Victoria, McPherson Library, MS.Brown.Eng.2:

An Earl Marshal’s Handbook

by

Brooke Isherwood Bachelor of Arts, English, University of Victoria, 2016

An Essay Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of English

Dr. Adrienne Williams Boyarin, Supervisor (Department of English) Dr. Erin Kelly, Department Member (Department of English) Dr. Sara Beam, Outside Member (Department of History)

© Brooke Isherwood, August 2018 University of Victoria

All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means,

without the permission of the author. Isherwood 2

Victoria, McPherson Library, MS.Brown.Eng.2:

An Earl Marshal’s Handbook

Introduction to MS.Brown.Eng.2

Victoria, McPherson Library, MS.Brown.Eng.2 is called an “Armorial Manuscript” in the

University of Victoria Special Collections and University Archives online inventory of medieval and early modern manuscripts, where it is also dated 1580.1 This fascinating manuscript is, however, virtually unknown in the academic world. The first known study of it is a partial semi- diplomatic transcription, description, and introduction completed by Jacqueline Gruenberger as a part of her English Master’s degree in 2016.2 Gruenberger helpfully distinguished the codex’s three main sections: the first part (fols.1r-40v) catalogues English noble and royal families that were officially granted arms between 1066 and 1580; the second section (fols.42r-98r) contains short documents and lists related to royal processions and chivalric orders; the final section

(fols.100r-272r) is a visual index for English coats of arms. The first two sections give information on noble families since the Conquest, the arms of those families, and include headers like “The Ordre of all degrees from a Duke to a gentleman” (fol.59v) and “The Mannor of and

1 Victoria, McPherson Library, MS.Brown.Eng.2, Brown Collection Box 2, Acc. 1989-070, Item #5, Online catalogue entry. The MS is included in the University’s medieval and early modern manuscript collection, which includes “medieval and Renaissance documents from England, France, Spain and Italy, including deeds, charters, illuminated manuscript leaves, letters, letter patents, papal bulls, fragments from religious manuscripts, manuscripts on medicine and magic, a catalogue of English armorial shields, statutes of the Garter, and a manuscript of a Spanish Carmelite prioress.” The title and date of the manuscript comes from the Maggs Bros. Catalogue. 2 Gruenberger, “The Early Modern Heraldry Handbook: An Introduction to Victoria, McPherson Library, MS.Brown.Eng.2, including a Semi-Diplomatic Transcription of its Catalogue of English Nobility from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth I,” 2016.

Isherwood 3 ordre of Proceeding from the Queen Maiesties Pallaice of Westminster to Westminster Church. and Parlament howse” (fol 42r); the third section is especially visually stimulating, a colourful contrast to the text-heavy lists and documents that occupy the first two sections. This third and final section also complements the rest of the manuscript, as it helps users of the codex to connect names and families seen throughout the book with their heraldic symbols. Viewing the codex in a pragmatic lens and recognizing its correlative layout, one can acknowledge that

MS.Brown.Eng.2 was a purposeful endeavour, seemingly compiled as a reference work.

Gruenberger’s work on the manuscript is a starting point for my project. Her partial transcription and accompanying legend, notes on early modern handwriting, physical description of the codex, and information on the manuscript’s contents were an invaluable beginning. My project, continuing from her work, comprises this essay refining Gruenberger’s hypotheses about the book’s uses and ownership and an 8,000-word transcription from the second section of the book (fols. 39v-60r), including lists of noble and royal names and arms (fols. 39v-40v and fols.

43v-50r); lists of the members of the Orders of the Garter (fols. 50v-53r), St. Michael (fol. 57v), and the Golden Fleece (fols. 54v-56v); a processional document outlining the order of Queen

Mary’s parliamentary procession to Westminster in 1557 (fols. 42r-43r); a list describing the order of rank and degrees (fol. 59v); a description of the office of the Earl Marshal and his ushers

(fol.59v); and a list of all estates “to be obserued by the Martiall and the vshers” (fol.60r). This abundance of information can be both appealing and hindering when attempting to reconstruct the manuscript’s story, but I attempt to do so here. Although the book is called an armorial manuscript in the online inventory of the University of Victoria’s Brown collection, and

Gruenberger defines it as a “herald’s general reference book” (5), I argue that MS.Brown.Eng.2 is in fact, more specifically, an Earl Marshal’s handbook. In particular, I will show that the codex

Isherwood 4 belonged to, or at least was associated with, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, who served as Earl Marshal 1554-1572, during the reigns of both Queen Mary I and Elizabeth I. Further, I will show that the manuscript was compiled into its current state by 1572 (the year of Howard’s death), and that no more than minor additions support an origin date of 1580.

