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Shaharlar Geografiyasi O‗Quv Qo‗Llanma

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Shaharlar Geografiyasi O‗Quv Qo‗Llanma O‗ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O‗RTA MAXSUS TA`LIM VAZIRLIGI Soliyev A.S., Tashtayeva S.K., Egamberdiyeva M.M. УДК: 911:338.1(075.8)(584.4) 5140600 – Geografiya yo‗nalishi Shaharlar geografiyasi O‗quv qo‗llanma Toshkent -2018 1 Annotatsiya Ushbu qo`llanma ―Shaharlar geografiyasi‖ fanining nazariy va amaliy masalalariga oid bilimlar berishga mo‗ljallangan. Unda shaharlar to‗ri va tizimlarining shakllanish, joylashish va rivojlanish xususiyatlari, zamonaviy urbanizatsiya muammolari, O‗zbekiston shaharlari geografiyasi yoritilgan. Kitob Oliy o‗quv yurtlari geografiya yo‗nalishi professor-o‗qituvchilari va talabalari uchun tavsiya etiladi, shuningdek, hududiy boshqaruv organlari xodimlari, iqtisodchi-mintaqashunos, shaharshunos, shaharsozlik yo‗nalishi mutaxassislari ham undan foydalanishlari mumkin. Аннотация Данное пособие предназначено дать теоретические и практические знания о ―Географии городов‖. В нѐм освещены вопросы формирования, размещения и развития сетей и систем городов, современные проблемы урбанизации, география городов Узбекистана. Книга рекомендуется преподавателям и студентам географических направлений Высших учебных заведений, а также могут ими пользоваться специалисты органов территориального управления, экономисты-регионоведы, градоведы и градостроители. Annotation This manual is intended to give theoretical and practical knowledge about the "Geography of cities." It highlights the issues of the formation, location and development of cities, the current problems of urbanization, the geography of cities in Uzbekistan. The book is recommended to teachers and students of geographical areas of higher educational institutions, and also can be used by experts of territorial authorities, economists-regionalologists, city experts and town planners. Tuzuvchilar: A.Soliyev- O‗zbekiston Milliy universiteti Geografiya kafedrasi professori, geografiya fanlari доктори; S.Tashtayeva-O‗zbekiston Milliy universiteti Geografiya kafedrasi dotsenti, geografiya fanlari nomzodi; М.Egamberdiyeva-O‗zbekiston Milliy universiteti Geografiya kafedrasi dotsenti, geografiya fanlari nomzodi. Mas‟ul muharrir: О.Оtamirzayev- ―Ijtimoiy fikr‖ jamoatchilik fikrini o‘rganinish markazi direktor o‘rinbosari, geografiya fanlari doktori. Taqrizchilar: А.Qayumov-O‗zMU Mintaqaviy iqtisodiyot kafedrasi professori, geografiya fanlari доктори; Q.Usmonov-Toshkent arxitektura qurilish instituti Shaharsozlik va landshaft arxitekturasi kafedrasi mudiri, dotsent, texnika fanlari nomzodi. Mirzo Ulug‗bek nomidagi O‗zbekiston Milliy universiteti o‗quv-uslubiy Kengashining 2017 yil ...-...dagi majlisi qarori bilan nashrga tavsiya etilgan (bayonnoma № ...) 2 M U N D A R I J A So‗zboshi................................................................................................. 3 I BOB.SHAHARLAR -IQTISODIY-IJTIMOIY GEOGRAFIYANING O‗RGANISH OB‘YEKTI SIFATIDA Shaharlar geografiyasining ob‘yekti va predmeti, iqtisodiy-ijtimoiy geografiya fanlari tizimida tutgan o‗rni …………………………………... 4 Shaharlarni iqtisodiy geografik o‗rganish.................................................... 14 Shaharlarning tarixiy shakllanishi va ―shahar‖ haqida tushuncha............... 23 Shahar hosil qiluvchi omillar. Shaharlarning geografik o‗rni. Shaharlarning genetik tiplari............................................................................................. 33 Shaharlar tasnifi....................................................................................... 40 Shaharlar tipologiyasi. Shaharlarning funksional tiplari………………. 45 Urbanizatsiya va uning mintaqaviy xususiyatlari........................................ 51 Shaharlarning hududiy tizimlari. Shahar aglomeratsiyalari va megalopolislar........................................................................................... 55 Rayon planirovkasi va shaharsozlik asoslari.............................................. 61 II BOB.O‗ZBEKISTON SHAHARLARI GEOGRAFIYASI 65 O‗zbekistonda urbanizatsiya jarayoni va uning yangi bosqichi..................... 65 O‗zbekiston shaharlari tarkibi……………………………………………… 69 Toshkent iqtisodiy rayoni shaharlari.............................................................. 77 Mirzacho‗l iqtisodiy rayoni shaharlari........................................................ 89 Farg‗ona iqtisodiy rayoni shaharlari…………………………………. ……. 97 Zarafshon vodiysi shaharlari......................................................................... 107 Janubiy iqtisodiy rayon shaharlari................................................................. 122 Quyi Amudaryo mintaqasi shaharlari............................................................. 135 Ilovalar............................................................................................................ 