THE MUMMY CASE Elizabeth Peters
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Specular Reflection from the Great Pyramid at Giza
Specular Reflection from the Great Pyramid at Giza Donald E. Jennings Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA (retired) email: [email protected] Posted to arXiv: physics.hist-ph April 6, 2021 Abstract The pyramids of ancient Egypt are said to have shone brilliantly in the sun. Surfaces of polished limestone would not only have reflected diffusely in all directions, but would also likely have produced specular reflections in particular directions. Reflections toward points on the horizon would have been visible from large distances. On a particular day and time when the sun was properly situated, an observer stationed at a distant site would have seen a momentary flash as the sun’s reflection moved across the face of the pyramid. The positions of the sun that are reflected to the horizon are confined to narrow arcs in the sky, one arc for each side of the pyramid. We model specular reflections from the pyramid of Khufu and derive the annual dates and times when they would have been visible at important ancient sites. Certain of these events might have coincided with significant dates on the Egyptian calendar, as well as with solar equinoxes, solstices and cross-quarter days. The celebration of Wepet-Renpet, which at the time of the pyramid’s construction occurred near the spring cross-quarter day, would have been marked by a specular sweep of sites on the southern horizon. On the autumn and winter cross-quarter days reflections would have been directed to Heliopolis. We suggest that on those days the pyramidion of Khafre might have been visible in specular reflection over the truncated top of Khufu’s pyramid. -
Offering Scenes
InstItute of MedIterranean and orIental Cultures, PolIsh AcadeMy of ScienCes PolIsh Centre of MedIterranean arChaeology, unIversIty of WarsaW II anastasIIa stuPKo-luBCZyŃsKa offerING sCenes Deir el-Bahari V In the ChaPel of hatshePsut DEIR EL-BAHARI VII INSTYTUT KULTUR ŚRÓDZIEMNOMORSKICH I ORIENTALNYCH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK i CENTRUM ARCHEOLOGII ŚRÓDZIEMNOMORSKIEJ IM. KAZIMIERZA MICHAŁOWSKIEGO UNIWERSYTETU WARSZAWSKIEGO DEIR EL-BAHARI VII Anastasiia Stupko-Lubczyńska Sceny ofiarne w Kaplicy HatSzepSut Diachroniczna analiza motywu Warszawa 2016 Institute Of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures, Polish Academy Of Sciences and POLISH CENTRE Of MEDITERRANEAN ARCHAEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY Of WARSAW DEIR EL-BAHARI VII Anastasiia Stupko-Lubczyńska offering SceneS in tHe Chapel of HatshepSut Diachronic Development Of their Composition and Content Warsaw 2016 Series editor EWA LASKOWSKA-KUSZTAL Scientific editor JANUSZ KARKOWSKI English translation PAUL BARFORD Proof reading HELENA SOBOL, URSZULA ŁUCZAK, JACEK ŁUCZAK Editorial assistance TOMASZ PŁÓCIENNIK Cover design ANASTASIIA STUPKO-LUBCZYŃSKA DTP MIŁOSZ TRUKAWKA Cover: Offering-bearers represented on the south wall of the Chapel of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahari (Photo Maciej Jawornicki) Przygotowanie anglojęzycznej wersji publikacji „Sceny ofiarne w Kaplicy Hatszepsut (Deir el-Bahari). Diachroniczna analiza motywu” autorstwa Anastasii Stupko-Lubczyńskiej finansowane w ramach umowy 866/P-DUN/2016 ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego przeznaczonych na działalność upowszechniającą naukę. The -
Liste Der Ägyptischen Pyramiden
