of the thieves of the foreign general Iulian Vlad had any knowledge of Securitate, managed by Aristotel the huge amounts existing in the account of Stamatoiu, probably the greatest thief in the over 330 credit director officers. I have the Romanian history. no intention of remitting general Vlad’s accountability, but I believe that both the

300 Florian Banu, op. cit. , p. 506. 301 Corvin Lupu, Ioan Bâlb ă, Tr ădarea României 302 Gheorghe Ionescu Olbojan, Fantomele lui Socialiste în viziunea unui ofi țer de Securitate , Pacepa , Editura Corida, Bucure ști, 1993, p. 248 Editura Techno Media, Sibiu, 2019, p. 207 303 Florian Banu, op. cit. , pp. 522-533

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DSS director and ministre Tudor informing on the possible illegal activities Postelnicu ordered that general Vlad be within his unit to the purpose of gaining kept outside of this activity. It wouldn’t be money. „Arn ăutu” makes a special the first time Postelnicu orders that Vlad be reference to cigarettes and light weapons kept from certain information. During the smuggling, in alliance with partners from last years of the communist regime, Switzerland, Italy and FRG. With regards Postelnicu ordered the directors of the to the SCE activity, I would also like to Securitate that high profile counter- mention, without going into anymore intelligence information be kept away from details, that there had also been conflicts general Postelnicu and reported to the between the Internal Securitate and DFI Ministry’s Cabinet, to major Mihai U ță, bodies. In order to prevent actions of their one of Postelnicu’s two cabinet chiefs, a opponent secret services abroad, all former profile officer. For that matter, this cashing-in activities were to be carried out activity of special currency equity was kept only in the headquarters of Romania’s in complete secret. representations, namely embassies, In the 80’s UM 0107 was under consulates, economic sections, TAROM, the command of officer Stelian Octavian NAVROM, ONT agencies. It was strictly Andronic (professional name Nicolae forbidden to cash-in money in hotels, Arn ăutu). In 2008, he published the book restaurants, airports, gas-stations, stations 36 years of Romanian secret service. Out headquarters of foreign companies or any of respect for the truth. Memoires, and in other public places. 304 2010 he published The secret of the Rose. Ceau șescu thought he could 25 years under the consular cloak. The improve the foreign trade activity by author mentions the foreign trade activity involving the Securitate in this area, of the Securitate, avoiding essential and despite the fact that he didn’t actually trust cruel truths, and simply presented the the Securitate. Decree no. 164/1979 and elements of national interest, namely the Decree no. 276/1979 led to the creation of contribution the Securitate had in obtaining the Ministry of Foreign Trade and the necessary funds for paying-off in full International Economic Cooperation. But Romania’s external debt, without Ceau șescu wasn’t pleased with the activity presenting the whole SCE activity and of the this ministry’s officers, either. without mentioning the illicit aspects of the Ceausescu’s decision to hand over national economy. The author makes no Romania’s foreign trade to the Securitate mention of the relations between the was accelerated by at least one proposal 305 Securitate and mafia-like organisations, and several information on suspicious relations where nobody bothered with relevant department officials, given that abiding by the law. On the contrary, most of the foreign officials of the Ministry Andronic insists on legal provisions of Foreign Trade and International forbidding any kind of illegal operations. Economic Cooperation were corrupted While he is silent about the illegal Jewish businessmen. General Nicolae operations and the plunder carried out by the Securitate on national economy, we 304 Florian Banu, op. cit. , pp. 512-524 want to illustrate a report colonel 305 We haven’t found out, jet, who made this proposal, but it is most probably that it came from “Arn ăutu” filed to his colleagues, whithin the Securitate

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Ple șiță, former CFI director, claimed the HIts er first director and the one who initiative to hand over foreign trade to the organized it was General Aristotel Securitate came from Ceau șescu, following Stamatoiu, who later became the head of reports on the corruption of civilian the CFI, Deputy General Iulian Vlad and officials in the foreign trade and that Minister of State Secretary in the Ministry Ceau șescu wanted a bribe-free foreign of Interior on problems of foreign trade. 306 intelligence. According to the initials of his The Securitate had long before name, but also by his reputation, Aristotel planned the training of economists with Stamatoiu was nicknamed the "the solid trade and economic background. To ACE"(AS- n.trad). "Dunarea" CFT this end, ever since the late 60s’ it began monitored the entire Romanian foreign recruiting and hiring brilliant graduates of trade, the legality and the morality of all the Academy of Economic Studies as the contracts concluded by the Romanian officers. 307 The Securitate was constantly ministries or directions of economic preoccupied with head-hunting valuable enterprises. The company was exclusively university students, who could speak two- staffed with undercover officers. In this three foreign languages and infiltrating activity of foreign trade, there were no them in the foreign trade system, the civilians. During the first stage of the CFI banking system, research institutes, various taking over the entire foreign trade activity, special units. In time, these young people there were protests from the former civil grew up, had important jobs within the officials, central offices and companies units they had been infiltrated in, and regarding the interference of the Securitate ensured a superior level of information. in their ministerial activities. Later, gen. These officers have always been monitored Aristotel Stamatoiu requested and obtained by counter-intelligence. The economic that all general directors and managers of activity of these undercover officers was Romanian foreign trade enterprises be the foundation of our country’s from the Securitate, so undercover officers. technological successes of the socialist era. CFI officers, including those from In view of the full involvement of "Dunarea" were collecting economic and the Securitate in foreign trade, on October financial intelligence regarding the 15, 1982, Ceausescu signed Decree C.S. markets, prices, competition, the solvency 382 creating the "Dunarea" Foreign Trade of some beneficiaries of Romanian Enterprise, a company belonging to the products, the fairness of the representatives Securitate, organized as a military unit of the Romanian companies and of the with the indicative 0107, a structure of the Romanian embassies. They checked the U.M. 0544-Foreign Intelligence Center. contact persons of foreign beneficiaries, the ratio between the real production price and the export price, quantities, delivery 306 Viorel Patrichi, Ochii și urechile poporului. Convorbiri cu generalul Nicolae Ple șiță. Dialoguri times, collected technical and consemnate de Viorel Patrichi în perioada aprilie technological data necessary for the 1999-ianuarie 2001 , Editura Lumea, Bucure ști, Romanian economy, manipulated auctions 2001, p. 235 307 See also Neagu Cosma, Ion St ănescu, De la of Romanian products by bringing to iscoad ă la agentul modern în spionajul și auctions CFI agents to raise the price with contraspionajul românesc , Editura Paco, Bucure ști, 2001, pp. 287-288 their bids. tIn order to achieve its

116 objectives, the U.M. 0107 had the support sanctioned smuggling actions, making it of an internal unit of the Securitate, namely hard, and sometimes quite impossible, to U.M. 0650 (Independent Service for check the legality of the state’s income. 308 Foreign Trade). General Iulian Vlad himself Initially, it seemed that the criticized certain aspects in the activity of company was set up solely because of the the units for special currency equity, need for control and prevention of referring to those that collected currency corruption acts, of preventing the on behalf of reimbursing tuitions and infiltration of foreign information on health care for Jewish and German citizens confidential data from foreign trade who wanted to emigrate to Israel, Germany activities, etc. Subsequently, it became and the US. In the spring of 1990, Iulian obvious that the plan was to adopt a system Vlad stated: „There was a lot of damage to that other secret services in the world the security work, the institution’s fame practiced, that of creating economic and even to this country’s good name, by activities to enrich themselves, under the the so-called activity of currency equity, cover of needing additional financing of carried out mainly by the UM 0544 and operative-informative activities. UM 0195 foreign units, as well as UM What followed was that several 0650 of the internal Securitate. Apart from accounts were opened, towards which the fact that these amounts most often currency was being directed, and the represented just a small part of the selling Securitate became a currency consumer. price of the goods, and the state would As some former intelligence officers, have cashed them in anyway in conditions involved in special currency operations, of fair negotiations, intelligence officers say, from a certain point of view, it can be had to develop various compromising deemed that wih these measures, a relationships with foreigners, and control significant part of the informative of their activity and if the currency was not apparatus of the Securitate switched from safe. The damage also consisted of the fact its main activity, namely gathering that those units had at large been hijacked intelligence on defending national security from the missions they were created for, to that of carrying out economic actions, and that were of use to the country. thus taking over tasks that should have Despite all my efforts to remove belonged to the government. At the same this task from the responsibility of the time, another twisted effect of this activity Securitate, or at least to reduce it was that some intelligence officers and considerably, it was all in vain. foreign trade workers were tacitly allowed Furthermore, [Tudor] Postelnicu made it a to violate certain legal provisions on primary attribution, and the whole foreign trade activity. Some Navrom captains carried out illegal rides, and the 308 See also Col. (r) Ioan Bâlb ă, Adev ărul despre amounts resulted from that trade were Securitate , Editura Eurograph, Cluj-Napoca, 2010, handed over to intelligence officers for pp. 395-396. The author’s opinion is that these SCE or for „Dun ărea” CFT, without any perverse effects of the Securitates activities got out because in command was not an intelligence controls. In other words, instead of specialist but Tudor Postelnicu, a member of the gathering intelligence for their country, Communist Party. He deturned the Romanian intelligence service from its original an legal these intelligence officers, would carry out purpose

