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EVELIN JÜRGENSON EVELIN VIIS VIIMAST KAITSMIST TIIA DRENKHAN INTERACTION BETWEEN LARGE PINE WEEVIL (HYLOBIUS ABIETIS L.) PATHOGENIC AND SAPROTROPHIC FUNGI AND VIRUSES HARILIKU MÄNNIKÄRSAKA (HYLOBIUS ABIETIS L.) SEOS PATOGEENSETE JA SAPROTROOFSETE SEENTE NING VIIRUSTEGA Dotsent Kaljo Voolma, dotsent Ivar Sibul, Risto Aarne Olavi Kasanen (Helsingi Ülikool, Soome) 19. juuni 2017 FRAGMENTATION AND LAND PLOT OF IMPLEMENTATION SPEED INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT, THE LAND REFORM IN ESTONIA: OF IMPLEMENTATION SEYED MAHYAR MIRMAJLESSI ASSESSMENT OF VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE KLEB. AND SOIL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH STRAWBERRY FIELDS MULLA PATOGEENI VERTICILLIUM DAHLIAE KLEB. JA MULLA SEENEKOOSLUSTE ISELOOMUSTAMINE MAASIKAPÕLDUDEL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAND REFORM IN ESTONIA: Vanemteadur Evelin Loit, professor Marika Mänd INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT, SPEED OF 20. juuni 2017 IMPLEMENTATION AND LAND PLOT FRAGMENTATION PILLE MEINSON HIGH-FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS-A NEW APPROACH IN LIMNOLOGY PIDEVMÕÕTMISED-UUS LÄHENEMINE LIMNOLOOGIAS Juhtivteadur Peeter Nõges, teadur Alo Laas MAAREFORMI ELLUVIIMINE EESTIS: INSTITUTSIONAALNE 5. september 2017 KORRALDUS, ELLUVIIMISE KIIRUS JA MAADE TÜKELDATUS RAIVO KALLE CHANGE IN ESTONIAN NATURAL RESOURCE USE: THE CASE OF WILD FOOD PLANTS EESTI LOODUSLIKE RESSURSSIDE KASUTAMISE MUUTUS: LOODUSLIKE TOIDUTAIMEDE NÄITEL Professor Tiiu Kull, Dr Renata Sõukand, Dr Rajindra K Puri (Kenti Ülikool, Suurbritannia) EVELIN JÜRGENSON 5. september 2017 REIMO LUTTER GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGY OF MIDTERM HYBRID ASPEN AND SILVER BIRCH PLANTATIONS ON FORMER AGRICULTURAL LANDS KESKEALISTE HÜBRIIDHAAVA- JA ARUKASEISTANDIKE KASVUKÄIK JA A Thesis ÖKOLOOGIA ENDISTEL PÕLLUMAJANDUSMAADEL for applying the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Sciences Professor Hardi Tullus, vanemteadur Arvo Tullus (Tartu Ülikool) 15. september 2017 Väitekiri ISSN 2382-7076 filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks tehnikateaduse erialal ISBN 978-9949-569-96-0 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-569-97-7 (pdf) Trükitud taastoodetud paberile looduslike trükivärvidega © Kuma Print Tartu 2017 Eesti Maaülikooli doktoritööd Doctoral Thesis of the Estonian University of Life Sciences IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAND REFORM IN ESTONIA: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT, SPEED OF IMPLEMENTATION AND LAND PLOT GROWTH DEVELOPMENTFRAGMENTATION AND ECOLOGY OF MIDTERM HYBRID ASPEN AND SILVER BIRCH PLANTATIONS ON FORMER AGRICULTURAL LANDS MAAREFORMI ELLUVIIMI NE EESTIS: KESKEALISTEINSTITUTSIONAALNE HÜBRIIDHAAVA- JA KO ARUKASEISTANDIKERRALDUS, KASVUKÄIKELLUVIIMISE NING KIIRUSÖKOLOOGIA JA MAADE ENDISTEL PÕLLUMAJANDUSMAADELTÜKELDATUS EVELIN JÜRGENSON REIMO LUTTER A Thesis for applying thefor thedegree degree of Doctor of Doctor of Philosophy of Philosophy in Engineering in Forestry Sciences Väitekiri filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks metsanduse erialal Väitekiri filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks tehnikateaduse erialal Tartu 2017 Tartu 2017 Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering Estonian University of Life Sciences According to verdict No 6-14/12-3 of June 22, 2017, the PhD Committee for Engineering Science of the Estonian University of Life Sciences has accepted this thesis for the defence of Degree of Doctoral of Philosophy in Engineering Sciences. Opponents: Juhana Hiironen, PhD Department of Built Environment Aalto University Prof. Velta Parsova, PhD Department of Land Management and Geodesy Latvia University of Agriculture Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Siim Maasikamäe, PhD Department of Geomatics Estonian University of Life Sciences Defence of this thesis: Estonian University of Life Sciences, room 1A5, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu on October 27, 2017 at 12.00. The English in the current thesis was revised by Marguerite Oetjen and the Estonian by Külli Kolde. Publication of the thesis is supported by Estonian University of Life Sciences. Evelin Jürgenson, 2017 ISSN 2382-7076 ISBN 978-9949-569-96-0 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-569-97-7 (pdf) CONTENTS Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering Estonian University of Life Sciences LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS .............................................. 7 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 8 According to verdict No 6-14/12-3 of June 22, 2017, the PhD 1. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................................. 11 Committee for Engineering Science of the Estonian University of Life Sciences has accepted this thesis for the defence of Degree of Doctoral 1.1. The concept of land reform ....................................................... 