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The Sikh Religion by Macauliffe, Volume IV, Pages 293 to 295 : " Phul Was Contemporary of Guru Har Rai, the Seventh Sikh Guru

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The Sikh Religion by Macauliffe, Volume IV, Pages 293 to 295 : ^ f • cv* cQ ** > <? LO CO PUNJ VB THE HOMELAND OF THE SIKHS together with THE SIKH MEMORANDUM to THE SAPRU CONCILIATION COMMITTEE by HARNAM SINGH 1945 Price Rs. 2/ \ > I \ / I I 1 FOREWORD The reader will find in the pages of this book a compre­ hensive account of the case of the Sikh community in refer­ ence to the political problems that confront India to-day. The besetting complexities of the situation are recognised on all hands. What strikes the Sikhs as most unfortunate is that in almost every attempt at a solution—official or non- official—so far made, their case has not been given the weight it undoubtedly deserves. This book is an attempt to put the Sikh case as clearly as possible in a helpful spirit. The book is divided into two parts. The first part of the book gives a documented narrative of the position, rights and claims of the Sikh community in the Punjab—the province of their birth and history. An account of the adjoining States, relevant to such interests, is also included. The author has examined the population figures in the light of the Census Reports and has arrived at intriguing conclusions. His views should provoke a more scientific study of the reality of Muslim claims on the Punjab on the basis of their population strength. The second part is the text of the Sikh Memorandum submitted to the Sapru Conciliation Committee. It is signed by Sikhs belonging to every school of thought in public, (social and religious life. Never before, it can be freely stated, has there been such unanimity of opinion amongst Sikhs. The Memorandum is signed, as will be seen, by 18 Members' of the Provincial Legislature, by Leaders of Shromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, Shromani Akali Dal, Central Sikh League and Chief Khalsa Diwan. It will not be out of place to add that it is not numbers alone that shall decide the destiny of the "Homeland of the Sikhs". The Sikhs will, under no circumstances, consent to live in a theocratic Muslim state, whether it is "Pakistan'' or is styled by any other name. They stand, as their his­ tory too clearly shows, for a freejmd united India where \ their rights and privileges are fully secured. "~~ X BALDEV SINGH. J 1 Bromhead Road, LAHORE. 15th March, 1945. ! i \ \ PREFACE As a member of the Sapru Conciliation Committee I prepared the Notes that appear in the ensuing pages of this book under the title: "Punjab, The Homeland of the Sikhs," for the exclusive use of the Committee. On the 27th day of February, 1945,1 made over the Notes to Mr. K. Santhanam, Joint Secretary of the Committee, for circulation amongst the Members of the Committee. « Mr. K. Santhanam has, however, written me in his letter dated the 6th March, 1945, that, for want of facilities, it would not be possible for him to get them printed before the Committee assembles on the 29th March, 1945, and has asked me to publish the Notes as my own pamphlet and send 50 copies of the pamphlet to him for the use of the Committee. The Notes, from their very nature, are fragmentary in character and I have not found time to rewrite them for publication in the form of a book. • The Sikh Memorandum to the Sapru Conciliation Com­ mittee has been included in the book to provide to the reader a comprehensive account of the case of the Sikh community in reference to the political problems that con­ front India to-day. The author is not responsible for the proposals contained in the Memorandum and has deliberate­ ly refrained from expressing his views about the wisdom or expediency of the proposals. For a proper appreciation of the Sikh Memorandum, the Conciliat Committee Questionnaire is printed as Appendix "A" to this book 16th March, 1945 HARNAM SINGH. 6 Lower Mall, LAHORE. I • 1 v CONTENTS PART I Page CHAPTER I. Punjab : Geographical Pqsition, Area and Population 1 i ?> II. The Punjab and The Princes 4 • • >> III. Language of the People 8 ?? IV. The Punjab Peasant 10 1) V. The Sikhs and the Indian Army 17 >> VI. The Punjab : Education, Industry and Commerce 22 >' VII Punjab, The Holy Land of the Sikhs 25 >> VIII. The All-India Muslim League Demand 34 >? IX. Census Operations and the Muslims 37 J? X. Pakistan Resolution and After 46 ?