There is strong internal evidence that supports the claim that the codex once belonged to

Norfolk. His title as Earl Marshal and his known Catholic leanings are both evidenced in the contents. The documents I have transcribed (see the Appendix) are useful references for the Earl

Marshal position, and the inclusion of the continental chivalric orders of the Golden Fleece and

St. Michael, as I will discuss, also helps to connect the book to Norfolk. Existing biographical accounts of Thomas Howard generally convey similar sentiments about his character: he was

“hospitable, generous, and affable,”3 and always “conducted himself in a regal manner.”4 On the other hand, there is a common theory that Norfolk was “cleverly exploited by the superior political skill of his enemies”5 and was an easy “dupe of artful flatterers and the tool of designing courtiers”6—attributes that explain his eventual collapse, arrest, imprisonment, and execution for high treason. Spanning four monarchial reigns (excluding Jane Grey), Norfolk’s court life was consistently sporadic; he experienced both downfalls and adulations and cannot be described as an uncontroversial figure. Son of poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, in 1554 at the age of sixteen, he succeeded his grandfather Thomas Howard 3rd Duke of Norfolk as Earl Marshal and was then appointed Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk and Suffolk in 1559. Norfolk became a Privy

Councillor to Queen Elizabeth I in 1562 and was invested in the Orders of the Garter and Saint

3 Benedictine Brethren of Glendalough, Thomas Howard: Fourth Duke of Norfolk, 260. 4 “Howard, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk (1538-1572).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5 Robinson, The Dukes of Norfolk: A Quincentennial History, 52. 6 Brethren, Thomas Howard, 260.

Isherwood 5

Michael in 1559 and 1566, respectively.7 He was Lord Steward of Cambridge and, as Earl

Marshal, dedicated time and energy to the College of Arms, which he oversaw. According to

John Martin Robinson’s biography of the dukes of Norfolk,8 it was Howard who “secured a new

Royal Charter of incorporation for the College in 1555 and initiated the custom of regular visitations of the country to investigate claims to bear arms” (58). Gruenberger uncovers connections between MS.Brown.Eng.2 and heraldic visitations, but she also urged that no one herald could have been responsible for the breadth of geographical information in the codex; according to Robinson, Norfolk was sufficiently invested in the proper use of familial arms to start the visitation aspect of heralds’ work and thus would have had a wide view. The man responsible for creating visitations would in fact require a book like MS.Brown.Eng.2, in other words. In addition to contents helpful for the visitation rituals—as Gruenberger detailed—an

Earl Marshal would find useful the processional document (for a parliamentary procession that the Earl Marshal led) and other documents related to the office (e.g., “The Office of the Marshall and his Ushers” and a “List of All Estates to be Observed by the Marshall and his Ushers”), all found in the Victoria codex’s second section.

A fuller summary of Gruenberger’s initial work on the manuscript is necessary, as it has been a foundation and reference point for my research. Her comprehensive introduction to the manuscript focused mainly on physical description of the codex and the first section of the book

(a catalogue of English nobility and royalty from the Conquest to around 1580, with marginal illustrations of their arms). To contextualize the manuscript, Gruenberger summarized the early

7 According to Stow, Elizabeth I nominated both Norfolk and her favourite, the Earl of Leicester, to be invested in the Order of St. Michael by Charles IX in January 1566, as a reciprocal gesture from the King of France after he was invested in the Order of the Garter two years earlier (Notes and Queries, 470). 8 Robinson, John Martin. The Dukes of Norfolk, 1982, p. 58.

Isherwood 6 history of the College of Arms and heraldic visitations as well as the roles these might play in the manuscript’s making; she believed that MS.Brown.Eng.2 must have been owned by one of the heralds, or perhaps multiple heralds, who belonged to the College. Gruenberger ultimately hypothesized that MS.Brown.Eng.2 was a heralds’ reference book and suggested three possible candidates for ownership: Robert Cooke (Clarenceux King of Arms, 1567-1592), Robert Glover

(Somerset Herald, 1571-1588), and William Flower (Norroy King of Arms, 1562-1592). Of these three potential owners and/or scribes, Gruenberger posited Cooke and Glover as most likely because of their influence on tabular-styled recording of arms and heraldic symbols, as is seen in the codex’s third and final section. While heraldic genealogies had traditionally been composed in narrative form, the tabular style, exemplified in MS.Brown.Eng.2, was “introduced early in Elizabeth’s reign, probably by Robert Cooke, Clarenceux, or Robert Glover, Somerset.”9

Gruenberger’s search for potential owners, however, was conducted in light of her conviction that the codex was a herald’s reference book.

