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River Valleys As Ecological Corridors – Structure, Function and Importance in the Conservation of Natural Resources

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River Valleys As Ecological Corridors – Structure, Function and Importance in the Conservation of Natural Resources Ecological Questions 29 (2018) 1: 77–87 http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2018.006 River valleys as ecological corridors – structure, function and importance in the conservation of natural resources -DURVáDZ7RPDV]&]RFKDĔVNL3DZHá:LĞQLHZVNL* 8QLYHUVLW\RI*GDĔVN)DFXOW\RI2FHDQRJUDSK\DQG*HRJUDSK\,QVWLWXWHRI*HRJUDSK\ Department of Physical Geography and Environmental Management, -%DĪ\ĔVNLHJR6W*GDĔVN3RODQG *e-mail: [email protected] Received: November 2017 / Accepted: 27 February 2018 $EVWUDFW The paper presents the concept of an ecological corridor system developed for spatial planning based on the case of the Pomerania Province. More attention was paid to the corridors along watercourses and river valleys. The study included e.g. spatial relationships between the proposed network of regional eco-corridors and the national network as well as areas of protected nature areas, including Natura 2000 sites. The main threats to the valley corridors in the area were identified. Depending on the level of im- pact and the geographical range, three different land corridors were distinguished: supraregional, regional and subregional. Due to the landscape and nature diversity, spatial distribution of physico-geographical units, terrain and river valleys, almost all communes and districts of the Pomerania Province have appropriate conditions to perform the functions of ecological corridors of various ranks. In some communes, they account for more than 50% of the total area and 28% of the province’s area, and a significant part of them are valley ecosystems. The aim of the paper is to document the role of river valleys in shaping the conditions of spatial connectivity of ecosystems and to indicate their significance for spatial planning processes. .H\ZRUGs: river valley, ecological corridor, spatial planning, Pomerania Province. ,QWURGXFWLRQ ERZLF] %DUDQRZVND-DQRWD&KULVWLH .QRZOHV 2015). They are a form of ordering spatial relationships In accordance with the Nature Conservation Act of 16 in planning and land development. April 2004 (Ustawa... 2018), the ecological corridor is de- Walker and Craighead (1997) define an ecological corri- fined as an area allowing the migration of plants, animals dor as a pathway for migration of species of high spatial re- or fungi. However, it is a definition narrowed to the bi- quirements, spread of plants, genetic exchange, population ological phenomenon of species migration, eliminating movement in response to natural environmental changes the full, comprehensive understanding of the importance or disturbances as well as the replenishment of local pop- of ecological corridors and limiting the opportunities and ulations of endangered species by individuals from other the pursuit of their real behavior. Ecological corridors are DUHDV3FKDáHNHWDO RQWKHRWKHUKDQGGHILQHDQ of landscape, environmental and protective significance. ecological corridor as a route that enables migration and They help in the movement of matter and energy, play an dispersion of plants, animals, fungi, protists and diasporas enormous role for the habitat, and shape the space and between patches of their habitats, and which includes lin- conditions of human life and the conditions of economic ear, nonlinear, bandar or area-dependent, continuous or dis- DFWLYLW\ )RUPDQ *RGURQ%HLHU 1RVV continuous, natural, semi-natural or anthropogenic, biotic Wojciechowski, 2004; Romanowski, 2007; Rozenau-Ry- or abiotic structural elements of the natural environment, 78 Jarosław Tomasz Czochański, Paweł Wiśniewski including airspace. This is an interesting attempt to combine et al., 2005), and with the vision of a coherent, hierarchical approaches to the protection of ecological corridors and eco- network of nodes and ecological corridors, as a part of the logical connectivity from the functional (ensuring the conti- continental network, included in the National Spatial De- nuity of the population of organisms) and structural (ensur- velopment Concept 2030. River valleys as corridors should ing the cohesion of the landscape structures) point of view. also become important elements of regional and local eco- In light of the above mentioned features and functions logical networks developed for spatial planning purposes. of ecological corridors, the river valleys are their clas- Their inclusion in the planning documents at the various sic and basic forms. They have a set of natural features, levels of the local government should be an important often not co-occurring in other types of landscape. They element for achieving the aims and principles of nature are characterized by the availability of