DOCSLIB.ORG

Liber Uricrisiarum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Liber Uricrisiarum LIBER URICRISIARUM A Reading Edition HENRY DANIEL Edited by E. RUTH HARVEY, M. TERESA TAVORMINA, and SARAH STAR LIBER URICRISIARUM A Reading Edition Liber Uricrisiarum, bk. 1, ch. 1. © The British Library Board: London, British Library, Royal MS 17 D.i, f. 6r. Liber Uricrisiarum A Reading Edition HENRY DANIEL E. Ruth Harvey and M. Teresa Tavormina General Editors with Sarah Star, Jessica Henderson, and C.E.M. Henderson Associate Editors UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toronto Press 2020 Toronto Buffalo London utorontopress.com Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN 978-1-4875-0601-8 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-4875-3312-0 (EPUB) ISBN 978-1-4875-3311-3 (PDF) Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Liber Uricrisiarum : a reading edition / Henry Daniel ; E. Ruth Harvey and M. Teresa Tavormina, general editors ; with Sarah Star, Jessica Henderson, and C.E.M. Henderson, associate editors. Names: Daniel, Henry (Medical writer), author. | Harvey, E. Ruth, editor. | Tavormina, M. Teresa (Mary Teresa), 1951– editor. Description: Includes bibliographical references and index. | Text in Middle English. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 2019020012X | Canadiana (ebook) 20190200197 | ISBN 9781487506018 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781487533113 (PDF) | ISBN 9781487533120 (EPUB) Subjects: LCSH: Medicine, Medieval. Classification: LCC R128 .D36 2020 | DDC 610.9/02 – dc23 CC-BY-NC-ND This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivative License. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact University of Toronto Press. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support from the University of Toronto Libraries in making the open access version of this title available. University of Toronto Press gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance of the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto in the publication of this book. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the Government of Ontario. Funded by the Financé par le Government gouvernement of Canada du Canada In memory of Eric Stanley, who introduced us to each other’s work ERH and MTT Contents List of Illustrations and Tables ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xv Sigils of Witnesses xvii Warning xix Introduction I. The Liber Uricrisiarum in the Uroscopic Tradition 3 II. Henry Daniel and the Liber Uricrisiarum 11 III. Daniel’s Circle and Audience 16 IV. The Manuscripts 20 V. A Reading Edition 30 VI. Editorial Practice 31 Liber Uricrisiarum Prologue 35 Book 1 40 Book 2 77 Book 3 217 Appendices Appendix 1: Liber Uricrisiarum Prologue (Latin Original) 285 Appendix 2: Regule Isaac (Latin Original) 289 Appendix 3: Liber Uricrisiarum Epilogue (English Translation) 299 viii Contents Appendix 4: Astronomical Measurements in Liber Uricrisiarum 2.6 and Other Astronomical Authorities 301 Appendix 5: The Language of the Royal 17 D.i Scribe 303 Explanatory Notes 309 General Glossary 387 Guide to Proper Names 485 Works Cited 491 Index 503 List of Illustrations and Tables Illustrations Frontispiece: Liber Uricrisiarum, bk. 1, ch. 1 (BL, Royal MS 17 D.i, f. 6r) ii Plate 1: Quaternities Diagram (BL, Royal MS 17 D.i, f. 18vb, detail) 69 Plate 2: Dominical Letters and Leap Years (BL, Royal MS 17 D.i, f. 51*/52) 138–9 Plate 3: Rota celi (BL, Royal MS 17 D.i, f. 49v) 143 Plate 4: Tabula lune (BL, Royal MS 17 D.i, f. 51ra, detail) 147 Plate 5: Tabula planetarum (BL, Royal MS 17 D.i, f. 51rb, detail) 150 Tables Table 1: Liber Uricrisiarum: Complete or Likely Originally Complete Copies 23 Table 2: Tabula lune 148 Table 3: Tabula planetarum 151 Table 4: Volumes of the Planets (Appendix 4) 301 Table 5: Nearer Distances of the Planetary Spheres from Earth (Appendix 4) 302 Acknowledgments We are delighted to express our appreciation to the long list of people and institutions who have made this edition possible and encouraged us in pursuing it. Foremost are our colleagues and teachers, without whose early and ongoing advice and support we could neither have begun nor completed this project: the late Eric Stanley (with particular thanks for introductions to the Bodleian Library, Oxford hospitality, and bringing two of his students from different sides of the Atlantic together); Linda Voigts, George Keiser, Monica Green, and Peter Jones for their indispens- able contributions to our understanding of the history of medicine, espe- cially in England; the late A.G. Rigg for many years of help with Daniel’s Latin and Greek sources; Ralph Hanna and Tony Edwards for their help- fully astringent advice at the beginning of the project and Laurence Mouli- nier-Brogi for her advice near its end; Jake Walsh Morrissey and especially Faith Wallis for their special contributions in relation to Daniel’s beta text, herbal knowledge, astronomical and calendric interests, and more esoteric sources. We also gratefully acknowledge the help of colleagues on the MEDMED-L