The College of Arms was comprised of heralds whose job it was to maintain the correct distribution and maintenance of arms, partly to prevent families from unofficially using and wearing coats of arms. The College consisted of four Pursuviants, six Heralds (geographically categorized for Windsor, Somerset, Richmond, Chester, Lancaster and York), and the King of

Arms, which included the Garter Principal King of Arms (the most senior rank), the Clarenceux

King of Arms, and the Norroy and Ulster King of Arms. Heraldic visitations were conducted by the six heralds of their respective regions to maintain accuracy and establish consistency in the granting of arms. The heralds conducted interviews with the nobility of their area to “document as thorough a genealogical record for the nobility as possible” (Gruenberger 4). While it is

9 Wagner, Heralds and Heraldry, 6 (also qtd. in Gruenberger, Early Modern Heraldry Handbook, 17).

Isherwood 7 tempting to believe that MS.Brown.Eng.2 may have been used by one of these heralds (like

Somerset), Gruenberger acknowledges that the lack of marginalia and the organizational quality of the codex suggests instead that the information within was copied from an exemplar or exemplars and would not, then, be a traveling book for herald’s notes. The theory of a visitational book, indeed, proved a tenuous hypothesis for Gruenberger, who claimed both that the manuscript could not be a single herald’s visitation handbook because of the breadth of information in it—including a vast range of “geographical regions and political affiliates” (8) and “peerages … [that] span too far a distance to have been compiled by just one herald” (9)— and that it was probably the “personal notebook of one herald” because of its dominant, consistent secretary hand (5).

The date of the manuscript, further, was not carefully considered by Gruenberger in assessing its ownership and use. Confirming the compilation date for MS.Brown.Eng.2 is a surprisingly difficult task, as there are two significant possibilities: substantial evidence can be found for both 1572 and 1580. Gruenberger notes that the manuscript’s binding, “although a significantly later addition to the book,” has 1580 inscribed on it (13), and that much of the copying of genealogical records must have been completed in 1580 because of the numerous times a scribe has written “Now Livinge 1580” in the catalogue of nobility: this note is present, for example, at entries for William Pagett (fol. 36v), Robert Veer (fol. 21r), and Henry Beaumont

(fol. 19v). Additionally, as Gruenberger notes, William Cecil is noted to be “at this preseint Lord

Tresurer of ingland” (fol. 38r), an annotation that corresponds to a date range of between July

1572, when he was appointed Lord High Treasurer, and his sudden death in 1598. Gruenberger also discounted the possibility of exemplars dating between 1576 and 1580, since the list of peerages for Elizabeth I in the second section (on fol. 47r) ends with Walter Devereux, Earl of

Isherwood 8

Essex, who was created Earl of Essex in 1572 and died in 1576; his son, Robert succeeded him in 1576 but is unlisted in the manuscript.

In what follows, I will build on and contend with Gruenberger’s study of and tentative conclusions about MS.Brown.Eng.2, including some of its gaps. According to Gruenberger, the codex is a book that was used by someone at the College of Arms as a reference book either before 1576 or late in 1580, but it could not have been a single herald’s book because of the breadth of geographical and genealogical information within it, and thus was possibly, instead, a personal reference book for a herald. There is, however, no reason to believe that this codex belonged to a herald. The heralds, while performing some of the College of Arm’s most vital work, were still only part of its membership. Though one of the King of Arms may be a candidate (e.g., Clarenceaux), there is still a leadership role hierarchically above even the

Principal Garter King of Arms that better fits the contents of this book, someone who oversaw the entire College and had responsibility for chivalric orders, royal processions, and the calling of parliament: that is, the Earl Marshal. Below, I will argue that MS.Brown.Eng.2 was not a herald’s reference book at all, but rather an Earl Marshal’s handbook, and that understanding the book in this way resolves some of the tenuous hypotheses of Gruenberger’s work. More specifically, I will show that internal evidence suggests that the manuscript was associated with

Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk (1538-1572), Earl Marshal of England (1554-1572) during the reigns of both the Catholic Queen Mary I and the Protestant Queen Elizabeth I.

Isherwood 9

Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk

Born at Kenninghall Palace, southwest Norfolk, Howard’s birth is one of the few during the early Tudor period for which the exact hour is known: 2:36 a.m. on 10 March 1538. Howard’s father, poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, requested that an astrologer cast his son’s horoscope, and the astrologer boded that “Surrey himself would meet with an untimely death and that his infant son would be doomed to a life of sorrow and misfortune” (Williams 1). The astrologer’s predictions were proven correct on both counts.10 Norfolk’s upbringing in the charge of his aunt—Mary, Duchess of Richmond11—was under the tutulage of the Protestant martyrologist

John Foxe, but, when his grandfather was restored to the Dukedom of Norfolk upon Queen Mary

I’s accession, his education was reassigned to the Catholic Bishop Stephen Gardiner. Although grateful for the Duchess’s care of his grandchildren while he had been imprisoned, the 3rd Duke of Norfolk despised their Protestant education and deemed them unfit to serve a Catholic Queen because of it. Quickly after Mary’s coronation, he thus consulted with his long-time friend and ally, Bishop Gardiner, and sent his eventual successor to live with Gardiner as a page. Howard and his brother were also instructed by the Catholic London priest John White, who in 1554 was elected Bishop of Lincoln. The Howard brothers thus “passed bewilderingly from the extreme