11 of Philosophy in Engineering Sciences. 1.2. Land reform implementation in Central and Eastern European countries ...................................................................... 14 1.3. Historical overview (pre-1990s) of land reforms in Estonia . 18 Opponents: Juhana Hiironen, PhD 1.4. Implementation of the land reform in Estonia post-1991 .... 22 Department of Built Environment 1.5. Land reform implementation and land fragmentation ........... 26 Aalto University 2. AIMS OF THE STUDY ..................................................................... 30 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................ 32 Prof. Velta Parsova, PhD 3.1. Study areas ..................................................................................... 32 Department of Land Management and Geodesy 3.2. Methods used ................................................................................ 37 Latvia University of Agriculture 3.3. Data ................................................................................................. 44 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................... 48 Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Siim Maasikamäe, PhD 4.1. Institutional arrangements for the implementation of the Department of Geomatics land reform in Estonia ................................................................ 48 Estonian University of Life Sciences 4.2. The outcome of the land reform implementation on state level ................................................................................................. 53 4.3. Speed of the implementation of land reform on the level Defence of this thesis: Estonian University of Life Sciences, room 1A5, of counties and municipalities ................................................... 62 Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu on October 27, 2017 at 12.00. 4.4. Case study for municipalities in the county of Tartu according to the implementation of the land reform ............ 69 The English in the current thesis was revised by Marguerite Oetjen and 4.4.1. Land use and the results of the land reform in four the Estonian by Külli Kolde. quick and four slow municipalities in the county of Publication of the thesis is supported by Estonian University of Life Tartu ................................................................................. 70 Sciences. 4.4.2. The land reform implementation in three quick and three slow municipalities in the county of Tartu ...... 75 4.4.3. Overview of the unreformed land plots in the Evelin Jürgenson, 2017 municipality of Puhja in 2009 ...................................... 80 ISSN 2382-7076 4.5. Model of the implementation of land reform ISBN 978-9949-569-96-0 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-569-97-7 (pdf) in Estonia ........................................................................................ 81 4.6. Land fragmentation on the plot level as result of the implementation of the land reform .......................................... 88 5 5. DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 93 5.1. Institutional arrangement for implementation of the land reform and outcome of land reform ........................................ 93 5.2. Speed and model of the implementation of land reform in Estonia ........................................................................................... 97 5.3. Land fragmentation on the plot level as result of the implementation of the land reform ........................................104 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................110 REFERENCES .......................................................................................117 SUMMARY IN ESTONIAN ...............................................................126 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................133 ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS............................................................135 CURRICULUM VITAE ........................................................................180 ELULOOKIRJELDUS .........................................................................184 LIST OF PUBLICATION ....................................................................188 6 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS The present thesis is based on the following publications, which are referred to by Roman numerals. The papers are reproduced with the kind permissions of the publishers. I Jürgenson, E., Maasikamäe, S. 2009. Progress of Land Reform in Estonian Rural Municipalities – Results of Preliminary Study. In Rural Development 2009 (Vol. 4, pp. 121-127). Kaunas: Lithuanian University of Agriculture. II Jürgenson, E., Hass, H., Maasikamäe, S. 2010. The Impact of Land Fund Characteristics on the Land Reform Results in Estonian Rural Municipalities. VAGOS, 86, 65-70. III Jürgenson, E., Hass, H., Maasikamäe, S. 2011. Land Reform Implementation in Estonia: Comparison of Land Reform Activity and Land Stock Characteristics