Pyramide Entsteh- urspr. heutige Erbauer Standort Basis Neigung Anmerkungen mit Nebenpyramiden ungszeit Höhe Höhe Altes Reich 109,0 m 62,5 Djoser-Pyramide 3. Dyn. Djoser Sakkara 60,0 m - Stufenpyramide × 125,0 m m Djoserteti 120,0 (~70,0 unvollendete Sechemchet-Pyramide 3. Dyn. Sakkara 8,0 m - (Sechemchet) m m) Stufenpyramide Saujet el- (~40,0 unvollendete Chaba-Pyramide 3. Dyn. Chaba 84,0 m - Arjan m) Stufenpyramide (105,0 unvollendete 215,0 m - ~20,0 Lehmziegel- Lepsius-I-Pyramide 3. Dyn.? Huni? Abu Roasch m ? 150,0 m Stufenpyramide, m) ? Datierung unsicher Lehmziegel- 3. / 4. ~20,0 Pyramide von Athribis Huni? / Snofru? Athribis zerstört Kleinpyramide, Dyn.? m Datierung unsicher 10,5 3. / 4. m Stufen- Pyramide von Elephantine Huni? / Snofru? Elephantine 18,5 m 5,1 m - Dyn. - 12,5 Kleinpyramide m 3. / 4. Stufen- Pyramide von Edfu-Süd Huni? / Snofru? Edfu 18,8 m 4,9 m - Dyn. Kleinpyramide 3. / 4. nahe Stufen- Pyramide von el-Kula Huni? / Snofru? 18,6 m 8,25 m - Dyn. Hierakonpolis Kleinpyramide 3. / 4. 14,0 Stufen- Pyramide von Ombos Huni? / Snofru? nahe Naqada 18,4 m 4,5 m - Dyn. m Kleinpyramide 3. / 4. 12,5 Stufen- Pyramide von Sinki Huni? / Snofru? nahe Abydos 18,5 m 1,35 m - Dyn. m Kleinpyramide Pyramide von Saujet el- 3. / 4. nahe Al- ~17,0 Stufen- Huni? / Snofru? 22,5 m 4,8 m - Meitin Dyn. Minya m Kleinpyramide ~25,0 Stufen- Pyramide von Seila 4. Dyn. Snofru Seila 6,80 m - m Kleinpyramide Ursprünglich 144,3 91,9 ~65,0 Stufenpyramide, zu Meidum-Pyramide 51°50′ m m m echter Pyramide 4. -
The Great Pyramid of Giza – a Monumental Construction for the Ancient Egyptians
The Great Pyramid of Giza – A Monumental Construction for the Ancient Egyptians Until the building of the Eiffel Tower in Paris in 1889, the Great Pyramid reigned supreme as the tallest building in the world The area covered by the Great Pyramid – some 13 acres - could easily accommodate the Houses of Parliament and St Paul’s Cathedral and still have room to spare. The cathedrals of Florence, Milan and St Peter’s in Rome would also all fit comfortably inside. The Great Pyramid is aligned with the four points of the compass with a near perfect precision. The average deviation of the sides from their alignment to north, south, east and west is a tiny fraction of a single degree - just 3 minutes 6 seconds. It originally contained approximately 2,300,000 separate blocks of stone, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons. According to the Turin Papyrus the whole structure was built in twenty-three years or less. Other sources imply 30 years or even slightly more. A rough calculation based on a 10 hour working day suggests that 34 stones (2.5 tons each) would have been laid in place every hour – this is, slightly more than one block every two minutes. When it was built, the Great Pyramid rose to 481 feet (146.6 metres) – the top 31 feet (9.45 metres), including the capstone are now missing. Its total weight was almost 6 million tons. The horizontal cross section of the Pyramid is square at any level, with each side measuring approximately 756 feet (230.42 metres). -
Newsletter Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities No. 1
Communication creates a cohesive Newsletter society, and therefore the Ministry of Antiquities has decided to issue a monthly Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities newsletter highlighting the most important First Issue achievements and activities, and other current events within the ministry. April - June 2016 Ministry of Antiquities The tomb of Djehuty. A scene from the tomb of Djehuty. Inaugurations • Inauguration of al-Zahir Baybars al-Bunduqdari The work was done in collaboration with the Mosque in al-Qalyubiyyah Governorate, French Institute of Oriental Archaeology (13 dating back to the Mameluke Period (8 May 2016). April 2016). • Inauguration of the Edfu Temple • Inauguration of four mosques in groundwater lowering project after the Fowa in Kafr al-Sheikh Governorate: completion of the second and last al-Fokai, Abu Shara, Sidi Moussa stage, in collaboration with USAID and al-Sadat al-Qoraniyah (3 May (13 May 2016). 2016). • Re-opening of the Pyramid of • Inauguration of Queen Unas at Saqqara after being Hatshepsut’s Royal Butler’s tomb closed to visitors for 20 years. (Djehuty, TT 110) on the West Two tombs in Saqqara were Bank of Luxor. The restoration also reopened: the tombs of works were undertaken in the viziers Ankhmahor and collaboration with the American Neferseshemptah, both dating Research Center in Egypt and to the 6th Dynasty. A third tomb funded by USAID (13 May 2016). was inaugurated in the same site: • Inauguration of three tombs: the tomb of Nemtymes, an official Amenakht (TT 218), Nebenmaat (TT during the 19th Dynasty. The tomb was 219), Khaemteri (TT 220) at Deir al- discovered by the French mission under Medina, who were “Servants in the Place of the directorship of Alain Zivie (26 May 2016). -
