US History, Sept 18

• Entry Task: Fill out self-evaluation and then evaluate the picture on the next slide. STUDY GUIDE Work turned in so far: • Syllabus (extra credit) • Introduce Yourself to Chilson • Entry Tasks • Self-Evaluation • Writing Prompt #1 - “Join, or Die” • Writing Prompt #2 - Was the American Revolution inevitable • Declaration Worksheet • MONDAY - Battles worksheet & notes • Entry Task: What are elements of this picture that evoke (bring about) feelings of patriotism in America and the Rev. War? Timeline so far…

• 1765 – Stamp Act & Protests, 1767 – Townshend Acts

• 1770 – Boston Massacre

• 1773 – Boston Tea Party, 1774 - Intolerable Acts • 1775 - Lexington & Concord (British attempt to seize and destroy arms & munitions)

• 1775 – Americans capture Fort Ticonderoga

• June 1775 - Battle of Bunker Hill

• 1775 – Olive Branch Petition to King George III (rejected) • Fall/Winter of 1775 - Invasion of Canada by American forces

• July 4, 1776 – Declaration of Independence

Washington Crossing the

Delaware, Emmanuel Leutze (1851) • Washington led his troops (after defeat/disaster in New York) in a surprise attack and victory at Trenton (crossed the river on Dec. 25, 1776)

• This painting is more symbolic than realistic

– It would have been dark outside & it was raining

– Washington probably would not have been standing

– People in the boat are representative

– Field guns & horses were transported by ferries st – Flag did not exist yet (1 flown in Sept of 1777) – River modeled after the Rhine (not the Delaware) Original Painting was destroyed in a British air raid in 1942 Strengths & Weaknesses

British Strengths British Weaknesses Strengths & Weaknesses

British Strengths British Weaknesses Population: 7.5 million Tactics Greatest military power – 3,000 miles away Time/space barriers NAVY (unbeatable) (orders/supplies took a long $$$ - raise funds time) Soldiers – more equipped Had to stay close to seaports Wide spaces – rurally, Native Americans – loyal disadvantage on land Hessians (mercenaries) + Uprisings of colonists Loyalists (30,000 each) everywhere 20,000 slaves (promised Difficult objective freedom) Sympathy - Whigs Strengths & Weaknesses

American Weaknesses American Strengths Strengths & Weaknesses

American Weaknesses American Strengths

Population: 2.5 million Home field advantage Low funds – basics (2800 Passion/belief – freedom & barefoot at Valley Forge) liberty!!! Rights

Poorly trained/volunteers Leaders – good; European imports (von Steuben, Unreliable Lafayette) Loyalists/undecided Alliance with French Lacked government; unity To win, America only had to British stationed in every city TIE

Competent marksmen US History, Sept 21

• Entry Task: With your table, discuss how a country can lose a majority of battles but still WIN the war? Curriculum Night - TONIGHT. Homework: Reading Do you have a STUDY GUIDE? Quiz on FRIDAY. Can you take out your NOTES from Friday? Work turned in so far: • Syllabus (extra credit) Declaration worksheet • Introduce Yourself to Chilson Rev Battles - Northern Phase • Self-Evaluation (2) • Writing Prompt #1 - “Join, or Die” • Writing Prompt #2 - Was the American Revolution inevitable • CONSEQUENCES

• About 7,200 Americans died in battle during the Revolution. Another 10,000 died from disease or exposure and about 8,500 died in British prisons. • A quarter of the slaves in South Carolina and Georgia escaped from bondage during the Revolution. (TJ - said he lost 30) • The Northern states outlawed slavery or adopted gradual emancipation plans. (5,000 served for Continental Army - integrated troops; 20,000 for British) - Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation - 1775 (slaves of rebels = free) How can you win most battles

but still lose the war? The British could not win because they could not:

1. hold territory

2. cement loyalty

3. create functioning administrations

4. restore the authority of the crown After 6 long years of war, British were no closer to victory… Differing Military Strategies

The Americans The British

• Divide & Conquer • Outlast the British – Use Loyalists, seize – Defend colonial lands & property, encourage drag out the war slave revolts – Guerrilla tactics – Split the Northern & – Make an alliance with Southern colonies France – Blockade ports to prevent trade

As long as Britain did not defeat the Continental Army, England could not win Differing Military Strategies General General The Americans The British Washington Gage

• Divide & Conquer • Outlast the British – Use Loyalists, seize – Defend colonial lands & property, encourage drag out the war slave revolts – Guerrilla tactics – Split the Northern & – Make an alliance with Southern colonies France – Blockade ports to prevent trade

As long as Britain did not defeat the Continental Army, England could not win George Washington Horatio Gates Ben Franklin Nathan Hale Thomas Jefferson

John Adams Marquis de Lafayette Baron von Steuben Count Casimir Pulaski John Paul Jones King George III General John Burgoyne General William Howe

General Henry Clinton General Charles Cornwallis Benedict Arnold

The American Revolution began at Lexington & Concord Lexington

❖British attempt to “search and seize” stolen weapons. ❖First shots of the Revolution in Action SHOT HEARD ‘ROUND THE WORLD •British searching for stolen weapons– “search and seizure” •Stopped at Lexington and encountered 56 Minutemen •Minutemen stood up for what they believed was their land •Minutemen engage British troops at Concord Bridge. Who st fired the 1 shot - ??? •British find some weapons at Concord. •British return to Boston, 5,000 Minutemen attack Americans British troops. •90 dead wounded or captured British

•250 dead, wounded, or captured Phase I: The Northern Campaign

[1775-1776]

Orders from Congress: take possession of Canada if "practicable" and "not disagreeable to

the Canadians." •June 17, 1775 •The British suffered over 40% casualties. •2,250 men •1,054 injured •226 killed •Americans: Moral victory 800 men •140 killed •271 wounded •King George sends 10,000 Hessian soldiers to help put down the rebellion.

