MarineMarine ScienceScience CareersCareers

2 Introduction 17 Ocean Engineering 3 Marine Biology 17 Langley R. Gace, ocean engineer 3 Shannon Atkinson, marine biologist 18 Carmen G. Borda, naval architect 3 Kevin McAllister, baykeeper 18 William Childress Green, environmental analyst 4 Tracy Leigh Karmuza, marine mammal specialist 20 Joanne McCaffrey, ocean engineer 5 Russell Hill, marine biotechnologist 20 Hanumant Singh, ocean engineer 6 Janice Sessing, marine biologist 21 Joseph H. Comer III, marine architect 7 Stephen Truchon, marine ecologist 21 Heidi Nepf, environmental engineer 7 Deborah A. Bouchard, aquaculture microbiologist 22 John Buck, electrical engineer 8 Derrick R. Toba, shellfish biologist 23 Related Fields 9 Oceanography 23 Sonya Wood Mahler, environmental educator 9 Jonathan H. Sharp, chemical oceanographer 24 Bill Lovin, underwater filmmaker 10 Dawn Wright, geological oceanographer 25 Carmen M. Márquez-Marín, environmental lawyer 11 Peter C. Griffith, biological oceanographer and marine archaeologist 12 Kay T. Ho, chemical oceanographer 26 Kurt Byers, environmental communicator 13 Anders W. Andren, aquatic chemist 27 Eleanor S. Uhlinger, marine information specialist 13 Rick Mohammed, physical oceanographer 27 Stuart E. May, aquarium curator 14 Carol J. Zimmerman, marine geophysicist 28 Faith A. McGruther, resource manager 15 Frank R. Hall, geological oceanographer 28 Myron J. Kebus, aquaculture veterinarian 29 Career Outlook 33 Sea Grant Programs

National Sea Grant College Program 1 contact them. marine-related information. Don’t hesitate to inside the back cover) are good sources of state and regional Sea Grant programs (listed Lakes states as well in Puerto Rico. The institutions located in our ocean and Great through a network of academic and research how we use them. Sea Grant operates about our marine resources and improve activities. These activities help us learn more related research, education, and extension federal-state partnership. It supports marine- the National Sea Grant College Program is a (NOAA), and Atmospheric Administration sor. A component of the National Oceanic introduce Sea Grant, the publication’s spon- Before we get to that, though, we’d like holds for marine science careers. some experts’ views on what the future This publication will also provide you with for the future in their fields, and much more. and dislike about their careers, what they see women a chance to tell you what they like fields. In addition, it will give those men and career fields and to people working in those introduce you to a wide range of marine edition of scientists specialize in that area. This second marine science fields, however, only a few working with marine mammals. Within the marine sciences often picture themselves 2 S

tudents thinking about careers

Welcome to Marine Science Careers Welcome to Marine Science Careers Welcome to Marine Science Careers Welcome to Marine Science Careers Welcome to Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers will in the industries, research laboratories, indepen- government. Others are with marine-related others work for the local, state, or federal Some work at colleges and universities; Careers The people featured in Marine Science studying them face similar challenges. oceans have many similarities, scientists oceans. Because the Great Lakes and the careers involve those lakes rather than the including profiles of several people whose states. This publication reflects that by Great Lakes states as well in the ocean As noted earlier, Sea Grant operates in the ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ today? What will you be doing 10 years from increasing or decreasing and why? Are career opportunities in your field pursuing a career in your field? student who expressed an interest in What advice would you give a high school Who are your heroes/heroines? What do you to relax? What do you like least about your career? What do you like most about your career? decision? What was the key factor in your career entail? What is your current job and what does it cover a wide range in many ways.

WHOI Sea Grant Sheri DeRosa Tracey Crago NH Sea Grant Steve Adams give up. Good luck. marine science career to be easy. Fifth, don’t projects. Fourth, don’t expect preparing for a studies as part of independent as you can in school. Also, pursue related many math, science, and computer courses marine education programs. Third, take as that exist to get hands-on experience through Second, take advantage of the opportunities you’ve had a chance to explore your options. mistake to decide your exact specialty before science career at an early age, but it’s a First, be flexible. It’s fine to opt for a marine tion, we have a few words of advice to offer. Before you go off to explore the publica- profile themselves. present their answers here, allowing them to with an interest in marine careers. We to meet the information needs of students We asked each a set of questions designed others are well established in theirs. are in the early stages of their careers while a variety of educational backgrounds. Some come from around the country and represent dent organizations, or consulting firms. They

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers The field of marine biology — the study of marine organisms, their behaviors, and their interactions with the environment — is consid- ered one of the most all-encompassing fields of oceanography. To understand marine organisms and their behaviors completely, marine biologists MarineMarine BiologyBiology must have a basic understanding of other aspects or “disciplines” of oceanography, such as chemi- cal oceanography, physical oceanography, and Shannon Atkinson She is smart and calm, geological oceanography. Therefore, marine and has always been biologists and biological oceanographers study — marine biologist supportive. these other fields throughout their careers, enabling them to take a “big picture” approach to B.S. and M.S., animal science, advice: Study hard, stay doing research. Univ. of Hawaii in science, and be Because there are so many topics one could Ph.D., veterinary sciences, persistent. study within the field of marine biology, many Murdoch Univ. researchers select a particular interest and career opportunities: I specialize in it. Specializations can be based on a current job: I am an associate see increasing need to particular species, organism, behavior, technique, researcher at the Institute of Marine understand the biology of or ecosystem. For example, marine biologists Biology of the University of Hawaii. I individual species and may choose to study a single species of clams, or conduct research on a variety of ecosystems. With the all clams that are native to a climate or region. species from corals to seals and human population One area of specialization, the emerging field whales. The research focuses on increasing, we are putting of marine biotechnology, offers great opportunity reproductive and growth biology. I increased pressures on for marine biologists. Marine biotechnology also advise graduate students. ecosystems and the research presents a wide range of possibilities organisms within them. and applications. One focus area is the biomedi- key factor: I enjoy research and I love cal field, where scientists develop and test drugs, working with animals. I debated 10 years: Probably the many of which come from marine organisms. An about becoming a veterinarian or same thing, but life holds example of an application of biotechnology doing research; research keeps my mind active and it surprises and one should never take it for granted. research can be seen in industry or defense, always poses new challenges and interesting topics. where researchers have developed non-toxic coatings that prevent the build-up of fouling like most: I love working with animals and understand- organisms, such as barnacles and zebra mussels. ing how and why nature works the way it does. I feel in Kevin McAllister — baykeeper Such coatings are useful for ships and intake touch with the world around me and enjoy watching pipes used in power plants. animals in a natural setting and trying to figure out why A.A.S., natural resources conservation, State Univ. Molecular biology is a related area of special- they do what they do. of New York at Morrisville ization in this field. Researchers apply molecular B.A., biological sciences, Florida Atlantic Univ. approaches and techniques to many environ- like least: I dislike the increasing volumes of paper- M.S., coastal zone management, Nova Southeastern ments, from coastal ponds to the deep sea, and work, especially for endangered species research. Univ. many different organisms, from microscopic bacteria, plants, and animals to marine mammals. relax: I enjoy my family, hiking, swimming, and being current job: I am the Peconic Baykeeper on the east For example, molecular biology can be used to in remote places. All of these activities provide relax- end of Long Island, N.Y. The Peconic Baykeeper identify the presence of a specific organism in a ation and time to contemplate the meaning of life. Program is part of a fast-growing grassroots environ- water sample through the use of molecular mental movement, the Water Keeper Alliance. I (continued on page 5) heroes/heroines: My mother is my biggest heroine. regularly patrol the bays to monitor shoreline activities

National Sea Grant College Program 3 4 I Say “Biological Oceanography” I Say “Biological Oceanography” You Say “Marine Biology,” You Say “Marine Biology,” want to be. choices you can make to get where you many paths available to you and ground as a guide. Remember, there are you, and use their experiences back- career area, specialty, or field that interests featured here to meet people working in a you confused! Instead, read the profiles In any case, don't let the terminology get deal of oceanography background. the undergraduate level, others have a great or no training in oceanography, especially at true that some marine biologists have little organisms or marine systems." While it is as long you are working with marine kinds of biology and be a marine biologist is biology with salt added. You can do many sity of New Hampshire, is "marine biology Harris, a professor of zoology at the Univer- Another way of looking at it, says Larry oceanography. could be considered a subset of biological environment. In that sense, marine biology processes within the context of their natural study marine organisms and their biological and bacteria, biological oceanographers ranging from whales to microscopic algae protists of our estuaries, coasts, and oceans, biologists study the plants, animals, and biological oceanography is this: marine between the fields of marine biology and One distinction that has been made interchangeably. "biological oceanography," often used across the terms "marine biology" and I Say “Biological Oceanography” You Say “Marine Biology,” T I Say “Biological Oceanography” I Say “Biological Oceanography” You Say “Marine Biology,” You Say “Marine Biology,” hroughout this publication, you will come Most importantly, most of us enter the field for reasons you’re qualified for employment you’ll have a leg up. organizations to get some practical experience. When what advice: Get involved by volunteering with nation’s waterways. all he has given of himself in the effort to protect our say that I admire and respect Robert F. Kennedy Jr. for heroes/heroines: ously through his eyes. son to new adventures where I’m able live vicari- greatest enjoyment I have is when I’m introducing my sailboarding, swimming, diving, etc. However, the relax: process involved in environmental protection issues. compromise the integrity of decision-making like least: beauty of the estuary. water patrolling the bays and experiencing natural like most: was my calling to work in environmental protection. along its shores. Through these experiences, I knew it opportunity to spend countless hours on it, in and at an early age. Growing up close to the bay, I had the key factor: I was introduced to the marine environment tal problems in the estuary. environmen- tions to find solu- ment) to and govern- businesses, (residents, community with the work closely doing this, I problems. In pollution identify and to I enjoy all water sports: rowing, surfing, The politics and hidden agendas that often Smelling the roses. Spending time on I really haven’t any. Although, I will Tracy Leigh Karmuza Tracy Leigh Karmuza Tracy Leigh Karmuza scuba diving. I also enjoy reading, hiking, and traveling. relax: working with a marine mammal is not 9-5 job. always frustrating. You’re always on call, because like least: of these magnificent animals. to answer the questions public has about lives important to me, and I enjoy being able aspect is very marine mammals in the North Atlantic. The education job. We also conducting research are studies on other like most: people who helped me attain my goal. wonderful in the marine science field. I was lucky that met ocean and all types of sea life. I knew wanted to work key factor: I have always been fascinated with the currently live in Iceland and work on a floating bay pen. for the daily care of this killer whale in a field situation. I Keiko (a.k.a. Free Willy) to the wild. I am responsible Ocean Futures Society working to return a whale named current job: I am an animal care specialist with the B.A., psychology, Florida Institute of Technology

Tracy Leigh Karmuza Tracy Leigh Karmuza — marine mammal specialist I enjoy all water sports, especially warm

The politics of working with a live animal are Caring for live animals is always an exciting

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers I fully expect to be part of the team. public’s inherent right to clean water, and throughout the nation, representing forceKeeper Alliance will be a powerful 10 years: tion and get involved. towards getting the appropriate educa- opportunities are increasing. Work hard career opportunities: work. true to yourself and your passion for the other then making the big bucks, so stay Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers I believe in 10 years the Water I believe the probes. This is very useful when the organism in heroes/heroines: My mother, who taught me to never key factor: The first important step was deciding to question is microscopic or similar to other give up on my dreams. All educators, who give their study microbiology. My move into the marine environ- organisms. The study of disease in organisms has time to teach the public and try to make a difference in ment came later in my career, after I had finished my also been aided by the use of molecular tech- the world. Ph.D. I joined the laboratory of Dr. Rita niques. Researchers have developed antibodies Colwell because of her interest in marine that are specific to a particular virus, so that advice: microbial ecology. I loved the marine when the virus is present in the organism, Intern or work and am now lucky enough to detection and diagnosis is easier and faster. volunteer combine two great interests, microbiol- Likewise, new molecular techniques help scien- and get as ogy and the marine environment. tists identify whether or not an animal has been much exposed to pollutants and, in some cases, can experience like most: I enjoy spending time at sea determine the source of those pollutants. The as possible. and have had the opportunity to dive in field of molecular biology is growing and will Be persis- two research submarines, the RSV Alvin continue to see significant advances. tent, work and the Johnson Sea-Link. I like actually Aquaculture, the farming of finfish, shellfish, hard, and working in the laboratory, playing with and seaweeds, is another field that has been never give my bacteria. aided by marine biotechnology and molecular up. I appreciate techniques. Aquaculture is gaining importance in the freedom this country as consumer demand for fish and career that I have shellfish becomes greater than can be met by opportuni- as a traditional commercial fishing. At the same time, ties: I believe that they are increasing researcher technological advances have made aquaculture due to the expansion of marine facilities to set my more economically feasible. In one example, and the heightened awareness of our own goals researchers developed a “triploid” oyster, whose effect on the marine environment. and follow meat remains firm and sweet throughout the my own entire spawning season (May to August). By 10 years: I will be working in the marine research extending the harvesting and marketing season science field, caring for animals and interests. It of the oyster, its economic value increased. educating the public on marine life and is also great Marine researchers are also experimenting the oceans’ importance. to have with ways to administer drugs to diseased many populations of farm-raised fish. Disease can wipe opportuni- out an entire crop of farm-raised fish or shellfish ties to travel and to work with people from different due to the confined setting in which they are countries. raised. One technique involves exposing a pen of Russell Hill fish to ultrasound (high frequency sound that — marine biotechnologist like least: Writing grants and working on budgets. cannot be heard by humans). This causes the outer layers of the fish tissues (skin and gills) to B.S., biological sciences/microbiology and plant relax: I work out at the gym and enjoy doing practical become more permeable, making the fish more physiology, Univ. of Natal, Durban, South Africa things such as gardening and maintaining my own car. receptive to a vaccine or antibiotic drug that is Ph.D., microbiology, Univ. of Cape Town, South Africa I enjoy photography and visit photographic exhibitions. released into the water. I used to do a lot of sailing, but don’t find the time for it Other popular areas within the field of marine current job: I am an associate professor at the Center now. I want to start sailing again because it is the biology are environmental biology and toxicol- of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland ultimate relaxation for me. ogy. Both of these areas have direct applications Biotechnology Institute. My research is on various and implications for our society. Examples of aspects of marine microbiology, especially the study of heroes/heroines: Nelson Mandela, for having the specialities in environmental biology and toxicol- marine bacteria that may be important sources of new courage of his convictions and for his role as a ogy include water quality research and the study bioactive compounds, such as antibiotics. statesman in South Africa and the world. The men and