152 Glossariy………………………………………………………………. 193 Adabiyotlar ro‗yxati...................................................................................... 197 3 О Г Л А В Л Е Н И Е Предисловие................................................................................................. 3 I ГЛАВА. ГОРОДА-КАК ОБЪЕКТ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ 4 СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ГЕОГРАФИИ Предмет и объект географии городов, место его в социально- экономической географии……………………….………………………… 4 Экономико-географическое изучение городов.......................................... 14 Историческое формирование городов и понятие о «городе»............... 23 Градообразующие факторы. Географическое положение городов. Генетические типы городов…................................................................... 33 Классификация городов............................................................................ 40 Типология городов. Функциональные типы городов………………. 45 Урбанизация и его региональные особенности………………............... 51 Территориальные системы городов. Городские агломерации и 55 мегалополисы............................................................................................. Районная планировка и основы градостроительства.............................. 61 II ГЛАВА. ГЕОГРАФИЯ ГОРОДОВ УЗБЕКИСТАНА 65 Урбанизация и еѐ новый этап в Узбекистане……………......................... 65 Урбанистическая структура Узбекистана……………………..………… 69 Города Ташкентского экономического района…….................................. 77 Города Мирзачульского экономического района….................................. 89 Города Ферганского экономического района…………………………… 97 Города Зерафшанской долины..................................................................... 107 Города Южного экономического района……........................................... 122 Города Нижнеамударьинского региона.................................................... 135 Список литературы……................................................................................ 145 Приложения.................................................................................................... 147 4 L O G A L E N C E Foreword……................................................................................................. 3 I CHAPTER. THE CITIES -AS AN OBJECT OF STUDY 4 OF SOCIO-ECONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY The subject and object of the geography of cities, its place in socio-economic 4 geography……………………………………………………………………. Economico- geographical study of cities.......................................................... 14 Historical formation of cities and the notion of a "city"............................... 23 Graduating factors. Geographical location of cities. Genetic types of cities... 33 Classification of cities................................................................................. 40 Typology of cities. Functional types of cities …………………………….. 45 Urbanization and its regional features ……………….................................. 51 Territorial systems of cities. Urban agglomerations and megalopolises ….... 55 District planning and the foundations of urban planning............................... 61 II CHAPTER. GEOGRAPHY OF CITIES OF UZBEKISTAN 65 Urbanization and its new stage in Uzbekistan.. ……………......................... 65 Urban structure of Uzbekistan…………… ……………………..…………. 69 Cities of Tashkent economic region……………. …….................................. 77 Cities of the Mirzachul economic region…………….................................... 89 Cities of Ferghana economic region………….. …………………………… 97 Cities of Zerafshan Valley……. ..................................................................... 107 Cities of the Southern Economic Area…… ……........................................... 122 Cities of Nizhneamudarya region……... …................................................... 135 Bibliography……... ……................................................................................ 145 Apps………..................................................................................................... 147 5 So‗zboshi Shaharlarni o‗rganish katta ilmiy, madaniy va ma‘rifiy ahamiyatga ega. Chunki, mamlakat va yurtlarning hozirgi kuni va o‗tmishi, tarixi, tasnifi va taqdirini, ularning jahon hamjamiyatidagi o‗rnini, geosiyosiy mavqeini ko‗p hollarda shaharlar belgilab beradi. Shaharlar nihoyatda harakatchan, dinamik ob‘yekt; ular ham jonli mavjudotdek betakror, o‗ziga xos borliq. Shaharlarning ham tug‗ilgan joyi, ijtimoiy ahvoli va kelib chiqishi, yoshi va faoliyati, boshqacha qilib aytganda, pasportlari bor. Binobarin, shaharni o‗rganish hamma vaqt jonli va qiziqarli bo‗ladi. Ushbu qo‗llanmada shaharlar rivojlanishining tarixiy, geografik, sotsial, geosiyosiy, iqtisodiy, shaharsozlik va boshqa masalalari o‗rin olgan. Qo‗llanma ikki bo‗limdan iborat
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