Gorbachev and Thatcher
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Internal British Debates in the Late 1980S on Germany's Potential
Internal British Debates in the Late 1980s on Germany’s Potential Reunification 225 Chapter 8 “Say One Thing and Think Another:” Internal British Debates in the Late 1980s on Germany’s Potential Reunification Liviu Horovitz During the 1980s, no one within the British government welcomed Germany’s probable and irresistible reunification. On this very issue, “we have to say one thing and think another,” Charles Powell, the prin- cipal foreign policy advisor to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, not- ed already in 1984.1 He articulated what many within the UK’s chan- celleries wrote in various memos, reports, and summaries of discussions throughout the decade. The Cold War status quo suited the United Kingdom well, but Brit- ish officials concluded it was unsustainable. Soviet power was slowly waning. Without this constraint, the Germans were bound to seek to live together. British planners believed that the Americans, slowly moving away from Europe, were going to become less invested on the continent. Hence, the most likely outcome was a less constrained Ger- man state at the center of Europe. Britain’s interests would be harmed, and London’s leverage to avert such result would be limited. A major- ity argued that novel, creative, or radical policy solutions were need- ed. And yet, as newly declassified documents attest, UK policymakers concluded that others would pull Britain’s chestnuts out of the fire. Many claimed that France would oppose German reunification. Most important, however, was the mainstream view: the Soviet Union, in spite of its worsening situation, would once again let its tanks roll into Eastern European capitals rather than see Germany unified. -
Colin Andrew CMG (Born 24 October 1946)
BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index MUNRO, Colin Andrew CMG (born 24 October 1946) Career (with, on right, relevant pages in interview) Assistant Principal, Board of Inland Revenue, 1968–69 p 2 Entry to Diplomatic Service, 1969 pp 2-3 FCO (South West Pacific Department), 1969-71 p 3 Third, later Second, Secretary, Bonn, 1971–73 pp 3-8 FCO (Commonwealth Co-ordination Department), 1973 pp 8-9 Second, later First, Secretary, Kuala Lumpur, 1973–77 pp 9-12 FCO (Defence Department), 1977-79 pp 13-14 FCO, Private Secretary to Minister of State, 1979–80 pp 14-21 Head of Chancery, Bucharest, 1981–82 pp 21-25 FCO (Western European Department), 1983-84, pp 25-28 Assistant Head of Department, 1985–87 Deputy Head of Mission, East Berlin, 1987–90 pp 28-37 Consul General, Frankfurt, 1990–93 pp 37-39 FCO (Head of OSCE and Council of Europe Department), pp 39-40 1993–97 Ambassador to Republic of Croatia, 1997–2000 pp 41-45 Deputy High Representative, Mostar, 2001 pp 45-48 Royal College of Defence Studies, 2002 p 48 UK Permanent Representative to OSCE, Vienna, 2003–07 pp 49-53 1 Colin (Andrew) Munro CMG interviewed by Malcolm McBain at the Reform Club, London on 8 September 2009 Education and induction to the Civil Service MM May I ask about your education? CM Yes, I went to school at George Watson’s College (GWC) in Edinburgh from the age of 5 to 17. GWC is run by the Company of Merchants of the city of Edinburgh. It was then a direct-grant school. -
Type of Paper: Code
Transcript 20 Years On: Perspectives on the Fall of the Soviet Union Sir Rodric Braithwaite, GCMG British Ambassador to the Soviet Union and subsequently to the Russian Federation (1988- 92) and Chairman, UK Joint Intelligence Committee (1992-93) Ambassador Jack Matlock US Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1987-91) and Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (1983-86) Chair: John Lloyd Contributing Editor, Financial Times and Director of Journalism, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford 3 November 2011 The views expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of Chatham House, its staff, associates or Council. Chatham House is independent and owes no allegiance to any government or to any political body. It does not take institutional positions on policy issues. This document is issued on the understanding that if any extract is used, the author(s)/ speaker(s) and Chatham House should be credited, preferably with the date of the publication or details of the event. Where this document refers to or reports statements made by speakers at an event every effort has been made to provide a fair representation of their views and opinions, but the ultimate responsibility for accuracy lies with this document’s author(s). The published text of speeches and presentations may differ from delivery. Transcript: 20 Years On: Perspectives on the Fall of the Soviet Union John Lloyd: Good evening, and welcome to this session. My name is John Lloyd, I’m a contributing editor to the Financial Times; more to the point, twenty years ago I was the bureau chief for the Financial Times in Moscow. -
KENNAN INSTITUTE Annual Report 2005–2006