National Sea Grant College Program 5 6 highly competitive. tional conservation groups, though these are also aquaria, museums, and national interna- marine mammals, most positions would exist at non-research employment options involving conditions as they impact population). As for lian behaviors and responses to environmental population dynamics (studying marine mamma- tion (the study of marine mammal sounds), and marine mammals are bioacoustics and vocaliza- Two popular fields of research involving competitive. healthy animals), and because funding is very stranded, or dead animals and not on live, research is done using tissue samples of sick, marine mammals is highly regulated (most popularity of the field, fact that working with come by for a number of reasons, including the involving marine mammals are extremely hard to and walruses). The reality is that research jobs and dolphins) pinnipeds (sea lions, seals, marine mammals, including cetaceans (whales within marine biology is research involving Probably the topic most often asked about affected. mary producers, the entire food web could be happens to somehow alter populations of pri- celled, microscopic species as well. If something organisms that consume them are often single- producers are mostly microscopic species, the the title “primary producers.” And since primary for animals in aquatic food webs, earning them in the fact that microscopic algae serve as food under an inch. Their importance as a group lies about two micrometers (.00008 inches) to just zoa and microalgae. They range in size from are singled-celled organisms that include proto- been around for billions of years: protists. Protists aquatic biology involves organisms that have Another field of research within marine or play an important role in our society. mental biologists and consultants continue to ronment will ensure that marine and environ- cleanup measures designed to protect the envi- marine environment. Laws, regulations, and of contaminants or pollutants in the coastal • Janice Sessing Janice Sessing tional relations specialist with the National Environmen- Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). I am an interna- current job: I work for the National Oceanic and M.S., animal sciences, Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa B.S., marine science and biology, Univ. of Miami — marine biologist Janice Sessing pharmaceuticals and industrially important enzymes. isolation of novel microbes that produce important docs. We will be making a major contribution to the small but active group of graduate students and post- as a tenured professor. a fairly I will be supervising 10 years: pathogens in the marine environment. drug discovery, aquaculture, and monitoring for marine biology and biotechnology in There are many practical applications of field is also growing in importance. processes. Marine biotechnology as a tance of microbiology in all marine is a growing awareness of the impor- career opportunities: enjoyable for you. aspects of marine biology are the most get experience and find out which the summer and this is a great way to researchers will take on volunteers over at high school and college. Many different areas of biology while you are aspects of biology. Work in many niques are becoming increasingly important in all work as a marine biologist because molecular tech- sure that you study molecular biology if want to advice: science moving forward. difficult and eccentric scientists, keep marine persevere under difficult conditions, tolerate sometimes as crew on researchwomen who serve vessels,

Janice Sessing Janice Sessing Develop a strong academic background. Make I hope to still be running my own laboratory, Increasing. There reading, volunteer work. relax: within a government bureaucracy. like least: ago useful for ocean and coastal management. technology that seemed too “high-tech” a few years with remote sensing specialists involved in making environment. My current position allows me to work work for aquatic nuisance species in the marine working with a task force to develop a federal frame- United Nations and other international meetings, ing NOAA on government delegations to a number of protect the humpback whale and its habitat, represent- to Hawaii to develop a national marine sanctuary positions. Some of my experiences include working in allowed me the opportunity to work in different and international levels. I work for an agency that has terrestrial, and atmospheric issues at local, national, beach. Seriously, I wanted to make a difference in an key factor: The opportunity to get paid go the spheric applications by domestic and global customers. support a number of oceanic, terrestrial, and atmo- satellite data and disseminating derived products to support NESDIS’ goals of acquiring and processing apply my scientific training as a marine biologist to (NESDIS). I tal Satellite, Data, Information Service Travel (domestic and foreign), pottery, theater,

The oftentimes slow process of change

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers coastal, ocean, that involve programs projects and involved in Being like most: to do that. opportunity provided an sciences marine field and the emerging heroes/heroines: People who are at the forefront of key factor: I have always loved the ocean. When I was advice: Try to get some experience in the marine making a positive change at all costs, and who have 17, I took a scuba diving course that exposed me to the sciences by working as a library assistant, laboratory demonstrated personal and professional integrity and ocean and the interesting life in it. I wanted to know assistant, or teaching assistant. Ask your science commitment to their cause. more about what I was seeing, so when I entered teachers or guidance counselors if they can help you college I took as many marine biology courses as find such an opportunity at local colleges, government advice: Every experience, good and bad, is a good possible. agencies, or private firms. You might be able to find a teacher. Get a solid foundation in the sciences, espe- job sorting biological samples, prepping labs, conduct- cially calculus, physics, and biochemistry. Find a like most: I enjoy the challenge of designing and ing computer searches, entering data, or even assisting mentor and apply yourself to achieve your goals. conducting a focused environmental sampling pro- in fieldwork. Whatever you can do now will only help Pursue internships, fellowships, and other opportuni- gram, analyzing the data using statistical methods, and you when you apply to college. ties, even if they are outside your field of interest. You writing the results and conclusions. Essentially, it's my will learn something from each one. involvement in a project from start to finish that I enjoy career opportunities: In environmental consulting, the most. opportunities for marine scientists are growing, career opportunities: There are increasing opportuni- particularly for those with an M.S. or Ph.D. Marine ties for scientists, especially those in interdisciplinary like least: Most of the time the work is very stressful, scientists with technical abilities in photoimagery areas such as the marine sciences. The opportunities with tight deadlines and slim budgets. As a result of analysis, biostatistics, sediment toxicology, and other exist to implement the recent global environmental these constraints, it is sometimes harder to enjoy the such areas are frequently sought after and tend to agreements and programs within a number of United fact that I am actually getting paid to collect sediment assume more of a role in the decision-making process Nations specialized agencies, such as the Environment cores in the marshes of Maine, conduct fish community of research projects. Also, individuals who can serve in Programme, International Oceanographic Commission, surveys on a coral reef in Puerto Rico, or lead a habitat more than one capacity — as a manager, a technical and World Meteorological Organization. assessment in the tidal creeks of Georgia. specialist, and on a field crew, for instance — are more marketable than those who cannot. 10 years: I do not know, but am open to relax: I like whatever presents itself. to play with 10 years: I will probably be a principal scientist for an my children environmental consulting firm. As I get closer to (Sarah and retirement, I would like to shift the emphasis of my Nicholas), career towards teaching biology at the high school or Stephen Truchon go out to college level. dinner with — marine ecologist my wife (Elizabeth), B.A., biology, Plymouth State College run on the Deborah A. Bouchard M.S., zoology, Univ. of New Hampshire beach, — aquaculture microbiologist scuba dive, current job: I am a marine ecologist with golf, or read B.S., microbiology, Univ. of Maine Exponent, a consulting and engineering a good firm in Boston. Most of my work involves underwater current job: I am the president and co-owner of Micro evaluating habitats and aquatic biota in espionage Technologies Inc., an aquaculture diagnostic laboratory contaminated marine and estuarine book by located in Richmond, Maine. The aquaculture diagnos- ecosystems. Generally, I spend 75 percent of my time Clive Cussler. Recently, I read The Perfect Storm by tic workload consists primarily of performing fish in the office and 25 percent in the field. The office work Sebastian Junger — I highly recommend it! health inspection and certification procedures on includes writing proposals, managing projects, cultured species for aquaculture companies located analyzing data, and writing reports. The fieldwork heroes/heroines: Richard Truchon (my father), Richard throughout New England and the Maritime Provinces. includes evaluating habitat quality and resource value, Fralick (a Plymouth State College professor), Libby Fish health inspection work is performed in order to and sampling surface waters, sediments, and biota of Hyman (invertebrate zoologist), and those who give establish the health status of cultured aquatic species both contaminated and uncontaminated sites. their time and effort to bettering the lives of children. and to avoid the possible dissemination of disease to

National Sea Grant College Program 7 8 Choose the one that interests you most. Enjoy your choose from to pursue a career in marine sciences. advice: even in the face of obstacles. for what they believe in and live by their convictions heroes/heroines: walking, and reading novels. relax: because of testing procedures. in 15-hour work days with no rest the following as weather and fish life cycles. These factors can result unpredictable work schedule controlled by factors such like least: at the laboratory. the technical microbiology tests also enjoy performing interacting with the clients in a hands-on situation. I locations. It is a pleasure marine sites and hatchery in the laboratory. I enjoy working at the aquaculture like most: University of Maine. ment at the depart- ogy microbiol- the student in ences as a experi- My key factor: Canada. States and the United for both inspector fish health certified I am a resources. natural I enjoy dancing, photography, weight lifting, There are many courses of study you can At present, my position involves a somewhat I work both in an outdoor environment and I really admire people who stand up Derrick R. Toba Derrick R. Toba to check for marine biotoxins. shellfish samples to determine sanitation and tion on crab and shrimp, as well collecting water field. Field studies include collecting biological informa- Part of my time is spent in the office and part the implementation of tribal policy relating to shellfish. to shellfish bed degradation. I am also responsible for enhancement projects, and water quality issues relating management of the shellfish resource, shellfish support and advice regarding shellfish matters, harvest My responsibilities include providing technical shoreline applications as they impact tribal resources. shellfish sanitation, and reviewing commenting on tees and attending conferences on exotic species on regional commit- agencies and other tribes, serving working on management agreements with state management and resource This includes conservation. workgroups discussing all aspects of shellfisheries sentative on multi-jurisdictional committees and Tulalip Tribes of Washington. I work as a tribal repre- current job: I work as a shellfish biologist for the B.S. and M.S., fisheries, Univ. of Washington Derrick R. Toba goes a long way. employees with a fully equipped lab. A little hard work out of one room and now, two years later, has five Technologies Inc. started with two employees working on new business possibilities and growth. Micro leave all options open. As a company owner I will focus in 10 years. My career has changed and progressed. I 10 years: aquaculture support and health specialists. cultured organisms increases, so will the demand for and expanding field. As the type number of the area of aquatic animal health. Aquaculture is a new career opportunities: sourceteer for every of work experience possible. college years. Leave all your options open and volun-

Derrick R. Toba Derrick R. Toba — shellfish biologist It’s difficult to determine what I will be doing Opportunities are increasing in in that I have the opportunity to work with my counter- aquatic weeds and water quality issues. I am fortunate on non-shellfish related projects, such as non-native aquaculture-related enhancement efforts. I also work addition, I have the opportunity to participate in ways, ranging from passive to active management. In I work on. Different fisheries are managed in various like most: continues to be my mentor and guide me along. influence in directing my career to shellfish. He specialty in molluscan aquaculture was a positive the University of Washington, Dr. Ken Chew. His second factor was my major professor and mentor at drawn more toward the invertebrates than fish. The California shore and the reef systems in Hawaii. I was Hawaii. I was interested in the intertidal pools along California and during summers spent with family in spending a lot of time near the ocean growing up in key factor: There were two factors. The first was their resources properly. non-profit organizations, and area residents to manage to work closely with the state and local governments, Because of limited funds and efforts, the Tribes need

I like the variety of species and projects that

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers

on page 32) work. It is more field prefer would calls. I conference or on meetings, office, at spent in the time is Most of my like least: and tribes. agencies the other parts with (continued A narrative that attempts to cover three major disciplines of oceanography — marine geology and geophysics, physical oceanography, and marine chemistry and geochemistry — should be prefaced with the explanation that these sub- fields of oceanography are related. Oceanogra- phers and others involved in these disciplines OceanographyOceanography often work together to unravel the mysteries and unknowns of ocean science. In many govern- led me into oceanography, a field where multidisciplin- ment-sponsored research efforts, preference is Jonathan H. Sharp ary research has been encouraged for many years. given to projects that integrate the separate — chemical oceanographer disciplines of oceanography and incorporate like most: I like the thrill of working on research important principles from each to better under- B.A., biology, Lehigh Univ. problems that are on the edge of “new frontiers” in stand a system, phenomenon, event, or process. M.S., biochemistry, Lehigh Univ. scientific understanding. We know so little about the As a growing global population stresses the Ph.D., oceanography, Dalhousie Univ. real “workings” of the marine environment that our ability of our society to produce food, water, and research constantly sheds shelter, we will continue to look to the oceans to current job: I am a light on new concepts and help sustain our basic needs. Advances in professor of chemical on new paradigms. I also technology, combined with demand, will im- oceanography at the like the fact that applica- prove our ability to derive food, drinking water, University of Delaware. My tion of our research can energy sources, waste disposal, and transporta- responsibilities include have real-time relevance tion from the ocean. It will be up to this and research, teaching, and to societal problems. future generations to build upon our existing service. My research is knowledge of the ocean and its potential to help primarily involved with like least: Perhaps the meet the needs of the world and its inhabitants. biogeochemical studies of most frustrating aspect of In reading about each of these sub-fields, keep the beginnings of food my career is that there are in mind that some of the most important oceano- chains in oceans and many fascinating research graphic discoveries have been made as a result of estuaries. Specifically, we questions that I would like an integrated, multidisciplinary approach, often try to better understand the to investigate, but time is involving geologists, chemists, biologists, physi- interchange of carbon, limited and it is difficult to cal oceanographers, and engineers. nitrogen, phosphorus, obtain the funding to The 1977 discovery of active hydrothermal oxygen, and silicon between the water and microscopic pursue many of the problems. vent communities illustrates the benefits of this algae and bacteria. I teach general oceanography at the multidisciplinary approach. At these active undergraduate level, but most of my teaching is with relax: I enjoy the out of doors and love skiing and hydrothermal vent sites, oceanographers ob- graduate classes in chemical oceanography and sailing when I can find the time. I enjoy music, mainly served thriving populations of hundreds of through advising M.S. and Ph.D. students. I am also classical, and live theater. “new” species, including tube worms and giant involved with resource managers in development and clams. “Black smoker” chimneys also were implementation of coordinated monitoring and man- heroes/heroines: Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin observed, venting hot, metal-rich fluid that agement plans for estuarine and coastal waters. Franklin. Both had amazing inquiring minds and were generates from within the Earth’s crust and can very creative thinkers and researchers. reach temperatures as high as 350°C. Just outside key factor: As a child, I was interested in nature and the these chimney-like structures, the water is much environment. As I studied science in high school and advice: Study basic science and math and excel in cooler — about 2°C — and has a higher pH. college, my environmental interests grew with empha- whatever you do. Marine science is a composite of When these fluids meet, a reaction takes place sis in the oceans. In contemplating graduate studies, I various applied sciences. However, in order to do well and forms black “smoke.” realized that my interests were multidisciplinary rather in the applied areas found in oceanography, one must Although the vent sites are located at the than being in a single science discipline. That ultimately have a solid science and math background.