10 The Earl of Surrey was executed for treason in 1547 under Henry VIII’s reign. He had quartered his coat of arms with those of Edward the Confessor, thereby claiming an inherent right to the throne. It is thus somewhat ironic that his sons and grandson became so invested in the proper maintenance and legitimization of arms with the work they pursued in the College of Arms. His biographer, Susan Brigden, notes that Surrey claimed the arms as “a hitherto unchallenged right, immemorially borne by his ancestors, the dukes of Norfolk” (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online ed.). 11 Mary, Duchess of Richmond, was the daughter of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, and Elizabeth Howard (née Stafford). In 1533, she married Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond and Henry VIII’s only acknowledged illegitimate son. According to her biographer, she had an “enthusiasm for the Protestant faith” that was “regarded with caution” because of her coming from a “staunchly Catholic family” (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online ed.). Her influence on the younger Thomas Howard’s early years was also significant.

Isherwood 10

Protestantism of Foxe to the stern Romanism of the counter Reformation,” but “loyalty to the established order in church and state was second nature to them” (Williams 12). Even on his execution day (2 June 1572), convicted of a plot to assassinate Elizabeth I, Norfolk maintained his loyalty to the queen, and to Protestantism. He requested that Alexander Nowell, the Dean of

St. Paul’s, and John Foxe be beside him on the scaffold, and he said his final prayers with them.

Though he proclaimed his Protestantism in his final months, the Catholic presences in Norfolk’s early life—his grandfather, Stephen Gardiner, and John White especially—must have influenced him nonetheless. It was well known that Howard’s closest friends, even to the end, were

Catholics, and Catholicism continued to dominate his relationships, allies, and family.12

Howard belonged to an old noble lineage, “which has left so many marks in the history of

England” (Rye 376). He was related to Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard (the second and fifth wives of Henry VIII), and, through the marriage of his four times great grandfather John de

Mowbray to Elizabeth Segrave, was the descendant of Edward I.13 Sir William Howard, Chief

Justice of the Common Pleas (d. 1308), is the first eminent Howard recorded, and he “firmly established” the Howard line through marriages and land acquisitions; this William Howard’s eldest son, John Howard I, “further improved his position by a good marriage to Joan de

Cornwall, heiress and illegitimate descendant of Richard Earl of Cornwall and King of the

Romans, younger son of King John” (Robinson 2). His great grandson, Sir Robert Howard, solidified the family’s power with his marriage to Margaret Mowbray, daughter of Thomas

Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk and Earl Marshal of England, great grandson of Edward I and

12 Norfolk’s children Philip and William were well documented Catholics too. William openly embraced Catholicism, and his older half brother Philip was canonized by the Roman Catholic Church in 1970. Norfolk named his firstborn son after Philip II of Spain and was himself godfather to the son of Albert V, the Prince of Baden—both leaders of the Counter Reformation. 13 Elizabeth Segrave was the daughter of Margaret of Brotherton, daughter and heir of Thomas of Brotherton, Edward I’s eldest son.

Isherwood 11

Margaret of France.14 Robert Howard’s son, John Howard II, was created 1st Duke of Norfolk and was remembered for his loyalty to King Richard III at his 1485 death at Bosworth. His son,

Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk “was a steadfast man, loyal to the King and his own guiding principles of enlightened self-interest, a good soldier, competent administrator and an able diplomat,”15 and upon his death he had a “reputation as the most famous general in the realm” (Tucker 152). The 3rd Duke of Norfolk, however—ultimately responsible for Howard’s upbringing—was, according to Walter Rye, “a very despicable character,”16 and, according to

Robinson, “an unscrupulous and brilliant man who for long periods was the most powerful nobleman in the kingdom [and] the scheming Machiavellian uncle of two Queens of England.”17

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, poet and father to Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, “left a political and poetical legacy,”18 but he is best known in the literary world for his blank verse, sonnets, and assimilation of Italian models into English poetry. Robinson calls Surrey’s son

Thomas “the tragic hero of the Howard family,” whose death marks the “end of an epoch in the aesthetic and religious as well as the political history of England” (53).

An understanding of Norfolk’s upbringing and life helps more thoroughly to explain how and why MS.Brown.Eng.2 could have been in his possession or created for his use. In the first place, the several Catholic elements and internal dates of the codex suggest Norfolk: his family history shows the Howards as consistently Catholics or sympathetic to Catholics, and as one of the most powerful families in England, always as close to, or serving, royalty. In addition, having a clear understanding of the wealth and power Norfolk enjoyed offers a good explanation for

14 Robinson, Dukes of Norfolk, 1-9. 15 Ibid. 16 Norfolk Families, 378. 17 Dukes of Norfolk, 23. 18 “Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1516/17-1547).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.

