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History of Egypt : from the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death Of

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History of Egypt : from the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death Of Division DT<33 Section « v.8 '§ JBooks on lEaspt an& Cbalfcaea A HISTORY OF EGYPT From the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death of Cleopatra VII. b.c. 30 Vol. VIII. EGYPT UNDER THE PTOLEMIES AND CLEOPATRA VII. Boohs on igg^pt an& Cbat&aea EGYPT UNDER THE PTOLEMIES AND CLEOPATRA VII. BY E. A. WALLIS BUDGE, M.A., Litt.D., D.Lit. KEEPER OF THE EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK HENRY FROWDE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMERICAN BRANCH 1902 ; PREFACE In the present volume the History of Egypt has been continued from the end of the reign of Ptolemy IV. to the death of Cleopatra VII. Tryphaena, i.e., from about B.C. 210 to B.C. 30, and a brief sketch of Nubian history from the end of the XXVIth Dynasty to the establishment of a native Negro Dynasty at Meroe has been added. The Ptolemaic Period is to the Egypto- logist more interesting than important, especially those aspects of it which illustrate the transformation of Egypt into a Hellenized state, and the gradual growth of Greek influence in the country. On the other hand, it must never be forgotten that, although the Ptolemaic kings and the court and army were Greeks and spoke Greek, the religion of the country continued to be purely Egyptian, and the language of the priesthood and of the people was Egyptian. Publicly the Ptole- mies were Egyptians, and many of them were crowned with all the ancient rites and ceremonies at Memphis and they worshipped the ancient gods and offered up sacrifices to them, and they even followed the example ; viii PREFACE of the Pharaohs of old in marrying their own sisters and nieces, a course which must have been extremely repugnant to the ideas of their Greek subjects, and which could only have been followed for political purposes. With great tact the Ptolemies carried out the wishes of the Egyptian priesthood, but they took care not to allow the priests to take any important part in the administration of the country, which was carried on by Greek officials and ministers. So much has been said about the evil lives of the Ptolemies, that it is sometimes forgotten that they were not a series of weak and wholly disreputable rulers, but a group of powerful monarchs under whose sway Egypt was as great and as rich as she was even under the great kings of the XVIIIth Dynasty. The development of the Egyptian army and fleet under the first four Ptolemies was little short of marvellous, and trade and commerce sprang up wheresoever the ships of Egypt went, and even under the weakest Ptolemies the Egyptian Empire was almost as great as it was under the greatest of the Pharaohs. In a way the Ptolemies cared greatly for the country which a strange fate had called upon them to rule, and for the various peoples who formed its inhabitants this showed itself in several ways, but it is sufficient to refer to the Egyptian History of Manetho, which was compiled by order of Philadelphus, and to the translation of certain Books of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek, and to the toleration which the Greeks displayed towards Egyptian gods. The private vices PREFACE of the Ptolemies in no way concerned the people whom, they ruled, for they did not interfere with the adminis- tration of the country, which was carried on with great benefit to Egypt and the Egyptians ; the intelligent interest which the Ptolemies took in literature and art, and the love which they displayed for learning of every kind, prove that they cannot have been the wholly abandoned profligates which writers like Josephus and the author of the Third Book of Maccabees would have us believe. Concerning the history of that remarkable personality Cleopatra VII. the hieroglyphic inscriptions afford us scant information, but there is abundant proof forth- coming to show that she took every step in her power to make the Egyptians believe that she was a legitimate descendant of the old Pharaohs, and that the blood of Amen-Ba ran in her veins. By the bas-reliefs which she caused to be sculptured in the temple at Her- monthis she told all beholders that her son by Caesar (Ptolemy XVI.) was in reality the offspring of the god Amen-Ba, who had taken the form of Caesar and had visited her, and she was, clearly, very anxious that every one should regard her son Caesarion as the son of Amen-Ba. Cleopatra's wit and ability were as great and as subtle as those of Queen Aah-hetep and Hatshepset the Great, and she seems to have been their superior in the art of governing ; she was by far the cleverest of all the descendants of the Ptolemies, and to the love of