Introduction

Notes Introduction 1. On Berlusconi’s first period in office see Ginsborg (2003, 294– 99), Tranfaglia (2003, 51– 53) and the essays in Katz and Ignazi (1996). 2. “Il premier: ‘Via dalla Rai Santoro, Biagi e Luttazzi,’” La Repubblica, April 18, 2002. See also Philip Willan, “Berlusconi stokes new row on TV bias,” The Guardian, April 20, 2002 and Jones (2003, 235– 36). More generally on Berlusconi and the media see Ginsborg (2004). 3. On the immediate consequences for Santoro’s relationship with RAI and with Saccà see Goffredo De Marchis, “Saccà richiama Santoro per la puntata di Sciuscià,” La Repubblica, April 24, 2002, 13. 4. Concita De Gregorio, “Santoro canta Bella ciao . e litiga al telefono con Saccà,” La Repubblica, April 20, 2002, 12. The footage is also freely available on YouTube, along with many other renditions of “Bella ciao,” including the rice- pickers version sung by Milva in 1971 and one by the English band Chumbawamba. 5. On canti partigiani, the standard collection is Savona and Straniero (1985). For a stim- ulating discussion in English see Slowey (1991). In Italian see Pivato (2005, 170– 88). 6. Rousso, (1991, 1). 7. For a general discussion in English of the French case, focusing on a variety of different periods see Gildea (1994). In Italian, see Troude-Chastenet (1999). For Rousso’s contributions subsequent to The Vichy Syndrome, see Conan and Rousso (1994) and Rousso (2002). 8. For an insight into Bocca’s recent views see, for example, his collection of articles (2006), as well as “La Resistenza cancellata,” the new preface to his memoir (2005, 5– 16). The memoir was itself first published in 1945. 9. For the “revisionist” view, see Serri (2002). Calabri (2007) is a vigorous and scholarly defense of Pintor. The whole case is discussed in Natoli, De Luna, and Santomassimo (2008). 10. Marco Revelli, “In montagna,” Il Manifesto, April 25, 2009. 11. Santomassimo (2003, 137). 12. Rousso (1991, 11). 13. The Resistance museum in Turin, formerly an adjunct to the Unification museum, is now housed separately and is characterized by an imaginative multimedia approach, largely organized around oral testimonies. The Cervi museum in Gattatico has also seen many changes over the last decades, with greater emphasis now placed on the Resistance aspect of the museum. There have also been entirely new projects such as the excellent Museo Audiovisivo della Resistenza di Fosdinovo. However, many museums remain extraordinarily uninviting places, with little attempt at contextualization or at exhibiting 196 NOTES materials that might be of interest, particularly to young visitors. Others, such as the Resistance museum in the city of Lucca, are permanently closed. 14. Crainz and Gallerano (1987), Crainz (1996) and (2000). 15. Santomassimo’s most extended contribution is the lengthy essay published in various locations (2003). But see also the collection of articles originally published in Il manifesto (2004). Focardi’s book, significantly entitled La guerra della memoria (2005), combines a detailed discussion with a very useful anthology of texts (particularly newspaper articles and speeches by politicians). The Crainz study (1986), which also informs his general histories of postwar Italy, is published in a special number of Problemi del socialismo dedicated to Fascism and anti- Fascism in republican Italy (see also the contributions by Baldassare, Ganapini, and Gallerano). See also Quazza (1990); Bermani (1997); Lepre (1997); Gallerano, (1999a); Ballone (1997); the essays in Miccoli, Neppi Modona, and Pombeni (2001); De Bernardi and Ferrari (2004); Luzzatto (2004); Rapini (2005); Craveri and Quaglierello (2006); Staron (2007); and Peli (2007). 16. Storchi (2007). Storchi has also contributed to an important essay on the role of the war in the construction of a “red” memory in Emilia Romagna (Bertucelli, Canovi, Silingardi, and Storchi, 1999). 17. Chiarini (2005); Cenci (1999) appears in a collection dedicated to the theme of memory (Paggi 1999). 18. Falaschi (1976); Re (1990); Cooke (2000a). Studies of French Resistance literature also tend to focus on a distinct period, sometimes with excellent results, such as Margaret Atack’s book on 1940– 1950 (1989). For a broad survey of literary responses to the Second World War (including Fenoglio) see Casadei (2000). 19. Ballone (1997). 20. Gundle (2000, 114). The article was previously published in a slightly different Italian version (1996). 21. Passerini (1999, 296). 22. Germinario (1999). 23. Contini (1997 and 1999), Foot (2009). 24. Storchi (2007, 241). 25. There are two quite recent works of synthesis: Peli (2004) and Behan (2009). See also P. Morgan (2007), which despite its misleading title (The Fall of Mussolini) is a clear and accessible overview of the whole war period in Italy. 26. The term “Mussolini’s enemies” appears in the title of Charles Delzell’s 1961 book, which remains the most comprehensive study in English of the Italian Resistance to Fascism. 