National Sea Grant College Program 9 10 characteristics such as size, shape, color, and They examine sediments, including physical tions, composition, and history of the seafloor. Geological oceanographers study the forma- computer models of the seafloor. to develop accurate maps and detailed, 3-D underwater features, they have made it possible advances have not only proven the existence of existence of underwater geological features. Such ographers could only speculate about the very acoustic instruments attached to ships — ocean- operated vehicles (ROVs), and programmable decades ago — piloted submersibles, remotely Before the technological advances of only a few difficult for marine geologists to visit and study. Conditions at many of these sites make it geological perspective. toms are the most active places on Earth, from a valleys. It has been written that the ocean bot- sensing technology to map the ridges and waves off rock formations. They also use remote and acoustic techniques that bounce sound locate the underwater volcanoes by using sonar formations on the seafloor. Marine geologists supply rich mineral deposits and new rock volcanoes, located along mid-ocean ridges, highest point of Mount Everest. Active deep-sea Ocean, is deeper, by about a mile, than the Mariana Trench, located in the central Pacific the water in a few places, such as Iceland. The over 40,000 miles and rising above the surface of tain chain is the Mid-Ocean Ridge, stretching for realm. In fact, Earth’s largest continuous moun- canyons — all exist in similar form the marine Mountains, valleys, volcanoes, islands, plains, under, and at the boundaries of oceans. there are on land, nearly as many exist within, As many interesting geological features as M energy for plants to grow by photosynthesis. thesis, in much the same way sunlight provides vides energy for bacteria to grow by chemosyn- chemistry of the water at these vent sites pro- life is plentiful. Scientists discovered that the bottom of the ocean floor where there is no light, ARINE G EOLOGY

AND G EOPHYSICS Dawn Wright Dawn Wright like most: on Sunday nights! Seriously! and watching key factor: articles and proposals, etc.) many committees, reviewing on (serving university service various kinds of professional and tations. In addition, I perform complete their theses and disser- master’s and Ph.D. students undergraduate students; and help seafloor tectonics, and GIS; advise program in seafloor mapping, maintain a strong research general earth science. I also information systems (GIS), and ties: oceanography, geographic five courses a year in my special- responsible for teaching four or Oregon State University where I’m current job: Univ. of California, Santa Barbara Ph.D., geography and marine geology, M.S., oceanography, Texas A&M Univ. B.S., geology, Wheaton College Dawn Wright teaching with enthusiasm. 10 years: background for such attacks. research-oriented training in oceanography is an ideal training to attack these problems; multidisciplinary century. We need individuals with strong even more serious environmental problems in the 21st ingly dramatically. We are currently facing and will face oceanography are increasing and potentially increas- career opportunities:

Dawn Wright Dawn Wright — geological oceanographer I plan to be continuing my research and Going to sea on big research ships and Growing up in Hawaii

I’m a professor at Jacques Cousteau I feel that career opportunities in not as many of the older scientists retiring. has steadily increased over the last 10 years or so, with favorite historical figures are W.E.B. DuBois and Chief Tour de France), Billy Graham, and Julian Bond. My Amy Grant, Miguel Indurain (five-time winner of the my mother, as well Winona LaDuke, Lani Guinier, motivator to the general public. I also greatly admire but also because she is so captivating as a speaker and only because of her many scientific accomplishments heroes/heroines: down an opportunity to ride a roller coaster. and going to movies with friends. I also never turn relax: laborious and difficult. But it is definitely worth it! in a reputable journal. Both processes can be very years) to get your ideas funded and then later published like least: over the world. extremely interesting and fascinating people from all working with the equipment at sea. I’ve also met some I love cycling, watching cartoons with my dog,

Sometimes it takes forever (i.e., months to

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers I am a big fan of Sylvia Earle, not Ph.D.s. The number of scientists larly for oceanographers with decreasing at the moment, particu- nately, opportunities seem to be career opportunities: graduate school. definitely think about going to an oceanographer, you should really want to lead a fulfilling life as at sea,” if all possible. And you as a short internship or “semester hands-on experience at sea, such computer programming! Get some Don’t shy away from math and follow their work/accomplishments. a hero or heroine to inspire you and over during the difficult times. Find great passion! This will tide you you would like to do, pursue it with advice: Joseph of the Nez Perce. Once you decide on what Unfortu- weight; chemical characteristics, such as compo- 10 years: I expect to be doing pretty much the same snorkeling or looking for frogs, gallinules, and alliga- sition and how sediments interact with the kind of work, although I don’t expect to be going to sea tors, I was probably inside reading the latest issue of environment; and other factors, including anymore. My interests are moving more toward data Popular Science from cover to cover. I learned to sediment age, origin, distribution, and transport. processing, visualization, and archiving, particularly scuba dive during high school and loved the feeling of By combining their knowledge of marine chemis- with regard to the world wide web. freedom as I floated among the creatures of the reefs. try and physical oceanography, marine geologists When I got to college, I was astonished to discover that help piece together information about how the I could actually study marine biology and biological Earth formed and how the movement of plates oceanography. Spending eight months as an under- and continents results in events such as volca- Peter C. Griffith graduate student at the Duke University Marine noes and earthquakes. Also, marine geologists Peter C. Griffith Laboratory, surrounded by the marshes and islands of work with biologists and chemical oceanogra- — biological oceanographer coastal North Carolina, convinced me to make this my phers to learn more about historical climate life’s work. records and animal and plant life by examining B.S., botany and zoology, Duke Univ. sediment and rock cores for fossils and analyzing M.S., marine, estuarine, like most: I sediment composition using radiocarbon dating and environmental science, particularly and other methods. Univ. of Maryland enjoy Some of the major areas of specialization Ph.D., ecology, Univ. of Georgia hashing out within the field of geological oceanography are a problem described below: current job: I work in industry, at a with company called North American Collec- someone, Seismology tion & Location by Satellite. We use learning Marine seismologists map the Earth’s interior satellites to measure and observe the from them structure by looking at changes in the way sound natural environment and the activities of what they travels through the planet’s various layers. These humans all over the world. My job title is consider sound patterns appear as “waves.” Seismic general manager. This means I have two important, energy travels as an elastic wave, meaning that it types of responsibilities. With regards to and can be reflected from the seafloor (“reflection”) or the work we do for our customers, I get devising a solution that is both technologically effective it can penetrate through the seafloor and the to talk to scientists and business people about how my and economically feasible. layers within the Earth’s interior and be bent as it company can solve the problems that they are facing, travels (“refraction”). An important tool used by using the technology that we already have or that we like least: It sometimes takes years to take a good idea marine seismologists to “read” patterns of sound can develop. My other responsibilities are to see that and turn it into a fully realized, marketable product or waves is the seismogram. You have probably our personnel have the resources they need to get their service. seen examples of seismograms, which depict jobs done, and that the company operates within measurements of earthquake patterns. The budget. relax: I play with my kids, play jazz piano, read, swim, instrument that records these measurements is From my office in Landover, Md., I can tap into a fish, or ride my bike. I’ve given up flying ultralight called a seismometer. Though it’s hard to imag- virtual sea of information that includes the current airplanes and I only occasionally get to scuba dive, but ine, there are thousands of microearthquakes location of a manatee taking a long summer swim from I do still teach race car driving. beneath the ocean floor each day! Although Florida to Long Island, the latest catch by fishing fleets marine seismology has told us many things about in Peru, the number of volcanic earthquakes in Mexico, heroes/heroines: I admire most those men and the Earth’s surface and interior over the last and the arrival of a tank container of hazardous women, famous and unknown, who devote their best couple of decades, more work is needed to chemicals in Chicago. We use our satellites in space efforts to love and work. answer important questions such as: What do and our computers on the ground to give our custom- mid-ocean ridges, fracture zones, and continental ers the information they need to achieve their scientific advice: Learn as much as you can about how we think margins look like in 3-D, and how did they form? or business goals. the universe works. This means studying math, What is the Earth’s deep interior really like? physics, chemistry, computers, and biology. Learn at What are structures in the upper mantle of the key factor: I grew up on a lake in Florida. If I wasn’t least one foreign language and learn how to write

National Sea Grant College Program 11 12 Ocean manganese nodules — small, dark, and Ocean Mining, Oil and Gas Exploration history. global change, sea-level rise, climate, and ocean drilling will tell us even more about earthquakes, geochemists worldwide. In years to come, ocean work, and the work of hydrologists and Experiments (RIDGE), the Ocean Seismic Net- mid-ocean Ridge InterDisciplinary Global programs, such as the international program of become more integrated with other earth science officials predict that the program will assist and important to the field of oceanography. ODP sampling ocean sediment and crust will remain led to new research questions. Drilling and As one might expect, these discoveries have paleomagnetics. of rocks), geochemistry, geophysics, and the origin, occurrence, structure, and composition these fossils are found), petrology (the study of animals and of the rock formations in which paleontology (the study of fossil plants and matter that settles to the bottom of sea), may specialize in sedimentology (the study of oceanic crust. Investigators involved in the ODP sedimentation, and the origin evolution of tal margins, Earth’s tectonic processes, marine history of ice ages, the evolution continen- include a new understanding of the causes and Important discoveries made by the ODP for Deep Earth Sampling.) name stands for Joint Oceanographic Institutions ocean floor. (The “JOIDES” part of the ship’s samples of sediment and rock from below the researchers from around the world gather Aboard the drill ship Earth’s origin and evolution beneath the seafloor. tists and governments created to explore the (DSDP) begun in 1968, is a partnership of scien- (ODP), successor to the Deep Sea Drilling Project The international Ocean Drilling Program Ocean Drilling tions? Earth like, and what is their role in plate interac- JOIDES Resolution , Kay T. Ho Kay T. Ho ecological effects of toxicants. also work on methods to measure the and remediate the toxic sediments. I the toxicants, prevent further pollution, information to determine the source of causing toxicity, we can then use that Once we identify the compounds usually only a few of them are toxic. are thousands of compounds, but marine sediments. In sediments there for identifying toxic compounds in Narragansett, R.I. I develop methods in Protection Agency laboratory research scientist at the Environmental current job: I work as an environmental Univ. of Rhode Island Ph.D., chemical oceanography, Cornell Univ. M.S., environmental toxicology, Univ. of California, Davis B.S., environmental toxicology, Kay T. Ho working to devise solutions environmental problems. a team of engineers and business people who are 10 years: flexible and innovative do what you love to do. expect to find an easy, guaranteed career path. So, be predict what conditions will be at that time. Don’t scientific or technological workforce, and no one can you another 10 years to school yourself enter the for the bright, strongly motivated individual. It may take career opportunities: stranger than we can imagine. ber, science is an exploration of a universe that questions all the time. Challenge assumptions. Remem- understandably, expressively, and persuasively. Ask

Kay T. Ho Kay T. Ho — chemical oceanographer In another 10 years I expect to be managing Opportunities are always there want to have any control over the work you’ll be advice: beautifully. Joni Mitchell for her voice and lyrics. her seat on the bus. Georgia O’Keefe for painting so heroes/heroines: cious political arguments. listen to music, and have big, late dinners with fero- relax: anything to happen in the government. like least: difference in environmental regulation this country. like most: interests in the environment. way to combine my scientific knowledge with environmental toxicology. It showed me there was a key factor: Finding an undergraduate program in I run, bodysurf, windsurf, garden, cook, knit, windsurf, I run, bodysurf, If you want to stay in the sciences and

Bureaucracy, red tape, and how long it takes I like to think that what do might make a

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Rosa Parks for refusing to give up (Internet, etc.). way we relate information be major changes in the field. I think there will also to what happens in the and at the organism level what happens in the lab to link our knowledge of shift in the future will be 10 years: and healthy environment. before we have a clean have a long way to go nately, we (as a society), mental sciences. Unfortu- opportunities in environ- believe there will be career opportunities: Ph.D. going all the way to a think about performing, I think the big I round-shaped nodules that contain manganese, Anders W. Andren career opportunities: At nickel, copper, cobalt, and other minerals — are the moment, we are found along the floor of the Atlantic and Pacific — aquatic chemist seeing a slight decline in oceans. The nodules were first discovered on the numbers of job openings. famous oceanographic Challenger expedition of B.S., chemistry, Upsala College However, I believe this to the 1870s. Steel production requires millions of M.S. and Ph.D., chemical oceanography, be temporary as we move tons of manganese annually. Though ocean Florida State Univ. into the 21st century. The mining for manganese nodules has generated a supply and demand will great deal of interest, several factors have served current job: I am professor of water always be cyclical, just as obstacles, including the difficult ocean terrain, chemistry in the Department of Civil and like in other science and the high cost, and political and international Environmental Engineering at the University engineering fields. difficulties relating to its legality. of Wisconsin-Madison, where I teach and do Similar problems associated with oil and gas research on aquatic chemistry. I am also 10 years: Teaching, exploration have caused international and director of the University of Wisconsin Sea research, and administra- national debate. While no one knows the exact Grant Institute. The Institute is involved in tion. I cannot think of a extent of the oil and gas deposits in the ocean, research, outreach, and educational better situation where oceanographers have made important discover- activities related to our nation’s Great Lakes these opportunities exist. ies about these potential reserves. The cost of and oceans. exploring these sites is high. And, even if oil or gas reserves are found, recovering the resources key factor: An early interest in science is not always pursued due to the high cost of combined with a fascination with the aquatic developing the site or other reasons. Partnerships environment. between scientists and industry are important in Rick Mohammed like most: Having the opportunity to work with the the area of oil and gas exploration; oil companies — physical oceanographer constantly seek new reserves, while science world’s best scientists to better understand our oceans and Great Lakes. Having a chance to influence how our makes it possible for companies to locate, ana- B.S., mathematics, Univ. of South Carolina lyze, and reach the resource. Current production resources, both intellectual and financial, are used to provide guidance to the wise use of ocean and Great M.S., meteorology and oceanography, Naval Post takes place in the oceanic areas of continental Graduate School, Monterey (candidate) margins, such as the Gulf of Mexico and the Lakes resources. North Sea. like least: That I don’t spend more time out in the field current job: My job as a Navy meteorology and ocean- doing research with my graduate students. ography (METOC) officer is to provide safe and accurate Coastal Geology weather routing and forecasts for ships at sea. Addition- An increasingly important area of marine relax: Spend time with my family, play music (guitar ally, METOC officers provide oceanographic data such geology is coastal geology. Throughout history, as fronts, eddies, temperature vs. depth profiles, and the human population has shown a tendency to and piano), cook gourmet foods, play sports (golf and tennis). a myriad of other services to ships and commands settle along the world’s 273,000 miles of coastline. requesting them. The effects of humans inhabiting our shores and heroes/heroines: My mom and my dad. coastlines have become increasingly apparent. key factor: My interest in the ocean. I initially joined the Coastal pollution and waste disposal are creating Navy so that I could take advantage of the GI Bill and problems and costing government and industry advice: Science is a great and rewarding career. Get a good undergraduate degree in a basic science, such as get money for college. I ended up going to college and billions of dollars in research and remediation getting my bachelor’s degree while on active duty. efforts. Although the percentage of people living math, physics, chemistry, biology, or geology. When you’re in college, try to get a part-time job during the on the coast is expected to remain fairly constant like most: The travel. The Navy allows one to visit many over the next few decades, total numbers are school year or summer in the laboratory of a professor who is in the field. places. Also, I get to work with front-running technol- expected to increase as population continues to ogy and keep up to date on the latest advancements. increase.