literature which she inherited from X PREFACE her father Ptolemy XIII. she added a good practical knowledge of several languages, which enabled her to converse with people of many nationalities. She possessed shrewd business qualities, and, according to Herod, was capable of driving a good bargain, and her sweet voice and charm of manner and conversation secured her many friends and disarmed many foes. Arrogant, reckless, extravagant, and vicious, are epithets which have been applied to her freely and with much show of reason, but when all is said that can be said on the subject, the love of power appears to have been her ruling passion, and it must be admitted, that although she squandered money she squandered it in a way which proved that she under- stood the value of pomp and ceremony in the ruling of Eastern peoples. I am indebted to Mr. H. A. Grueber, Assistant Keeper in the Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum, for selecting a number of coins of the Ptolemaic Period for illustration, and to Mr. F. G. Kenyon, M.A., Assistant Keeper in the Department of Manuscripts, British Museum, for the names of a number of valuable works by authorities on the Ptolemaic Period. Finally, my thanks are due to Messrs. Gilbert and Rivington, and especially to Mr. G. E. Hay and to Mr. F. Rainer, of their staff, for the care and attention which they have taken in printing the volumes of this work. E. A. Wallis Budge. — CONTENTS Chapter I. Eeign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes. Agatho- CLES AND TLEPOLEMUS. AgATHOCLES AND HIS SISTER Agathocleia slain. Tlepolemus prime minister of Egypt. Ptolemy V. proclaimed king. The Eosetta Stone and its inscriptions in hiero- glyphics, DEMOTIC, AND GREEK. EGYPTIAN TITLES OF Ptolemy V. The buildings of Epiphanes at Philae. His personal character. Eeign of Ptolemy VI. Eeign of Ptolemy VII. Philome- tor. Egyptians defeated by Antiochus IV. Quarrel between Ptolemy VII. and Ptolemy IX. Persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV. The petition of Onias. The Temple - Fortress of Onion. Buildings of Ptolemy VII. The temple at Der al-Medineh. The Temple of Hathor. Endowment of the Temple of Isis. Eeign of Ptolemy VIII. Eeign of Ptolemy IX. Cleo- patra II. and Cleopatra III. Eevolt in Alex- andria. Tryphaena becomes queen of Syria. Buildings of Ptolemy IX. The Temples of Apet, Medinet Habu, Edfu. Great antiquity of the temple of Edfu. Temple of Isis at Philae. Cult of Isis at Philae. The Obelisk of Philae. — Xll CONTENTS Temple of Dabud. Internal and foreign policy of Ptolemy IX. His life and character. Reign of Ptolemy X. Quarrel between Ptolemy X. and his mother. flight of ptolemy x. to cyprus. Defeat of the Jews in Syria. Murder of Cleo- patra IV. Life and character of Ptolemy X. His buildings at Denderah and in the Oasis of al-Kharga. Eeign of Ptolemy XI. Alexander I. His murder. His life and character. Ptolemy XII. sent to Cos. His death. End of the legiti- mate LINE OF THE PTOLEMIES. REIGN OF PTOLEMY " XIII. , the Piper." Murder of the Alexandrian envoys. Ptolemy XIII. goes to Ephesus. His throne is restored to him. His life and charac- ter. His buildings. His fictitious conquests. Cleopatra VII Chapter II. The reign of Cleopatra VII. Tryphaena, and Ptolemy XVI. Caesarion. Birth of Cleo- patra. Will of Ptolemy XIII. Auletes. Joint reign of Cleopatra VII. and Ptolemy XIV. Cleo- patra Flies from Egypt. Ptolemy XIV. collects an army. The murder of Pompey. Cleopatra receives assistance from julius caesar. caesar's loan to Auletes. Caesar with difficulty seizes AND TAKES POSSESSION OF ALEXANDRIA. CLEOPATRA obtains admission to Caesar by a stratagem. Caesar becomes her slave. The ascent of the Nile. Cleopatra goes to Eome. Murder of Caesar. Cleopatra's return to Egypt. She meets Mark Antony, and he becomes her slave. Antony marries Octavia. Herod and Cleopatra. Cleopatra and Octavia. Antony's luxurious life. War declared against Cleopatra. Battle of actium. octavian arrives in egypt. antony stabs himself and dies. cleopatra and octavian. Death of Cleopatra and her maidens. Her life — CONTEXTS xiii and character. her beauty not incomparable. Her love of literature and knowledge of languages. her reckless extravagance. her phtsical characteristics. her buildings at Denderah and Hermonthis. Caesarion THE SON of Amen. Egypt becomes a Eoman province . 88 Chapter III. Ptolemaic Period —Summary. Egypt Hellenized. Greek the language of Egypt. Asar-Hapi or Serapis. Marriage with sisters and nieces. egyptian gods brought back from Persia and Mesopotamia. Great power of Egypt under the Ptolemies. Extent of Egypt's empire. Limit of Greek influence. Growth of Jewish influence. Taxation in Egypt. The Greek trader in Egypt. Greek and Egyptian gods. Literature in the Ptolemaic Period. The Demotic script. Art in the Ptolemaic Period.
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