listserv, founded and maintained by Monica Green, in solv- ing some of the knottier puzzles posed by Daniel’s authority-citations, and an anonymous reader for University of Toronto Press for suggestions on linguistic aspects of the edition. Errors that remain are our own. The general editors are also very grateful to the research team of gradu- ate students at the University of Toronto: Lara Howerton, Shirley Kinney, Nora Thorburn, and Elise Williams, led by Sarah Star, Jessica Hender- son, and C.E.M. Henderson. Working on a completely volunteer basis for over two years, the team made a full transcript of the base manuscript, tracked down many of Daniel’s cited sources, and drafted thousands of potential glossary entries. Without their enthusiastic contributions, the project would never have stayed on track or reached completion. Of par- ticular importance has been C.E.M. Henderson’s work on the website for the ongoing Henry Daniel Project (https://henrydaniel.utoronto.ca) xii Acknowledgments and paleographic expertise; Jessica Henderson’s codicological and digital photographic work on several of the manuscripts collated for the edition; and Sarah Star’s logistical leadership, extensive work on variants and draft glossary entries, and final-stage proofreading and other editorial tasks. No scholarly project whose sources are as diverse and far-flung as those associated with the Liber Uricrisiarum could succeed without the aid of librarians and their libraries. Our debts in this arena are many, beginning with our home institutions: the staff of University of Toronto Libraries; and Agnes Widder, Peter Berg, Patrick Olson, and the Interlibrary Loan staff at the Michigan State University Library, who have willingly and suc- cessfully tackled challenging problems in locating and providing rare or early texts. We are also pleased to thank the ever-helpful staffs of the libraries that hold copies of the Liber Uricrisiarum and other uroscopic texts, both for access to the manuscripts and for providing images of manuscripts or permitting digital photography thereof: the British Library; the Bodle- ian Library; the Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine (with special thanks to Elma Brenner for alerting us to the com- pleted digitization of Wellcome MS 225); Cambridge University Library (and thanks to Suzanne Paul for assistance there); Gonville and Caius College Library (where Mark Statham has been a supporter of work on Middle English medical manuscripts for many years); Magdalene College Library (and particularly Catherine Sutherland in the Pepys Library); the libraries and librarians of St John’s College and Trinity College, Cambridge, and of Merton College, Corpus Christi College, and Pem- broke College, Oxford; the Royal College of Physicians Library in Lon- don; Glasgow University Library; the Massachusetts Historical Society Library; the Henry E. Huntington Library; and, for microfilm access to manuscripts of Isaac Israeli’s De urinis and De pulsibus, as well as various commentaries on Giles of Corbeil, the Vatican Film Library at St Louis University (with special thanks to Susan L’Engle). We owe a particular debt to the late Chris Jeens, Librarian and Archivist of the Gloucester Cathedral Library, who personally supervised the digital imaging of the Gloucester manuscript by two generous Cathedral volunteers, and to his successor Rebecca Phillips. For permission to publish text and reproduce images from British Library, Royal MS 17 D.i (ff. 6r, 18v, 49v, 51r, and 51*/52), we are grateful to the British Library Board. We are likewise pleased to acknowledge the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, for permission to publish text from Bodleian Library, e Musaeo MS 187. Our use of Gloucester Cathe- dral’s MS 19 in the textual apparatus is by permission of the Chapter of Gloucester Cathedral. Acknowledgments xiii We are further indebted to the Centre for Medieval Studies at the Uni- versity of Toronto and its Director, Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Associate Director (2016–18) Nicholas Everett, and Graduate Administrator Grace Desa for institutional and personal support of the Henry Daniel Project and for a publication subsidy for this edition; to the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies and the Editor-in-Chief of its Department of Pub- lications, Fred R. Unwalla, for sponsoring the 52nd Annual Conference on Editorial Problems in 2017, which focused on issues in editing Henry Daniel and other English and Latin medical writers; and to the Social Sci- ences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for an Insight Devel- opment Grant in support of the ongoing Henry Daniel Project (2017–20). The Huntington Library provided Sarah Star and Jessica Henderson with Huntington Fellowships in 2015 and 2016 to consult HM 505; Hender- son’s work on several Daniel manuscripts in England was supported by a 2015 Mellon Foundation grant. Professor Alexandra Gillespie at the Uni- versity of Toronto has given invaluable advice on matters paleographic, as well as providing space in the “lab” of her Old Books New Science Proj- ect, where members of the research team could work on manuscript tran- scriptions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tinctoris's Minimum Opus