National Sea Grant College Program 13 14 that cause motion, such as winds, waves, and study the movement of oceans and forces efited from satellite technology. Because they ographers, physical oceanographers have ben- Perhaps more than any other group of ocean- decline, and harmful algal blooms. warming, global circulation, the world’s fisheries tion, and environmental problems, such as global information about weather and climate, circula- oceanography and given researchers important real time. This innovation has revolutionized and individual laboratories classrooms — in tion around the clock and feed it back to earth — and other properties. Satellites collect informa- information about ocean currents, temperatures, space have given oceanographers important large scale. Pictures of the global ocean from hard to actually observe the oceans on such a travel and the invention of satellites, it was very known as the global ocean. But before space world’s oceans as one giant system, collectively Most oceanographers try to think of the P development and natural processes. options to minimize the conflicts between coastal mental in forming policy and management phers from each of the disciplines, will be instru- and coastal engineers, working with oceanogra- the effects of coastal processes. Coastal geologists and salt marshes have been developed to slow “soft solutions” such as constructed wetlands groins, and bridges. More recently, natural or developed and constructed seawalls, jetties, protect these structures, coastal engineers have “temporary” in a geologic sense of time. To land forms, such as barrier beaches, that are roads, even when these structures are located on the coast, including homes, businesses, and attempting to protect structures situated along dynamic environments. Often, humans react by and storm overwash make our coastal areas related events such as flooding, severe erosion, erosion, and sediment transport, storm- natural coastal processes such as rising sea level, In addition to human effects on our shores, HYSICAL O CEANOGRAPHY make safe tactical decisions. most accurate data available and thus assisting them to and other navies throughout the world by providing 10 years: for us to go away. that we provide are dependent on the job and service will always have a future. There are too many lives that at the time. I believe that naval oceanography military move up and down with the emphasis that is put on ographer, the opportunities for a career career opportunities: you should sign up for is a math course. getting ready to graduate, the first course is. Even if you’re a senior in high school math courses no matter what your level science. It is never too late to start taking most valuable tools required for any Mathematics will prove to be one of the advice: country. to our inspiration and an great leader became a and beginnings humble from started who He’s a man Powell. Gen. Colin heroines: heroes/ and art. relax: that can be gained about the ocean and atmosphere. about my field. There isn’t a finite end to the knowledge like least: I enjoy music, movies, reading, scuba diving, Take a lot of math courses. I expect to still be supporting the US Navy I’ll never know everything there is to know I’ll never know everything As a naval ocean- Carol J. Zimmerman Carol J. Zimmerman Carol J. Zimmerman new technology in my field. professional society meetings and learning about the is made. I also enjoy attending tion when a discovery a well is going down, and there usually big celebra- successful well. There always is much excitement when most when I have played a key part in drilling to family life in Houston. Now, I enjoy my work the After enjoying many years of travel, I have settled down Univ. of Wisconsin M.S. and Ph.D., oceanography limnology, B.S., physics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Carol J. Zimmerman Carol J. Zimmerman — marine geophysicist

principles that make our world tick. Later, enjoyed learning the fundamental a good, basic science — physics. I key factor: of West Africa. support the oil exploration effort offshore ing, modeling, and interpretation to Houston, Texas. I do special data process- with Exxon Exploration Company in current job:

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers As an undergraduate, I studied I am a geophysical associate like most: resource. unexploited largely sea, then a under the deposits mineral exploring for interested in became ment. I environ- the ocean principles to apply those I decided to tides, they must look at the ocean from a “big like least: Sometimes I am not able to do the job as service teachers who are interested in teaching science, picture” perspective. Shipboard measurements well as I would like before the deadline hits. There can especially earth science. This is a position that I find and the development of instruments such as be a lot of stress because of changing priorities. On the personally satisfying as I feel that I am making a computer programmable buoys that can be left at other hand, it can be exciting not knowing what will difference in the education of future generations of sea for long periods of time were huge advances happen next. scientists. for the field of physical oceanography and I am also active in research. My research involves continue to be important tools, but satellites offer relax: I do aerobic dance exercises and soothe my the examination of particles that fall to the seafloor perspectives that early oceanographers may aching muscles afterwards in a hot tub. Keeping fit through the ocean. Mainly, I focus my research in the never have dreamed of. Imagine the discoveries helps me stay sharp mentally and also alleviates the Canadian Arctic, an area influenced by both the oceans Benjamin Franklin, the first person to plot the stress of juggling a career and family life. as well as by icebergs that originate on land. course of the Gulf Stream, could have made if he’d had access to satellite data! heroes/heroines: Oil and gas exploration is a risky key factor: I find my present work as an educator to be Physical oceanographers study the interaction business. I meet people every day who could be very challenging. I come from a family of teachers. My between the ocean and its boundaries — land, heroes/heroines. These are people who are not afraid to father was a college professor and my mother was a seafloor, and atmosphere — and the relationship take calculated risks. junior high between the sea, weather, and climate. Questions school about how the oceans work in a physical sense advice: You will need at least a master’s teacher. I include investigations into water qualities such degree in geology or geophysics. Go for it. was raised as temperature, salinity, density, and influential Learn all you can and stay focused on with the factors such as wind speed, air temperature, your goals. Don’t give up. Persistence idea that tides, and interaction with nearby land and often wins out over innate talent. education underwater formations. is very Physical oceanographers seek to understand career opportunities: Increasing, defi- important. why, where, and how water moves, on all space nitely. There is a serious shortage of When and time scales. They are interested, too, in the trained people in the field. given the consequences of these movements. Some physical opportu- oceanographers are theoreticians and use com- 10 years: Although I will be eligible for nity to puter models to answer questions and form retirement from Exxon by then, I may not make a hypotheses about oceanographic processes. want to retire when the time comes. I may difference Others use observations and, increasingly, stay within Exxon as a geophysical in prepar- satellite observations. Understanding the global advisor, or I may choose to be a consultant for the ing teachers, it was a challenge that I could not turn ocean requires a close partnership between larger geophysical community. down. theory, observations, and experiments. Often, physical oceanographers work with like most: I like the opportunity oceanography has their biological, chemical, and geological col- given me to meet and work with scientists from many leagues. Understanding the way the ocean Frank R. Hall parts of the world. I especially like having the opportu- works, physically, supplies oceanographers in the — geological oceanographer nity to visit them in their homes and learn about their biological, geological, chemical, or engineering culture and customs. disciplines with important details they need to B.A., earth science, Kean Univ. answer questions. The physical properties of the M.S., geology, Lehigh Univ. like least: Scientific research requires money. To be an ocean are intimately linked to the biology and Ph.D., oceanography, Univ. of Rhode Island active participant, one must be able to raise funds. That chemistry of the ocean, and vice-versa. is often very difficult. Part of the process of raising For example, physical oceanographers are current job: I am an assistant professor in the Depart- funds requires the review of your proposals by anony- currently working with biological oceanogra- ment of Geology and Geophysics at the University of mous colleagues. They can at times be unkind, making phers and ocean engineers in a multi-institution, New Orleans in Louisiana. My title is “geoscience this part of being a scientist frustrating. multi-agency research initiative known as educator.” In this role, I work with pre-service and in- (continued on page 32)

National Sea Grant College Program 15 ( 16 biogeochemists chemists, marine geochemists, or even Chemical oceanographers, also called marine years. has remained relatively constant for millions of glaciation — the basic composition of seawater history — continental collisions, land formations, that have taken place on Earth throughout important. Amazingly, despite the major changes plentiful ingredient, salts are among the most and particulate matter. While water is the most pounds, elements, gases, minerals, and organic soup” because it contains many chemical com- The ocean has been referred to as a “chemical C events. goal of, one day, being able to predict toxic bloom The collaboration continues, with the ultimate instrument design, deployment, and recovery. satellite measurements, computer modeling, and raphers is to assist with oceanographic and poisoning shellfish. The role of physical oceanog- areas where they “bloom” and become toxic, plumes in transporting the cells to nearshore “red tide.”), and the role of ocean currents and several harmful algal blooms, once referred to as shellfish poisoning, PSP, and is considered one of source and distribution of ECOHAB project is seeking to determine the blooms). The Gulf of Maine portion the ECOHAB (short for ecology of harmful algal lead chemical oceanographers to the deep ocean, phy is the study of pollutants. This work may One important aspect of chemical oceanogra- searchers from the other disciplines. oceanographers rely on and interact with re- other disciplines of oceanography, chemical geological, and physical factors. As with the the ocean affects or is affected by biological, ing pollution) affect it, and how the chemistry of ganic), how chemical inputs to the ocean (includ- chemical compounds (both organic and inor- seafloor sediments, relationships between of the following: formation seawater and Alexandrium HEMICAL O is the organism that causes paralytic CEANOGRAPHY , may study one or a combination Alexandrium cells for bigger, stronger, faster, more, the costs of need for chemical oceanographers. In the quest medicine, and other products, have created a produce and manufacture energy, food, clothing, chemical compounds and processes used to vances, including the development of complex Modern society’s rapid technological ad- related to global climate change. stand the ocean’s role in this and other theories Chemical oceanographers are working to under- heat, thus the popular term “greenhouse effect.” the Earth to warm up just as a greenhouse holds heat from escaping into space. This would cause carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would keep the absorbs infrared radiation (heat), an increase in What does all this mean? Since carbon dioxide atmosphere. added to the amount of carbon dioxide in it is generally accepted that modern society has dioxide has caused global warming or vice versa, whether the increase in atmospheric carbon though the scientific debate continues over atmosphere has increased by 25 percent. Al- estimate that the amount of carbon dioxide in industrialization of the 18th century, researchers chemical oceanographers for decades. Since the climate change has captured the attention of The study of carbon and its role in global based (rain and dust). based (rivers and streams), and atmosphere- example, surface runoff or groundwater), water- Transport methods include land-based (for rainfall, temperature, and transport methods. environmental conditions such as salinity, wind, ment may behave very differently depending on and pollutants introduced to a marine environ- seawater, marine life, and sediments. Chemicals ants by examining how they interact with oceanographers study the impact of such pollut- runoff, or storm drain overflows). Chemical chemical fertilizers, leaking septic systems, road trace (agricultural or lawn runoff containing dumping) to sources that are harder to detect or from the obvious (sewage, oil or fuels, ocean streams, and lakes. Sources of pollutants range coastal bays and estuaries, or inland rivers,

ties on the ocean and its ability to sustain them. our knowledge about the impact of these activi- phers will play an important role in improving energy, or waste disposal — chemical oceanogra- the oceans — be it for food, transportation, As the population discovers new ways to use life, and phenomena. discover previously unknown formations, marine graphic disciplines to go sea, collect data, and improve the ability of researchers of all oceano- ments, vessels, and ocean vehicles that, in turn, ocean engineers in the development of instru- gists. It is the work of marine chemists that aids between ocean chemists, biologists, and geolo- minerals will require cooperative research waste disposal and as a source for drugs and questions. For example, the use of oceans for continue to provide answers to important The work of chemical oceanographers will and ultimately, safer products. improved controls, regulations, testing methods, of such impacts, which has, in turn, led to worked together to improve our understanding related areas, including marine chemists, have ers in many oceanographic disciplines and marine and coastal areas? Fortunately, research- have contributed to the degradation of many time, worked better, and often cost less — could paints, and leaded fuel — all products that saved cleaning products, fertilizers, pesticides, boat itself. Who would have thought that household products and by-products can be a problem in example, the disposal of waste that results from “improvements” often get overlooked. For

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers • The field of ocean engineering provides an important link between the other oceanographic disciplines such as marine biology, chemical and physical oceanography, and marine geology and geophysics. Just as the interests of oceanogra- phers have driven the demand for the design OceanOcean EngineeringEngineering skills and technical expertise of ocean engineers, the innovations in instrumentation and equip- ment design made by ocean engineers have Langley R. Gace relax: I love to go sailing. I also enjoy golf and working revolutionized the field of oceanography. This is Langley R. Gace around the house and garden with my wife. especially true within the last three decades. — ocean engineer The invention of thousands of oceanographic heroes/heroines: I have two heroes. One I have men- instruments and devices has changed the way B.S., physics, Bates College tioned: Dr. Athelston Spilhaus. His creativity was simply oceanographers study the oceans and coasts. M.S., ocean engineering, Univ. of New Hampshire amazing. My other hero is anyone who goes out and Examples include: computer- and satellite-linked makes the very best of each day despite circumstances. buoys and floats, sediment traps, ocean seismom- current job: I am an ocean engineer at Ocean Spar eters (instruments that measure seafloor move- Technologies on Bainbridge Island, Wash. Our com- advice: Don’t go directly into ocean engineering. Get a ment in a manner similar to the way seismo- pany develops and sells high performance offshore mechanical or civil engineering degree first. It is there graphs measure earthquake activity on land), aquaculture cages to customers world- that you underwater video equipment, acoustic measur- wide. Most of my time is spent develop- learn the ing devices (instruments that make it possible to ing computer models of cages and basics. “sense” underwater objects and seafloor forma- learning how they will behave in the Though I tions), and underwater vehicles, including offshore environment. I also spend some was a submersibles and remotely operated vehicles of my time out at sea inspecting our physics (ROVs). Information that once took years to products after they have been installed major, I took compile, and that frequently involved sampling and visiting potential sites for raising fish the basic in harsh weather conditions, can now be accom- with customers. engineering plished in minutes, often from remote locations, courses including ships and laboratories. The innovations key factor: The ocean has always before I of ocean engineers have enabled oceanographers fascinated me. Ocean engineering went to grad to travel farther offshore and deeper into the sea, seemed like the perfect way to combine school and and to stay there for longer periods of time. my love of the sea and my physics that made Because of ocean engineers, major oceanographic degree from college. Also, my great all the discoveries — including hydrothermal vents, uncle Athelston Spilhaus, who helped difference. ocean volcanoes, thousands of miles of underwa- start Sea Grant, was an ocean engineer. ter mountain chains, “new” species, and biologi- While growing up I would hear about the marvelous career opportunities: The job potential in aquaculture cal, chemical, geographical, and physical pro- projects he was working on, so it seemed quite natural is strong for engineers. As the demand for offshore cesses and phenomena — have been made. for me to head in this direction. rather than nearshore cages has increased, so has the Ocean engineering is actually a combination of need for talented engineers to build structures that will several types of engineering: a mix of mechanical, like most: The fact that we are producing a product that survive out there. electrical, civil, acoustical, and chemical engineer- ultimately provides food to the masses and doing it in ing techniques and skills, coupled with a basic an environmentally conscientious fashion. 10 years: I would still like to be involved in offshore understanding of how the oceans work. The aquaculture in some capacity. I hope that the industry importance of working in partnerships with like least: The industry’s lack of vision sometimes will have matured some by then so that there will be oceanographers from other disciplines is critical, frustrates me. Fish farmers are very wary when it different challenges. as the challenge of working in the ocean environ- comes to trying new ideas.

