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Home , Boston Massacre, Committee of Five, Johann de Kalb, Olive Branch Petition, Samuel Adams, Stamp Act Congress

Warm-up for 4-1

How do quarrels between people grow into larger fights? Could such a thing happen between nations, or between a parent nation and its colony? Explain. Part 1  British sought $ to finance costly - 1765 -required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, almanac, playing cards & dice

- secret resistance group in response to the Stamp Act  Samuel - one of the founders  group harassed custom workers, stamp agents, & royal governors  Individual colonial assemblies formed  adopted a resolution stating Virginians could only be taxed by the Virginian assembly

 Stamp Act - delegates from 9 colonies met in NY in 1765  issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances  Parliament lacked power to impose taxes because the colonists were not represented  **colonies began to act as one**  merchants boycotted the importing of British goods- Parliament repealed Stamp Act in 1766  -Parliament could make laws to bind the people & colonies in all cases whatsoever  Townshend Act- indirect tax on imported goods (tax levied on goods or services- 1767; ex- 3 cent tax on tea)  colonists screamed “taxation without representation”  erupted when ’s ship (Liberty) was confiscated for smuggling  British stationed 2,000 redcoats “British soldiers” in Warm-up for 4-1 Part 2

Imagine that you are a soldier stationed in Afghanistan. You are supposed to guard the American Embassy with 5 other soldiers. Yet, a hostile mob is approaching. They are chanting crude slogans about your country, and they are throwing sticks and stones. You and your fellow soldiers are out numbered and you feel as if your lives are threatened. Is it justified to shoot upon the crowd? Why or why not?  Boston -clash between colonists & soldiers over jobs at the Customs House in March of 1770  and 4 others killed

 Committees of correspondence- system to communicate w/ colonies about threats to American liberties  - in response to colonial boycotts, British sold tea directly to colonialists cutting out colonial merchants  - Dec. 16, 1773- colonists dressed like Indians and dumped 18,000lbs of tea in the  King George III passed what colonists called the (1774) -shut down Boston Harbor because of refusal to pay damages -Quartering Act- authorized British soldiers to stay in private homes -Boston was placed under martial law- rule imposed by military force

 Committee of Correspondence assembled the 1st -met in (Sept. 1774) & defended right to self-governing -- civilian soldiers begin stockpiling weapons Lexington & Concord- April 1775 One if by  British General Gage marched land, troops (700) along the Lexington and Rd. to Concord in pursuit of two if stockpiles of weapons, Hancock by sea & rode out to spread the word of the British- Listen my children and you shall hear eventually captured Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five; Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year  Midnight Riders (Henry Longfellow)  3 men, , , and Paul Revere rode out on April 18, 1775 to warn the British were headed for Concord. Revere did warn Adams & Hancock but was captured shortly after. Samuel Prescott was the only rider to make it to Concord.

Sybil Ludington was a heroine of the American War who is famous for her night ride on April 26, 1777 to alert American colonial forces to the approach of the British. Her action was similar to that performed by Paul Revere, though she rode more than twice the distance of Revere and was only 16 years old at the time of her action. She rode 40 miles, through Carmel, on to Mahopac, to Kent Cliffs, to Farmers Mills and back home. She used a stick to prod her horse and knock on doors. When, soaked with rain and exhausted, she returned home, most of her father's 400 soldiers were ready to march. Lexington & Concord cont.

 Battle of Lexington- brief 15 minute skirmish w/ 8 minutemen killed & 1 British soldier injured  Battle at Concord- 3000-4000 minutemen surprised the British and delivered a humiliating defeat to the British (dozens died)

Warm-up for 4-2 Those who lived through the would most likely have said that it was the most important event in their lifetime. What do you think has been the most important event in your lifetime, your parent’s lifetime, and your grandparent’s lifetime? Second Continental Congress- met in May of 1775  called for revolt  minutemen encamped near Boston recognized as the  George appointed commander  Authorized printing of paper $  Committee to deal w/ foreign nations - June 1775  actually fought on Breed’s Hill  deadliest battle of the war (casualties- colonists lost 450, British lost 1000 men)  colonists held the high ground, but lost it due to lack of ammunition Do not copy-  General Prescott has been assumed to have given the famous order, "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes.“