    Tinctoris’s Minimum Opus ROB C. WEGMAN (Princeton University) he story has long been known and often been told: as a student at the TUniversity at Orléans, Johannes Tinctoris made a fool of himself.1 Proud of his accomplishments, and pleased especially with his literary prowess, he allowed his vanity to slip through and leave a permanent record, in full view of all posterity, in a document that would survive the centuries. That document, which is still kept at Orléans today, is precious for several reasons – not the least of which is that it is the only surviving text written in the theorist’s own hand. Yet what makes it truly invaluable is what he reveals about himself, intentionally and, perhaps, unintentionally. The text has been transcribed and edited by several modern scholars, and the facts of the case are well known.2 Yet the story they tell remains a footnote to the larger story of Tinctoris’s life. My aim in the pages that follow is to take another close look at the text, and to give it more of the interpretive scrutiny that we are accustomed to give to other documents from this period. Like so many medieval texts, the Orléans document raises questions that may not be obvious in a face-value reading. Indeed, upon sustained scrutiny we may soon find ourselves wondering what, exactly, is the story it tells, how much of a fool Tinctoris really made of himself, and who, ultimately, has the last laugh. Before delving into those questions, however, let us begin by recapitulating the story, and providing some of the context necessary to analyze it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina
    The Evolution of the Roman Calendar Dwayne Meisner, University of Regina Abstract The Roman calendar was first developed as a lunar | 290 calendar, so it was difficult for the Romans to reconcile this with the natural solar year. In 45 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, creating a solar year of 365 days with leap years every four years. This article explains the process by which the Roman calendar evolved and argues that the reason February has 28 days is that Caesar did not want to interfere with religious festivals that occurred in February. Beginning as a lunar calendar, the Romans developed a lunisolar system that tried to reconcile lunar months with the solar year, with the unfortunate result that the calendar was often inaccurate by up to four months. Caesar fixed this by changing the lengths of most months, but made no change to February because of the tradition of intercalation, which the article explains, and because of festivals that were celebrated in February that were connected to the Roman New Year, which had originally been on March 1. Introduction The reason why February has 28 days in the modern calendar is that Caesar did not want to interfere with festivals that honored the dead, some of which were Past Imperfect 15 (2009) | © | ISSN 1711-053X | eISSN 1718-4487 connected to the position of the Roman New Year. In the earliest calendars of the Roman Republic, the year began on March 1, because the consuls, after whom the year was named, began their years in office on the Ides of March.
    [Show full text]
  • 0 Contents.Qxd
    Chronology Chart 1-6 Roman Calendar Explanation At the time of Christ, the Roman calendar and dating system were used throughout the Roman Empire. The calendar derived from the old lunar calendar of the Etruscans, which was designed to keep record of times for religious observances and festivals, and which retained as principal days of the month the kalends (first), nones (fifth or seventh), and ides (thirteenth or fifteenth), based originally on the phases of the moon. The months had been restructured by the Romans into a solar calendar of twelve months with several intercalary days at the end of February. March was the first Roman month, making September the seventh, October the eighth, etc. These names derive from the Latin words for seven (septem), eight (octo), and so on. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 B.C., which version operated in New Testament times and still forms the basis of our own modern calendar today. Roman years were numbered ab urbe condita, “from the founding of the city.” The year we call 753 B.C. was the Roman year 1, the year that Rome is believed to have been established. References John F. Hall, “March Gods and the Etruscan New Year,” in By Study and Also By Faith (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1990), 1:643–58. A. K. Michels, The Calendar of the Roman Republic (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967). Charting the New Testament, © 2002 Welch, Hall, FARMS Roman Calendar Kalendae First day of the month Named for Mars, Martius the god of the New Year Named for Aprilia, Aprilis Idus The fifteenth of March, a goddess of spring May, July, and October, but the thirteenth of all Named for Maia, other months.