2005 2006 KENNAN INSTITUTE KENNAN INST I TUTE Annual Report KENN A N I N S T I TUTE KENNAN INSTITUTE Annual Report 2005–2006 Kennan Institute Annual Report 2005–2006 KENNAN INSTITUTE KENNAN INSTITUTE KENNAN INSTITUTE Also employed at the Kennan RESEARCH ASSISTANTS Woodrow Wilson International Center Institute during the 2005-06 2005–2006 for Scholars program year: Leeza Arkhangelskaya, Justin Caton, One Woodrow Wilson Plaza Erin Trouth Hofmann, Program Assistant Ariana Curtis, Sheila Dawes, Andrei 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Doohovskoy, Emily Gee, Marina Isupov, Washington, DC 20004-3027 KENNAN MOSCOW PROJECT Jeffrey Jackson, Munir Elahi Jawed, Galina Levina, Program Manager Kristin Kadar, Stergos Kaloudis, Anna Tel (202) 691-4100 Ekaterina Alekseeva, Program Manager Kolev, Alexander Kontor, Maxim Fax (202) 691-4247 and Editor Leyzerovich, Amy Liedy, Christina Ling, www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan Irina Petrova, Office Manager Timothy McDonnell, Vlada Musayelova, Pavel Korolev, Program Officer Kimberly Painter, Rickita Perry, Katherine KENNAN INSTITUTE STAFF Anna Toker, Accountant Pruess, Talya Vatman, Alexei Voronin, Blair A. Ruble, Director Murad Pateev, Technical Support Kristina Wyatt, Oliya Zamaray Margaret Paxson, Senior Associate Summer Brown, Program Specialist KENNAN KYIV PROJECT F. Joseph Dresen, Program Associate Yaroslav Pylynskyi, Project Manager Jennifer Giglio, Program Associate Nataliya Samozvanova, Office Manager Renata Kosc-Harmatiy, Program Associate Markian Dobczansky, Editorial Assistant Edita Krunkaityte, Program Assistant Megan Yasenchak, Program Assistant 2 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars CONTENTS OVERVIEW 3 DIRECTOR’S REVIEW 5 ADVISORY COUNCILS 0 KENNAN COUNCIL 11 SCHOLARS 3 CASE PROGRAM 2 MEETINGS 26 PUBLICATIONS 58 FUNDING 66 Unless otherwise noted, photographs for this report were provided by William Craft Brumfield, photographer and Professor of Slavic Languages at Tulane University. -
The Soviet Collapse and the Charm of Hindsight 75
The Soviet Collapse and the Charm of Hindsight 75 Chapter 4 The Soviet Collapse and the Charm of Hindsight Rodric Braithwaite Those on the spot always get some things wrong: memory later be- trays them. Those who subsequently try to disentangle the story always miss part of the context. In politics, perceptions and emotions are as important as reason. The theme of what follows is that we cannot un- derstand the causes and consequences of the Soviet collapse unless we take every account of its deep roots in the past and the strong emotions that accompanied it. It is of course imprudent, or even impertinent, for foreigners to pontificate about how “most Russians” think or feel. But it is an essential part of the story. In this deliberately personal account I attempt to recreate how the collapse looked to me at the time and in the aftermath, drawing on a detailed diary, my reporting to London, and on later writings. I. How it Looked at the Time A Kind of Democracy Poland shows the way I witnessed two attempts to bring a kind of democracy to the com- munist world. The Polish experiment of the late 1950s and the Soviet experiment of the late 1980s are now largely forgotten or ignored. Both are significant for the history of the time, and for an understanding of the events of today. In October 1956 the Poles expelled their Soviet advisers, abolished the collective farms, allowed people to travel abroad, and gave a de- gree of freedom to the press. They were encouraged by Khrushchev’s denunciation of Stalin, and driven by a combination of patriotism, a 75 76 exiting the cold war, entering a new world liberal faction inside the Party, and an alliance between students and workers. -
How Spies Think – Spy Chief David Omand
How Spies Think – Spy Chief David Omand Tuesday, November 24, 2020 TRT (Total Running Time): 1:01:12 ANDREW HAMMOND: Hi, and welcome to SpyCast from the secret files of the International spy Museum in Washington, DC. I'm Dr. Andrew Hammond, the museum's historian and curator. Every week, SpyCast brings you interesting conversations from authors, scholars and practitioners who live in the world of global espionage. If you have any questions, comments, or concerns email us at [email protected]. That’s [email protected]. Also, if you like what you hear, and even if you don't, please take a minute to review us on iTunes or whatever platform you may be listening from. We're always looking for ways to make SpyCast better and you can help. ANDREW HAMMOND: Welcome to this week's edition of SpyCast. This week we're looking at “How Spies Think” and we're doing so with Sir David Omand. So, I'm really pleased that I got the opportunity to speak to David because a professor of my graduate school, said that he was the smartest person whom he had ever met. And he had met a lot of smart people, he had done his PhD at Cambridge. Another endorsement for Sir David comes from Rodric Braithwaite. So, Sir Rodric was the last British ambassador to the former Soviet Union, and he said that there is no one more qualified to speak about British intelligence than David Omand. DAVID OMAND: In 1969, I graduated from Cambridge University. I decided not to pursue an academic career with getting a doctorate. -