117 apparatus had to contribute to carrying it with the country. And this episode out. represents the great betrayal if the This is how „Dun ărea” CFT came Securitate. Unfortunately, this was also the to be created, considered to be one of the “model” its children inherited, namely the most important creations of the former current intelligence services.. Department manager, who managed it also „Dun ărea” CFT was competing as ministry of Interior. Aside from the fact with other 20 foreign trade civil that everybody knew it was a unit of the companies, and benefiting from more Securitate, moreover of the Centre for influence and the advantage of Foreign Intelligence, what was truly information, it took over their import- inconceivable was that it selected export export activities. It was the case of ICE merchandise for the national economy, as Tehno import-export, ILEXIM and well as the fact that the apparatus of the ICECOOP, swallowed by „Dun ărea” Securitate and even the entire Ministry of CFT. 310 Interior was, in one way or another, During Ceau șescu’s rule, working for „Dun ărea”, including acts of undercover officers of the Securitate influence and pressuring of both represented 65% 311 During the socialist manufacturing companies and coordinating regime, undercover officers would only be ministries. promoted to colonels. After 1990, Ion It’s worth mentioning that the Iliescu made a series of undercover workers of this so-called foreign trade officers generals, among which Teodor company, being intelligence officers, were Mele șcanu, Ion Țiriac, or George paid as such, unlike workers in similar Constantin P ăunescu. 312 companies, who were paid following a Following a world known pattern, different algorithm, based on their undercover officers working in foreign performance. And so „Dun ărea” CFT trade were doubled by officers of the UM became the hero of socialist work and 0195, in foreing counterintelligence, who negative perception and atmosphere began were monitoring their activity. After 1990, spreading around the Securitate.“309 some of those who had worked as This organization of Romania’s ministres in the Romanian government 313 , foreign trade, growing it and spreading it throughout the world, seemed to set things 310 Florian Banu, op. cit. , p. 521 311 right. The reality was that the Securitate The number was confirmed by the colonel Constantin Aioanei, former intelligence officer of had grabbed the honey jar and was not the authonomous control base CI 0632. Regarding content to just have a taste of it, but in the the known numbers of the not covered Securitate staff, the number of the fully covered agents, as end it took it home and refused sharing it well as the real number of the total Securitate agents can be determined. 312 Liviu V ălena ș, Fabrica de spioni , Editura 309 Cited from general Iulian Vlad’s statement Vestala, Bucure ști, 2010, p. 161. The author „Declara ția generalului-colonel Iulian Vlad, himself was an emplyee of these foreign trade redactat ă în timpul deten ției, despre institu ția companies. He emigrated in the West during the Securit ății statului în ultimii ani ai regimului socialist state regime comunist din România”. Corvin Lupu, Cristian 313 Among others, ministers became the DIE/CIE Troncot ă, Pr ăbu șirea mitului Securit ății. Adev ăruri agents Teodor Mele șcanu, Daniel D ăianu, Mi șu ascunse despre generalul Iulian Vlad și istoria Negri țoiu, Eugen Dijm ărescu, Mircea Co șea etc. Securit ății regimului comunist din România , The ex-Finance minister and afterwords Editura Elion, Bucure ști, 2018, p. 318. ambassador Eugen Dijm ărescu, was deconspired by

118 or who held important positions in TERRA company deals with governmental agencies, used their intelligence and counterintelligence, intelligence monitoring files, created by especially in international weapon trade the UM 0195 as an argument for having and selling Romanian weapons abroad. been followed by the Securitate, declaring After 22nd december 1989, when themselves “victims” of the very institution there was an interest that „Dun ărea” CFT whose officers they used to be. 314 disappeared without a trace of its secret Apart from „Dun ărea” CFT, the accounts, there were still some ongoing Securitate created and controlled many operations, some of them being taken over other foreign trade companies. Some of by „Crescent” company. Until the 22nd them continued their activity even after the December the financial results of events of 1989, most of them being taken „Dun ărea” CFT’s activity were hidden over, through privatization, by former from the Communist Party and Ceausescu, undercover officers who worked in those and after that date, they were hidden from companies. We’ll mention just a few. the new leaders of the country. a All foreign trade companies were „Crescent” company was created controlled by the Securitate, and some by the CFI on 1980 in Piraeus/ Greece, in were operating directly under it, with no order to carry out activities of Special subordination or control from the Ministry Currency Equity. The first director of the of Foreign Trade and International company was a Greek Lebanese named Economic Cooperation. Such companies Nadia Fouad Sanbar. She vested her were „Dun ărea” CFT, TERRA, or husband Michael Fouad Sanbar with a „Carpa ți” CFT. „Dun ărea” CFT monitored power of attorney and she filed a request in the entire Romanian network of foreign Bucharest to open a subsidiary in Romania, trade. The undercover intelligence officer that was to be managed by colonel Dan Viorel Cataram ă managed „Argus” Voiculescu, who at the time was employed company, a company of the Securitate, and with „VITROCIM” CFT. And so, on the after 1990 he created his own company, 1st March 1982 CRESCENT „Elvila”, with the same scope of business COMMERCIAL & MARITIME LTD as the former company of the Securitate, started its activity, with Dan Voiculescu as which should have belonged to the state. general manager. In just a few months, But, in order for it to belong to the state, it CRESCENT would have a turn-over of was necessary that all its income appear in one hundred million dollars, while the the state’s treasury, not in secret accounts Greek parent-company had had no controlled by intelligence officers (during activities, since the opening of the the last days of the Ceausescu era). Romanian subsidiary. Furthermore, Michael Fouad Sanbar is wanted by US authorities for connections with Yasser the former director of the Securitate and minister of Arafat’s Palestinians organizations, Internal Affairs, Ion St ănescu (Szilágyi) and by the something that makes the CFT to terminate general Neagu Cozma, former director of the the Piraeus company and start a new one Securitate counterintelligence department. They also deconspired Mugur Is ărescu, the governor of under the name CRESCENT, in Cyprus, the Romanian National Bank. Neagu Cosma, Ion the Greek area on the name of a British St ănescu, op. cit. , p. 288 314 Liviu V ălena ș, op. cit. , p. 164 citizen, possible/probable CFI undercover