27. Peli (2004). In the introduction to my anthology (Cooke 1997, 1– 17) I delineate four phases, but I now prefer to follow Peli, which is the most authoritative short general account to have been published. 28. On the RSI the most comprehensive and accessible scholarly work is by Ganapini (1999, 2007). On the German occupation, the standard work is Klinkhammer (1993). 29. The “cinque lettere” episode is discussed in Gambino (1975, 20– 25) and Quazza (1976, 299– 308). 30. For the most recent discussion see Piffer (2010), which offers an overly positive inter- pretation of the Allies’ strategy toward the partisans. 31. Gambino (1975, 28). 32. Dondi (1990, 219). NOTES 197 Chapter 1 1. Letter from PDA, October 1944, quoted in Galli (1958, 155). 2. “Dichiarazione sulla fucilazione di Mussolini e dei suoi complici,” April 29, 1945, in Grassi (1977, 334– 35). CLN documents are conserved in the Resistance institutes, and there are many editions (see, for example, Documenti del CLN per la Liguria [1968]). 3. Grassi (1977, 344, n1). On CLNAI social and economic policy, see Levi (1947). The standard history of the CLNAI is still Catalano (1956). See also Gaetano Grassi’s authoritative introduction to the Atti e documenti del CLNAI (Grassi 1977, 9– 91) 4. All quotations from “Verbale della riunione di CLNAI e CCLN del 7 maggio 1945” (Grassi 1977, 337– 44). 5. Peli (2007, 168). 6. Quazza too (1966 and 1976, 317– 63) sees the failure of the CLNs to impose them- selves as crucial for the future direction of Italy but shifts the blame onto the tactics of parties of the Left. Even Giuseppe Mammarella, very much a champion of the PCI, concedes the party had “little commitment” to the CLNs, as well as other manifesta- tions of direct democracy (Mammarella 1976, 61– 62). The most recent discussion of the eclipse of the CLNs is Peli (2007, 167– 71). 7. Ventrone (2008). This fine study, first published in 1996, stands apparently alone in arguing the novel, but sensible, thesis that both the DC and the PCI were genuinely committed to the reestablishment of democracy in postwar Italy. 8. Francovich (1961). La nazione del popolo began publication in August 1944 and ceased in July 1946. For a comprehensive selection of articles from the paper, see Ballini (2008). 9. On the Tuscan CLN, see Rogari (2006, 162– 79), which is the most recent discussion of the topic. 10. Gambino (1975, 46). 11. There are two biographies of Parri: Aniasi (1991) and Polese Remaggi (2004). 12. “Comunicazione radio del presidente del CLNAI,” May 15, 1945, in Grassi (1977, 351– 52). 13. “Mozione per la costituzione del nuovo governo,” May 18, 1945, in Grassi (1977, 353– 54). 14. Grassi (1977, 363, n1). 15. The phrases are reported in Catalano (1966, 51), though no source is cited. 16. Gambino (1975, 52). Gambino also cites the relevant sections from the CLN docu- ment: (1975, 493, n81). De Luna (2006, 314) uses the term affossamento (burying) in connection with the Liberals’ liquidation of the CLN. 17. “Ordine del giorno sulla soluzione della crisi di governo,” June 1, 1945, in Grassi (1977, 362– 63). 18. “Discorso tenuto alla radio del presidente del Comitato di liberazione nazionale Alta Italia,” June 2, 1945, in Grassi (1977, 365– 67). 19. On these points see De Luna (2006, 314–15), which represents the most reliable recon- struction of the process of Parri’s selection. See also Valiani (1949), Giulio Andreotti’s polemically entitled Concerto a sei voci (1945) and Colapietra (1969), which uses con- temporary newspaper sources such as the CLN’s Italia libera. 20. For Parri as a compromise candidate, see Pertini’s report to the PSIUP of June 20, 1945. The report testifies to the dissatisfaction of the Socialists who reluctantly accepted him “for reasons of peace” (“per amore di concordia”; Gambino 1975, 55). See also the bio- graphical notes to Parri (1976, 25) that describe his appointment as only apparently a 198 NOTES “homage to the moral leader of the Resistance,” but in reality a “compromise between very different urgencies.” 21. On the Parri government see, above all, Parri’s own writings and parliamentary speeches, which can be found, respectively, in Parri (1976) and (1990). See also the relevant volumes in the critical edition of the Verbali dei consigli dei ministri 1943– 1948 (Ricci, 1994–1999); Catalano (1966); Colapietra (1969, 277–346 and 347–429), Colapietra (1998, 95–123); Piscitelli (1975), Gambino (1975, 55–92) and De Luna (2006, 311– 16). The general histories of twentieth century Italy all dedicate space to the issue: Ginsborg (1990, 89– 90), Lepre (1993, 61– 70). 22. Nenni (1981, 124). 23. Bistarelli (2007, 234). Bistarelli’s is the most recent study of the “returnees.” See also Pavone (1985). For a detailed catalogue of the ministry’s early legislation, see De Pas- calis and Salemi (1946).

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