Marking the 20Th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall Responsible Leadership in a Globalized World
A publication of the Contributors include: President Barack Obama | James L. Jones Chuck Hagel | Horst Teltschik | Condoleezza Rice | Zbigniew Brzezinski [ Helmut Kohl | Colin Powell | Frederick Forsyth | Brent Scowcroft ] Freedom’s Challenge Marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall Responsible Leadership in a Globalized World The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, not only years, there have been differences in opinion on important led to the unifi cation of Germany, thus ending decades of issues, but the shared interests continue to predominate. division and immeasurable human suffering; it also ended It is important that, in the future, we do not forget what binds the division of Europe and changed the world. us together and that we defi ne our common interests and responsibilities. The deepening of personal relations between Today, twenty years after this event, we are in a position to young Germans and Americans in particular should be dear gauge which distance we have covered since. We are able to to our hearts. observe that in spite of continuing problems and justifi ed as well as unjustifi ed complaints, the unifi cation of Germany and For this reason the BMW Foundation accounts the Europe has been crowned with success. transatlantic relationship as a focus of its activity. The Transatlantic Forum for example is the “veteran“ of the It is being emphasized again and again, and rightly so, that it BMW Foundation’s Young Leaders Forums. The aim of was the people in the former GDR that started the peaceful these Young Leaders Forums is to establish a network, revolution. -
Routledge Handbook of U.S. Counterterrorism and Irregular
‘A unique, exceptional volume of compelling, thoughtful, and informative essays on the subjects of irregular warfare, counter-insurgency, and counter-terrorism – endeavors that will, unfortunately, continue to be unavoidable and necessary, even as the U.S. and our allies and partners shift our focus to Asia and the Pacific in an era of renewed great power rivalries. The co-editors – the late Michael Sheehan, a brilliant comrade in uniform and beyond, Liam Collins, one of America’s most talented and accomplished special operators and scholars on these subjects, and Erich Marquardt, the founding editor of the CTC Sentinel – have done a masterful job of assembling the works of the best and brightest on these subjects – subjects that will continue to demand our attention, resources, and commitment.’ General (ret.) David Petraeus, former Commander of the Surge in Afghanistan, U.S. Central Command, and Coalition Forces in Afghanistan and former Director of the CIA ‘Terrorism will continue to be a featured security challenge for the foreseeable future. We need to be careful about losing the intellectual and practical expertise hard-won over the last twenty years. This handbook, the brainchild of my late friend and longtime counter-terrorism expert Michael Sheehan, is an extraordinary resource for future policymakers and CT practitioners who will grapple with the evolving terrorism threat.’ General (ret.) Joseph Votel, former commander of US Special Operations Command and US Central Command ‘This volume will be essential reading for a new generation of practitioners and scholars. Providing vibrant first-hand accounts from experts in counterterrorism and irregular warfare, from 9/11 until the present, this book presents a blueprint of recent efforts and impending challenges. -
The United States and the NATO Non-Extension Assurances of 1990
The United States and the NATO Non-extension Assurances of 1990: New Light on an Old Problem? Marc Trachtenberg UCLA Political Science Department Posted November 25, 2020 More than thirty years have gone by since U.S. Secretary of State James Baker assured Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in February 1990 that if Germany remained part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization after reunification and if the United States “maintained a presence” in that country, “there would be no extension” of NATO’s jurisdiction “one inch to the east.”1 NATO, of course, later was expanded to include not just the USSR’s former allies in Eastern Europe but even some former Soviet republics as well, and many Russians have claimed that, in taking in those new members, the NATO powers were reneging on promises that Baker and other high western officials had made as the Cold War was ending.2 The Americans, as Gorbachev himself put the point in 2008, had “promised that NATO wouldn't move beyond the boundaries of Germany after the Cold War but now half of central and Eastern Europe are members, so what happened to their promises? It shows they cannot be trusted.”3 What are we to make of those allegations? Jack Matlock, the U.S. ambassador in Moscow in 1990, thought that the Russians had a real case here. Gorbachev, in his view, had been given “categorical assurances” that “if a united A shorter version of this article was published in International Security 45, no. 3 (Winter 2020/21). 1 See Gorbachev-Baker meeting, February 9, 1990, U.S. -