Isherwood 12

MS.Brown.Eng.2’s Catholic elements and its physical appearance. Patronage and use of the codex by such a family means interest and involvement in genealogy and heraldry, as well as the funds to support armorial and bookish occupations. As a pro-Catholic Earl Marshal living and working in the latter half of the Tudor era across Catholic and Protestant reigns, it will become clear that MS.Brown.Eng.2 must have been in his possession or associated with him in his role as Earl Marshal for two queens.

Potential Compilers and Other Owners of MS.Brown.Eng.2

Prior to confirming Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk’s connection to the book, I researched several possible candidates for the original ownership and/or compilation of

MS.Brown.Eng.2. Three men other than Norfolk seemed plausible options. They circle Norfolk and continue to be relevant to a full consideration of the manuscript. These are: Sir Gilbert

Dethick, Garter Principal of Arms (1499/1500-1584); Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton

(1540-1614), Norfolk’s brother; and Lord William Howard (1563-1640), Norfolk’s son. The fact that three of the four possible candidates are Howards of course strengthens the argument that

MS.Brown.Eng.2 was a codex associated with Norfolk and used within the Howard family.

On the surface Sir Gilbert Dethick seems an appropriate candidate for original ownership, if not as fitting as Norfolk. Dethick was a “sound genealogist and heraldist, and a member of the original society of Antiquaries”; he became Garter Principal of Arms in 1550, and retained that post until his death in 1584, “trained several heralds,” and “as Garter he made over 140 grants of

Isherwood 13 arms and forty more in conjunction with the provincial kings of arms.”19 MS.Brown.Eng.2’s third section, which visually depicts various coats of arms and heraldic symbols, also shows a resonance with the work that Dethick was conducting as Garter Principal. Similar to candidates that Gruenberger considered, he was capable of providing the material in the codex’s final section. Furthermore, there are numerous foreign elements throughout the codex that could be related to Dethick, specifically lists that outline the investments of “stranger knights,”20 non-

English men initiated into the Order of the Garter. Originally, the stranger knights were those who were allied with Edward III when he was Lord Gascony (before he became King of

England), but the definition expanded to include allies nominated by successive monarchs.

Dethick could speak German and Dutch and was involved in the investment of many foreign royals and nobles, including Phillip II of Spain; Charles IX of France; Frederick II of Denmark;

Emanuele-Philiberto, Duke of Savoy; Adolphus, Duke of Holstein; Francois, Duke of

Montmorency; Johann Casimir, son of the Elector Palatine of the Rhine; the Duke of Bavaria;

Emperor Maximilian II of Vienna, and Henri II of France21—all of whom are listed in this codex.

Also appropriate, he held a senior position at the College of Arms and did substantial work on designing and granting coats of arms. At the time of MS.Brown.Eng.2’s compilation, however,

Dethick would have been in his seventies, and there is no evidence that Dethick ever had

Catholic leanings or influences during his years of service. Finally, Dethick lived until 1584,

19 “Dethick, Sir Gilbert (1499/1500-1584).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 20 “Stranger knights” were those initiated into the Order of the Garter that were not English (“The Most Noble Order of the Garter,” bibliotecapleyades.net), and it is notable in this context that MS.Brown.Eng.2 in fact shows annotation of “stranger” knights and nobility throughout its second section (non-Englishmen frequently have a small marginal mark beside their names). 21 “Dethick, Sir Gilbert (1499/1500-1584).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.

Isherwood 14 while the majority of the materials for this book end at 1572, the year of Norfolk’s execution.

While Dethick seems a good candidate, then, he was not the book’s owner or compiler.

The next possibility is Henry Howard, 1st Earl Northampton (1540-1614), younger brother to Norfolk. Northampton was the second son of poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, and

Frances de Vere, and was a “courtier, administrator, and author.”22 He was educated at

Cambridge with a Masters in Classics and served as Reader of Rhetoric until at least 1569.

Similar to his older brother, Northampton was known to have “close ties to Catholics at court under Elizabeth” and was “well known to his contemporaries as leaning towards Catholicism”

(Peck 154-8), which could connect him to the Catholic contents of MS.Brown.Eng.2. Moreover,

Northampton was closely involved with the College of Arms: at the beginning of the seventeenth century, he established a commission to “inquire into the possibility of reforming the College”

(Woudhuysen 121), and Linda Levy Peck notes that he had “harshly attacked the increasing numbers of those granted arms in the 1590s” (163). Although his most extensive activity with the

College occurred in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, his concern for heraldic legitimacy suggests a possible (if weaker) connection to MS.Brown.Eng.2. According to H.R.