Research Article
Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 209–232, 2020 0892-3310/20 RESEARCH ARTICLE A New Model to Explain the Alignment of Certain Ancient Sites Mark J. Carlotto Submitted July 19, 2019; Accepted September 4, 2019; Published June 30, 2020 https://doi.org/10.31275/2020/1619 Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC Abstract—In a previous study of more than two hundred ancient sites, the alignments of almost half of the sites could not be explained. These sites are distributed throughout the world and include the majority of Mesoamerican pyramids and temples that are misaligned with respect to true north, megalithic structures at several sites in Peru’s Sacred Valley, some pyramids in Lower Egypt, and numerous temples in Upper Egypt. A new model is proposed to account for the alignment of certain unex- plained sites based on an application of Charles Hapgood’s hypothesis that global patterns of climate change over the past 100,000 years could be the result of displacements of the Earth’s crust and corresponding shifts of the geographic poles. It is shown that more than 80% of the un- explained sites reference four locations within 30° of the North Pole that are correlated with Hapgood’s hypothesized pole locations. The align- ments of these sites are consistent with the hypothesis that if they were built in alignment with one of these former poles they would be mis- aligned to north as they are now as the result of subsequent geographic pole shifts. Keywords: ancient sites; pyramid alignment; pole shifts INTRODUCTION In a previous study of ancient sites, the alignments of almost half of the sites could not be explained (Carlotto, 2020). -
PYRAMID BBC ONE, Monday 28Th October, 9Pm
Publicity Pack British Broadcasting Corporation BBC Television Publicity Television Centre Wood Lane London W12 7RJ PYRAMID BBC ONE, Monday 28th October, 9pm The Great Pyramid of Giza - the majestic burial place of King Khufu and the only one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World to survive. For four and a half thousand years, people have marvelled at the magnitude and beauty of the Great Pyramid and asked how and why it was built. By combining the latest archaeological research with the most up-to-date visual technology, BBC One’s Pyramid tells the story of the Great Pyramid through the eyes of the men who built it. With a voiceover by the distinguished Egyptian actor Omar Sharif, Pyramid employs the cinematic production values of a feature film to bring the construction of this extraordinary Egyptian monument to life. The programme is one of the most ambitious and visually stunning history projects ever made by the BBC shot entirely on location on 35mm and combining complex state-of-the art special effects, produced by Mill TV - the Oscar award-winning company who created the special effects for Gladiator. The programme is also accompanied by a groundbreaking interactive challenge from BBCi available on terrestrial, digital and via the BBC History website. By successfully solving the Pyramid Challenge viewers can enter a prize draw and take their own trip to the Pyramid complex. The challenge includes the world’s first interactive TV adventure story on digital satellite and digital terrestrial television in which viewers are encouraged to take control of an intrepid treasure seeker via their remote control. -