surface water and conservation, while at the same time protecting the river moisture, the relative naturalness and diversity of habi- valleys and their large biocenotic and landscape diversity. tats, the relatively weak anthropopressure and the durabil- The aim of the article is to present the concept of the ity of agroecosystems. They are the most durable forms ecological corridor system, developed for the purposes of landscape structure, as well as natural links between of spatial planning in the Pomerania Province – paying habitats, natural objects, areas and regions. a closer attention to the corridors along the watercourses They allow the movement of matter and energy in the and river valleys. The study included, for instance, the spa- environment and, alongside, the geochemical and biologi- tial relationships between the proposed ecological corridor cal components. They ensure the spatial connectivity be- network and the national network as well as areas of na- tween habitats and allow the migration of plants, animals ture conservation, including Natura 2000 sites. Examples or fungi. Natural values of river valleys and their role in the of threats to spatial continuity and the naturalness of the transfer of diaspora and organisms make them an important proposed corridors were also indicated. element of the Natura 2000 network. In the valley corri- dors, as hardly in any other type of ecological corridors, their systemic character (multicomponent and multifunc- 0DWHULDOVDQGPHWKRGV tional ecosystem) is revealed. These are landscape forms, relatively durable, most complex and dynamically vari- Pomerania Province, as one of the first in Poland, planned able. Andrejczuk (2007) draws attention to the particular a network of ecological links and took it into account in its features of river valleys in geoecological and geosystemic SODQQLQJGRFXPHQWV &]RFKDĔVNL ,QRUGHUWRIXO- contexts. According to Pietrzak (2010), the valley as an fill the principles of sustainable development in the plan- ecological corridor is primarily a spatial landscape struc- ning and spatial economy of the province, the assumption ture, which according to the assumptions of ecology of the of preserving and shaping the ecological structure of the landscape is characterized by spatial characteristics (choro- region (based on existing or reconstructable spatial rela- structure), functional characteristics (etostructure) and time tionships of natural areas) has been adopted as a basis for variability (chronostructure). pro-ecological activities and preservation of favorable liv- For a number of years now, there has been a clear in- ing conditions for the inhabitants. This has led to the de- terest in the linking of the river valleys to the network limitation of the network of ecological links of sub-local RI HFRORJLFDO FRQQHFWLYLWLHV %UDQGW *DOOp HW DO importance, based on the general assumptions of the patch- 1995; Dombrowski et al., 2002; Chmielewski, 2004; Jong- es and corridors. Already by the year 2000, the first pro- PDQ .DPSKRUVW.DáDPXFND5RPDQRZVNL ject of a network of ecological corridors was established, 2007). Considering these issues together seems very prom- which, two years later, was included in the first spatial ising, because, as a subject of research, they play a vital development plan of the Pomerania Province. The basis role in natural sciences and spatial planning. Moreover, IRUWKHZRUNZDVSUHVHQWHGE\3U]HZRĨQLDN IXUWKHU they significantly shape the conditions of land use and HODERUDWHGDQGVSDWLDOO\VSHFLILHGE\&]RFKDĔVNL habitable space for humans. River valleys, considered as During the studies, the spatial interrelationship of nature a basic element of spatial communication, are, in addition structures, proposed by Chmielewski (1988), was adopted. to forest areas, key elements in the European concepts In this way, clear corridors and ecological patches were of ecological corridor (e.g. The Pan European Ecologi- distinguished. They included, for example, uninterrupted cal Network, Trans-European Wildlife Network, networks by anthropogenic development river valleys along with in France, Netherlands, Germany, Austria and the Czech their surroundings. In 2013, in the Pomerania Province, Republic). River valleys have also been included in the na- the study of ecological corridors got started. By 2014 the tional ecological network ECONET Poland (Liro, 1995), Pomeranian ecological network concept for spatial plan- in the project of ecological corridors linking the European ning was presented (Bezubik et al., 2014). It was the ba- network Natura 2000 in Poland, prepared under the com- sis for the new spatial development plan of the Pomerania PLVVLRQ RI WKH 0LQLVWU\ RI (QYLURQPHQW -ĊGU]HMHZVNL Province (Bezubik et al., 2016) in the scope of shaping and River valleys as ecological corridors – structure, function and importance in the conservation of natural resources 79 protecting the
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