    [Show full text]
  • Precincts of Venus: Towards a Prehistory of Ovidian Genre Joseph Farrell University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Classical Studies) Classical Studies at Penn 2005 Precincts of Venus: Towards a Prehistory of Ovidian Genre Joseph Farrell University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Farrell, J. (2005). Precincts of Venus: Towards a Prehistory of Ovidian Genre. Hermathena, 177/178 27-69. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/158 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. http://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/158 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Precincts of Venus: Towards a Prehistory of Ovidian Genre Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Classics This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/classics_papers/158 Precincts of Venus: towards a prehistory of Ovidian genre by Joseph Farrell 1. Introduction One of the characteristically Ovidian themes in contemporary Latin studies is the plasticity of genre and the inventiveness with which Roman poets address generic concerns. Coming to terms with this problem has greatly advanced recent work on Latin poetry. In particular, our heightened ability to appreciate the shimmering ambiguity of Ovidian genre has led to a much more productive model for practising the hermeneutics of indeterminacy than had been current in Latin studies. Another recent gain has been an increased understanding of Ovidian genre in its historical
    [Show full text]
  • Durham Research Online
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 10 May 2021 Version of attached le: Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Ziogas, I. (2021) 'Etymological Law.', Incontri di lologia classica, 19 . pp. 179-200. Further information on publisher's website: http://hdl.handle.net/10077/32056 Publisher's copyright statement: c Copyright 2021 EUT EDIZIONI UNIVERSITA DI TRIESTE Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Incontri di Filologia classica Rivista annuale - Classe di valutazione ANVUR: A ISSN: 2464-8752 – eISSN: 2464-8760 http://www.openstarts.units.it/dspace/handle/10077/3528 direzione Gianfranco Agosti, Lucio Cristante, Luca Mondin, Giovanni Parmeggiani direttore responsabile Stefania De Vido comitato di redazione Lucio Cristante, Vanni Veronesi comitato scientifico Alberto Cavarzere (Verona), Carmen Codoñer (Sala- manca), Paolo De Paolis (Verona), Jean-Luc Fournet (Paris), Massimo Gioseffi (Milano), Stephen J. Harri- son (Oxford), Wolfgang Hübner (Münster), Claudio Marangoni (Padova), Marko Marinčič (Ljubljana), Philippe Mudry (Lausanne), Giovanni Polara (Napoli) redazione Vanni Veronesi Gli articoli pubblicati sono sottoposti a valutazione di referee interni ed esterni.
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Calendar
    History of the Calendar The premise of the earliest Roman calendar is the meshing of a thirty-day lunar cycle with an eight-day market week (the interval required for the processing of goat’s cheese). Four months of thirty days each was the soonest these two units can be integrated. 120 days also roughly corresponds with the gestation period of a pig. The first month of the Roman year was March, followed by April, May, and June. March is named after the god of war, Mars. April is derived from the word aper, a boar. May is probably related to an old word for a sow, and June is named after the queen of the gods, Juno. There is evidence to suggest that March and June were originally named Caprotinus and Fabarius, words also related to the raising of pigs. According to tradition, around 738 B.C. Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome, added six months to the calendar. He unimaginatively named them the fifth through tenth months. An additional day was added to March, May, July, and October to maintain the eight-day market week –304 days. Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, added January (29 days) and February (28 days), and he took away one day each from the thirty-day months – 355 days. This calendar does not maintain the eight-day market week, but it does roughly coincide with twelve cycles of the moon, a lunar year. Initially intercalary days were added at the end of February to keep the calendar in line with the eight-day market week; later an intercalary month (Mercedonius) was added in alternate years to bring the lunar year into accord with the solar year and the changes in the seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendars from Around the World