> XI. The Two-Nation Theory 5* 57 " XII. Punjab, the Homeland of Sikhs Part II • > 63 Appendix "A" • • 85 / \ * • f • PART CHAPTER I 9 PUNJAB GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, AREA AND POPULATION. In its strict etymological sense the Punjab, or the " land of the five rivers," is the country enclosed and watered by the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Eavi, the Be as and^the Sutlej ; but the province, -as now constituted, includes also the tableland of Sirhind between the Sutlej and the Jamna to the south of the former river, the .Sindh Sagar Doab or the wedge of country .between the Jhelum and the Indus, and west of the latter river the two tracts which form Dera Ghazi Khan and Isakhel Tahsil of Mianwali District. The province, with its states, has an area of 138,105 square miles, being larger by one-tenth than the British Isles. Of the total area, 39,016 square miles belong to the States and the rest is British territory. The population in 1941 was 28,418,819 in the British Punjab and 5,891,042 in. the Punjab States. The Isakhel Tehsil of Mianwali District, Dera Ghazi Khan District and the Baloch Trans-Frontier Tract are overwhelmingly Muslim. This area lies across the Indus Biver and is more pro­ perly a part of the North-West Frontier Province. Again Bahawal- pur State has a population of 1,341,209 of whom 1,098,814 ;are Muslims. On the North-West the Sutlej separates the Bahawal­ pur State from Montgomery and Multan Districts and, after its junction with the Chenab, from Muzaffargarh District. The Indus then divides this State from the District of Dera Ghazi Khan. 'On the south-east the Bahawalpur State is bordered by the Kajputana States of Jaisalmer and Bikaner. The language of the people is Bahawalpuri which is akin to Sindhi spoken in the Pro­ vince of Sind. The flora and fauna of the State is the flora and fauna of the Province of Sind. Excluding the population of Bahawalpur State and that of the Trans-Indus area of the Punjab, the Muslims form about 51 per cent, of the population according to the Census figures of 1941. 2 From the boundary of Delhi to the banks of the Kavi river the population is divided as follows Muslims .. 5,481,288 Sikhs and other non-Muslims 8,915,537 From the Delhi boundary to the banks of the Jhelum river, excluding the Multan and Jhang districts, the population is divided as under : Muslims 10,295,944 Sikhs and other non-Muslims 12,594,230 The Punjab proper extended to the banks of the Jhelum. excluding Jhang and Multan Districts and the Trans-Jhelum area was added by the conquest of Maharaja Eanjit Singh and retained by the British for administrative convenience. The Muslim population of the Punjab at the 1931 Census was 14,929,896. Of this population 4,695,957 was divided as under : Beggars 256,533 Weavers 612,579 Herdsmen 421,347 Cobblers ; 464,218 Potters 423,617 Mussallis or converted sweepers 412,300 Carpenters 346,948 Oilmen 344,927 Bards 244,330 Barbers 296,104 Blacksmiths 241,972 Washermen 162,224 Butchers 127,198 Mirasi 241,660 All these tribes depend very largely for their livelihood on the non-Muslim population of the province. * Census of India 1931 : Punjab. 3 " The importance of the Punjab in the history and economics- of the great sub-continent of India is out of all proportion to its- population, its productive capacity or even its size. Through it lies the only practicable highway between the nomad-breeding grounds of Central Asia and the rich and fertile valley of the Ganges with the result that, like Palestine and Belgium, it has been the1 arena of conflict between political systems far greater than itself. Occupying the angle where the Himalayas—which shut in the Indian Peninsula to the north—meet the Suleiman Kange which bounds it on the west—and lying between Hindustan and the passes by which alone access is possible from the great plain of Central Asia, the Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province guard the gateway of that Empire of which they w re the last portion to be won. The inland position of the Province, com­ bined with the sandy nature of the soil, gives rise to great extremes of temperature. Such a climate breeds a hardy martial race, and the war found the Punjab peasant equally capable of enduring a winter in the muds of Flanders, or a summer amidst the sands of Mesopotamia " * T he Punjab of Today, by Trevaskis, Vol. I, Page 1. CHAPTER II THE PUNJAB AND THE PRINCES * The three States of Patiala, Jind and Nabha in the Punjab ;are collectively known as the " Phulkian States." They are the most important of the Cis-Sutlej States, having an area of 8,160 square miles and a total population of 2,638,115. m The State of Patiala is the largest in area, wealth and popu­ lation of the three Phulkian States, and the most populous of all the States in the Province, though second in area to Bahawalpur in the Punjab. It lies mainly in the eastern plains of the Punjab which form part of the great natural division called the Indo- 'Gangetic Plain (west) but its territories are somewhat scattered •as, owing to historical causes, it comprises a portion of the Simla Hills and the Narnaul Ilaqa in the extreme south-west on the borders of Jaipur and Alwar States in Rajputana.
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