Battle of Bunker Hill raised the morale of the American Army though the British won the battle – why??? Phase II: Middle Atlantic Phase

Summer 1776-Summer 1778 • American losses at Long Island, New York, and eventually Philadelphia (Sept 26, 1777 – Continental Congress just

moves to New York one week before)

• American victories at Trenton, Saratoga British victories from 1776-1777 made an American victory look impossible

Battle of Long Island - largest battle and war will be long and bloody! British troops landing at New York after

Battle of Long Island New York City in Flames

(1776) On Christmas 1776, Washington gave Americans hope by crossing the Delaware River & surprising British troops in Trenton, NJ Crossing the Delaware en route to a surprise

attack at Trenton & Princeton, 1776 The American Crisis,

Thomas Paine

Dec. 19, 1776 “THESE are the times that try men’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country…”

•Referred to as the “ten crucial days”…Dec. 25th to Jan. 3rd •First major victory for the Continental Army and Washington •Raised the morale of the American troops as well as the country

•Led to soldiers re-enlisting and future enlistments •Captured over 900 Hessian soldiers, weapons, food and etc. – battle lasted only 90 minutes

US History, Sept 22

• Entry Task: What are examples of tactics that the Americans used at Saratoga? (movie yesterday) Announcements: ● Thanks for those that came out to Curriculum Night! ● Mr. Willie will be here for a quick announcement about PSAT.

The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point because France joined the Americans as an ally • General Horatio Gates surrounds the British with the help of Benedict Arnold • British defeat stopped them from cutting off New England from the rest of the country and ending the war. • British lacked knowledge of geography and failed at communications.

•Oct. 1777, British General, John Burgoyne was surrounded by US General Horatio Gates and forced to surrender 6,000 British troops. •Led to a military alliance with France providing soldiers, naval fleet and $$$$$. (Franco- American alliance, 1778)

The “Turning Point” of the Revolution: Marquis de The Battle of Saratoga, 1777 Lafayette After Saratoga, French general Lafayette helped train American troops while the French navy helped neutralize the British advantage on the high seas

When French troops arrived in the spring 1778, the tide of the war shifted in favor of the Americans During the winter of 1777-78, Continental Army troops nearly starved at Valley Forge, PA but Washington, Lafayette, & Baron von Steuben inspired & trained the troops to continue the fight Near Starvation at Valley Forge, PA in

1778 George Washington • Continental soldiers – enlisted soldiers for only 6-month terms of service – They were about to become “time expired” on December 31, 1776. 11,000 soldiers gave up between Sept-Dec – Washington’s army: either recently recruited militia (healthy but untrained) OR Continentals, experienced and hardy, but almost destitute and exhausted. • He even paid soldiers out of his own pocket! Phase III: The Southern Strategy (1780-

1781) How can you win most battles

but still lose the war? The British could not win because they could not:

1. hold territory

2. cement loyalty

3. create functioning administrations

4. restore the authority of the crown After 6 long years of war, British were no closer to victory… US History, Sept 22

• Entry Task: Why do you think the Battle of Yorktown has been called “the day the world turned upside down?” (song reference) Announcements: ● From 1778-1781, both sides traded victories, but the war finally came to a conclusion at the Battle of Yorktown Map-yorktown Battle of Yorktown •British General Charles Cornwallis wanted to winter his troops in the South believing the war would be won in the Spring… •Yorktown was chosen because it provided easy access to be reinforced and re-supplied •General Washington learned of the British decision to winter their main troops in Yorktown. Battle of Yorktown •Strategy included the use of the French navy, French troops (Comte de Rochambeau) and American troops. •French navy under the direction of Admiral de Grasse, placed a blockade around the Chesapeake Bay. •15,000 American and French troops surrounded 8,000 British troops – Sept 28-Oct 17, 1781 •General Cornwallis is trapped and is forced to his surrender his troops to Washington •Brings war to an end Arrival of French troops

General TheCornwallis Battle surrendered of Yorktown to Washington in 1781, ending the American Revolution

Cornwallis’ surrender was the “day the world turned upside down”

Why did the British give up??? Peace Talks: April 1782

IN BRITAIN: IN AMERICA: -New Prime Minister -5-man commission and Foreign Minister arranged to negotiate a -David Hartley and Richard Oswald treaty: Adams, Franklin, (Peace Commissioners for Britain) Jefferson, John Jay, and Henry Laurens Ten Articles

The treaty declares the intention of both parties to "forget all past misunderstandings and differences" and "secure to both perpetual peace and harmony.“ -The United States are free, sovereign, and independent states

-Established boundaries

-Recognized debts on both sides

-States are recommended to restore land

confiscated during the war

-POWs released

-Shared access to Mississippi River