    Calendars from around the world Written by Alan Longstaff © National Maritime Museum 2005 - Contents - Introduction The astronomical basis of calendars Day Months Years Types of calendar Solar Lunar Luni-solar Sidereal Calendars in history Egypt Megalith culture Mesopotamia Ancient China Republican Rome Julian calendar Medieval Christian calendar Gregorian calendar Calendars today Gregorian Hebrew Islamic Indian Chinese Appendices Appendix 1 - Mean solar day Appendix 2 - Why the sidereal year is not the same length as the tropical year Appendix 3 - Factors affecting the visibility of the new crescent Moon Appendix 4 - Standstills Appendix 5 - Mean solar year - Introduction - All human societies have developed ways to determine the length of the year, when the year should begin, and how to divide the year into manageable units of time, such as months, weeks and days. Many systems for doing this – calendars – have been adopted throughout history. About 40 remain in use today. We cannot know when our ancestors first noted the cyclical events in the heavens that govern our sense of passing time. We have proof that Palaeolithic people thought about and recorded the astronomical cycles that give us our modern calendars. For example, a 30,000 year-old animal bone with gouged symbols resembling the phases of the Moon was discovered in France. It is difficult for many of us to imagine how much more important the cycles of the days, months and seasons must have been for people in the past than today. Most of us never experience the true darkness of night, notice the phases of the Moon or feel the full impact of the seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Christian Almanac 1867
    Disciples of Christ Historical Society Digital Commons @ Disciples History All Yearbooks Yearbooks 1867 The Christian Almanac 1867 L H. Dowling Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.discipleshistory.org/all_yearbooks THE LEADING MUSIC HOUSE OF INDIANA r ~E7=[-+=-'-1*£~_il 2 2 2 2 tl_i-u~~-.... -= •• -.--"=-= '~L A. BUTTERFIELD & CO. NO. 22 WEST WASIII~GTON STP.tET, MUSIC PUBLISHERS! WHOLESALE A~D RETAIL DEALEUS IN PIANOS, ORGA~S, -AND- • Ever~ Variety .of lYIusicalInstruments. Sole Agents for the Unrhal('u Pianos 01 Geo. Steck & Co., J iDdeman~s Cycloid. and The Parlor Gem. "WlIO'LT.SAIIr, .\GE"XTS 'FOR BURDETT'S COTTAGE ORGANS, The most bE"tl.Utifulin tono, have tll(' most power and facility of cxpreesion of any lwgal\ noW made. "The Harmonic Attachment," and the bt\antifnl "Vocal Tremolo," arlO features of this organ which surpass all others. TIH'Y fifC vcry tiurable, and where great powtJr, combined with facility for dclicrtto shading, is required, the'y stand with'" • out a rintl. Agents wanted in every town in Indiana. Music Engraved, Titles Designed and Engraved, Music Printed, etc. £Fnrthcl' information on musica.1 mattcn cheerfully given by addl"('ssing .J. A. BUTTERFIELD & CO., India.napolis, Ind. Send for specimen copy of" MUSICAL VISITOR," the cheapest and best Musical 'Mouthly n(lW published. One dollar a year, in adn\Dce. THE CHRISTIAN ALMAN AO· FOR 1'UE YEAR OF OUR LORD AND SAVIOUR 1867. BEING THE THIRD A.FTER BESSEXTLLE AND ',rHE NINETY-FIRST YEAR OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES. INDIANAPOLIS. IND.: I.. H. DOWLING, PUBLISHER. JOVRSA.L OFFICE paINT.
    [Show full text]
  • Renaissance Scholarship and the Athenian Calendar Paul Botley
    Renaissance Scholarship and the Athenian Calendar Paul Botley HERE WERE MANY calendars in use in the ancient Greek world. That the Athenian calendar survived them all T was principally due to the enduring attractions of her literature. Subsequently, this calendar was used by writers who did not fully understand its complexities, and the surviving references to it in ancient texts are often difficult to reconcile. The fifteenth century saw the first attempts since antiquity to reconstruct this ancient system of reckoning. The first part of this paper draws attention to a lost work of Manuel Chrysoloras on the months. It examines what the Greek and Latin reference works available to contemporaries had to say on the subject of the Athenian calendar, and it as- sesses their value in establishing the correct sequence of the months. It looks at a number of versions of this calendar which were used by fifteenth-century translators. Finally, it details the production and diffusion of Theodore Gaza’s influential treat- ise on the Athenian calendar, De mensibus. This first part touches on the erratic and inconsistent ap- pearances of the Athenian months in a number of fifteenth- century lexica. The second part provides a detailed account of the Athenian calendar as it appeared in all the Greek-Latin lex- ica printed between 1478 and 1530. This calendar, very widely diffused, was quite different from that promulgated in Gaza’s De mensibus. These surveys were conducted in the belief that the history of scholarship is a subject worth studying for its own sake.1 In this 1 Three works are valuable for the periods before and after this study: P.
