Dangjie Ji-Indirect Defensive Responsesto Hostile Questions In British BroadcastNews Interviews INDIRECT DEFENSIVE RESPONSES TO HOSTILE QUESTIONS IN BRITISH BROADCAST NEWS INTERVIEWS (2 Volumes) (Vol. 2) Dangjie Ji PhD University of York Centre of Communication Studies December2008 TJIo ML 2ý Dangjie Ji-Indirect Defensive Responsesto Hostile Questions In British BroadcastNews Interviews TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume 2 Cover (Vol. 2) 312 Table of Contents (Vol. 2) 313 Appendices Appendix A: Transcript Symbols in this thesis 314 Appendix B: Data Transcriptions for this thesis 320 Notes 568 Bibliography 570 313 Dangjie Ji-Indirect Defensive Responsesto Hostile Questions In British BroadcastNews Interviews APPENDICES Appendix A: Transcription rules in this thesis 1. Transcript Symbols: [ Separateleft squarebrackets, one above the other on two [ successivelines with utterancesby different speakers,indicates a point of overlap onset, whether at the start of an utterance or later. ] Separateright squarebrackets, one above the other on two ] successivelines with utterancesby different speakers indicates a point at which two overlapping utterances both end, where one ends while the other continues, or simultaneous moments in overlapswhich continue. { Thesesymbol are used to mark overlapping when more than two } persons are talking at the same time. Similar to the symbols of [ ], { marks the beginning of the overlapping, and } marks the end of overlapping. = Equal signs indicate `latching', i. e. without break or silence between utterancesbefore and after the sign. They are used in two circumstances: a) When indicating `latching' of utterancesbetween two different speakers,they come in pairs-one at the end of a line and another at the start of the next line or one shortly thereafter. Seebelow for an example: [62] Tuesday08 March 2005: speedhumps (IR: John Humphrys; IE2: Tim Yeo, Conservative Transport spokesman) IR: h Yeah, but that doesn't quite address the question, >tht< thesethings work, why get rid of them. = IE: Well be = .h our approach to- safety will evidence based... b) When indicating `latching', i. e. absolutely no break between utterances of one speaker, only one equal sign is used. See below for an example: 314 Dangjie Ji-Indirect Defensive Responsesto Hostile Questions In British BroadcastNews Interviews [60] Monday 14 Mar 2005-GrahamAllen-5 (IE: GrahamAllen, Labour MP in Nottinghamshire) IE: These things too Jim. This isn't ... are serious about filling the newspaper space o:r the air time on the Today Program. = These are- things that affect constituents' lives every single day of their lives. _ Many live in fearT... (0.2) Numbers in parenthesesindicate silence, representedin tenths of a second; what is given here in the left margin indicates 2/10 seconds of silence. Silences may be marked either within an utteranceor between utterances,as in the except below: 'UK interview with Clement Attlee: 1951 (British Prime Minister 1945-51)' (From Clayman and Heritage 2002a IE: Oh we shall go in t'give them a good fi: ght, (0.2) very good, (0.4) very good cha:nce of >winning, = We shall go in confidently, = We always do, < (0.7) IR: U:::h And- (.) on wha:t will Labourtake its stand? (.) A dot in parenthesesindicates a `micro-pause', hearable but not readily measurable,ordinarily less than 2/10 of a second. The punctuation marks are not used grammatically, but to indicate ? intonation. The period indicates a failing, or final, intonation contour, not necessarilythe end of a sentence.Similarly, a question mark indicates rising intonation, not necessarilya clause boundary. Colons are used to indicate the prolongation or stretching of the sound just preceding them. The more colons, the longer the stretching. For example: [8] Monday 17 Jan. 2005: BBC radio 4 "Today Program":0715 Rick Scannell(03: 02.0) (IR: John Humphrys) IR: I It is tru: isn't it see? e, that the government is still 315 Dangjie Ji-Indirect Defensive Responsesto Hostile Questions In British Broadcast News Interviews saying that it's thinking about how to respond to::: [e:h what the House of Lords... indicates -A hyphen after a word or part of a word a cut-off or self-interruption, often done with a glottal or dental stop. word Underlining is usedto indicate some form of stressor emphasis, word either by increasedloudness or higher pitch. The more underlining, WOrd the greater the emphasis. Therefore, underlining sometimes is placed under the first letter or two of a word, rather than under the letters that are actually raised in pitch or volume. Especially loud talk may be indicated by upper case; again, the louder, the more letters in upper case. And in extreme cases, upper case can be underlined. " The degreesign indicates that the talk following it was markedly °° quiet or soft. When there are two degree signs, the talk between them is markedly softer than the talk around it. 1 The up arrows mark rises in pitch; and The down arrows mark falls in pitch. >< The combination of `more than' and `less than' symbols indicates <> that the talk between them is compressedor rushed. Used in the reverse order, they can indicate that a stretch of talk is markedly slowed or drawn out. > The combination of equal sign and `more than' sign indicates a rush from one utterance to another, usually within one speaker's turn and in between two grammatical fragments, e.g. two phrases or two sentences.The excerpt below is an example where this combination of signs is used between two sentences,to indicate a rush from one sentenceto another by the samespeaker: [62] Tuesday08 March 2005: speedhumps (IR: John Humphrys) IR:.... hh And you must give a rather a fa:n of these things. = >Do you think they< wo: rk. 316 Dangjie Ji-Indirect Defensive Responsesto Hostile Questions In British BroadcastNews Interviews hhh Hearableaspiration is shown where it occurs in the talk by the (hh) letter `h'-the more h's, the more aspiration. The aspiration may representbreathing or laughter. If it occurs inside the boundaries of a word, it may be enclosed in parenthesisin order to set it apart from the soundsof the world. hh A dot before indicates inhalation; . aspiration and hh. A dot after aspiration indicates exhalation. For example: [62] Tuesday08 March2005: speed humps (IE2: Tim Yeo, ConservativeTransport spokesman) 1E2: h [Eh (at least)- (. ) (least) ] also said that h. £ Pound symbols meanssmiling voice. (( )} Double parenthesesare used to mark transcriber's descriptions of events, rather than representations of them. Thus ((cough)), ((sniff)), ((whispered)) and the like. For example: [8] Monday 17 Jan. 2005: BBC radio 4 "Today Program": 0715 Rick Scannell (03:02.0) (IR: John Humphrys; IE: Rick Scannell) IR: I see?It is true, isn't it that the governmentis still saying that it's thinking about how to respond to::: [e:h what the House of Lords = IE: [((biting lips)) IR: = has said. >And to that extent they migh- s- say what you've done is a bit pre-mature. (word) When a) all or part of an utterance,or b) the speakeridentification () is in parentheses,this indicates uncertainty on the transcriber's part, but representsa likely possibility. Empty parenthesesindicate that a) something is being said, but no hearing can be achieved; or b) it is not possible to identify the speaker from the audio. For an example of unclear utterance,see below: [621 Tuesday08 March 2005: speedhumps (1E2: Tim Yeo, ConservativeTransport spokesman) 317 Dangjie Ji-Indirect Defensive Responsesto Hostile Questions In British BroadcastNews Interviews IE2:. h [Eh (at least)- (.) (least) ] also said that h. Notes: 1. Most of this guide comes from the Appendix F of Halldorsdottir (2006), with some adaptationsto this thesis. Guides to transcription conventions can also be found in many books on Conversation Analysis, such as Atkinson and Heritage (1984); Hutchby and Wooffitt (1998); Jefferson (2004); Schegloff (2007). (Steensigand Drew 2008) 2. The core of this set of notational conventions was first developed by Gail Jefferson. It continues to evolve and adapt both to the work of analysis, the developing skill of transcribers, and changesin technology. Not all symbols have been included here, and some symbols in some data sourcesare not usedsystematically or consistently. 2. Format of transcription headings: [Ordering number of the interview in the database]: Date of interview: "BBC radio 4 `Today Program"': start time of the interview: title of the interview: length of the interview: [start time of the episode from the beginning of the interview----endtime of the episode from the beginning of the interview] IR(s)' name(s): IE(s)' name(s): Notes: a) The following elements: - Orderingnumber of the interview in thedatabase, 318 Dangjie Ji-Indirect Defensive Responsesto Hostile Questions In British BroadcastNews Interviews - date of interview, - thetext of "BBC radio 4 `TodayProgram"', - title of the interview, - IR(s)' name(s),and - IE(s)' name(s) are always present in the transcription headings. The other elements may or may not be presentin some transcription headings. b) Lines and line numbers of the data used in Volumn I of this thesis are adapted to suit the format of the thesis. Most of them are still in accordancewith the format of data in Volumn 2-Appendix B; however, in some occasions, necessarychanges of format are made in those data usedin Volumn 1. 319 Dangjie Ji-Indirect Defensive Responsesto Hostile Questions In British BroadcastNews Interviews Appendix B: Data Transcriptions in this thesis [1] Monday 17 Jan 2005: BBC TV 2: Newsnight: Interview section 1: Tory Tax Cut: 40m-2 6m IR: IE1: Evon Davi s, BBC economic editor IE2: Martha IE3: Ben Page,of the Public Opinion Postersof Mori. IE4: Collin Talbot, professorof the University of Nottingham 01 IR: Well in a minute I'll be speaking to the (Shadow) of Chief 02 Secretaryof the Treasury GeorgeT our correspondent] has 03 been cross-examinedby two: expert witnesses, h but first 04 our (rumor answer) BBC's h economics editorl Evon 05 Dajvis are with usj.