National Sea Grant College Program 17 18 community. Also, waves, rising sea level, and nity may not work for a lakefront or riverfront bodies. What may work for an oceanside commu- disposal methods will have on the adjacent water population requires careful attention to the effect sewage and garbage generated by a growing the capacity of a coastal community to handle tion of coastal engineers. For example, increasing disposal, will require the expertise and innova- coastal development, such as pollution and waste near the world’s coasts, problems associated with more and more people living or working at ingly important part of ocean engineering. With Coastal engineering has become an increas- be hundreds or even thousands of miles away. relayed back to satellites or computers that may that the information being recorded is being ments they were designed to, and, in some cases, properly, that they are recording the measure- to make sure that instruments are functioning equipment. It is the responsibility of technicians play a key role in maintaining and preparing the In addition to ocean engineers, technicians space! marine environment is more hostile than outer into design plans. It has even been said that the fouling (such as barnacles) must also be factored waves, currents, severe storms, and marine life corrosive to many materials, and high winds, the ocean environment. Salt water is highly ments that will survive the harsh conditions of tear of frequent use, they must design instru- instruments that must stand up to the wear and Not only do ocean engineers design and build important for marine meteorologists. the researcher “real-time” data. This is especially laboratory located on a ship or land, giving gathered by these buoys can be relayed back to a many locations at once. In addition, the data oceanographers study currents and weather in sea for long periods of time have helped physical example, programmable buoys that can remain at studying various aspects of the ocean. For to oceanographers interested in measuring or The expertise of ocean engineers is invaluable ment requires a range of backgrounds and skills. Carmen G. Borda Carmen G. Borda whatever I desired. taught me that through hard work I could achieve dignity, moral and spiritual values, direction. They they provided me with a sense of self importance, heroes/heroines: picnics, camping, hiking, and ethnic foods. enjoy vacations at the beach, swimming, biking, However, I always make time to exercise and read. We variety of activities, so I don’t do a lot relaxing. relax: like least: because of the diversity projects. creativity. I am continuously thinking and learning mental or analytical method of evaluation. It requires like most: difficult, but I also found it challenging and exciting. an engineering degree in college. This was very classes. My father, an engineer, talked me into pursuing exceptionally well in the higher level math and science key factor: While in high school, I did associated propulsion systems. rines, and other craft as well the evaluation of designs ships, subma- associated include the model scale projects. The projects with which I am fundamental and applied research ing, implementing, and supervising shops. My job entails planning, organiz- water tunnels, and wood metal ment facility with large towing basins, Md. This is a Navy research and develop- Center Carderock Division in Bethesda, Warfare working at the Naval Surface current job: and State Univ. B.S., civil engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute Carmen G. Borda

Carmen G. Borda Carmen G. Borda — naval architect I have two school-aged children engaged in a I do not like meetings. I like the challenge of devising an experi- I am a naval architect My heroes are my parents, because William Childress Green William Childress Green William Childress Green abated. As part of Guilford’s Pollution Control Program, track pollution sources, and assure that they are and groundwater samples for certain contaminants, Pollution Control Program. I gather and analyze surface job is to administer the town’s My primary Water responsibilities. Guilford, Conn. With that title comes a myriad of as environmental analyst for current job: I serve M.S., environmental studies, Yale Univ. B.A., biology, Univ. of South Florida Maine Tech. College A.A.S., marine biology and oceanography, Southern ing. I hope to buy a house close the beach. time reading, traveling, swimming, biking, and exercis- lot more time relaxing with my family. I will spend my years away from retirement. Then I expect to spend a education is the key to a world of opportunities. you work the more choices will have. A good question. Strive to do your best, because the harder and science classes as you can. Never be afraid to ask a advice:

William Childress Green William Childress Green — environmental analyst

Read in your spare time. Take as many math

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers will be two 10 years I 10 years: degrees. college technical with individuals educated well- intelligent, always need ties: opportuni- career We will In storms have a significant impact on coastlines, it is my responsibility to monitor coastal water quality their own work has made an impression on me. often causing erosion and loss of coastal property. trends. I conduct annual surveys of commercial/ Last and by no means least, two more great In efforts to protect coastal structures, coastal industrial and residential properties to assure compli- influences on my life’s work are Eugenie Clark and engineers are tasked with designing and creating ance with state and local health and water pollution Rachel Carson. ways to lessen the impact of storms and other regulations. natural shoreline processes. In my capacity as an environmental official, I often advice: Get involved now! Sign up for, attend, and The oil industry, military, and marine naviga- act as an advisor to our local Inland Wetland Commis- participate in seminars related to your interest. Use tion fields also require ocean engineering skills. sion. When requested by the Commission, I respond to resources such as local, state, and national organiza- Each of these sectors directly impacts our lifestyle matters that entail a review and comments on wetland tions; private companies; the Internet; and any other in some way, be it a source of energy, transporta- assessments/statements, proposals, etc. presented to avenues available to become informed, connected, and tion, or our nation’s defense. The work of ocean the Commission by land developers. excited about what is going on in your potential field. engineers plays an important role in each of these In addition, I assist the town’s departments and Have fun, keep an open mind, meet people who are employment sectors. Because technology is commissions with technical aspects of applications involved in your area of interest and pick their brains. central to the field of ocean engineering, future when they apply for permits from local, state, and career prospects seem promising. And, as the role federal agencies. career opportunities: Career opportunities are increas- of the ocean continues to gain the interest of ing. Development pressures/encroachments on business, government, and the private sector, the key factor: As a midwestern high school senior, my sensitive coastal and upland areas, habitat loss, and demand for ocean engineers should grow. career inclination was to be a wildlife biologist. How- point and non-point sources of pollution are adversely Experts in the education and engineering ever, my interest quickly changed when I visited New affecting environmental quality almost everywhere. I fields regard ocean engineering as a very sys- England for the first time. The marine environment was believe the demand for environmental scientists will tems-oriented field because of its interdiscipli- mysterious and so different from my increase as nary nature. Without the expertise of ocean familiar freshwater surroundings that it the com- engineers, oceanography would be many years triggered within me an interest I had to plexity of behind in terms of what we know about the pursue. our environ- ocean system and its impacts on our daily lives. mental • like most: I truly enjoy being directly problems involved with, and responsible for, increase. changes that make a positive difference in our natural environment. 10 years: I will be like least: What I have the most semiretired, difficulty with is the frustration of not however I being able to do all that should be done. anticipate There aren’t enough hours in a day. being an active relax: Fishing, shellfishing, playing volunteer in billiards, and gardening. my commu- nity, working heroes/heroines: I have numerous personal heroes/ with environmental groups and helping students, much heroines. The first would have to be my father, who the same as I do now. taught me to appreciate nature. Several professors of mine I would also consider heroes, particularly Bob Goode, Southern Maine; Larry Brown, South Florida; and Tom Siccama and Karl Turekian, Yale. Their knowledge and accomplishments are inspiring to me. Their dedication to students and to

National Sea Grant College Program 19 Joanne McCaffrey Joanne McCaffrey 20 community’s youth sports programs and really love relaxing! My husband and I are active in our relax: ment. complain than look for the good in a project or assign- like least: and varied array of assignments. have lived in four different states and I had a wide three to four years! My family and I new place every challenging. I am assigned to a new job in and very like most: but I’m glad I did it. challenge. Pursuing a degree in engineering was tough interesting and I thought it would pose a real very Academy. Ocean engineering sounded engineering majors offered at the practical problems, so I looked into the liked the idea of applying math to solve college at the US Coast Guard Academy. I I began to excel in it when went exceptionally well in math high school, key factor: and prioritize their work. tools and guidance they need to succeed, engineering staff, ensure they have the the facilities front. My job is to supervise building facility and its extensive water- the care and upkeep of 187-acre/19- maintenance personnel responsible for environmental specialists, and grounds ters, electricians, mechanics, plumbers, and civilian carpen- staff of 44 military Command in Portsmouth, Va. I have a the Coast Guard Integrated Support current job: M.S., ocean engineering, Univ. of Rhode Island B.S., ocean engineering, US Coast Guard Academy Joanne McCaffrey Joanne McCaffrey Joanne McCaffrey

— ocean engineer I have three busy children so don’t do a lot of Working with people who would rather Being a Coast Guard officer is fascinating Although I did not do I’m the facilities engineer for 10 years: fantastic. are effort. The opportunities for women in the military Academy is difficult to get into, but well worth the attending college or you can apply to the Academy. The for qualified people. You can become an officer after of openings has plenty Coast Guard ties: opportuni- career have. choices you more told me I could do or be anything wanted. She was the always had time for me and my three siblings. My mom heroes/heroines: grow. coaching and watching our children play sports The I will probably be retired from the Coast My parents are my heroes. They one who told me the service academies would service be accepting women for the first time in 1976 and encouraged me to apply to be in the first class of women. advice: at all that you do. When you get good grades in high school, you decide where to go college. If you get mediocre grades, you have to go the school that accepts you. The harder you work, the

Always work hard Titanic Hanumant Singh Hanumant Singh and I have to write a lot of proposals so that can keep relevant and important to society. This job is not easy convince funding organizations that what I am doing is like least: satisfying and fun. teaching and working with students is immensely roses.” hoping to travel and spend more time “smelling the pursue a second career in engineering or teaching. I’m I’ll Guard (you can retire after 20 years of service). to sea with my robots map out ancient shipwrecks, robots to do imaging. I often go out using underwater Hanumant Singh Robert Ballard, the scientist best known for finding Submergence Laboratory, which was founded by Hole Oceanographic Institution. I work in the Deep current job: I am an assistant scientist at the Woods Institution Joint Program Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Ph.D., oceanographic engineering, Massachusetts engineering, George Mason Univ. B.S., computer science/electronics and

Hanumant Singh Hanumant Singh — ocean engineer . I work with underwater robots — specifically . I work with underwater The freedom I have is based on my ability to

hydrothermal vent structures, and other oceanographic phenomena of interest. key factor:

while making a difference to the quality of

life for everyone on this planet. I go to life for everyone

sea with my robots and use them to do work that makes a difference in our

understanding of the oceans and ultimately our planet. It’s extremely satisfying. like most: exactly what I want. Nobody can tell me

that I deem interesting. also think what to do. I choose work on matters

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers I have the freedom to do The amount of fun I can have my own research (and that of my engineers and from contract design to the preparation of detailed students) funded. production drawings. We utilize many aspects of CAD/ Heidi Nepf CAM technology to produce these designs. — environmental engineer relax: I windsurf, I write, and I run. Windsurfing is a good way of understanding the interactions at the key factor: At a very early age I fell in love with the B.S., mechanical engineering, Bucknell Univ. water-sea interface. I write fiction as well as articles saltwater environment and boating. As I got older this M.S. and Ph.D., civil and environmental engineering, about my expeditions and research. I run to keep fit and inspired the desire to live and work near coastal areas. Stanford Univ. because it helps me focus my thoughts. I ran the Boston Marathon in 1994 and one of these years plan like most: Living in a lovely coastal area where my current job: As a professor of environmental engineer- on completing a marathon in under three hours. personal enjoyment of marine activities and my ing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, I professional goals are synonymous. Being constantly conduct research and teach courses in environmental heroes/heroines: Leonardo da Vinci for the breadth of involved with the production of marine designs. hydrodynamics (the study of water motion). My ocean his genius and Mahatma Gandhi for showing the world work mostly deals with flow through and around the path of non-violence. like least: The pressures of time and budget and aquatic vegetation like salt marsh grasses and eelgrass. applying those pressures to our employees. I examine how the plants impact water motion. I work advice: Study hard with an emphasis on the fundamen- in collaboration with an eelgrass biologist who studies tals associated with the physical and mathematical relax: Reading, sailing (both in competition and for how the water motion affects the plants. sciences. pleasure), water skiing, duck hunting, fishing, and just messing around with boats. key factor: Because I enjoyed science and mathemat- career opportunities: They have remained roughly ics, my father and grandfather encouraged me to constant over the last five years. With 70 percent of the heroes/heroines: Frontiersmen, seamen, adventurers. pursue an engineering degree. During my sophomore planet covered with water and with our growing The people, even today, who are willing to go the extra year I took a course in fluid mechanics where we did a understanding of the role of the oceans in governing mile to accomplish a goal or task. lot of experiments. The professor was very enthusias- climate, our field will definitely maintain its importance. tic, and I really loved working in the laboratory — using advice: my hands and brain together. 10 years: Having even more fun! I hope that my Find out as students will be distinguished scientists, engineers, and much as like most: I love designing experiments professors all working together in related fields. Our you can to answer scientific questions because I work will provide a crucial insight into important about the like solving puzzles. Creating a good questions such as those to do with global warming as marine experiment takes a lot of creativity. I well as insight into engineering questions on autono- industry by especially enjoy using dyes or fluores- mous behavior and systems. visiting cent particles to help me see how the companies water is moving. and related universities, like least: I hate meetings. Some of my Joseph H. Comer III observing colleagues can be long-winded. — marine architect marine products, relax: I enjoy mountain biking and B.S.E., naval architecture and marine and hiking, going to the movies, and taking engineering, Univ. of Michigan reading. long walks. I also like mystery novels. current job: I am Vice President of Production Engi- career opportunities: The sea is our last great frontier; heroes/heroines: I admire strong women who lead neering at the Halter Marine Group Inc. in Gulfport, naval architects and marine engineers will lead the way. elegant and interesting lives without reservation or Miss. I am responsible for departmental management hesitation, including Eleanor Roosevelt, Katharine of the development of designs for various marine 10 years: Sailing! Hepburn, Marie Curie, and Isak Dinesen. vehicles. Our group enters the design spiral at any point

