Mobility, Inequality and Social Exclusion | 3
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After the Shock: Mobility, Public Disclosure Authorized Inequality and Social Exclusion Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Child mobility and domestic services as coping and strategy: What implications for social protection interventions in rural Benin? Project report Public Disclosure Authorized June 2012 Anne Kielland, Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, Norway Gilberte Hounsounou, Cabinet Stigmate, Benin World Bank Task Manager: John Van Dyck 2 | Mobility inequality and social exclusion Cover : The girl on the cover is Perpetue Dagba. For many years she served as a domestic worker for her relatives, cooking, cleaning and caring for young children. Miss Dagba never had the chance to go to school. Instead, the employing family and their acquaintances helped her pay for an apprenticeship. She now works as a hairdresser. Miss Dagba has given her permission to the use of this picture from the time when she worked as a child domestic. Ouidah, 23.06.2012 Mobility, inequality and social exclusion | 3 After the shock: Mobility, Inequality and Social Exclusion Child mobility and domestic services as coping and strategy: - What implications for social protection interventions in rural Benin? Project report, June 2012 Anne Kielland, Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies, Norway Gilberte Hounsounou, Cabinet Stigmate, Benin World Bank Task Manager: John Van Dyck Project web site: www.fafo.no/childsrm 4 | Mobility inequality and social exclusion Disclaimer: The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent Mobility, inequality and social exclusion | 5 Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Summary of statistical findings ...................................................................................................... 4 1 Background and objective for the study ................................................................................ 11 Inequality and social exclusion: a downward spiral? ................................................................ 11 The normality of domestic work and the market for its’ services ............................................. 14 Risks, shocks and the need for social protection ....................................................................... 17 2 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 19 The survey ................................................................................................................................. 19 Survey approach .................................................................................................................... 19 The sample ............................................................................................................................. 20 Survey modules ..................................................................................................................... 20 Non-response ......................................................................................................................... 21 The data ................................................................................................................................. 22 Weights .................................................................................................................................. 24 The qualitative work.................................................................................................................. 25 Theme 1: The social institution of domestic work ................................................................ 26 Theme 2: Mobility and household security strategies ........................................................... 27 3 Numbers and shares ............................................................................................................... 29 The surveyed children ............................................................................................................... 30 Households descriptives ............................................................................................................ 34 Household poverty in the sampled households ..................................................................... 34 Risks and shocks .................................................................................................................... 36 Child mobility: numbers and attitudes ...................................................................................... 40 Girls who have left for domestic work: numbers and attitudes................................................. 48 6 | Mobility inequality and social exclusion 4 Relationships: mobility, poverty and shocks ......................................................................... 53 Child relocation ......................................................................................................................... 53 Child mobility and household poverty .................................................................................. 54 Child mobility and the 2010 floods ....................................................................................... 57 Child mobility and other shocks ............................................................................................ 60 Girls and domestic work ........................................................................................................... 63 Domestic work and household poverty ................................................................................. 63 Domestic work and the 2010 floods ...................................................................................... 66 Domestic work and other shocks ........................................................................................... 67 Estimating effects, a regression approach ................................................................................. 70 5 Implications for social protection .......................................................................................... 77 Effectiveness of existing, informal safety nets ...................................................................... 80 Targeting ................................................................................................................................ 82 Conditionality ........................................................................................................................ 90 Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 93 6 Final words ............................................................................................................................ 95 Annex I : Cluster sample............................................................................................................... 97 Annex I : Participants at the Validation Workshop in Cotonou 21.06.2012 .............................. 103 Mobility, inequality and social exclusion | 7 Table of figures Figure 1. A downward spiral of social exclusion. .................................................................................................. 13 Figure 2. Predicted quality of inter-household exchange of child or domestic helper, based on the dominance of social/strategic versus economic/coping motives in the household of origin and the new household. ...... 16 Figure 3. Share of household women 16 – 70 years-of-age found eligible for parent interviews (in percent of female household members). ..................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 4. Share of children 0-17 years-old holding a birth certificate (in percent of all children). ......................... 31 Figure 5. Share of children 0-17 years-old reported to be in good health (in percent of all children). .................. 32 Figure 6. Share of children, 6-17 years-of-age, currently attending school on region, gender and age bracket (in percent of all children). ........................................................................................................................ 33 Figure 7. Share of children, 6-17 years-of-age, who have never been to school on region, gender and age bracket (in percent of all children). ........................................................................................................... 33 Figure 8. Share of household heads that worried about being able to provide their family with food during the past 12 months and in the future 12 months, on level of worry and region (in percent of all households). 36 Figure 9. Types of consequences of being affected by the 2010 floods, by region (in percent of those reporting to have been affected). ................................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 10. Types of shocks suffered by sampled rural households, by region (in percent of all households). ....... 39 Figure 11. Mobility prevalence, current and in the past, by age and gender (in percent of all children). ............. 41 Figure 12. Who the mobile