The Place Where Huni Probably Buried Bohai,Xu
The Place where Huni probably Buried Bohai,Xu Address: Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, China Abstract: From the paper , we can speculate that Huni is exactly 吴回 (wuhui). Besides, the pronunciation of Huni resembles 吴回(wuhui). From the paper I speculate that the eagle in the statue unearthed in Taibo's tomb and the eagle in a statue of a man, dating from the State of Yue era, the eagles in the two statues resemble the God Horus in Egypt, so I can also get a conclusion that Wuxi(无锡) and Zhejiang(浙江) was once Egypt’s colony. I can also get a conclusion that Zhangshan Hill(嶂 山)means Egypt governor or pharaoh had come to Wuxi. Besides, we can get a conclusion that Chanshan Hill(产山)is a man-made pyramid, and Heliekou(河埒口)means enclosure around the man-made pyramid- Chanshan Hill, this pyramid complex looks like Djoser's Pyramid Complex which has enclosure around it. From the paper, we can conclude that Huishan clay figurines(惠山泥人)are ushabtis with Chinese characteristic, it indicates that Wuxi(无锡)was the colony of ancient Egypt. So Wuxi(无锡)means binding spot, Mount Xi(锡山) means a binding hill. And the ruins of Mount Xi(锡山) resemble "Pyramid of Khufu" in Giza pyramid complex. So we can get a hypothesis that Mount Xi(锡山) is a man-made pyramid. Furthermore, Wuxi (无锡)is the cradle of Chinese Wu culture(吴 文化), I think this is owing to Huni. So from the above, we can speculate that Huni probably buried in Mount Xi , Wuxi(无锡锡山). -
See the Pyramids Along the Nile
See the Pyramids Along the Nile Samuel Jay Keyser, Text Nancy Dean Kelly, Photographs March 30-12 April 2001 Sponsored by the MIT Alumni Travel Program Acknowledgements We would like to thank Tony Awtrey and Tom Keane for the use of the photographs on pages 45, 49, 50, 51, 55 and 56 below. They are marked (TA) and (TK) for Awtrey and Keane, respectively. We also wish to thank Melissa Chapman Gresh and the Alumni Travel Program at MIT for making possible the trip recorded here. March 30 I wake up to a monsoon, 50-mile-an-hour winds and pouring rain. The telephone rings. It is George and Gaby, experienced travelers for over a quarter of a century. “Have you seen the weather outside?” “Looks pretty bad, huh?” “Listen, you’ll never make it to New York in this weather. If it were us, we’d rent a car and drive to JFK. It will take you five hours in this rain. So you should leave no later than noon. Are you packed?” Their advice is well intentioned. It is also sound, which is why I have no intention of following it. From my perspective, missing the plane is the best possible thing that could happen. Unfortunately, the cab arrives on time. The flight to JFK is uneventful. TWA Flight 888, non-stop to Cairo, is just ten minutes behind schedule. Over the loudspeaker the chief steward asks, “Will flight attendants please prepare for takeoff?” I imagine them flapping their arms behind the curtains that separate economy from the rest of the plane. -
008 Transcript
Episode 008 The Middle Kingdom Mariners When we left off, the Old Kingdom had collapsed and the First Intermediate Period had begun. There is little maritime-related evidence from this period, but let’s take a brief look at the synopsis of events from the First Intermediate Period and we’ll get a good idea why there isn’t much in the way of maritime evidence. Following Pepi II’s death there was a drought, the Nubians waged a war to gain their independence from Egyptian control, and the Egyptian government had become highly unstable because of Pepi’s long reign. All these circumstances culminated in a long dispute over succession to the throne. The seventh and eighth dynasties were periods of relative impotence for the pharaohs. Only one of them managed to hold on to the throne for longer than a year, and that same pharaoh, Ibi, was the only one who managed to complete a monument in his