 Effects: The Americans had proved to themselves, and the rest of the world that they could stand up to the in traditional warfare. And only a few days later, would lead a group of men up to Dorchester Heights, aiming their cannons at the British, and then watched the Red Coats retreat from the hill.  - sent by the 2nd Continental Congress in July 1775  urged a return to “former harmony”  King George refused

- “O ye that love mankind! published anonymous Ye that dare oppose, not () only the tyranny, but the  argued that tyrant, stand forth! Every independence was spot of the old world is Americas destiny overrun with oppression.  endorsed by Washington Freedom hath been hunted round the globe.”  (Sold 500,000 copies – 1776 population ~2.5 million) Declaring Independence-  - lawyer chosen to write committee’s points

Declaration of Independence-  based on ideas of who believed people were entitled to “natural rights” to life, liberty, and property.  Jefferson declared that governments derive power from the people  “all men are created equal” did not originally include all  1st draft attacked slavery, but was edited out  adopted in on July 4, 1776  John Hancock- 1st signature The Declaration of Independence was proposed by Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress on June 7, 1776. The (, , John Adams, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson) began work on . Jefferson wrote the first draft, and the other members of the committee suggested revisions and edits. They presented the completed document to the Continental Congress on June 28, and the Congress passed the resolution unanimously on July 2, 1776. The Declaration of Independence consisted of four parts, a preamble, a body (outlines the rights of men), a bill of particulars (list of grievances), and a statement of independence. The preamble is the part we generally read. Jefferson thought it would be approved on July 2nd, but Congress simply made amendments to the bill of particulars. It was finally approved on July 4, 1776 when delegates started signing it. The final signatures did not come until Jan 18th 1777. Taking Sides  patriots- supporters of independence

 loyalists- opposed independence

 reasons to remain loyal 1. served in govt. 2. lived outside large cities w/ slow traveling news 3. thought British would win 4. thought crown would better protect rights Other groups that had to choose Patriots -Quakers, but did not fight -colonists who saw economic opportunity -some slaves

Loyalists -some slaves (promised freedom) -most Native Americans (viewed colonists as bigger threat) Warm-up for 4-3 Describe a sporting event or contest in which a seemingly weaker person defeated a stronger one. How might a seemingly weaker army defeat a stronger one in a military situation?  British retreat from Boston & look to capture New York- 6/1776  British & German mercenaries (Hessians) defeat Washington at NY (colonists untrained & poorly equipped)  Washington pushed across the into - Washington led troops across icy river on Christmas night, 1776 and marched nine miles to surprise a Hessian garrison  British defeated at the 8 days later (British begin withdraw from NJ)  Spring 1777- British capture Philadelphia  Continental Congress flees (York, Pennsylvania) Victory At Trenton  Washington's retreat created gloom among the Americans. Enlistments fell off. There were many desertions. To change this mood, Washington and his army recrossed the Delaware on Christmas night, 1776, and attacked a British garrison, composed mainly of Hessians, at Trenton. The garrison of nearly 1,400 men was wholly broken up, 30 men were killed, 918 were captured, the rest fled. Cornwallis counterattacked but Washington outmaneuvered him. Battle At Princeton  Another smashing blow against Cornwallis was struck by Washington's troops near Princeton in January, 1777. American morale soared, especially as the British pulled out from most of rather than engage in further winter fighting. Saratoga (Fall of 1777)  British General “Gentlemen Johnny” Burgoyne led troops down from Canada to Albany in an attempt to isolate and meet up w/ General Howe  General William Howe was preoccupied w/ Philadelphia  and his Green Mountain Boys-militia- helped win major Battle at Bennington  Colonial General surrounded & defeated Burgoyne at Saratoga  *Britain’s war strategy changed to coastal attacks after defeat  *French now agree to support the Revolution Winter at (1777-1778)  British troops wintered comfortably in Philadelphia  Colonial troops suffered from freezing temp, exposure, & frostbite  over 2000 died  Washington bore same conditions as men  “A number of our men, indeed all who have not had the small pox are & soon will be under Inoculation.” Alexander Scammell to Timothy Pickering, Jr. Valley Forge, 28 February 1778.  “We want, my dear sir, wine above all things, for our sick are now numerous, and our cases generally putrid….we also want sheets, shirts, candles, soap, writing as well as wrapping paper, pots, horn-spoons, and every other kind of hospital utensil.” James Fallon to Jonathan Potts, Yellow Springs, 27 April 1778.  “…it is very certain that half the army is almost naked, in a great measure bare-footed.” to Comte de Broglie, Valley Forge, Christmas Day 1777. Life During the War  Congress ran out of $  sold bonds to investors and foreign govt. (France)  printed paper $ called Continentals- caused inflation- value decrease, prices rise  Congress struggled to equip military and smuggled goods from Europe  profiteering- selling scarce goods for a profit, some govt. officials engaged in  women had to manage farms, businesses, & families  Mary Ludwig Hays McCauly (nicknamed “Molly Pitcher”) took her husbands place at a cannon during the (British flee S) Margaret Corbin Penelope Barker  In the battle of Fort  Organized the Edenton Washington (1776) Tea Party promoting she took her boycott of British husbands place firing goods. This was one of a cannon. She too was the first ever recorded wounded and became women’s political the first women in demonstrations in the U.S. history to receive Americas. a pension for military service Elizabeth Burgin  She aided prisoners in Deborah Sampson British prison ships.  Disguised herself as a She was credited with man in order to serve helping over 200 in the Continental prisoners escape the Army. She served 17 ships in 1778. She month, was received a pension by wounded, and the urging of George honorably discharged Washington. U.S. G.B.  Strengths  Strengths  Familiar w/  Well trained home ground army & navy  Leadership  Strong central (Washington) govt.  Cause  Support of  Weaknesses loyalists & NA  Soldiers poorly  Weaknesses trained  Distance from  Shortage of food Britain & ammunition  Unfamiliar w/  Inferior navy terrain  No central govt.  Weak leadership  Sympathy by some

