Middlebury College Arabic Linguistics Spring 2012
C1aC2VC3 َفعل :Verb Form I The meaning of this form is for the most part unpredictable, but there are some phonological or semantic associations with some of the stem vowels. See below, and also Holes’ discussion (p. 101).1 Form I can be either transitive (with an object) or intransitive (without an object).
ﻛﺗب أﺣﻣد اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ، ﺛم ﻗ رأﻫﺎ ﻷﺻدﻗﺎﺋﻪ. ﻛﻝ اﻷوﻻد، و أﺣﻣد وﺣدﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻳت. ﺧ رج ّ َﺑﻘﻲ الفعل الصحيح السالم Regular sound verb roots .1
Examples: َﻛﺗَب – َﺷِرب – َﻛُﺑر Perfect‐Imperfect vowel correspondences َف َعل َف ِعل َف ُعل ِ (أ) ﻓَ َﻌﻝ َﻳ َﻔﻌﻝ ﻓَﻌﻝ َﻳﻔﻌﻝ ﻓَ ُﻌﻝ ُﻳﻔﻌﻝ ذﻫب/ﻳذﻫب ﺷ رب/ ﻳ ﺷ رب ﻛﺑر/ﻳﻛﺑر (to get bigger/older) ﻓﺗﺢ/ﻳﻔﺗﺢ (open) ﻋﻣﻝ/ﻳﻌﻣﻝ ﺣﺳن/ﻳﺣﺳن (to get better) ِ (ب) ﻓَ َﻌﻝ َﻳﻔﻌﻝ رﺟﻊ/ﻳرﺟﻊ (to return) ﻋ رف/ ﻳ ﻌ رف (ج) ﻓَ َﻌﻝ َﻳ ُﻔﻌﻝ ﻛﺗب/ﻳﻛﺗب د رس/ ﻳ د رس
Notes: The imperfect form typically occurs with verb roots whose C or C is a 3 2 َﻳﻔﻌﻝ guttural (i.e., a pharyngeal or glottal consonant).
.type typically has an adjectival meaning ُيفعل َف ُعل The
1 This handout is based on Chapter 22 of Karin Ryding’s A reference grammar for Modern Standard Arabic, which is on reserve at the Davis Library.
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Middlebury College Arabic Linguistics Spring 2012
C2 = C3 :الفعل ُالم َض َّعف Geminate verb roots .2
ّﻣر/ ُﻳﻣّر (to pass by) ّﻗﻝ/ ِﻳﻘ ّﻝ (to decrease) ّود/ َﻳوّد (to want) These verbs have two stems in the perfect. Do you remember what they are?
الفعل َالم ھموز Hamzated verbs roots .3
أﻛﻝ/ﻳﺄﻛﻝ ﺳﺄﻝ/ﻳﺳﺄﻝ ﻗ رأ/ ﻳ ﻘ رأ
(C1 = a glide) الفعل ِالم ثال Assimilated verb roots .4
وﺻﻝ/ﻳﺻﻝ (note the deletion of waaw) (to arrive) وﺟد/ﻳﺟد (note the deletion of waaw) (to find) ِ ِ (no deletion of waaw) َ وﺟ ﻊ/َﻳ وﺟ ﻊ (to hurt) ِ (no deletion of yaaʔ) َﻳ ﺄ س/َﻳ ﻳ ﺄَس (to despair)
َ (C2 = a glide) الفعل األ َجو ف Hollow verb roots .5
ﻗﺎﻝ/ﻳﻘوﻝ ﻻم/ﻳﻠوم (to blame) ﻋﺎش/ﻳﻌﻳش ﺑﺎع/ﻳﺑﻳﻊ (to sell) ﻧﺎم/ﻳﻧﺎم (to sleep) These verbs have two stems in the perfect. Do you remember what they are?
(C3 = a glide) الفعل الناق ِص Defective verb roots .6
دﻋﺎ/ﻳدﻋو (a:/u:] (to invite] قضى/يقضي (a:/i:] (to judge]
َﺳﻌﻰ/ﻳﺳﻌﻰ (a:/a:] (to strive] َﺑ َﻘﻲ/ﻳﺑﻘﻰ (ya/a:] (to stay] ِ َوﻟ َﻲ/ﻳﻠﻲ (ya/i:] (to stay] 2
Middlebury College Arabic Linguistics Spring 2012
7. Doubly weak or ‘mixed’ verb roots (to come) جاء/يجيء :a. Hollow and hamzated (to see) رأى/يرى :b. Hamzated and defective (to be aware/alert) وعى/يعي :c. Assimilated and defective (to narrate) روى/يروي :d. Hollow and defective
of Form I verbs المصدر The verbal noun of Form I verbs falls into many patterns, and is generally المصدر The verbal noun unpredictable. Participles and Passive اسم ِالفاع ل There are two types of participles in Arabic: Active Participle اسم َالم فعول Participle اسم الفاعل A. The active participle with some spelling ِفاعل from Form I takes the pattern اسم الفاعل Active participle and phonological adjustments. كتب ِكاتب Regular sound roots .1 درس ِدارس ّمر Geminate roots .2 ّﻣﺎر أكل آ ِﻛ ﻝ Hamzated roots .3 ﺳﺄﻝ ِﺳﺎﺋ ﻝ ﻗ رأ ِ ﻗﺎرئ وصل وا ِﺻ ﻝ Assimilated roots .4 وﻟد ِواﻟد قال ﻗﺎﺋِﻝ Hollow roots .5 ﻋﺎش ِﻋﺎﺋش 6. Defective roots دعا ٍداع، داﻋﻳﺔ، اﻟداﻋﻲ ﻗﺿﻰ ٍﻗﺎض، ﻗﺎﺿﻳﺔ، اﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ
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Middlebury College Arabic Linguistics Spring 2012
اسم المفعول B. The passive participle with some َمفعول from Form I takes the pattern اسم المفعول The passive participle spelling and phonological adjustments. كتب َم كتوب Regular sound roots .1 درس َﻣ دروس ّخط Geminate roots .2 َﻣ ﺧطوط أكل Hamzated roots .3 َﻣ ﺄﻛوﻝ ﺳﺄﻝ َﻣ ﺳؤوﻝ ﻗ رأ َﻣ ﻘ روء وصل Assimilated roots .4 َﻣ وﺻوﻝ وﻟد َﻣ وﻟود الم Hollow roots .5 َﻣ ﻠوم ﺑﺎع َﻣ ﺑﻳﻊ دعا Defective roots .6 َﻣ ّدﻋو ﻗﺿﻰ َﻣ ّﻘﺿﻲ
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