National Sea Grant College Program 21 our natural resources and benefit society. tal research, because its goals are ultimately to protect always evolving and changing. And I love environmen- research. I love research. The ideas and activities are 10 years: the needs of environmental protection. and should balance its need for development against how society can understanding of ones with a good experts, especially environmental always need ties: career opportuni- association. local river or park volunteer with a ing you can science/engineer- environmental learn more about subjects. Totory especially labora- math and science, background in advice: 22 fellow of our campus’ Center for Marine Science and the University of Massachusetts. I am also an associate and computer engineering at the Dartmouth campus of current job: Oceanographic Institution Joint Program oceanography, MIT/Woods Hole M.S. and Ph.D., electrical engineering B.S., English literature, MIT of Technology B.S., electrical engineering, Massachusetts Institute John Buck John BuckJohnJohn BuckJohn Buck Buck We will — electrical engineer Get a good I will still be active in field and laboratory I am an assistant professor of electrical really like almost every part of my job. However,really like almost every any like least: doing them because I want to do them. doing things I enjoy doing, and that am means that I spend almost all of my time with, the classes I want to teach, etc. This want to study, the students I want to work environment. I can choose the problems choosing my own work in the academic I like the freedom and responsibility in to the drawing board. Good ideas work, bad ones send you back ground — a concrete test for our ideas. ocean is always the ultimate proving enjoy the practical aspect of work. The challenges with physical adventure. I also field because it combines intellectual like most: engineering. of research in marine-oriented applications of electrical with students. In addition, our department has a history matches well with my interest in teaching and working of strong undergraduate education, which history oceanography lab. During the school year I teach Technology (CMAST), an interdisciplinary engineering, as well as supervise graduate engineering, as well supervise undergraduate and graduate courses in electrical their thesis research,to teach them the I try students. In addition to guiding them in doing be prepared to pursue their own projects when process of doing research in general, so they will In my own research, I study how sound they graduate. underwater sounds, whether they are made by underwater and how best to analyze travels underwater research grant is from the National Science humans or marine mammals. My largest Foundation to study the sounds made by help biologists track and identify these animals dolphins and whales to develop new tools key factor: UMass Dartmouth is a good fit for me underwater. professionally in several ways. The campus has a There is too much of it. As I said above, I find oceanography an exciting computer at some level. of marine science without being able to program a field you are in, math will always be useful. Two other advice: public opinion. moral courage to stand up for their beliefs in the face of Becket and St. Thomas More. Both were men with the heroes/heroines: read good books. to make time and rock shows in local clubs. I also try Symphony Orchestra, the Boston Baroque ensemble, of the events I attend frequently are Boston am able to enjoy the cultural benefits of city. Some Dartmouth is only about an hour from Boston, so I day is important for my health and sanity.every Finding time for some sort of physical exercise almost lacrosse, jogging, swimming, and ultimate frisbee. relax: of the semester. having to get a paper journal during the last week from two different aspects of my job collide, such as hectic at times, especially when deadlines can be very problems that it could be a full-time job in itself. Things one of its components contains enough challenges and I enjoy playing sports to relax, mainly ice hockey,

You can’t learn enough math. No matter what

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers

Two of my heroes are St. Thomas (continued on page 32) in most research to do hard very it will be 10 years I think in computer. gram a to pro- the ability well and to write the ability skills are important very There are many jobs in the field of marine science that do not fit into the categories of marine biology, oceanography, or ocean engi- neering. Instead, these jobs may fit more than one category, or they may overlap other fields, such as education, communication, economics, RelatedRelated FieldsFields seagoing careers, or business. Many of these jobs are highly specialized and require very different educational backgrounds, Sonya Wood Mahler like most: The tremendous flexibility and variety. The experiences, and skills. Some of the jobs may be Sonya Wood Mahler opportunity to develop programs and projects to meet unique to the people who do them. In other — environmental educator the needs of the community. I get paid to do what I love words, they may have started their own busi- to do and live in Paradise! ness or created their position because they B.S., marine biology/physics, Auburn Univ. perceived a need for their expertise. B.S., secondary science education, Auburn Univ. like least: This is definitely not a nine-to-five job. I Some characteristics shared by people in M.S., environmental education/natural resources, work a lot of nights and weekends because that is when virtually all marine-related careers include a Univ. of Wisconsin, Stevens Point the love of the marine environment, a respect for the audiences way the ocean works, and a sense of curiosity. current job: I am a marine extension are Many people in the marine sciences describe a agent for Florida Sea Grant. My office is available. feeling of accomplishment or satisfaction about in Pensacola, but I work throughout There are their work, knowing that being involved in their Escambia and Santa Rosa counties. I’m a many 60- field has or will make a difference for present marine biologist with a twist. I do a little hour weeks. and future generations. Others like the sense of research and a lot of education. Working pioneering discovery, given the fact that much with both adults and youth, I coordinate a relax: Bike remains to be learned about the way the ocean variety of marine and coastal programs. riding, works and the organisms that inhabit it. This includes organizing beach cleanups kayaking, There are countless possibilities for a marine- and underwater cleanups, marine windsurfing, related career: marine educator, science writer, mammal rescues, sea turtle monitoring waterskiing. filmmaker, photographer, ecotourism guide, efforts, manatee dive trips, the fishing I do a lot of park ranger, beach superintendent, maritime or line recycling program, 4-H marine photogra- environmental lawyer, coastal or ocean policy camps, estuary canoe trips, and a phy, both experts, aquavet (veterinarians that specialize in program for coastal residents called When the Gulf is underwater and above. I enjoy travel, theater, marine or aquatic animals), economist, marine Your Backyard. I distribute a quarterly marine educa- Samoyeds, blues and country music, shrimp, and dark archaeologist, marine historian, fundraiser or tion newsletter entitled Turning the Tide and other Sea chocolate. spokesperson, aquaculturist, manager of an Grant and Extension Service publications. agency specializing in marine or freshwater heroes/heroines: Edward Abbey, Bev Doolittle, Jacques issues, marina manager, ship’s captain or mate, key factor: I wanted to work with the marine and Cousteau, Sylvia Earle, Charles and Ann Morrow environmental planner, manager of a land coastal environment. I grew up on the Gulf coast and I Lindbergh, Richard Wilke, and my parents, Frank and conservation organization or land trust, bota- wanted to help other residents appreciate and protect it. Frankie, who are outstanding educators. nist, computer specialist with a marine or That was far more important to me than how much I environmental organization, ecologist, hatchery would make. I worked in marine mammal research and advice: Get lots of field experience (on weekends, in specialist, landscape or maritime architect, and taught high school marine biology before finding this the summer, as a volunteer) to make sure this is what so on. perfect niche for me called marine extension. I bring you enjoy and to develop your skills. Also, get experi- While we certainly won’t attempt to list all of the research to a wide audience in a way that they can ence in public speaking, writing, computers, graphics, the possibilities, it’s probably safe to say that understand it and use it. photography, lab work, scuba or skin diving, and the you can combine your interest in the ocean or identification of coastal creatures and native plants.

National Sea Grant College Program 23 24 narian, as Myron Kebus of Wisconsin did (read becoming an aquavet or aquaculture veteri- as a doctor, perhaps you should consider If you love fish and have considered a career parks, or wildlife refuges). aquaria, museums, nature or science centers, setting) and informal education (for example, formal education (a classroom or academic field of education, you can choose between marine education may be for you. Even in the and don’t mind working long hours, a career in person,” enjoy teaching and public speaking, may be worth exploring. If you are a “people writing, communications, or public relations environmental reporting, science or technical the water, ocean, or environment, a career in If you like to write and have a love for most about and create your own path.” your heart; find ways to pursue what you care and the environment. My advice is to follow social and community service education, career path based on my interests in science, way to be effective in my job. I created my own staff and project management skills along the a scientist. However, I also had to learn a lot of to understand science from the point of view science education,” he says, “it really does help scientist and holds a Ph.D. “In working in Aquarium, who was trained as an academic director of education at the New England Similar advice is offered by William Spitzer, no) jobs out there at any given time.” to make your job because there are few (perhaps Learn a lot about of things. . You will have marine biology or journalism even business. don’t major in film or television college. Take can be, completely at home in the water. Second, filmmakers: “First, learn to be the best diver you example. His advice to aspiring underwater water filmmaker Bill Lovin’s career path is one ent pathways to achieving such a career. Under- “related fields,” there are almost as many differ- there are in the marine field, especially As many different career opportunities as specialties to design a potential career. freshwater with many other fields, hobbies, or family and friends. rounded people who like to balance their careers with relax: promote and wheel deal with “suits.” like least: in. satisfaction from the act of creating something I believe like most: the work and time required. you can do it and be willing to put in for them. You have to decide that but most think that it isn’t possible thing to do, would be a wonderful possible. Lots of people think this key factor: the world. N.C., but my work takes me all over miles from the coast in Chapel Hill, editing, writing scripts. I live 150 — diving and shooting, everything my own company and do a little of sion and for the classroom. I have about the marine world for televi- and entertainment films videos history, educational, environmental, current job: Chapel Hill B.A., journalism, Univ. of North Carolina, Bill Lovin Bill LovinBillBill LovinBill Lovin Lovin coastal state as an agent or specialist. 10 years: tion for positions in environmental fields. slightly. I think the future will see increasing competi- mine with federal and state agencies has decreased career opportunities: — underwater filmmaker I work all the time. This is not a career for well- I hope to be working with Sea Grant in some The need to sell myself. I hate self- Filmmaking is an art and like any artist, I get Realizing that it was I produce natural The number of positions like now. I hope to be doing it smarter and better. Diving 10 years: outfits. But not many and they may be full time. with tourist operations, or even researchservices, videographers with oil companies or hull inspection There may be a few jobs for underwater are more outlets for your work. channels and more interest in the environment, there and sell your shows. However, with more cable college. Take marine biology or journalism even water. Second, don’t major in film or television the best diver you can be, completely at home in star. Many are called, few chosen. First, learn to be filmmaker is a little like deciding you want to be rock advice: contributions to life cross many disciplines. to say that I most admire Dr. Sylvia Earle, whose helped start our space program. Currently, I would have Werner von Braun, the German rocket scientist who — a hard working and unrestrained thinker. Also heroes/heroines: Deciding you want to be an underwater

I hope to be doing exactly what I’m

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Thomas Edison was a boyhood hero filmmakers, you work for yourself jobs in this world for underwater and shoots something. There are no products, a videographer goes out videographer. Filmmakers produce than being an underwater filmmaker is different underwater career opportunities: Being an option! Always have a second career filmmaker is possible, but difficult. photographer or underwater Becoming a self-supporting jobs out there at any given time. because there are few (perhaps no) You will have to make your job to critique and edit your own work. camera and go out shoot. Learn Then buy a movie camera or video and learn all you can on your own. things. Take up still photography business. Learn a lot about of about his job on p. 28). can take a physical toll on a person and my hope would submerged for long periods of time, but I always follow Or, if you’re torn between your interests in law be that no diving accident would prevent me from the recommended decompression guidelines. On land, I and the marine field, consider a career in envi- doing what I love in the future. enjoy horseback riding, the movies, and the theater. ronmental or maritime law, or coastal or ocean policy. As the number of environmental regula- heroes/heroines: I don’t have a particular hero, but I tions continues to grow, the need for people who Carmen M. Márquez-Marín admire the Mexican painter Frida Kahlo, Amelia Earhart, understand the science behind the regulations and all the other determined, creative, and courageous will increase. Science — and an understanding of — environmental lawyer women who were not afraid to make career choices the way science works — is crucial to determin- and marine archaeologist when there were very few opportunities and lots of ing the success or failure of regulations or restrictions and limitations for them. policies designed to protect the environment. B.S., anthropology, Univ. of Puerto Rico Education plays a critical role as well, and can M.S., nautical archaeology, Texas A&M Univ. advice: Persevere and make your dreams come true. serve as the link between the need for such J.D., law, Univ. of Puerto Rico Maritime archaeology and environmental law are regulations with the outcomes and benefits, or, M.S., environmental law, Vermont fabulous disciplines. conversely, the need to update, revise, or do Law School (candidate) The work is hard, but away with regulations that prove ineffective. the effort is worth- Margaret Goud Collins works in policy current job: At present I am specializing in while. These are the overseeing the US involvement in an interna- environmental law at Vermont Law School. In the professions of the tional non-governmental research organization. last two years I have been working as a trial future. “As the world becomes more technically oriented lawyer in Legal Services, a nonprofit corporation and population and development pressures push in San Juan, P.R. I also operate my own business, career opportuni- the limits of the natural order. . . the need and Archeo Marine Research, where I work as a ties: Opportunities in relevance for scientific input is growing,” she consultant and researcher in maritime archaeol- the fields of maritime explains. “The capacity to model natural, social, ogy. My clients are mostly developers and archaeology and and economic systems is making predictive government agencies that must comply with environmental law capability more useful for policy makers [and] government requirements in order to be able to are definitely on the globalization is opening opportunities around the build structures on the shoreline or in the sea. rise. Environmental world,” she says. lawyers are becom- When thinking about careers, work environ- key factor: The decisive factor was definitely my ing indispensable to ment is an important factor to consider. Marine- passion for the sea, which I developed during my protect natural related job opportunities exist in virtually every early childhood. My curiosity regarding human resources and to setting: within government, private industry, behavior also influenced my decisions. establish controls to academia (schools, colleges, universities), busi- global commercial ness, and non-profit organizations, to name a like most: I like having the opportunity to combine development. few. The positions available may be similar, but my interest in human behavior and my love of the the actual day-to-day responsibilities can differ sea while studying how human beings have 10 years: I’ll greatly, depending on which avenue you choose. interacted with the marine environment at different probably be working as a lawyer specializing in For example, a ship captain could choose to work times in history. environmental law. This branch of law includes for the federal government commanding a US maritime archaeology and also provides the tools for Navy ship, for a private oceanographic research like least: This field is relatively new, and it can be developing legislation to protect archaeological institution commanding a research vessel, or for frustrating to deal with people who do not understand findings. I hope to continue offering consulting services a museum or aquarium commanding a visitors its importance. Even worse is running into treasure through Archeo Marine Research. My most precious tour boat. While the job title may be similar, the hunters with no respect for history. dream is to create a nonprofit maritime archaeology job description could vary greatly. research institute in Puerto Rico in order to explore and Another thing to consider is where you’d like relax: Mostly, I go to the beach. I love sail sports: investigate the territorial waters of the island and the to work. Not all marine-related jobs require you to windsurfing, sailboating. I enjoy diving and being Caribbean.