Warm-up for History v. Hollywood

Do you think Hollywood videos can be looked at and used as tools for learning history, or should they be used merely for entertainment purposes? Did you ever watch a movie and then want to research more about the subject? Explain Warm-up for 4-4

Musical warm-up

What does the American Revolution mean to you? Do you think it has meant anything to oppressed people in other countries? Explain European Allies  Friedrick von Steuben- Prussian captain that trained colonial soldiers

 Marquis de Lafayette- French aristocrat, lobbied for French reinforcements

 *both wintered at Valley Forge British Move South  plan to recapture colonies w/ loyalists help and then move back up north  Charles Cornwallis- British General, captured Charles Town, SC in 1780  slaves joined British to fight and escape Patriot slave owners  - Quaker turned patriot was Washington’s most able General  harassed Cornwallis’s troops throughout SC & NC

 Cornwallis next moved to Virginia for reinforcements  (tried to capture Lafayette & von Steuben but failed)  moved between the James & York rivers and camped at Yorktown  Lafayette planned joint force attack at Yorktown

British Surrender  defeats British fleet and cuts off any rescue by sea  17,000 French & American troops lay siege to fort for 3 weeks  October 17, 1781 Cornwallis surrenders

 Peace talks began in Paris in 1782  representatives from U.S., GB, France, & Spain each w/ own interests  U.S. negotiators- John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, &  *demanded Britain recognize American independence before negotiations started  - 1783- confirmed US independence  U.S. stretched from Atlantic Ocean to River & from Canada to Florida border  no date est. for British evacuation of forts Results of the War 1. Class distinctions between rich and poor had begun to blur  led to- egalitarianism- belief in the equality of all people  idea that ability, effort, & virtue defined one’s worth  *idea applied only to white males  women still had little rights, & slavery was still prevalent

2. By 1804 most northern states had outlawed slavery  George Washington freed his slaves (Martha did in 1800) 3. (Native American populations east of the Mississippi had decreased by ~50%)  w/ settlers moving west, the future for Native Americans looked bad 4. Americans faced w/ the challenge of creating a government Warm-up for Chapter Test Considering France’s role in the American Revolution what conditions, if any, do you think the United States should help other countries?