119 officer, named John Edgington. The companies/of the Securitate into proxy Bucharest subsidiary that continued to be accounts was carried out by credit managed by the undercover officer Dan directors, who knew the numbers, Voiculescu, increased its annual turnover passwords and access codes for the to 200 million dollars and opened accounts and were all CFI officers. For subsidiaries in the US, Great Britain, example, ARPIMEX, produced Austria and Malta. In 1988 CRESCENT „Colorado” boots, that very successful in was selling 40$ of the Romanian cement the USA, selling 8 dollars/piece. Of that production designed for export, through amount, 7 dollars went into the company’s „Dun ărea” CFT 40% , and in 1989, 26% public account, and a dollar in a proxy of this. 315 An important share of the account. 317 exported cement was used by „Carpa ți” There was another scenarios when CFT. such accounts were open, namely when „Carpa ți” CEt trust was a Romania’s external debt was being paid construction services company. It was and when banks accumulated debts to under the control of the Securitate, but in companies supplying certain goods. the service of the RCP’s CC, as the Various BANCOREX creditors would government controlled the large amounts block different accounts on behalf of these of money collected from its constructions, debts. In order to avoid seizing those mainly in Western Europe and rich amounts, it would be invoked the necessity Arabian countries. Another foreign trade for opening the provisional accounts in the company controlled by the Securitate was name of some natural persons. There are ARPIMEX, dealing with export of leather officers who admitted to having been and leather goods. 316 Of these amounts, the ordered to open such provisional accounts. Securitate would only get the legal One of them is Stelian Octavian Andronic, percentage established by the decree of the who opened such an account to a bank in State Council. Switzerland. In December 1989, especially For one of the foreign trade after the arrest/semi arrest/harbouring of companies, where there was a cvasi-total the heads of the Securitate, credit director informative coverage, it was given the changed the accounts and redirected the coded order for “Operation nr.1”, which amounts going in towards accounts only meant embezzling funds collected by the they knew. companies in proxy accounts, that would Blocking the country’s money in store the money and collect interest. the bank accounts of „Dun ărea” CFT or Embezzling funds of Romanian provisional accounts administered by credit directors deprived the country of 315 Liviu V ălena ș, op. cit. , pp. 179-181. The author money and made the government and the presents the conclusions of his journalistic ministries impose austerity measures that investigation regarding the financial operations of changing the accounts and embezzlement of funds generate public revolt. Among others, there of the CRESCENT company by Dan Voiculescu, were the measures for canceling additional which appropriated himself with large amounts of money. This journalist and former employee of the Romanian foreign trade also refers to the sales of the four ships belonging to CRESCENT and the appropiation of the money by col. Dan Voiculescu. 316 Liviu V ălena ș, op. cit. , pp. 161-163. 317 Liviu V ălena ș, op. cit. , p. 170

120 money rights for workers in the heavy are mainly the Soviet ones, who have industry, extractive, oil and toxic sector. 318 deployed thousands of fighters disguised as There are official documents tourists to stage a coup d’etat and bring where even general Iulian Vlad would Romania under Moscow’s control once admit to the fact that the activity of again. Western states that took part in the currency equity of the Securitate was aggression against Romania wanted to neither legal, nor moral. He said: “There take over the country’s internal and was a lot of damage to the security work, external markets and throughout the years the institution’s fame and even to this they managed to destroy and take over the country’s good name, by the so-called entire economy of the country. u activity of currency equity, carried out There were cases when the CFI mainly by the UM 0544 and UM 0195 would carry out money laundry operations, foreign units, as well as UM 0650 of the of funds collected through business men in internal Securitate...intelligence officers close connection to the Securitate, or who had to develop various compromising were undercover officers. For example, relationships with foreigners, and control issue 15/2009 of the “Notebooks of the of their activity and of the currency was National Institute for the Memory of the not safe.” 319 Romanian Exile (INMER)” journal, Parallel to blocking the country's financed by the Romanian Government, it money by the Securitate, the austerity is stated that Ion Țiriac used to do money measures were also determined by the laundry activities for the Securitate in intentional and dishonest creation of a FRG. crisis in food, energy and goods supplies, The formal/apparent termination an artificial crisis, that consisted in of the Securitate in December 1989 also blocking huge quantities of food and fuel, aimed at de organizing bookkeeping with the explicit purpose of rising revolt in services and the institution’s documents, the Romanian population. 320 The purpose which enabled the foreign trade CFI and the consequences of popular discontent apparatus to take out financial deposits and was to start a revolt against the country’s collect the amount owned by the leader. And behind this popular revolt, beneficiaries of exported Romanian supported by many foreign secret services, products, throughout the entire year of 1990. There were some situations of late 318 Alex Mihai Stoenescu, Interviuri dup ă revolu ție , payment, when good delivered in Editura Orizonturi, Bucure ști, 2016, p. 127 319 Also see the document „Declara ția generalului- December 1989 were paid 1-2-3 years colonel Iulian Vlad, redactat ă în timpul deten ției, later. Because of this, many figures of the despre institu ția Securit ății statului în ultimii 12 ani ai regimului comunist din România pe care a Securitate, especially the CFI, we’re glad condus-o nemijlocit”. Corvin Lupu, Cristian and supported the termination of the Troncot ă, Pr ăbu șirea mitului Securității. Adev ăruri Securitate. But this was just its ascunse despre generalul Iulian Vlad și istoria Securit ății regimului comunist din România , transformation into Romania’s current Editura Elion, Bucure ști, 2018, p. 317 intelligence, inheriting the Securitate’s 320 The issues regarding the food, consumer goods personnel, its buildings, but not its money, and energy crisis induced by the traitors in the Communist Party and in the Securitate can be namely the money collected from the hard studied in the book: Corvin Lupu, Tr ădarea work of the Romanian people, throughout Securit ății în decembrie 1989 , Editura Elion, Bucure ști, 2015, pp. 86-91 many years.

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It is very difficult to assess the - I.C.E. = Întreprinderea de Comer ț financial contribution the Securitate had Exterior/ Company for Foreign Trade for the state budget. After Ceau șescu’s - I.N.M.E.R. = Institutul Na țional pentru murder, when efforts to erase the traces of Memoria Exilului Românesc / National the Securitate’s activity were intense, on Institute for the Memory of Romanian the 30th December 1989, the management Exile of „Dun ărea” CFT filed a report towards - M.A.I. = Ministerul Afacerilor Interne/ MFTIEC, showing that between 1982- Ministry of Interior 1989, the company had paid roughly 5,000 - M.C.E.C.E.I. = Ministerul Comer țului million dollars to the state budget. Exterior și Cooper ării Economice All legal payments made by Interna ționale/ „Dun ărea” CFT were carried out through Ministry of Foreign Trade and Bancorex. This is but a sixth of the International Economic Cooperation amounts stolen by the Securitate from - O.V. = Opera țiuni Valutare/ Currency Romania’s economy and owned by credit Operations directors in accounts in the early 1990... 321 O.V.S. = Opera țiuni Valutare This was the greatest heist in Speciale/ Special Currency Operations Romania’s history. - U.M. = Unitate militar ă/ Military Unit

Abbreviations - A.C.N.S.A.S. = Arhiva Consiliului Bibliography Na țional de Studiere a Arhivelor Securit ății/Archive of the 1. Andronic, Stelian, Octavian, 36 de ani National Council for Studying the în serviciile secrete ale României. Din Archives of the Securitate respect pentru adev ăr. Memorii , - A.V.S. = Aport valutar special/ Special Editura Compania, Bucure ști, 2008 currency equity 2. Andronic, Stelian Octavian, Secretul - C.C. al P.C.R. = Comitetul Central al trandafirului. 25 de ani sub mantie Partidului Comunist Român / Central consular ă, Editura Paco, Bucure ști, Committee of the Romanian Communist 2010 Party 3. Banu, Florian, De la SSI la SIE. O - C.I.E. = Centrul de Informa ții Externe al istorie a spionajului românesc în Securit ății/ Centre for Foreign Information timpul regimului comunist (1948- of the Securitate 1989) , Editura Corint, Bucure ști, 2016 - C.S. = Consiliul de Stat/ State Council 4. Bâlb ă, Ioan, Adev ărul despre - D.I.E. = Direc ția de Informa ții Externe a Securitate , Editura Eurograph, Cluj- Securit ății/ Directorate of Foreign Napoca, 2010 Intelligence of the Securitate 5. Cosma, Neagu; Ion, St ănescu, De la - D.G.I.E. = Direc ția General ă de iscoad ă la agentul modern în Informa ții Externe a Securit ății/ General spionajul și contraspionajul românesc , Directorate for Foreign Intelligence of the Editura Paco, Bucure ști, 2001 Securitate 6. Ionescu Olbojan; Gheorghe, Fantomele lui Pacepa , Editura Corida,