National Sea Grant College Program 25 26 What an exciting field to be in! a great deal yet to be discovered and understood. oceanography is a relatively new science, there is involves a life-long learning process. Because well. A career in any aspect of marine science ment is important in marine-related careers as learning all you can about the marine environ- strive to understand how the oceans work, technicians who conduct marine research and oceanography is important to scientists and Just as learning about the different fields of have always loved.” rounded by the animals and environment that I with people while at the same time being sur- to share my delight and interest in marine science the perfect setting for me. I have opportunity ments that teach about the marine world. This is found that most of them have education depart- investigated museums and aquariums, interest to me than working in a laboratory. I working with people was of much greater taking courses in education and I discovered that hard-core science aspect of this field. I began but I found that my interest did not lie in the tor states, “I studied marine biology in college, like what you were doing. As one marine educa- get up and go to work every day if you didn’t important. After all, it wouldn’t be enjoyable to about yourself and your responsibilities is very Having a career that makes you feel good at a desk, or combination? being outdoors in all weather conditions, inside ing to a supervisor? working in team setting? home? supervising and leading others or report- tions, and sick time? traveling or staying close to typical work day with a lunch hour, paid vaca- structured environment? flexible hours or a others? working at your own pace or in a more independently or do you prefer being around what makes you happy. Do you like: working combines your interests and skills. Consider And, don’t forget, the best job will be one that tunities. rivers and lakes, also offer similar career oppor- be near it. Locations around freshwater, such as live at the coast, though many opportunities will • Kurt Byers Kurt Byers swinging jump blues. I’m an avid student of ballroom relax: photography, and graphic design. creative aspects of communications, such as writing, much time and effort as I would like to the hands-on communications program prevent me from devoting as like least: the integrity of our marine environment. creative skills in a way that contributes to maintaining ethic, empathy for challenges business people face, and career that allows me to combine my conservation like most: natural environment. career that would promote wise stewardship of our and apply those skills with my business sense in a my creative talents — writing, photography, and art — decade in private business, I decided wanted to hone key factor: In returning to college at age 30 after a use of the seas. and wise that will promote conservation events, all aimed at sharing knowledge exhibits, presentations, and public fact sheets, web sites, a radio program, phlets, newspaper and magazine articles, audiences. We produce books, pam- information needs to be provided our and others to decide what kind of staff of communications professionals, with university faculty, my five-member coastal and ocean resources and work public information needs pertaining to Sea Grant College Program, I assess of the University Alaska (Fairbanks) current job: As communications manager communications, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor B.S., natural resources/environmental communicator Kurt Byers

Kurt Byers Kurt Byers — environmental I’m addicted to music with a special affinity for The day-to-day demands of managing a I get great satisfaction knowing I’ve found a heroes/heroines: newspapers, and novels. landscaping, and read a lot — news magazines, and many interesting locales I visit. enjoy carpentry and throw the football. I also like to photograph and swing dancing, like to play golf, shoot hoops, others how to become effective communicators. in the field of natural resources, or perhaps teaching 10 years: these resources. marine resources and the effects of human activity on translate, and disseminate important information about environmental communicators who can synthesize, a need for highly trained and motivated professional our marine environment, there will be about conserving career opportunities: interests. career that taps your unique combination of skills and search out an educational path that will lead you to a advice: strong work ethic and social values. environment for me and my four sisters, instill a house I grew up in, provide a stable and supportive Identify your skills and interests, then

I expect will be a communicator or educator

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers My only real hero is my father, a As long as people are concerned steadfast pilot, man of great teamed with my character build the mother to who, after surviving the perils of World War II as a decorated fighter Eleanor S. Uhlinger like least: career opportunities: Positions in library and informa- As I’ve tion science are definitely increasing. The amount of — marine information moved up information being generated is doubling at an alarming specialist the ladder rate. Technological advances brought on by the Internet to a more have made it easier to access remote information, but B.A., environmental, population, and administra- librarians still serve a critical role by organizing and organismic biology, Univ. of Colorado tive facilitating access to this distributed information. at Boulder position, M.L.I.S., Univ. of Washington at Seattle I’ve 10 years: Good question! I hope to be moving into a become new library building that I’ll be planning and building in current job: I am the director of Marine more the years ahead. The new library will include spaces for Sciences Information Services at the removed people, information in all its shapes and forms, and University of Rhode Island (URI) in from the whatever technology we’re using in the decades ahead. Narragansett, R.I. My day-to-day activities day-to-day focus on the leadership and administra- scientific tion of three University units: the Pell enterprise. Marine Science Library, the National Sea Now I Stuart E. May Grant Depository library, and the Coastal Data and spend way too much time in meetings and pushing — aquarium curator Information Center. Based at URI’s Graduate School of paperwork. I would prefer to spend more time attend- Oceanography, my staff and I primarily serve faculty, ing scientific seminars and meeting scientists in their B.A., environmental studies, Gettysburg College researchers, and graduate and undergraduate students offices and laboratories. in the fields of oceanography, marine, and environmen- current job: I am the husbandry curator at the North tal sciences. My three units provide access to the relax: Reading, Scottish country dancing, traveling and Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores. I supervise the information and data resources our students and exploring, helping restore an 18th century farmhouse husbandry staff, including aquarists who maintain the scientists need for their research and academic and grounds. aquatic exhibits, a lab tech who monitors water programs. I am also responsible for identifying, chemistry, and several summer interns. We are managing, planning, implementing, and promoting heroes/heroines: responsible for all aspects of animal care. We build access to new types of data and information resources Writers! I admire some of the aquariums, construct the life support and technologies. anyone who can systems, collect the animals, feed them, and take successfully put care of them. key factor: My interest in an oceanographic career ideas into a cohesive A part of my duties includes assisting with the began when I was 13 years old and attended a unit — be it a work of marine mammal and sea turtle stranding networks. weeklong special course at the University of Delaware’s fact, fiction, or a The aquarium is available to help transport and marine laboratory in Lewes. Although I did not live scientific treatise. rehabilitate injured mammals and turtles. close to the ocean, this opportunity and television shows like Sea Hunt, Flipper, and Jacques Cousteau advice: Take as many key factor: An aquarium is a very stimulating stimulated my interest in the sea! science, math, place. I enjoy working with the animals as well as grammar/composi- with the mechanical systems. like most: I love working at the cutting edge of marine tion, and computer science. I feel that librarians play an important role in classes as possible. A like most: I enjoy designing and building new the scientific process as we help researchers find the strong background in aquarium systems. The technology has advanced information they need to design experiments, compare a basic science will dramatically over the past 20 years and it is a their results with other datasets, analyze those results, prepare you well for challenge to incorporate the new technology into and finally, publish the results for others to review. I any career in marine an old facility. also like to work with students or the general public science. who may be investigating a topic for the first time. like least: Working with the state bureaucracy.

National Sea Grant College Program 27 Faith A. McGruther Faith A. McGruther 28 The more I learned per se as my career went forward. key factor: and the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, the COFTMA: the Bay Mills Indian Community, the present time, four tribes are members of well as some chubs, salmon, and walleye. At whitefish and lake trout as the tribes harvest Treaty of 1836. Under the terms treaty, portions of the Great Lakes covered by regulating the natural resources of the responsible for managing, enhancing, and ment Authority (COTFMA), an organization the Chippewa/Ottawa Treaty Manage- Fishery current job: Aquarium. here at the North Carolina and husbandry 10 years: over the country. career opportunities: New aquariums are opening all detailed aquarium knowledge is learned on the job. Aquariums need experienced employees. Most of the advice: counted. about invertebrates. Rosa Parks, who stood up to be science. Robert Barnes, a college professor who taught Williams, my fifth grade teacher, who introduced me to who kept me on the straight and narrow. Austin heroes/heroines: stargazing as well watching and playing Jeopardy. ational scuba diving. I also enjoy astronomy and daughters’ soccer teams. I enjoy camping and recre- relax: Faith A. McGruther Faith A. McGruther Faith A. McGruther

— resource manager I play soccer and racquetball. coach my Try to get as much job training possible. I hope to be director of operations There was never a defined “career decision” I am the executive director of My parents, Audrey and Semuel May, people. ing interest- new and lots of meeting enjoyed really have most: like on Mother Earth. the Great Lakes, their beauty, and all natural resources that is always challenging and never boring. Also, I love what was happening in the fishery. It is the type of work about treaty fishing, the more intrigued I became with relax: like least: heritage. beginning and should be able to go on as part of our I love to spend time with my grandchildren. Also, I Traveling. I hate to fly. Lakes in helping to make difference in the Great I also would like to sure there is a fishery for sure there is a fishery through the years. marvelous friends marvelous have also made some doing is making a believe that what I am really impressed me. I Fishing has been a part of future generations. Daniel Inouye — have John Glenn, Senator Hornbeck Tanner, Senator Some of them — Helen our way of life from the Myron J. Kebus Myron J. Kebus Myron J. Kebus laboratory. time in the office, field, at meetings, and issues of fish health. Roughly, I spend equal portions of Wisconsin. I work closely with fish farmers to address current job: I am the state aquaculture veterinarian for at Madison D.V.M., medicine, Univ. veterinary of Wisconsin M.S., aquaculture, Univ. of Wisconsin at Madison B.S., biology, Michigan State Univ. some way with the natural resources of my tribe. tribal committees. That way I will still be involved in 10 years: I think he really tried to do what was best for this heroes/heroines: about. that I don’t think about all the things was stressed I like to garden. get so engrossed in what am doing

Myron J. Kebus Myron J. Kebus — aquaculture veterinarian I will be retired and volunteering my time on

level. now, with the budget crunches, it is pretty resource field will increase even though right every field. I believe jobs within the natural every and more, women are becoming important in career opportunities: front of people and meeting new people. all. Learn how to be comfortable speaking in get a degree. I regret not doing so most of they are going into, is to go college and student could do today, no matter what field advice: no matter what I did. always been there for me and supported country. Another is my sister, who has

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers One of my heroes is John F. Kennedy.

The best thing any high school (continued on page 32) I believe that, more As you have seen in this guide, the marine sciences offer many educational and employment opportunities. But what are the chances of finding a job in your field of choice? Your ability to land a job in the marine sci- ences will depend on many factors. And, while CareerCareer OutlookOutlook some of those factors will be out of your control, it’s important to prepare yourself as best you can. Throughout this publication, a few key messages ing to the study, that includes jobs in nontradi- to students: “get some research experience as an were repeated by several of the people featured. tional occupations — patent law, science policy undergraduate; find out if you actually like Their advice (see page 30) is based on experience, and administration, the media, investment firms, research before you commit to graduate school.” so you may want to heed their advice as you and novel educational settings. Also noted: a So what can students interested in pursuing a make important educational and career decisions. growth of employment in medical research career in the ocean sciences expect? According to industries including biotechnology, research the experiences of graduate school alumni from RESEARCH CAREERS supplies, and pharmaceutical companies. Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Students interested in pursuing a research While academia is still the largest employer Education (CORE) institutions, obtained through career may find opportunities in academia, for Ph.D. recipients, statistics may be misleading. a 1995 survey, the following: industry, government, non-profit and non- The NAS study identified a recent trend that may • Graduates will hold a number of jobs in a governmental organizations, consulting firms, be boosting employment figures for graduates: variety of sectors. and owning their own businesses. Many factors the “postdoc” or postdoctural position. • Most graduates can expect to change jobs often. influence job opportunities in these areas, includ- Traditionally, a postdoc is the first job taken by • Many funding mechanisms, such as intern- ing the economy, funding, and distribution of a Ph.D. graduate in a research or academic ships, externships, traineeships, teaching assis- government support. institution. Some graduates find that they have to tantships, and research assistantships, provide take back-to-back postdoc positions to stay the vehicles for educational experiences that are Researchers in Academia employed. And postdocs, once seen as a fall-back useful in postgraduate careers. Within an academic setting, there are basically job, are getting harder to come by. three possibilities for employment: research and That has been Laura Magde’s experience. Researchers in Industry training, teaching and research, and teaching and Magde, a marine geophysicist who earned her Research careers in industry are very diverse, modest research. Most positions require at least a Ph.D. in 1997, discovered that pursuing a career and “industry” is difficult to characterize. master’s degree, and preference is generally in the academic research setting is so difficult she Nicholas Basta, in his 1992 book Environmental given to those holding a Ph.D. may be forced out of the field. After her postdoc Jobs for Scientists and Engineers, writes, “in the While a research career at a university (con- position ran out, she interviewed for several jobs, overall job market, there has been a trend among sisting of research and training) was once consid- including additional postdoc opportunities, to no Ph.D. scientists and engineers toward working in ered the “traditional” career path for Ph.D. avail. “There are simply way too many people for industry and a corresponding decline to their graduates in the marine sciences, changes in the far too few jobs,” she states. working in academia. . . The grand summation of academic world coupled with funding uncertain- Dr. Susan M. Henrichs, professor of marine these trends is that the scientific enterprise is ties have made this path far less predictable. An science and department head at the University of becoming increasingly interwoven with the increasing number of Ph.D. graduates are work- Alaska’s School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences economic enterprises of the United States.” ing in colleges where teaching is the focus of the in Fairbanks, has spent her entire career in Dr. Jay W. Gooch is an environmental scientist position and research is secondary or minimal. research and teaching in academia. She believes with Procter and Gamble. In his position, Gooch Such settings include four-year colleges, junior that the outlook for a career like hers “will helps provide the company with the tools and colleges, and community colleges. remain about the same.” Her forecast is based on expertise necessary to ensure that its products are A study commissioned by the National the status of research funding. “Because the trend safe. “While some people find careers in industry Academy of Sciences (NAS), found that Ph.D. is to stagnate state and federal funding of both that are hard to distinguish from an academic graduates are finding non-academic jobs more research and higher education,” she explains, career — that is, mostly research — others find a easily than academic research positions. Accord- “growth of my field seems unlikely.” Her advice blend of research and product-oriented problem-

National Sea Grant College Program 29 30 sources as they have in the past.” compounds will undoubtedly come from marine enough, many leads in the search for these novel human diseases,” he explains. “Interestingly ment of novel therapeutics to address a variety of of current research sets the stage for develop- “[N]ew information and technology coming out in research that relates to new therapeutics. biotechnology company, predicts strong growth former vice president of research at a large Bruce Altrock, an independent consultant and large employer of scientists and technicians. Human health-related industry is another businesses efficiently and safely. tion technologies, for example — to run their engineering — weather forecasting and naviga- nies, also rely on advances in oceanography and industries, such as airlines and shipping compa- and natural disasters. Transportation-related predict and understand weather-related hazards Insurance companies rely on oceanographers to private industry, outside the realm of R&D. Other opportunities exist in nontraditional on ‘what’s best for the company,’” said Gooch. successful industry scientists have a strong focus “Unlike many independent academic researchers, with peers are highly valued by employers. tion skills and the ability to relate to and interact Because teamwork is important, communica- and the importance of teamwork. tics of industry research careers are regular hours sumer-driven market demand. Other characteris- external factors such as the economy and con- As a rule, industry tends to be dependent on ineffective products. improve existing products, or discontinue research can be used to create new products, important data to company managers. This development, scientists and engineers provide energy production, and resource exploration and biotechnology, construction, manufacturing, Within industries such as pharmaceuticals, ments and R&D divisions of large corporations. in industry exist within environmental depart- Numerous opportunities for research careers solving and management,” he says. over someone who lacks experience. the field is like and may give you an edge research projects will give you a taste of what programs, science clubs, and independent unpaid), fellowships, camps, mentoring Volunteer opportunities, internships (paid and experience in an area that interests you. and never pass up an opportunity to get • your goals. enthusiasm, and creativity, you can achieve really want to do in life. With hard work, casts and more about working at what you • taking the same path. marine sciences get to their positions by currently employed in oceanography or the few people considered. Remember: very eyes to a career you might never have experience, or adventure could open your • ate. This could limit your options later. selecting a specialty area as an undergradu- pursue a postgraduate degree, hold off on options open. Even if you think want to • skills are important too. how to solve problems. Computer and writing knowledge about the way things work and the math and sciences provide a solid base of research and non-research careers because This is important for students interested in ing throughout your undergraduate years. you can, starting in high school and continu- • Advice from the Experts Volunteer, volunteer, volunteer! Start young less about job fore- Be persistent! Worry Be flexible! One course, professor, book, Do not specialize too early! Keep your Take as many math and science courses