    [Show full text]
  • About Calendars, Calendar Changes and a Tiny Bit of Astronomy
    About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. Joana Soldado Magraner February 5, 2015 Joana Soldado Magraner About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. Introduction. The tiny bit of Astronomy. Tropical (solar) year: time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth. Typically from vernal equinox to vernal equinox. About 20 minutes shorter than the time it takes Earth to complete one full orbit around the Sun as measured with respect to the fixed stars (the sidereal year). The approximation of 365.25 days for the tropical year: known for a long time but not used directly, since ancient calendars were not solar (except Egyptian and Iranian) Joana Soldado Magraner About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. The Julian calendar. A little bit of history Introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. It was a reform of the Roman calendar. The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March, resulting in an intercalary year of 377-378 days. With some refinements, this system averages the length of the year to 365.25 days. However... The last years of the pre-Julian calendar were later known as "years of confusion". Joana Soldado Magraner About calendars, calendar changes and a tiny bit of Astronomy. The Julian calendar. A little bit of history Caesar's reform was intended to solve this problem permanently, by creating a calendar that remained aligned to the sun without any human intervention.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient Roman Civilization
    Grade 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts® • Listening & Learning™ Strand The Ancient Roman Civilization Roman Ancient The Tell It Again!™ Read-Aloud Anthology Read-Aloud Again!™ It Tell The Ancient Roman Civilization Tell It Again!™ Read-Aloud Anthology Listening & Learning™ Strand GRAde 3 Core Knowledge Language Arts® Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. You are free: to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work to Remix — to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. The best way to do this is with a link to this web page: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Copyright © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation www.coreknowledge.org All Rights Reserved. Core Knowledge Language Arts, Listening & Learning, and Tell It Again! are trademarks of the Core Knowledge Foundation. Trademarks and trade names are shown in this book strictly for illustrative and educational purposes and are the property of their respective owners.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Latin Language
    m m THE LIBRARY of VICTORIA UNIVERSITY Toronto THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BV JAMES I.OEB, I.I.. D. EDITED BV t T. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. W. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. VARRO ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE II VAREO ON THE LATIN LANGUAGE WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY ROLAND G. KENT, Ph.D. PBOFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IX THE UKIVEBSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA IN TWO VOLUMES II BOOKS VIII.-X. FRAGMENTS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD MCMXXXVIII Printed in Great Britain CONTENTS PAOB De Lingua Latina, Text and Translation Book Vm. ...... 370 Book IX. ....... 440 BookX 534 Fragments ...... 598 Comparative Table of the Fragment Numbers 630 Indexes Index of Authors and . Works . .631 Index of Latin Words and Phrases . 634 Index of Greek Words .... 675 VARRO VOL. n B 369 M. TERENTI VARRONIS DE LINGUA LATINA LIBER Vll EXPLICIT ; INCIPIT LIBER VIII QUAE DICANTUR CUR NON SIT ANALOGIA LIBER I I. 1. QuoM oratio natura tripartita esset, ut su- perioribus libris ostendi, cuius prima pars, quemad- modum vocabula rebus essent imposita, secunda, quo pacto de his declinata in discrimina iermt,^ tertia, ut ea inter se ratione coniuncta sententiam efFerant, prima parte exposita de secunda incipiam hinc. Ut propago omnis natura secunda, quod prius illud rectum, unde ea, sic declinata : itaque declinatur in verbis : rectum homo, obliquum hominis, quod de- clinatum a recto. § 1. ^ Sciop.,/or ierunt. § 1. " That is, bent aside and downward, from the vertical. The Greeks conceived the paradigm of the noun as the upper right quadrant of a circle : the nominative was the vertical radius, and the other cases were radii which ' declined ' to the right, and were therefore called irraxjeis ' fallings,' which the Romans translated literalh' by casus.
    [Show full text]