321 A.C.N.S.A.S., fond O.V.S., dosar nr. FN 5, f. 1. Bucure ști, 1993

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7. Loftus, John; Mark Aarons, Războiul Ceau șescu , Biblioteca Ziua, Editura secret împotriva evreilor , Editura Elit, Omega SRL, Bucure ști, 1999 Ia și, 1998 13. Patrichi, Viorel, Ochii și urechile 8. Lupu, Corvin; Cristian Troncot ă, poporului. Convorbiri cu generalul Pr ăbu șirea mitului Securit ății. Nicolae Ple șiță. Dialoguri consemnate Adev ăruri ascunse despre generalul de Viorel Patrichi în perioada aprilie Iulian Vlad și istoria Securit ății 1999-ianuarie 2001 , Editura Lumea, regimului comunist din România , Bucure ști, 2001 Editura Elion, Bucure ști, 2018 14. Stoenescu, Alex, Mihai, Interviuri 9. Lupu, Corvin; Ioan Bâlb ă, Tr ădarea dup ă revolu ție , Editura Orizonturi, României Socialiste în viziunea unui Bucure ști, 2016 ofi țer de Securitate , Editura Techno 15. Troncot ă, Cristian, Duplicitarii , edi ția Media, Sibiu, 2019 a II-a rev ăzut ă și ad ăugit ă, Editura 10. Lupu, Corvin, Tr ădarea Securit ății în Elion, Bucure ști, 2014 decembrie 1989 , Editura Elion, 16. Vălena ș, Liviu, Fabrica de spioni , Bucure ști, 2015 Editura Vestala, Bucure ști, 2010 11. Nemetzi, Cornel, Ultimul curier ilegal. 17. Watts, Larry, L., Fere ște-mă doamne Memoriile unui spion român , Editura de prieteni... R ăzboiul clandestin al Marist, Baia Mare, 2013 Blocului Sovietic cu România , Editura 12. Pacepa, Ion, Mihai, Cartea neagr ă a RAO, Bucure ști, 2011 Securit ății, vol. III, L-am tr ădat pe

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______Gra țian LUPU Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu

BANKING ACTIVITIES AND BANK INTEREST – THREATS TO ECONOMIC SECURITY

Abstract: Since the creation of the first colonial empires, expecially the spanish one, Europe faced a mssive gold and silver import. The most part of this import was used to buy weapons and finance war. In this business the Rothschild and Baring families got envolved and managed to gain important capitals which they later used to borrow money with interest or to finance usualy both parts in wars. In this war they gained immense wealth and more important, a major influence upon the Western world, which in fact increasese in timpe up to the moment these lines are written. These economical-political phenomena aremajor threats to the economic security. Keywords: Bank interest; Financig war; Rothschild Contact details of the [email protected] author: Institutional affiliation of Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu the authors: Institutions 550324 Sibiu, Calea Dumbr ăvii nr. 34 address: Tel. / Fax: +40-269-422169

Society is steadily headed for the as the main educators for children, and wrong direction. The main factors consequently for society. 322 contributing to this situation are, mainly As an insight on the role of the ruling elite and, to a lesser extent, scientific research in our field, we wonder hazard. The latter resulted mainly from what part could analysts, political science society secularization, moving away from researchers, security studies and a set of essential ethic and moral values international relations specialist play if that offer the decision-makers of our human relations- and consequently the society the possibility to remove the relations between authorities created by elements violating these fundamental people- were to be governed by peace and values and to ensure a balanced harmony, if people had already discovered development of the society. What also the way to a balanced society. People, and accelerated these phenomena was creation consequently their actions, are governed by of a manipulative educational system and both good and evil. And so, the serious removal of parents, and especially mothers,

322 Alex Jones’ interview with Aaron Russo, from 2007,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3NA17 CCboA, (20.11.2019).

124 allegations aforementioned are not without appears to have been silenced due to the regard to humanity’s inventions and fact that his work was a nuisance to the discoveries as well as all the good things great international financial Wall Street that have happened and still happen to this market and the US higher administration. day. Bearing down on the theme of this The negative evolution of our era article- one of these inventions is money, to which we refer to, also includes our the very subject of this article. society’s economic life. Money is no Despite the fact that from a longer a means, but a purpose of economic cultural standpoint, many of the true values activities. This is affecting the personal and are identified and acknowledged by professional development of a considerable society, and, in theory, some are, to some number of individuals and, in some extent, promoted, in reality there is a huge situations, it can even lead to a decay of gap between what is being said and what is the social act of governing, utility input, being done. To this respect, in a previous scientific research, medical services etc. paper I emphasized the unfortunate effects These are all serious threats to human of tardily publishing conclusions of social security, with critical long-term scientific discoveries in the field of consequences. security, political sciences and One example is that of big international relations.This is in reference corporations. There’s a lot of trumpeting to the fact that certain „whistleblowers” are on corporate social responsibility, but in acknowledged as valued analysis only after the capitalist system it is but formally the negative issue they report is long gone observed, with the purpose of promoting a and the unfortunate effects took place, good image. Essentially, the activity of big making them impossible, or nearly economic agents has deeply destructive impossible to remove. These people are not effects on both the environment and promoted until it is too late; they are often society. The evidence is there for anyone framed with acts of immorality, corruption to see, and despite the redundancy, we will or other such negative deeds, in an attempt nevertheless list them: a world where more to destroy their credibility 323 . From an and more guns are produced, where an economic and financial standpoint, such a increasing number of starving and researcher was Antony C. Sutton 324 , who homeless people, with increasing land clearings 325 , where there’s increasing spillage, where drinking water resources 323 There was a failed attempt to blaim the president of the Romanian Academy, prof. univ. dr. Ioan are more and more polluted, where the rich Aurel POP, a reasearcher with a very high ethical get richer and the poor only get poorer, it’s and moral status, for plagiarism. Also follow the atempt of blaiming Antony C. Sutton for plagiarims, on https://www.stiripesurse.ro/acuza-- ii-ru--inoase-la-academia-romana---presedintele- as the nazis in Germany. A.C. Sutton proves how ioan-aurel-pop-s-ar-fi-plagiat-de-unul-singur-- big corporations on Wall Street financed both sides presa-_1323877.html,(20.112019) in WW II, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oGid- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTDvLmEBES IT5IM&list=PLRvGyzWy1siNo36pmkGP_AuCSJs Y, (20 11.2019) Ts_xJC, (20.11.2019) 325 One of the big lies is the bio-fuel. Large 324 A.C. Sutton talks in a large interview about his deforestation is made in order to plant palm trees research work and presents the conclusion that for palm oil. This means that important parts of some well known and wealthy men from Wall rainforest are destroyed, rainforest that creates Street financed the Bolshevik Revolutuion, as well oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide.

125 a world that cannot go in the Waterloo. Capitalizing on a lot of skill and right/correct/appropriate direction. quick access to information, Rothschild Now, in the world economic baron of London, speculated the stock system scheme of things, the companies exchange and won, as he previously had responsible for such severe actions, the information of ’s defeat. designed exclusively for profit, are topped Some said that he spread the rumor of his by the great international finance, the big victory, other, that he actually just sold his international bankers and their banks who shares and by doing so he led other to financed or have financed important believe that Napoleon had won. Others business men and their holdings, or even followed him and many brokers sold states, governments or wars. In shares, their price dropped/rose and so completing the idea, it is worth pointing Nathan Rothschild was able to buy a lot for out, or repeating, that when it comes to very little and he enhanced his fortune wars, both, more or all conflicting sides are significantly. The official Rothschild financed. In the end, regardless of the website archive does not deny the fact that winner or winners of that war, those Nathan Rothschild made a lot of money having financed it built good relations with from speculating Napoleon’s defeat at them, that lead to meaningful commercial Waterloo, but the amount is significantly relationships, useful in post conflict minimised, the only mention being that it restoration, tapping the resources of is impossible to calculate how much the defeated or occupied territories etc. 326 In oligarch won from that job 328 . However, fact, in the current stage of our research, these issues are not included in the classic we consider these big international bankers historiography on Napoleon’s era 329 . Other to be the most influential people elements are considered to be of worldwide, and so, they are responsible for importance. Many historians, mainly many of the negative phenomena we authors, prioritized political and military described in this article and even others. 327 actions, rather than economic aspects. We One aspect that we discovered and emphasize, however, the importance of studied in the past and is worth mentioning these economic phenomena as the in this paper is that when it comes to headstone of our world. We also want to historic research, there is a significant gap make these negative phenomena known, to between the history of politics and the the purpose of removing them. history of economy, especially starting from the late Middle Ages. A powerful example to this respect is the economic 328 https://www.rothschildarchive.org/contact/faqs/nath aspect of emperor Napoleon’s defeat at an_mayer_rothschild_and_waterloo la 20 noiembrie 2019 (20.11.2019), https://napoleonbonapartepodcast.com/2006/11/09/t 326 Anthony C. Sutton, Wall Street and the Rise of he-rothschild-family-and-the-napoleonic-wars/, Hitler (20.11.2019), 327 We take into consideration the fact that many of https://www.mindcontagion.org/banking/hb1815.ht the oil corporations belong to some very important ml, (20.11.2019) international bankers on Wall Street: 329 Veit Valentin, Reader’s Digest Illustrierte https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKTkEifR7Kc, Weltgeschichte, Band 2, Editura DAS BESTE (21.11.2019), GmbH, Stuttgart, Zürich,Viena, pp. 945-947 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KmGfIRRtuI Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria universal ă modern ă, &t=300s, (21.11 2019). Editura Oscar Print, Bucure şti, 1998