McCormick has an affiliation with a university, a In addition to his government position, the time. This is necessary and important.” individual focus areas and priorities change all of has remained the same over years, but sponsored research. “The core mission of NIH NIH as a symbol of success in government- sponds to changing research needs. He cites the ment agencies change as the government re- McCormick adds that the emphases of govern- you’re often constrained by the agency needs.” pursue your real research interests because the down side, you don’t have freedom to needing to write grants secure funding. But, on research jobs from jobs in academia is not always characteristic that differentiates government Department of the Interior, agrees. “Certainly, a with the National Biological Service of US Dr. Steve McCormick, a research physiologist indeed be employed in research.” doms, most notably a certainty that they will government scientists are granted certain free- her inquiries in a certain field. In return for this, sometimes require the individual to direct his or to envision an eventual societal benefit and may of fundamental science, the agency must be able agencies. While this research may still be in areas research that is relevant to the missions of their “Government scientists,” she said, “perform described the difference as a trade-off. Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), once former chief scientist at the National Oceanic and private research facility. Dr. Kathryn Sullivan, being a scientist employed by university or Being a government scientist differs from opportunities will decrease. government levels will increase, while federal believe opportunities at the city, local, and state push to downsize the federal government, many federal, state, and local levels. With the current policy and management. These jobs exist at the research labs or departments and in areas such as scientists and engineers exist in government government are difficult to generalize. Jobs for As with research jobs in industry, those in Researchers in Government

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers combination he considers a real benefit. Such an tion, and community service to legal advocacy, funding sources. As Gregory Johnson, a NOAA affiliation, which can involve teaching and lobbying for legislative change, and civil disobe- oceanographer with the Pacific Marine Environ- advising students, is generally feasible for dience. NGOs range in size from small commu- mental Laboratory states, “Science does no good government researchers and is fairly common. nity groups to huge organizations with national unless it is communicated to others.” Dr. Alexander Shor is a program director in or international memberships. the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Ocean Because there are so many non-profit and non- NON-RESEARCH CAREERS Sciences Division, where he manages funds that governmental organizations, there are many A research career is certainly not the only will be distributed through NSF’s research grant choices in terms of specialty area, size, and option for students interested in the exciting field programs. Because federal government is in a geographic location. A concern for many in these of marine science. In fact, the possibilities for a down-sizing trend, Shor doesn’t see career sectors is funding pressure and competition, the non-research career are as varied as one’s desires growth in his field, though he does see increasing relatively small number of pure research posi- and imagination. opportunities for scientists to serve in temporary tions available, and the salaries, which tend to be Changes in the economy and politics can positions, something he recommends. If working lower than in industry or academia. impact non-research marine careers in much the at a federal research agency is something that same way they impact the research community. A interests you, Shor suggests getting research Researchers in Consulting Firms common example is federal support for educa- and/or teaching experience in that specialty or Private Enterprise tion, which, in times of budget cuts, generally before planning to shift into the funding realm. Environmental consulting is another career translates to cuts at the state and local levels. option for research scientists. Consulting compa- Eventually, federal budget cuts reach the small, Researchers in Non-profit nies range in size and scope from large, interna- community-based programs such as after-school and Non-governmental Organizations tional, multi-specialty firms to small companies science clubs, science museums, and nature Non-profit and non-governmental organiza- specializing in one field. Consulting careers have facilities as well as educational programming on tions provide additional career options for offered researchers many opportunities in the science or the environment. scientists and engineers, in addition to the many past. Whether or not this trend will continue is With projections for the US labor market opportunities they offer non-researchers. hard to predict. The field is highly competitive favoring the information, service, and technology Some of these groups are similar to academia and, as such, often requires competent presenta- sectors, what will this mean for students inter- in their research-based missions [for example, the tion skills. Keep in mind that most consultants ested in a marine-related career? For one thing, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), have prior experience in some aspect of research more opportunities in the information and mass the largest independent oceanographic institu- or teaching before venturing out on their own or communication sectors seem likely, as do oppor- tion in the world, is a private, non-profit research joining a consulting firm. tunities in marine industries, such as marine facility, and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Re- An increasingly attractive option for many electronics, aquaculture, environmentally based search Institute is a part-science, part-engineering scientists and engineers is starting a business. recreation and tourism, engineering, hydro- institute that develops instruments, systems, and This allows for flexibility and may be a way to geology, water quality management, and envi- methods for scientific studies of the deep ocean combine a part-time teaching position with ronmental education and communication. and specializes in exploration with remotely independent research and “research for hire.” On According to Dr. Judith McDowell, senior operated vehicles]. Other non-profit organiza- the down-side, one should be willing to put in scientist and associate dean of the education tions concentrate more on environmental advo- long hours and a fair amount of unpaid work in program at WHOI, the overall outlook for a cacy (well-known examples include the Nature order to get established. career in the marine sciences is bright. “New jobs Conservancy, the World Wildlife Foundation, in marine sciences are expanding in many sectors Greenpeace, and the Sierra Club). Summary due to continuing advances in technology and a A non-governmental organization (NGO) is In addition to being good scientists and growing appreciation for the importance of the generally defined as a nonprofit group or associa- engineers, today’s researchers must also be good oceans to all life on earth,” she says. “The next tion organized outside of institutionalized writers and speakers. Not only do researchers decade should bring an even greater array of political structures. Many NGOs have social need to submit proposals to funding sources in challenges and careers than we see at present. objectives, while others serve particular constitu- an attempt to get financial support for their The future is exciting.” encies. NGO activities range from research, research, they must also present their results to • information distribution, training, local organiza- colleagues, decision-makers, students, and

National Sea Grant College Program 31 32 positions within tribal management. educational opportunities to tribal members fill However, goal of the tribe is to provide the primary Tulalip Tribes in developing the shellfish program. 10 years: companies will also increase. organizations, academic institutions, and private increased, the related opportunities in technical 10 years. As new products are raised and production is western US has been gradually increasing over the past increasing. Production of aquaculture products in the in aquaculture and the number of jobs is now than there were 15 years ago. I have a background Species Act, and water concerns, there are more jobs awareness of environmental concerns, the Endangered are generally increasing. With increasing public career opportunities: Career opportunities in fisheries may not particularly like. to you. Try hard in all your classes, even the ones you and the other classes that may not seem important tant, so are writing, public speaking, social sciences, education. While science and math classes are impor- advice: the way for my generation. much hardship and discrimination. Their efforts paved for a new life in the US. They sacrificed much and faced the first-generation pioneers who left their homeland great-grandparents and grandparents, but also for all of the utmost respect and admiration for not only my heroes/heroines: relaxing. ing any time outdoors is very and more of my work being spent in the office, spend- relax: government, tribal governments have the same politics. government. Although smaller than the state or federal also frustrating to work with a bureaucratic type of Toba/ Toba/Toba/Toba/Toba/ I like to work in my yard and garden. With more Take a variety of classes to get well-rounded I would like to continue work for the marine biology I am of Japanese descent and have Buck/ Buck/Buck/Buck/Buck/ lot of things I need to learn before write that book. mammal communications, but I think there are still a have is to write a book on signal processing and marine undergraduates and graduates. One long term goal I processing and acoustics research, and teaching both 10 years: activities in this area. seen a modest increase in funding for research communicate in the ocean. In last five years I have lot to learn about these animals and how they live ties. People are realizing all the time that we still have a is demonstrating a slow increase in career opportuni- career opportunities: hope to be an educator until I retire. 10 years: science, as have environmental and engineering firms. hiring more young people with degrees in marine has been market has improved. The petroleum industry openings in academia. However, within industry, the job career opportunities: are here to help you. science. Find out about them, and don’t be afraid. We opportunities opening up for young people in marine afraid to learn, and read, read. There are many advice: desire to learn and question. attained his doctoral degree, but he instilled in me a time when that was a difficult thing to do. He never African American who went on to be a scientist at heroes/heroines: people I love, especially my wife, Carol. to read. But mostly, I enjoy being in the company of to go on long walks with friends and family. And I like relax: Hall/ oceanography Hall/Hall/Hall/Hall/ I like to exercise, especially lifting weights. I like Never be afraid to ask questions, never I think will still be working both in signal I hope to be working closely with teachers. ocean engineering My main hero is my father. He is an I think marine mammal science There are presently not many am not even thinking about now. now I will be involved with aspects of aquaculture that would be doing what I am now. Ten years from 10 years: nities for yourself and others. much a career in which you create opportu- This is very for a limited number of properly trained veterinarians. career opportunities: veterinarian. Learn by doing. and economics as well biology — to be an effective focus. You need a variety of skills — language, math, allow people to discourage you. Don’t narrow your advice: be seen as heroes. is right because it and not they want to life who demonstrate the courage to do what everyday heroes/heroines: long hikes. and take newspapers from anywhere and everywhere, relax: medicine at this time. veterinary eration for anyone thinking of pursuing a career in adequately compensated. This is an important consid- like least: have fun. good job, they enjoy working with fish, and like to like most: combined the two and has been an interesting journey. mined to be a veterinarian. Becoming fish veterinarian key factor: I have always enjoyed fish. was deter- Kebus/ related fields Kebus/Kebus/Kebus/Kebus/ Raise koi and goldfish at home. Garden, read Listen to your heart, work very hard, and don’t Listen to your heart, work very Several years ago I would not have guessed

Veterinary professionals struggle to be Veterinary Working with fish farmers. They want to do a

Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers Marine Science Careers My family and friends, people in The opportunities are increasing FLORIDA National Sea Grant Florida Sea Grant College Program Univ. of Florida National Oceanic and Box 110400 Atmospheric Gainesville, FL 32611 SeaSea GrantGrant ProgramsPrograms Administration 352/392-5870 SSMC3 Room 11736 1315 East-West Highway GEORGIA MAINE MINNESOTA NORTH CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINA Silver Spring, MD 20910 Georgia Sea Grant Maine Sea Grant Minnesota Sea Grant North Carolina Sea Grant South Carolina Sea Grant 301/713-2431 Univ. of Georgia Univ. of Maine Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth North Carolina State Univ. Consortium Marine Sciences Bldg. 5715 Coburn Hall 2305 E. 5th St. Box 8605 287 Meeting St. Orono, ME 04469-5715 Duluth, MN 55812 Raleigh, NC 27695-8605 Charleston, SC 29401 ALASKA Athens, GA 30602-3636 706/542-6009 207/581-1435 218/726-8106 919/515-2454 843/727-2078 Alaska Sea Grant Univ. of Alaska HAWAII MARYLAND MISSISSIPPI OHIO TEXAS P.O. Box 755040 Mississippi-Alabama Sea Hawaii Sea Grant Maryland Sea Grant Ohio Sea Grant Texas Sea Grant Fairbanks, AK 99775-5040 Grant Consortium Univ. of Hawaii Univ. of Maryland Ohio State Univ. Texas A&M Univ. 907/474-7086 703 East Beach Dr. 2525 Correa Rd., HIG 238 0112 Skinner Hall 1541 Research Center 1716 Briarcrest Dr., Suite 603 College Park, MD 20742 P.O. Box 7000 1314 Kinnear Rd. Bryan, TX 77802 CALIFORNIA Honolulu, HI 96822 301/405-6371 Ocean Springs, MS Columbus, OH 43212 979/862-3767 California Sea Grant 808/956-7031 39566-7000 614/292-8949 Univ. of California-San Diego MASSACHUSETTS 228/875-9341 VIRGINIA 9500 Gilman Dr. ILLINOIS MIT Sea Grant Virginia Sea Grant La Jolla, CA 92093-0232 Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant OREGON Massachusetts Institute NEW HAMPSHIRE Virginia Graduate Marine 858/534-4446 Univ. of Illinois Oregon Sea Grant New Hampshire Sea Grant 63 Mumford Hall of Technology Oregon State Univ. Science Consortium Bldg. E38, Rm. 300 Univ. of New Hampshire Madison House USC Sea Grant 1301 W. Gregory Dr. 402 Kerr Admin. Bldg. 77 Massachusetts Ave. Kingman Farm 170 Rugby Rd. Wrigley Institute for Urbana, IL 61801 Corvallis, OR 97331-2131 Cambridge, MA 02139 Durham, NH 03824-3512 Charlottesville, VA 22903 Environmental Studies 217/333-9448 541/737-2716 617/253-7041 603/749-1565 804/924-5965 University Park Los Angeles, CA 90089-0373 INDIANA PUERTO RICO WHOI Sea Grant NEW JERSEY 213/740-1961 Illinois-Indiana Sea Grant Puerto Rico Sea Grant WASHINGTON Woods Hole Oceanographic New Jersey Sea Grant Purdue Univ. Univ. of Puerto Rico Washington Sea Grant Institution NJ Marine Sciences Dept. of Forestry P.O. Box 5000 Univ. of Washington CONNECTICUT 193 Oyster Pond Rd. Consortium and Natural Resources Mayagüez, PR 00681-5000 3716 Brooklyn Ave., N.E. Connecticut Sea Grant CRL 209 Bldg. No. 22 1200 Forest Products Bldg. 787/834-4726 Seattle, WA 98105-6716 Univ. of Connecticut Woods Hole, MA 02543-1525 Ft. Hancock, NJ 07732 W. Lafayette, IN 47907-1200 206/543-6600 1084 Shennecossett Rd. 508/289-2665 732/872-1300 Groton, CT 06340 765/494-3573 RHODE ISLAND Rhode Island Sea Grant WISCONSIN 860/405-9127 MICHIGAN LOUISIANA NEW YORK Univ. of Rhode Island Wisconsin Sea Grant Michigan Sea Grant New York Sea Grant Institute Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison DELAWARE Louisiana Sea Grant Narragansett Bay Campus Univ. of Michigan SUNY at Stony Brook Narragansett, RI 02882-1197 Goodnight Hall, 2nd floor Delaware Sea Grant Louisiana State Univ. 2200 Bonisteel Blvd. 121 Discovery Hall 401/874-6842 1975 Willow Dr. Univ. of Delaware Sea Grant Bldg. Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099 Stony Brook, NY 11794-5001 Madison, WI 53706-1177 Robinson Hall, Rm. 111 Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7507 734/764-1118 631/632-6905 608/262-0905 Newark, DE 19716 225/388-6448 302/831-2841

National Sea Grant College Program 33 34 and a range of other features. information on careers in the marine sciences, for marine scientists, links to other sources of as additional profiles, information on salary levels all of the information in this publication as well www.marinecareers.net opportunities in the marine sciences: devoted to providing information on career companion piece to the Sea Grant web site National Sea Grant College Program and a Marine Science Careers is a publication of the www.marinecareers.net www.marinecareers.net www.marinecareers.net www.marinecareers.net www.marinecareers.net Visit us online at: . The web site includes organizations. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the of any those the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce. This publication was made possible by the National Sea Grant College Program of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Program. Copyright 2000 by the University of New Hampshire Sea Grant Program and WHOI-E-00-001 NHU-E-00-001 ISBN 0-9649529-2-0 02543-1525 — checks payable to WHOI). munications, 193 Oyster Pond Road, CRL 209, Woods Hole, MA the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI Sea Grant Com- Durham, NH 03824-3512 — checks payable to UNH) or the one at Hampshire (Sea Grant Communications, Kingman Farm/UNH, the Sea Grant Communications Office at University of New Sea Grant programs listed on page 33 or for $5 a copy from either Additional copies

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