Woudhuysen, however, Northampton never had “fixed employment or [a] permanent place to live and was chronically short on funds,”23 while his brother Norfolk was “England’s richest peer” (Robinson 60). Based on the extraordinary coloured third section of the Victoria manuscript—a rarity in sixteenth-century ordinaries of arms24—this codex was produced for

22 “Henry Howard, earl of Northampton (1540-1614).” The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, [online ed.]. Oxford University Press. 23 Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts 1558-1640, 99. 24 25 February 2015 personal e-mail correspondence between Dr. Janelle Jenstad (University of Victoria) and Dr. Lynsey Darby (College of Arms, Archivist), who related the sentiments of Dr. Nigel Ramsay (University College London, Senior Research Associate) that it is very rare to see a sixteenth-century ordinary of arms with colour.

Isherwood 15 someone with money. Norfolk was also known to employ scribes in the Howard household, and the secretary hands of MS.Brown.Eng.2 show the work of a professional scribes.25

Initially, I considered Lord William Howard (1563-1640), Norfolk’s son, a possible compiler of MS.Brown.Eng.2, but evidence suggests instead that he was a successive owner of the manuscript and, in fact, very likely the person responsible for annotating the manuscript with its several “Now Livinge 1580” inscriptions and perhaps other later additions. According to

Handley and Ovenden, William Howard associated with leading antiquaries and book collectors throughout the 1580s, and by 1589 “his collecting was in full swing”; a “significant facet of [his] manuscript collecting was his penchant for illuminated books,” several “inherited from Howard or Arundel sources.”26 Cognizant of Nigel Ramsay’s assertion that MS.Brown.Eng.2 is a distinctive ordinary of arms due to its large and colourful heraldic index,27 it seems that William

Howard is a plausible path by which MS.Brown.Eng.2 might have stayed in the Howard family for some time, as one of the illustrated books he sought after in the 1580s. This Howard

“accumulated a very significant library of manuscripts and printed books, now dispersed,” as his recent biographers note, which presents the option that one of these items may have found its way to Victoria. Further, William Howard was in the habit of inscribing dates in his books:

Handley and Ovenden note that by 1589, he had “no less than eleven medieval manuscripts bearing inscriptions with th[e] date [they] join[ed] his collection,” a habit that may explain the

1580 inscriptions in MS.Brown.Eng.2’s catalogue of noble families. In 1580, William Howard

25 William Barker was Norfolk’s main personal secretary, along with Robert Higford. Barker was a gifted translator and writer, educated at Cambridge, and was most likely the scribal hand behind most of Norfolk’s documents. As Harold Love writes in Scribal Publication in Seventeenth Century England, such a “secretary must have [had] social and scribal skills and would probably have university or Inns-of-Court training” (98). 26 “Howard, Lord William (1563-1640).” The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 27 See note 24 above.

Isherwood 16 would have been only seventeen, recently finished his studies at Cambridge. Alongside his associations with book collectors and antiquaries, however, this date seems a not unreasonable time for a learned and book-interested young man to take up and annotate a family possession.

Therefore, although some evidence points to Dethick and Northampton—as detailed above— biographical information and the codex’s internal dating suggests that Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, was most likely the original owner of MS.Brown.Eng.2, with his son Lord William

Howard as a successive owner. More detailed evidence for this claim is presented below.

An Earl Marshal’s Handbook

Crucial to placing the book with Norfolk is establishing the manuscript’s compilation date.

Although there are numerous “Now Livinge 1580” inscriptions within the first section of the book—plausibly added by William Howard—my research indicates that the majority of the contents of the book were compiled by 1572, the year Nofolk was executed and his role as Earl

Marshal of England thus officially ended. In the manuscript’s catalogue of nobility from the

Norman Conquest, which Gruenberger transcribed, a date of 1580 looks correct. For example, consider this entry on fol. 38r:

Sir Henrye Norris made Lord norris, maried the daughter and one of the heires of þe Lord williams of Thanie and hathe issue william norris (who maried the daughter of Sir Richard morison knight and hath by her a sonne). /Iohn norris./Edward norris./ (Gruenberger 113)

Isherwood 17

Sir Henry Norris was created Lord Norris in 1572, and his grandson Francis, noted but not named here, was born in 1579 (that is, the son of William Norris and Elizabeth Morison in the passage above). In this example, it seems that 1572 cannot be a correct compilation date because of young Francis’s inclusion. The discrepancy can be explained, however. The codex’s first section was added to the rest of the manuscript in 1580, perhaps by William Howard, as I think likely: these slight extensions and all of the “Now Livinge 1580” inscriptions occur in the first section of the manuscript.28 Even a brief look at the full codex, moreover, makes it clear that the hands writing between the first two sections are different. For example, the lower case “e” is written significantly differently (this is evident, for instance, with distinctions between fol. 32r and fol. 53r). The first scribe’s “e” is small and slight, almost resembling a modern “o.” The scribe writing in the second section employs the curly “e” traditionally seen in a majuscule secretary script. Other letters between the two sections enable us to see the differences in hands as well,29 and the codex’s second section includes more than one hand working. In particular, the parlaimentary procession document (fols.42r-43r) and the lists directly related to the Earl