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Coming back to historiography, (Securitate - n.trad) in the ousting of we point out that it needs to be reformed Romanian president, Nicolae Ceau șescu, and that research and historical writing from power. Well, his ousting was must contain the principle of analysing the followed by the plundering of Romanian’s economic impact of political phenomena, money, part of Romania’s national who stands to benefit from this intake of economy and making Romania a state that political phenomena, identify the money borrows from international financing path within the political phenomena in institutions at avery high interest 331 . order to establish who determined or who In our days, the banking system/ hijacked them or what were the the banks have a very important role in consequences. For example, by observing society. Much of the private economic these principles, a group of German activity, as well as governments, political researchers managed to identify the fact systems and others, depends on them. A that 9/11 was not about terrorist attacks on nation’s well being often depends on them. New York and the Pentagon, but rather PROFIT is at the core of a banking complex foreign-flag operations. Research activity. This is why banks exist. Interest- indicates that most probably organizers alongside various commissions- is a means were from within the neo conservative to get profit. Currency is no longer a means group governing at the time. These to carry out economic activities, but the researchers name George W. Bush, Paul asset itself. Hence, from a means to Wolfowitz, Dick Cheney, Donald operate economic exchange, money Rumsfeld but also point out that, at the became the object of its transaction and its time these results were published, there own purpose. In the event it’s being wasn’t enough evidence for them to be abused, this represents a serious threat to prosecuted. 330 A direct link of this example economic security. Once this is affected, with this article on banks, bank activities this becomes a significant threat to social and interests, is the fact that the attempt to security. destroy a wing of the Pentagon actually In this article we aim at offering destroyed a part of the Pentagon’s archive, some examples to his respect at the same containing documents on those who time referencing historic events, pertaining defrauded 2,300 billion dollars of US to how the practice of loan-sharks and money. banking activities have affected the Illustrating the above situation economic activities of those who paid and how the events of December 1989 in interest for the borrowed amounts. Bucharest were and continue to be presented: the media mainstream , as well An overview of banking activities: as historiography presented more on the Massive gold and silver popular rising. They neglected the fact that capitalization was very important in foreign forces got involved in those events. They COMPLETELY disregarded the 331 Corvin Lupu, Tr ădarea Securit ății în decembrie involvement of certain Security leaders 1989 , Editura Elion, Bucure ști, 2015, Corvin Lupu, Cristian Troncot ă, Pr ăbu șirea mitului Securit ății , Editura Elion, Bucure ști, 2018, Corvin Lupu, Ioan Bâlb ă, Tr ădarea României socialiste în viziunea 330 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhnNy5Eseb unui ofi țer de securitate , Editura TechnoMedia, A, (21.11.2019) Sibiu, 2019

127 enabling bank-like activities. Having Jüri Lina is also the one to point significant reserves of these precious out that the so-called metals was the only way to issue enough was followed by a spread in using money to be able to carry out large scale banknotes, meaning paper money. Gold loans. The Swedish author of Estonian merchants practiced economic fraud, descent, Jüri Lina 332 points out that the secretly borrowing part of their gold massive capitalization that based the huge covered by and keeping the interest gained fortune of the two loan-shark- banker from this illegal loan. At the same time, families, Baring şi Rothschild, was helped they issued more banknotes than the gold by the input of gold (185 tons) and silver reserve they owned, taking up interest on (16,000 tons), brought from Latin America them. Basically, more money was by the Spanish in the XVIth and XVIIth borrowed than the gold reserve owned by centuries. 333 Nicolae Ciachir offers the creditor. It even came to borrowing up numbers that enable the reader to consider to 10 times more money than the reserve of that J. Lina’s information isn’t complete, gold. Jüri Lina points out that this abuse of that the gold and silver input was even trust became ordinary for all the areas of greater, but it fails to make the connection the francmasons’ world. And so, on an with weaponry investments. 334 These existing set up , bankers manage to obtain capitals were used for buying weapons interests of up to 80% a year 336 for their from and Flanders. In fact, this gold reserve. (If the interest is of 8% and connection is missing from general they’re issuing more than 10 times more classical history. Despite the fact that currency than the reserve, then the gold meanwhile, the input of wealth imported ensuring the reserve is up to 10x8%, from the colonies is often acknowledged, namely up to 80%.). Basically, 90% of this the economic development and wellbeing interest is accomplished solely based on of the metropolis in the former colonial the convention that these bankers are the empires is not mentioned in the classic ones issuing banknotes (namely currency) history of the Middle Ages or the Modern and actually printing it. And so, these Era as being of significant input in creating bankers manage to induce negative and consolidating the large capitals that economic and social phenomena, out of were the basis of large banks, whose thin air: social and economic polarization, owners currently have a major, and in our borrowers dependency on a purely formal opinion, a negative influence, system that has no actual contribution to worldwide 335 . bringing an added-value to society. Meanwhile, the dependency these bankers created for society towards their activity 332 https://jyrilina.com/, (20.112019) and themselves, enabled them to gain an 333 Jüri Lina, Arhitec ţii în şel ăciunii , Editura Lux impressive economic and political Sublima, Bucure şti, 2014, p. 115 334 Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria universal ă modern ă, influence, that constitutes a threat to vol. I, Editura Oscar Print, Bucure şti, 1998, pp. 102-116. La pag. 106 şi 107 two tables are shown, with the gold and silver production in the Spanish viceroyalties in Latin America and in Brasil Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria universal ă modern ă, vol. 2, 335 Veit Valentin, Readers’s Digest Illustrierte Editura Oscar Print, Bucure şti, 1998 Weltgeschichte, Band 1, Editura DAS BESTE 336 Jüri Lina, Arhitec ţii în şel ăciunii , Editura Lux GmbH, Stuttgart, Züric, Viena, pp. 454-457, Sublima, Bucure şti, 2014, pp. 115-116