honor. Far had the pharaohs fallen from the decadence of the Old Kingdom. After the 8th dynasty, Egypt reverted back to the regional power bases that had been the main players before Narmer originally unified Upper and Lower Egypt. Those who controlled Lower Egypt were loosely confederated under the leadership of a ruler from the town of Herakleopolis and are considered to be the start of the 10th dynasty. The 11th dynasty though was partially concurrent with the 10th, and was made up of rival rulers who controlled Upper Egypt, with their overlord exercising his control from the province of Thebes. -
14 Egyptian Dynasty of the Exodus
14 Egyptian Dynasty of the Exodus This article suggests the end of the 12th dynasty of Egypt as the time of the exodus. Egyptologists consider the 12th dynasty to be the apex of the Middle Kingdom. This dynasty was based at (or nearby) the city of Memphis (Noph or No-Ptah), which agrees with details of the scriptural account and Hebrew tradition. Pharaoh Amenemhet I may have been the ruler of Lower Egypt (near Memphis) when Joseph was appointed as the second ruler of the land (Genesis 41:40-46) and when Jacob and his family moved into Egypt (Genesis 45:16-20) to buy food during a great famine. Contemporary records of the 11th dynasty based in Thebes refer to "seven empty years" following the death of Mentuhotep III (in Thebes). This may represent a time of famine, co-incident with a seven year period during the reign of Amenemhet I (in Memphis). Seven years of famine did occur over a wide area. (Genesis 41:41-46). The scriptures say that Joseph died at the age of 110 (Genesis 50:22). This may imply that he lived into the reign of Amenemhet II. There may be evidence to suggest that Hebrews were living in Egypt as free people during the early part of the dynasty. An Egyptian official named Khnumhotep II is believed to have lived during the reign of pharaohs Amenemhet II and Senusret II. His tomb contains paintings of everyday life in Egypt. Two scenes show Semetic people (possibly Israelites) offering gifts (tribute, or tithes, or taxes) to Egyptian scribes. -
THE TREASURES of the PYRAMIDS Contents
ZA HI HAWASS EDITED BY ZAHI HAWASS Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Giza Pyramids Excavations PROJECT EDITORS Laura Accomazzo Valeria Manferto De Fabianis GRAPHIC DESICN Paola Piacco WHITE STAR PUBLISHERS THE TREASURES OF THE PYRAMIDS Contents INTRODUCTION Page 5 CHAPTER 8 by H.E. Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS by Matthew Adams and David O'Connor Page 78 THE PYRAMIDS Page 12 by Zahi Hawass CHAPTER 9 THE STEP PYRAMIDS CHRONOLOGY Page is by Ali Radwan Page 86 CHAPTER I CHAPTER 10 WHY A PYRAMID? PYRAMID RELIGION THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY by James P. Allen Page 22 by Rainer Stadelmann Page 112 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER \ \ THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZA THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 138 by Vassil Dobrev Page 28 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE PYRAMID OF KHUFU BUILDING AN OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 150 by Mark Lehner Page 32 CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER A THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMB by Zahi Hawass Page 152 by Zahi Hawass Page 46 CHAPTER 14 CHAPTER 5 THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 156 THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX by Zahi Hawass Page 50 CHAPTER 15 THE PYRAMIDION CHAPTER e by Zahi Hawass Page 160 THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD CHAPTER \6 by Renee Friedman Page 54 THE ROYAL BOATS AT GIZA by Zahi Hawass Page 164 CHAPTER I THE TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES CHAPTER a AT ABYDOS AND SAQOARA THE SPHINX by Giinter Dreyer Page 62 by Mark Lehner Page 172 10 CHAPTER IS The Publisher would like to thank: H.E.