Marshal position (fols.59v-60r) are clearly in separate hands.30

The Knights of the Garter list in the second section (fols.51r-53v) may have also been added at a later date, as it ends with knights entered into the Order under Queen Elizabeth I that go past 1572, but it is more likely that it was simply continued by someone slightly past 1572

28 In total, there are sixty-two instances of a direct mention of 1580. Most of the inscriptions say “Now Living 1580” but some (referring to a person) say “descended 1580.” The folios that cite the date 1580 are: 2v, 4r, 5r, 6v (x2), 7v, 8r (x3), 8v, 9v, 12v, 13r (x2), 14r, 17r (x2), 18v (x2), 19r (x2), 19v, 20r (x2), 21r, 21v, 22v, 23r, 23v (x2), 24v, 25r (x3), 26r, 27r, 27v, 28r (x2), 28v, 31r, 31v, 32v, 33v (x6), 34r, 34v (x4), 35r, 35v, 36r (x2), 36v (x2), 37r (x2). 29 The most helpful letters to look at for comparison of hands in this codex are majuscule “L,” miniscule “h,” miniscule “s,” and miniscule “d.” 30 In this case, the majuscule “T,” miniscule “h,” and the miniscule “b” are most helpful for comparison.

Isherwood 18 and then added onto later. The entries there end with Lords Scrope, Cobham, and Rutland, all of whom were invested in 1584, but the hand working under the “Casimir Duke of Bavaria” (i.e.,

Johann Casimir, invested 1578/79) is clearly different, and in a different ink, from the rest of the list. Futhermore, while the list includes some knights invested 1572-1578/9, the information for those dates is sporadic and incomplete, while information for all of knights leading up to and including those invested in 1572 is accurate and all investments accounted for. For those after

1572 (so, those listed after Edmund, Baron Chandos), the entries are intermittent: four knights of the ten invested between 1572 and 1584 are missing—Henry Stanley (inv. 1574), Henri III (inv.

1575), Rudolf II (inv. 1578) and Edward Manners (inv. 1584)—and spaces are left before the entries for Scrope, Cobham and Rutland, apparently to allow even later addtion of their first names and titles, suggesting that the scribes writing at the later dates did not have all information necessary or no longer needed to continue to update the list faithfully or accurately. Moreover,

Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, officially degraded from the Order at his death in 1572, stands in the list without his name crossed out as it is for other degraded knights.31

It is clear that the manuscript was worked on at two separate and discernible times (that is, 1572 and 1580-84). At the same time, 1572 is clearly an important date in terms of compilation, as Norfolk’s death appears to halt the adding of entries to most of the book’s lists, while 1580 appears to be the year at which another person (perhaps William Howard) added to and began to annotate the book. Several instances throughout the codex show its lists ending at the year 1572. Queen Mary I has a single entry for dukes during her reign in the section entitled

“The names of all noble men Since the Conquest” (at fol. 44r): Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of

Norfolk. and Queen Elizabeth I’s section, though the scribe left space to inscribe new entries, it

31 For example, see fol. 52r, where the name of Henry Grey, Marquess of Dorset (degraded in 1554) is struck through.

Isherwood 19 remains blank (as it turned out, no new dukedoms were created in Elizabeth’s reign). On fol. 38r, the last entry under Queen Elizabeth I (at the very end of the codex’s first section) is Edward

Fiennes de Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln, created the Earl of Lincoln on 4 May 1572. On fol. 47r,

Walter Devereux, Earl of Essex, created Earl of Essex on 4 May 1572, is the final entry. On fol.

47v, the list of viscounts ends under Queen Elizabeth I with Thomas Howard (our 4th Duke of

Norfolk), created viscount Bindon in 1558, and the only viscountcie created from then until

1604. In addition, the list of baronies ends with three entries whose creations date to 1572 (fol.

50r): Thomas West, Baron de La Warr; Henry Norreys, Baron Norris; and Henry Cheyne, Baron

Cheyne. The other five entries for Elizabeth I’s baronies date to 1559 (Henry Carey and Oliver

St John), 1567 (Thomas Lord Buckhurst), and 1571 (William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and Henry,

Lord Compton).