128 political and economic security, at least of a significant part of the British society, with regards to the Euro-atlantic world. it significantly contributed to the social and With respect to the above, the economic polarization and lead to a same author, Jüri Lina, shows that things divided evolution of the English society: happened the same way with the Bank of on the one hand, the English elite fought England. In 1969, William of Orania, and still fight over the British national prince of Nassau, became king of England interests, for example Nigel Farage and his in a coup d’etat, that did not involve the group of politicians who promoted the idea people, called the Glorious Revolution. of the Brexit, and on the other hand, the England’s financial situation was a big London bankers who managed, from difficult one. To overcome this situation, the XVIIth century, and still do to this day, Wilhelm the IIIrd of Orania requested the get most of the benefits obtained through support of some powerful bankers. He the British and the British colonies borrowed 1,25 million pounds. Of that inhabitants’ efforts. money, he actually received only 750,000 pounds. The name of the loaner was secret. Some examples of successful use of no- Those offering the money were allowed to interest currency: start the Bank of England. With this bank, 1. The American Revolution and it was allowed to offer 10 pound currency the Independence War in the North loans for each pound hedged in gold. American Colonies: These bankers were allowed to fund the As I mentioned the American national debt and ensure payment to the colonists, here is what author Jüri Lina bank for annual quota and for interest by says about the Independence War of the taxing the people. In 1694 the Bank of North American british Colonies: England gained total control over the Benjamin Franklin had a speech in the pound, having the right to issue this British Parliament illustrating that the currency, namely to print banknotes. The wellbeing of the North American British English nation was now in serious debt. colonies was due to the fact that colonists The author offers data regarding this debt: issued their own currency “colonial in 1698 it grew from 1,15 million pounds banknotes”, whose purchasing power was to 16 million. In 1815, after the napoleonic controlled by the colonists, without paying wars, the debt amounted to 885 million interest. The author indicated that once pounds, in 1945 it was of 22,5 billion they were made aware of this situation, pounds and in 1960 the debt amounted to British mason bankers pulled the strings so 28 billions and in 1995 it had reached 300 that the Parliament would forbid the billion pounds, meaning roughly 45% of colonies the use of their own financial the gross domestic product. There had been system and to impose the use of gold and attempts at finding out who governs the silver money covered by interest. This lead Bank of England, but they all failed, and to a decrease in the amount of money from only one name came out - Rothschild 337 the British colonies, borrowing money .The situation leads to the impoverishment from the Bank of England and then, a growth of poverty. In Jüri Lina’s opinion, these evolutions represent the underlying 337 Jüri Lina, Arhitec ţii în şel ăciunii , Editura Lux Sublima, Bucure şti, 2014, pp. 116-117 causes for the North-American war of

129 independence. However, this cause is not having to finance uS’s war effort against mentioned by classic history. 338 The author the Southern confederates, Salmon points out that the provision in Article I, Portland Chase, USA Secretary of Section VIII of the 1787 American Treasury (namely the US ministry of Constitution: “ The Congress shall have finances) (as well as his Southern power [...] to issue currency, regulate its confederate counterpart) was aware of the value”, the representatives of the newly three traditional ways for financing wars: created state tried to protect themselves loan, currency issuing and raising taxes. from the bankers of the old continent 339 During the Civil War, the two sides used And so, according to Benjamin all the three methods in different ratios. Fo Franklin, the currency of the colonies is of the first part of the war, US authorities had an essential contribution to the people’s difficulties in getting the necessary wellbeing. The fact that there was no amounts of money for covering the war currency controlled by the British bankers effort. Subsequently, with the involvement made the latter step in and ensure they also of a certain Jay Cooke in selling state gain some profit from the North American bonds, this method proved to be of great British colonies - a fact that apparently success and by the end of the war, roughly accelerated the process of creating the ⅔ of the 3,4 billion dollars spent, came this independent American nation. On the other way. What’s interesting is the issuing of hand, once British bankers gained control 150 million dollars, printed on green paper over the money, there was increasing ( and so they were called „greenbacks” ), poverty in the population of the North with no reserve in gold, but considered to American British colonies. be US bonds, executed at the proposal of In the end, the US ended up in the the secretary of the treasury, Chase. After same situation: by creating the private some long debate, in 1862, 150 million Federal Reserve System the American dollars were issued and by the end of the nation has no control over its own war roughly 450 million dollars were currency, as this is a private institution in issued. The increase in taxes did not which the American state only has a generate much income, the amounts being theoretic control. We’ll develop this issue insignificant in comparison the those in a future study. mentioned above 340 We must also mention that the 450 million dollar issued outside 2. USA Congress Currency during the gold reserve did not bear interest, the Civil War (1861-1865) either. In the desire to keep the examples When re-elected in 1864, of this article to events taking place in the president Abraham Lincoln promised that USA, here’s a reference to the currency as soon as the war was over he will fight situation during the American Civil War. the banks. With regards to the US - and president Lincoln’s- financial politics, 338 Veit Valentin, Reader’s Digest Illustrierte Lord Goschen, representative of the Weltgeschichte, Band 2, Editura DAS BESTE financial world, said in the “London GmbH, Stuttgart, Zürich,Viena, pp. 826-829. Vezi şi Nicolae Ciachir, Istoria universal ă modern ă, vol. 1, Editura Oscar Print, Bucure şti, 1998, pp. 54-68. 339 Jüri Lina, Arhitec ţii în şel ăciunii , Editura Lux 340 https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/fin Sublima, Bucure şti, 2014, pp. 118-119 ancing-the-civil-war.html, (21.11.2019)

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Times” that if the government’s view they printed the necessary money 342 , the became permanent, then it could get the building was finished and the market necessary currency, pay its debts and honor started its activity. Business started to the loans without becoming indebted. It flourish. To be fair, the two main banks of would have enough money for trade and it the island had already started circulating would wealthier than ever. “If we don’t the money. By 1822 the market had overthrow this government, it will already paid off the expenses. The 4,000 1 overthrow us.” A done deal! The pound banknotes were destroyed. The American Civil War ended on the 9th April project was a success and was followed by 1865 and on the 14th April, president others. In comparison, the fruit market in Abraham Lincoln was murdered. Candleriggs – Glasgow was built in 1817 Apparently, there is a direct link between with 60,000 pounds, money borrowed with the murder and baron Rothschild. 341 After interest. In was only in 1956 that the debt Lincoln’s murder, US’s debt to the banks was finally reimbursed for the Glasgow increased and the money supply decreased, market, namely after 139 years. Between creating social and economic problems. 1910 and 1956 only the interest was However, various presidents and statesmen 267,886 pounds 343 . fought against banks’ influence, until 1913, Contemporary analysis of the when, with the help of high state US Guernsey island evolutions make no francmasones, bankers managed to get mention of the successful project from the their point across, by creating the Federal beginning of the XIXth century, despite the Reserve System. fact that the one referenced here considers planning the future of the small British 3. Guernsey Island island. We make this statement considering Jüri points out that in 1810, the that in general, the search for solutions for francmasones brought poverty to Europe, future successes also implies finding to the purpose of catalyzing revolutionary examples of past good practices in the movements. One of the places affected by considered are 344 . poverty was a British island of the English Channel - Guernsey. With a very low purchasing power, the production on the island stopped and workers went into unemployment. Taxes to England could no 342 The ”theislandwiki” website shows in an article longer be paid, loans could not be that the printing of the 4.000 pounds was a fraud of reimbursed, nor interests paid. Bankruptcy the oficials in Guernsey https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/The_Guer was imminent. In 1815 they wanted to nsey_Experiment, (21.112019) build a new meat market, that would help 343 Jüri Lina, Arhitec ţii în şel ăciunii , Editura Lux restore the economic situation. They only Sublima, Bucure şti, 2014, pp. 124-125. The author cites a book that we could not get, Olive Grubiak, had 1,000 of the necessary 5,000 pounds. It Jan Grubiak, The Guernsey Experiment , was then proposed to use an old privilege, Howthorne, California, 1960 344 namely to issue their own money. And so, Oxford Economics, Towars An Economic Development Strategy forGuernsey: Review of Guernsey’s Economic Profile and Assessment of Future Opportunities , February 2012 pe 341 Jüri Lina, Arhitec ţii în şel ăciunii , Editura Lux https://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=28431 Sublima, Bucure şti, 2014, pp. 120-121 &p=0, (20.11.2019)