Garden Suburb Design Guidance a Fully Illustrated Design Guidance for the Suburb Has Been Produced by the Hampstead Garden Suburb Trust and Barnet Council
…Sir Rodric Braithwaite A lesson in perestroika and its aftermath Sir Rodric Braithwaite, (British including their next door they had five children though Moscow River: the World Ambassador to Moscow from neighbours. At that time sheep tragically one died when very Turned Upside Down’ (2002); 1988-92 and author of three grazed on land that is now young. He now has four ‘Moscow 1941: A City and its major books on Russian issues, occupied by large blocks of flats grandchildren and his daughter People at War’ (2006) and the last entitled Afgantsy: facing the fields that were part has moved in to live with him ‘Afgantsy: The Russians in The Russians in Afghanistan of a former Express Dairy Farm and they have many visitors Afghanistan 1979-1989’ (2011). 1979-89) has lived in the (bordered by Arden Road). who come to stay. As he reminded me, “We in Suburb since the age of five – He thinks that Dame Henrietta Was it difficult having a life Britain lost our empire gradually notwithstanding a career that Barnett made serious mistakes in the service and different over many years and we are took him and his late wife Jill in her conception of the Suburb postings abroad? Sir Rodric still adjusting to our reduced around the world for long spells. by disallowing any shops and agreed the family had to cope role in the World. Russia lost its His father was a musician public houses in Central Square, with “quite a lot of moves empire much more recently and and a conductor at Sadlers the original centre of the old though not as many as some,” very suddenly and is having to Wells. -
Windsor Park Seminar Berlin: the British Perspective 1945-1990 1-2 September 2009 Cumberland Lodge, Windsor Park, London
The Allied Museum Berlin The Windsor Park Seminar Berlin: The British Perspective 1945-1990 1-2 September 2009 Cumberland Lodge, Windsor Park, London TABLE OF CONTENTS Ambassadors’ Notes......................................................................................................................3 Foreword .........................................................................................................................................4 List of Participants – Windsor Park Seminar .............................................................................5 THE TRANSCRIPT OF THE WINDSOR PARK SEMINAR Notes of Welcome .........................................................................................................................8 Introductory Session ...................................................................................................................12 The German Problem and the Balance of Power Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher 1987-1989 First Panel .....................................................................................................................................36 The Fall of the Berlin Wall: London – Bonn – Berlin (East and West) Second Panel ................................................................................................................................57 Flashpoint Berlin: How Cold was the Cold War? Third Panel ...................................................................................................................................74 Strange Normality: What -
About the Authors 525
About the Authors 525 About the Authors Anatoly Adamishin is Honorary President of the Association for Euro-Atlan- tic Cooperation. He served as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR from 1986-1990, as Soviet/Russian Ambassador to Italy from 1990-1992, as First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation from 1992- 1994, Russian Ambassador to Great Britain from 1994-1997, and Minister of the Russian Federation for CIS Countries Cooperation from 1997-1998. He was Vice President, International Affairs for “SISTEMA” Joint-Stock Fi- nancial Corporation, Moscow, Russia from 1998-2005. He served as a Guest Scholar of the Jennings Randolph Fellowship Program at the U.S. Institute of Peace in Washington, DC in 2006-2007. John-Michael Arnold is a Visiting Professor of International Relations at the George Washington University. He was a DAAD Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) during the 2018-2019 academic year. He holds a Ph.D from Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs and his research interests include U.S. foreign policy, strategic studies, transatlantic relations, and NATO. During his doctorate, he was a graduate fellow at Princeton’s Cen- ter for International Security Studies (CISS) and he completed a pre-doctoral fellowship at the George Washington University’s Institute for Security and Conflict Studies (ISCS). Prior to enrolling at Princeton, he worked as special assistant to the president of the Brookings Institution. He also has a master’s degree in International Relations from Yale University and a BA in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE) from the University of Oxford.