Warm-up for 4-1 How do quarrels between people grow into larger fights? Could such a thing happen between nations, or between a parent nation and its colony? Explain. Part 1 British sought $ to finance costly French and Indian War Stamp Act- 1765 -required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every document, license, newspaper, pamphlet, almanac, playing cards & dice Sons of Liberty- secret resistance group in response to the Stamp Act Samuel Adams- one of the founders group harassed custom workers, stamp agents, & royal governors Individual colonial assemblies formed Patrick Henry adopted a resolution stating Virginians could only be taxed by the Virginian assembly Stamp Act Congress- delegates from 9 colonies met in NY in 1765 issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances Parliament lacked power to impose taxes because the colonists were not represented **colonies began to act as one** merchants boycotted the importing of British goods- Parliament repealed Stamp Act in 1766 Declaratory Act-Parliament could make laws to bind the people & colonies in all cases whatsoever Townshend Act- indirect tax on imported goods (tax levied on goods or services- 1767; ex- 3 cent tax on tea) colonists screamed “taxation without representation” riots erupted when John Hancock’s ship (Liberty) was confiscated for smuggling British stationed 2,000 redcoats “British soldiers” in Boston Warm-up for 4-1 Part 2 Imagine that you are a United States soldier stationed in Afghanistan. You are supposed to guard the American Embassy with 5 other soldiers. Yet, a hostile mob is approaching. They are chanting crude slogans about your country, and they are throwing sticks and stones. You and your fellow soldiers are out numbered and you feel as if your lives are threatened. Is it justified to shoot upon the crowd? Why or why not? Boston Massacre-clash between colonists & soldiers over jobs at the Customs House in March of 1770 Crispus Attucks and 4 others killed Committees of correspondence- system to communicate w/ colonies about threats to American liberties Tea Act- in response to colonial boycotts, British sold tea directly to colonialists cutting out colonial merchants Boston Tea Party- Dec. 16, 1773- colonists dressed like Indians and dumped 18,000lbs of tea in the Boston Harbor King George III passed what colonists called the Intolerable Acts (1774) -shut down Boston Harbor because of refusal to pay damages -Quartering Act- authorized British soldiers to stay in private homes -Boston was placed under martial law- rule imposed by military force Committee of Correspondence assembled the 1st Continental Congress -met in Philadelphia (Sept. 1774) & defended right to self-governing -minutemen- civilian soldiers begin stockpiling weapons Lexington & Concord- April 1775 One if by British General Gage marched land, troops (700) along the Lexington and Rd. to Concord in pursuit of two if stockpiles of weapons, Hancock by sea & Samuel Adams Paul Revere rode out to spread the word of the British- Listen my children and you shall hear eventually captured Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five; Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year Midnight Riders (Henry Longfellow) 3 men, Samuel Prescott, William Dawes, and Paul Revere rode out on April 18, 1775 to warn the British were headed for Concord. Revere did warn Adams & Hancock but was captured shortly after. Samuel Prescott was the only rider to make it to Concord. Sybil Ludington was a heroine of the American Revolutionary War who is famous for her night ride on April 26, 1777 to alert American colonial forces to the approach of the British. Her action was similar to that performed by Paul Revere, though she rode more than twice the distance of Revere and was only 16 years old at the time of her action. She rode 40 miles, through Carmel, New York on to Mahopac, to Kent Cliffs, to Farmers Mills and back home. She used a stick to prod her horse and knock on doors. When, soaked with rain and exhausted, she returned home, most of her father's 400 soldiers were ready to march. Lexington & Concord cont. Battle of Lexington- brief 15 minute skirmish w/ 8 minutemen killed & 1 British soldier injured Battle at Concord- 3000-4000 minutemen surprised the British and delivered a humiliating defeat to the British (dozens died) Warm-up for 4-2 Those who lived through the American Revolution would most likely have said that it was the most important event in their lifetime. What do you think has been the most important event in your lifetime, your parent’s lifetime, and your grandparent’s lifetime? Second Continental Congress- met in May of 1775 John Adams called for revolt minutemen encamped near Boston recognized as the Continental Army George Washington appointed commander Authorized printing of paper $ Committee to deal w/ foreign nations Battle of Bunker Hill- June 1775 actually fought on Breed’s Hill deadliest battle of the war (casualties- colonists lost 450, British lost 1000 men) colonists held the high ground, but lost it due to lack of ammunition Do not copy- General Prescott has been assumed to have given the famous order, "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes.“ Effects: The Americans had proved to themselves, and the rest of the world that they could stand up to the British army in traditional warfare. And only a few days later, George Washington would lead a group of men up to Dorchester Heights, aiming their cannons at the British, and then watched the Red Coats retreat from the hill. Olive Branch Petition- sent by the 2nd Continental Congress in July 1775 urged a return to “former harmony” King George refused Common Sense- “O ye that love mankind! published anonymous Ye that dare oppose, not (Thomas Paine) only the tyranny, but the argued that tyrant, stand forth! Every independence was spot of the old world is Americas destiny overrun with oppression. endorsed by Washington Freedom hath been hunted round the globe.” (Sold 500,000 copies – 1776 population ~2.5 million) Declaring Independence- Thomas Jefferson- Virginia lawyer chosen to write committee’s points Declaration of Independence- based on ideas of John Locke who believed people were entitled to “natural rights” to life, liberty, and property. Jefferson declared that governments derive power from the people “all men are created equal” did not originally include all 1st draft attacked slavery, but was edited out adopted in Independence Hall on July 4, 1776 John Hancock- 1st signature The Declaration of Independence was proposed by Virginia delegate Richard Henry Lee to the Continental Congress on June 7, 1776. The Committee of Five (Roger Sherman, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson) began work on June 11. Jefferson wrote the first draft, and the other members of the committee suggested revisions and edits. They presented the completed document to the Continental Congress on June 28, and the Congress passed the resolution unanimously on July 2, 1776. The Declaration of Independence consisted of four parts, a preamble, a body (outlines the rights of men), a bill of particulars (list of grievances), and a statement of independence. The preamble is the part we generally read. Jefferson thought it would be approved on July 2nd, but Congress simply made amendments to the bill of particulars. It was finally approved on July 4, 1776 when delegates started signing it. The final signatures did not come until Jan 18th 1777. Taking Sides patriots- supporters of independence loyalists- opposed independence reasons to remain loyal 1. served in govt. 2. lived outside large cities w/ slow traveling news 3. thought British would win 4. thought crown would better protect rights Other groups that had to choose Patriots -Quakers, but did not fight -colonists who saw economic opportunity -some slaves Loyalists -some slaves (promised freedom) -most Native Americans (viewed colonists as bigger threat) Warm-up for 4-3 Describe a sporting event or contest in which a seemingly weaker person defeated a stronger one. How might a seemingly weaker army defeat a stronger one in a military situation? British retreat from Boston & look to capture New York- 6/1776 British & German mercenaries (Hessians) defeat Washington at NY (colonists untrained & poorly equipped) Washington pushed across the Delaware into Pennsylvania Battle of Trenton- Washington led troops across icy river on Christmas night, 1776 and marched nine miles to surprise a Hessian garrison British defeated at the Battle of Princeton 8 days later (British begin withdraw from NJ) Spring 1777- British capture Philadelphia Continental Congress flees (York, Pennsylvania) Victory At Trenton Washington's retreat created gloom among the Americans. Enlistments fell off. There were many desertions. To change this mood, Washington and his army recrossed the Delaware on Christmas night, 1776, and attacked a British garrison, composed mainly of Hessians, at Trenton. The garrison of nearly 1,400 men was wholly broken up, 30 men were killed, 918 were captured, the rest fled. Cornwallis counterattacked but Washington outmaneuvered him. Battle At Princeton Another smashing blow against Cornwallis was struck by Washington's troops near Princeton in January, 1777. American morale soared, especially as the British pulled out from most of New Jersey rather than engage in further winter fighting. Saratoga (Fall of 1777) British General “Gentlemen Johnny”