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Conclusions: all those who own dollars or use the dollars From building the large capitals in transactions. that were the foundation for creating the On the other hand, the literature is big banks, like those of the Baring and filled with relevant examples proving that Rothschild families, for example, banking for political decision makers there is activities often had a negative effect on always the possibility of eluding loans society, at macro level. The deepening of from big banks/large international bankers. conventions on money enabled the creation In this case, the debt created for objectives of a system that allowed issuing up to 10 of public interest can be reimbursed easier times more currency than the gold reserve. and the fiscal pressure on the society is And so, based solely on this convention, significantly lower. We can, thus, conclude big banks managed to gather up to 10 that nowadays, political decision makers times more money supply than what it was who chose to be in debt with international due through owning the gold guaranteeing banks, international financing organisms currency issuing. Then, through who take up relatively high interests, are manipulation, arrangements with various all working together with these bankers decisions makers, big bankers managed to who want to place capitals on various loan money to governments and thus markets and then, by taking up interests putting them in debt for a long time, and inducing inflation, to systematically cashing in consistent interest. Big “extract the welfare” in the long-run. international bankers managed to gather In more recent years, we have significant capital, that currently ensures come to realize that the political leaders them a major international influence, that trying to detach themselves from the helped them setup an international system international system of screditing states that ensures a continuous and large input of and governments, by cutting agreements capitals, not just through their private with the IMF, are a nuisance to the banks, but also through the World Bank representatives of that system and, and the International Monetary Fund. On consequently, are presented in a negative the other hand, they managed to rule over way and are often removed. For example, and control national and so-called national Romania ruled by Nicolae Ceau șescu, banks, directly or through their lieutenants. Hungary ruled by Viktor Orban, Poland It’s already over 100 years since they ruled by Alexander Duka, Iraq ruled by managed to replace the US Treasury’s role Saddam Hussein ș.a. with a private system, that of the Federal Not wanting to be exhaustive, Reserve System, through which they something that at times might seem as manage to gather the wealth of the entire incoherence, this article aims at being one world using the dollar, to their banks, using of those papers that signal the problem at the same dedicated system of a gold hand, especially given that for the most reserve for only 10% of the money supply, part, this issue is not present in the classic issuing dollars without a gold reserve, literature of this area. increasing the purchasing power of those controlled by these bankers, but they also induce inflation of the dollar, thus affecting

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Bibliography 4. Websites: Books: 5. https://jyrilina.com/ 1. Ciachir, Nicolae, Istoria universal ă 6. https://napoleonbonapartepodcast.c modern ă în dou ă volume, Editura Oscar om/ Print, Bucure şti, 1998 https://www.mindcontagion.org/ 2. Lina, Jüri, Arhitec ţii în şel ăciunii , 7. https://www.essentialcivilwarcurric Editura Lux Sublima, Bucure şti, 2014 ulum.com/ 3. Veit, Valentin, Reader’s Digest 8. https://www.rothschildarchive.org/ Illustrierte Weltgeschichte , în dou ă volume, Editura Das Beste Gmbh, Stuttgart, Zürich,Viena

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BOOK REVIEWS

Corvin LUPU Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu

TREASON HAD NESTED A LONG TIME AGO IN D.S.S., BY CONSTANTIN AIOANEI AND CRISTIAN TRONCOT Ă

Abstract: Trying to recover the memory of former intelligence agents, professor Troncot ă had some long and interesting discussions with Constantin Aioanei. The conclusions are sad for Romania and forthe Romanian people, as the research on the field of the treason of the Securitate is more and more confirmed by some honest retired intelligence officers. The book tries to get to the bottom of the treason, to find out the reasons and motivation of the Romanian officers who chose to do so. Keywords: Securitate; Betrayal of the Securitate; History of the Securitate Contact details of [email protected] the author: Institutional Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu affiliation: Institutions 550324 Sibiu, Calea Dumbr ăvii nr. 34 address: Tel. / Fax: +40-269-422169

The authors of this book are two people its leaders’ activity. The events of with an intimate knowledge of the history December 1989 caught him in the position of the Securitate in state socialism regime of the deputy head of the Securitate in in Romania during Nicolae Ceau șescu’s Sibiu county. After 1990, Col. Constantin leadership. Aioanei worked at the Archival Service of RIS Colonel (ret.) Constantin Aioanei the Romanian Intelligence Service. was operations officer within the Fourth RIS General (ret.) Prof. Cristian Direction of Military Counterintelligence, Troncot ă, PhD, is a historian, a University “B” Service, 10 th Bureau, a structure of Bucharest graduate, PhD in Military insuring counterintelligence of the Sciences and Intelligence at the National Ministry of the Interior (Military Unit University of Defence “Carol I” in 0632, Bucharest), a unit established in Bucharest, officer within the Securitate and 1967. Minister Tudor Postelnicu set up the RIS Archives (1984-1994), then professor Military Counterintelligence Independent and dean of the Faculty of Information of Service, where Col. (ret.) Constantin the National Intelligence Academy (1994- Aioanei also worked. The unit also had 2009). Since 2004, he became associate supervisory tasks on the Securitate , professor at Lucian Blaga University of including on the leadership of the Sibiu, and, since 2012, he became full Department, which gave these officers a member of this university, the one complex insight on the institution and on developing, for the first time in Romania,

134 the field of Security studies and bachelor provided an unhoped-for support to the and Masters’ programmesin this field. putschists and the Army, whom it In the intelligence work, the directly supported, and did this compartmentalization and the secrecy of consciously, at the cost of its own the activities mean that the officers know existence.” few things of the whole of the Service’s Regarding the treason of the work. However, in the archives, having on Securitate , the authors make concrete hand the results of the majority of the reference, mentioning the surname, the operations, officers acquire a very broad first name, and the acts of a number of 60 vision on the activity of the Service. officers who defected and made Professor Troncot ă is one of those who themselves available to the foreign secret advocated for recovering the memory of services. It is also shown, with the honest former Securitate officers, with documentary evidence, the fact that the the aim of supplementing the history of the head of the Securitate , General Iulian Securitate with as many data and Vlad, also admitted that, within the information as possible. Securitate , there were traitors, without Going through the book, the most mentioning himself, he who was the most important conclusions one can draw are the important traitor, the de facto effecter of following: the coup d’état from within the seat of 1) The “revolution” of December 1989 power, from within the headquarters of the was triggered at the will of some CC of the RCP, respectively, from foreign states acting in Romania. In this whenceCeau șescu was forcedly evacuated, sense, GRU General (ret.) then arrested by the Securitate , and handed CinghizAbdullaev is also cited, who, in over to the Army to be assassinated. This December 1989, was carrying out operation from within the headquarters of military missions in Romania, and who the CC of the RCP was falsely presented as stated that: “Moscow and Washington being a “runaway” of the leader and a desired Ceau șescu’s removal and surrendering of power. I have explained at pressured in this sense. Of course, there length, in other books, this topic was also a foreign intervention”. (CorvinLupu, România în decembrie 1989, 2) The Securitate betrayed Nicolae De la revolta popular ă la lovitura de stat Ceau șescu, but also the country as a [Romania in December 1989: From the whole and its people. This treason did Popular Revolt to Coup d’état], preface by not come forward only in December Gheorghe Buzatu, Tehno Media, Sibiu, 1989, when the Securitate shook hands 2010; with the foreign secret services which CorvinLupu, Tr ădarea Securit ății în attacked Romania, but well in advance. decembrie 1989. Secrete ale interven ției In this respect, the following fragment, str ăine împotriva României [The treason of written by Colonel (ret.) Constantin the Securitate in December 1989: Secrets Aioanei, is significant: “The treason had of the Foreign Intervention against nestled a long time ago, as early as Romania ], Elion, Bucharest, 2015; 1967-1968, and it deepened after 1973. CorvinLupu, Cristian Troncot ă, Pr ăbu șirea In 1989, this act was just perfected.” It mitului Securit ății. Adev ăruri ascunse is also stated that “… the Securitate has despregeneralul Iulian Vlad și Securitatea

135 regimului comunist din România [The Commander of the Military Garrison in Collapse of the Myth of the Securitate : Sibiu, a discussion Colonel (ret.) Hidden Truths on General Iulian Vlad and Constantin Aioanei witnessed. During the on the Securitate of the Communist Regime phone call, General Iulian Vlad thanked in Romania ], Elion, Bucharest, 2018). Aurel Dragomir, because he destroyed the Besides these documented 60 traitors headquarters of the Securitate in Sibiu and from Securitate , the authors also refer to killed several staff members. the traitors at the top of the Securitate , in The authors show that, by treachery, December 1989, who did not get a file by “the Securitate was the main institution in the counterintelligence officers, although the country which created insecurity for there were proofs of their betrayal, Ceau șescu’s regime”. obtained by illegal means (stakeout, 3) The authors show that the Securitate operational technique, secret search, the officers participated in the economical- interception of communications). The list financial looting of Romania. In this of these ones comprises: Gen. Iulian Vlad sense, inter alia , the authors conclude (Secretary of State, the head of the DSS), that: “[The Securitate ] has put in place Gen. Mihai Caraman (head of the the synthetic diamond factory, that, espionage rezidentura in Paris, later EIC starting with1974, had annually brought counterintelligence op, head of EIS), Gen. 270 million dollars. And last but not Nicolae Doicaru (the head of EIC, least, due toCeau șescu’s naivety, it Secretary of State, later Ministry of learned how to get blood out of a stone Tourism), Gen. Aristotel Stamatoiu (the goods of the socialist economy (Secretary of State, head of “Dun ărea” which were in stock, sold for prices FTE, the head of the EIC, deputy head of negotiated and known only to the the DSS), Gen. Ștefan Alexie (Secretary of Securitate officers involved), but, State, deputy head of the DSS), Gen. eventually, by guile and a total lack of Nicolae Ple șiță (Secretary of State, head of control on the part of the Party in the EIC), Gen. Emil Macri (the head of the field of finance, it appropriated fabulous Second Direction of the DSS), Gen. Sergiu amounts of money, according to some Nicolau (head of SIS and head of EID), estimate, running into billions of dollars. Gen. Marin Neagoe (the head of the Fifth Rolled through all sorts of bank accounts, Direction of the DSS), Gen. Nicolae Stan, these sums have eventually prompted the Colonel Gheorghe Ra țiu (the head of the loans authorizing officers to act on their First Direction of the DSS). ownin order to start a new life in a The authors show that General Iulian competitive milieu…” Vlad betrayed not only Ceau șescu, but also Florian Banu, Mihai Caraman: un the Securitate officers and the institution of spionromânînR ăzboiulRece [Mihai the Securitate as a whole, respectively, Caraman: A Romanian Spy in the Cold disarming it and working against it. In this War ], Corint, Bucharest, 2019. ISBN 978- respect, Col. (ret.) Constantin Aioanei 606-7936124, 606 pp., with footnotes, no reveals the contents of a telephone bibliography and no name index. conversation of the last days of December The monography dedicated to the 1989, between General Iulian Vlad and activity of Romanian spy Mihai Caraman, Lieutenant Colonel Aurel Dragomir, the written by NCSSA researcher Florian

136 Banu, well-known historian of the the RIS, into the Direction for the Defence Romanian secret services, presents the of the Constitution) and head of the personality and activity in Paris of Independent Information, Protection and Romanian spy Mihai Caraman, who was Anticorruption Service of the Ministry of the head of the Romanian espionage Justice (“SIPA”). The book presents the station in France, in the period 1958-1968. activity seen through the eyes of the head The work is an ample one, very well- of the institution, and presents documented through the NCSSA Archive, encomiastically its activity. The author or a part of it. voices complaints towards the critics of the It is known that, in December 1989 and institution and towards the NCSSA in the following period, the archives of the activity, which revealed some of the abuses former Securitate have been partially of the former Securitate and exposed the destroyed, partially smuggled, partially secret police this institution had practiced, taken over by the Ministry of National by exposing a small fraction of the Defence, and partially still sealed by the perpetrators. The book refers to the high- RIS and especially by the EIS. Probably level corruption, giving examples from the this is the reason why some aspects of politicians’ ranks only, the officers of the Mihai Caraman’s activity, in his capacity secret services being spared. The author as agent of the French secret services ( See , considers that the corruption phenomenon also, Constantin Aioanei, Cristian in Romania serves the interests of Russia Troncot ă, Tr ădarea se cuib ărisedemultîn and of Hungary, presented as being the D.S.S. [Treason had nestled a long time historical enemies of Romania. ago in DSS ], Elion, Bucharest, 2019, pp. The author refers to the operations of 255-256) and as KGB agent ( See , also, the Service and to the way in which Larry L. Watts, Fere ște-mă doamne de Romania has been informationally prieteni... R ăzboiul clandestin al Blocului penetrated by agents of some foreign secret Sovietic cuRomânia [With Friends Like services. These aspects constitute pages of These... The Soviet Bloc’s Clandestine War history of the Romanian security services. Against Romania ], RAO International Aspects of very recent history are also Publishing Company, Bucharest, 2011, pp. presented, including ones regarding the 48, 337, 502-510, 584-590 and 622), were criminality and the crime gangs which not revealed. have gripped Romania. Marian V. Ureche, Serviciul de The author does not refer to the Informa ții al Justi țieidezv ăluit din interior controversial issues in the activity of SIPA, [The Justice Information Service, revealed such as, for example, the activity of from within ], 2 volumes, Mara, Bucharest, radiation poisoning of some“ 2019. ISBN 978-606-8826-31-8, with inconvenient” persons for the secret footnotes, no bibliography and no name services (CorvinLupu, România sub index. presiunear ăzboiuluirece și a dorin ței de The author of the book was a well- integrare euro-atlantic ă [Romania under known Securitate and RIS officer, who the Pressure of the Cold War and of the moved up in his career as far as the Will to Euro-Atlantic Integration ], vol. II, position of head of the First Direction of Alma Mater, Sibiu, 2000, pp. 595-596), or the Securitate (turned, after the creation of the workings of the Commission of the

137 Parliament of Romania for the waste which has been done, etc. The book investigation of SIPA, which concluded also presents aspects always hidden on the that the Service tracked members of the activity of the Securitate in the field of judiciary in order to intimidate and to currency intake, in particular after 1982, blackmail them ( see Remus Florescu, when, by Decree of the Council of State, Declara țiile istoricului Marius Oprea la the entire activity of Romania’s external Comisia SIPA: „SIPA a fost folosit ă pentru trade was placed in the Securitate ’scharge, urm ărirea magistra ților și intimidarea basically getting out of the Party’s hands. lor” [Historian Marius Oprea’s statements That is how it came that huge sums of at the SIPA Commission: “SIPA was used money, running into billions of dollars, to track and to intimidate magistrates” ], in were kept and rolledthrough different bank adev.ro/pbigsi of 28 th of February 2018). accounts and hidden from the Government Corvin Lupu, Ioan Bâlb ă, Tr ădarea and from the leader,Ceau șescu. In the RomânieiSocialiste în viziunea unui ofi țer meantime, in Romania, the population de Securitate [The Treachery of Socialist faced the lack of consumer food and Romania, in the Eyes of a Securitate energy products in the market, and the Officer ], Techno Media, Sibiu, 2019. ISBN state had difficulty in paying the interests 978-606-616-343-9, with footnotes, and in reimbursing the financial debt of the bibliography and name index. country. It is a book revealing many of the The authors, prof. Corvin Lupu, PhD, hidden truths in the history of the and col. (ret.) Ioan Bâlb ă, present Securitate. important aspects in the economic life of socialist Romania, with an emphasis on the way in which the economic development Abbreviations of Romania was sabotaged by high-ranking C.C. al P.C.R.=the Central Committee of Party officials and by the leadership of the the Romanian Communist Party Securitate . Col. (ret.) Ioan Bâlb ă held E.I.C.= the External Information Center of important positions of responsibility in the the DSS field of the economic security of Romania, N.C.S.S.A.=the National Council for the being in charge of the counterintelligence Study of the Securitate Archives protection of the Chemical Plant inF ăgăra ș D.S.S.=the Department of State Security and of all the economic units in Constan ța G.R.U.= the Main Military Intelligence County (the Nuclear Power Plant in Directorate of the General Staff of the Cernavod ă, the Danube-Black Sea Canal, USSR Army the “Petromidia” Refinery inN ăvodari, the F.T.E.= Foreign Trade Enterprise Shipyards in Constan țaand Mangalia, the M.N.D.= the Ministry of National Defence irrigation system in Dobruja, etc.). E.I.S.= the External Information Service The book analyzes the causes which S.I.P.A.=Independent Information, undermined the economy of Romania, Protection and Anticorruption Service of through wrong decisions, through false the Ministry of Justice reporting, through the disinformation of R.I.S.=the Romanian Intelligence Service the country’s leaders, through the terrible M.U.= Military Unit

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