The Catholic elements iin the second section of MS.Brown.Eng.2 further suggest associations with Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, whose Catholic friendship, service, and familial circles played a role in his 1572 downfall. In particular, Norfolk’s involvement with the

Ridolfi plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I and restore England’s Catholicism by installing

Mary Queen of Scots was the grounds on which he was accused of and executed for treason. By recognizing the extent of Norfolk’s religious and personal affiliations, one can make sense of the otherwise odd Catholic items within MS.Brown.Eng.2. Of these, the inclusion of the Roman

Catholic Orders of Saint Michael and the Golden Fleece are notable. The Order of the Golden

Fleece, in particular, is distinct in a book of this type.32 The addition of the Spanish Order of the

32 25 February 2015 personal e-mail correspondence between Dr. Janelle Jenstad (University of Victoria) and Dr. Lynsey Darby (College of Arms, Archivist), who related the sentiments of Dr. Nigel Ramsay (University College London, Senior Research Associate) that amongst the “150 [heraldic] mss he looked at at the Folger [Library], he didn't see a list of members of the Order of the Golden Fleece.”

Isherwood 20

Golden Fleece connects with Norfolk and his involvement with Catholic circles, and particularly his career throughout the 1550s and 60s, when he had a close relationship with Philip II of Spain and, as noted above, even named his first born after him.33 Further, the omittance of Lady Jane

Grey from the lists in the codex suggests a Catholic sympathizer or man who worked under a

Catholic monarch: although reigning for only for nine days, Jane Grey was a legitimate monarch, named as Edward IV’s successor in his will. Because of his allegiance to Catholicism, Queen

Mary I (who succeeded the Protestant Grey), and to Mary Queen of Scots, however, it is unsurprising that Norfolk would omit (or direct the ommitance of) Lady Jane Grey from

MS.Brown.Eng.2. Additionally, in the document titled “The Order of all Estates to be observed by the Marshal and the Ushers” (fol.60r), hierarchical Catholic titles (including the Pope, cardinals, and abbots) are present, with “The Pope sanz pere” taking pride of place at the top.

Finally, the document titled “The Mannor and ordre of Proceeding from the Queene Maiesties

Pallaice to Westminster to Westminster Churche. And Parlament howse” (fols. 42r-43r) is dated

1557 by its scribe and thus corresponds to Earl Marshal duties for the reign of (Catholic) Queen

Mary I.

Able to survive the transition from a Catholic to a Protestant Queen, Norfolk was a loyal

Earl Marshal to both Mary I and Elizabeth I. When Mary, Queen of Scots, was under investigation for the murder of her deceased husband, Lord Darnley (d. 1567), Elizabeth I appointed Norfolk one of the appointed lieutenants in charge of the investigation. Norfolk, however, desired to “obtain the hand of the royal captive” (Brethren 261), apparently garnering from associates that a marriage would help solidify his power and reestablish Catholic power as

33 Philip II was also the child’s godfather. For more information, see Henry Fitzalan-Howard, The Lives of Philip Earl of Arundel and Anne Dacres, 5.

Isherwood 21 well. Norfolk never disclosed his marriage plans to Elizabeth I and thus began to lose her trust.34

It is difficult to discern how sincere Norfolk’s desire for Mary Queen of Scots was, but English

Catholic nobles in Northern England and France favoured the match,35 which would have

“protect[ed] their faith and provide[d] a secure succession.”36 In the late 1560s and early 1570s,

Norfolk was thus seen as a politically suspicious person by Elizabeth I and her secretary William

Cecil because of his relationship with Mary. Sometime in early 1571, Mary and her supporters in

Rome and Spain, along with the Italian Robert di Ridolfi,37 planned with and began to guide a network of conspirators whose main objective was the release of Mary from prison and a marriage between her and Norfolk—and, “with Spanish military assistance,” to remove

Elizabeth “in favour of Mary and [restore] Catholicism in England.”38 In that year, Mary “was intriguing with Spain to bring about her release, [and] she was privately carrying on a negotiation

34 Failure to disclose marriage plans with the monarch’s most legitimate threat was a substantial mistake on Norfolk’s part. It was such a case of poor judgement that Thomas Norton wrote A Discourse Touching the Pretended Match Between the Duke of Norfolk and the Queen of Scots in 1569 as a response to the situation. In it, there is contemporary evidence of Norfolk’s perceived Catholic leanings: arguing against the match, Norton writes that the Duke “not be setled in Religion, it shal appeare, by sundry reasons to the contrarie” and lists five evidences: 1. “his education of his sonne under the government of a Papist” 2. “the corruption of his house, his chiefe men of trust being Papistes” 3. “the confidence and reposed trust he hes in the chieftest Papistes of this Realme” 4. “his last marriage with a Papist” 5. “And lastly, this pretended matche” 35 The Benedictine Brothers of Glendalough, Thomas Howard, remark that Charles IX and Catherine urged their ambassador, Fenelon, to “support [Mary’s] suit of the Duke of Norfolk as powerfully as he could” (270). 36 “Howard, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk (1538-1572).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 37 Roberto di Ridolfi was from a prominent banking family of Florence, and acted as nunzio segreto to Pope Pius V. He was consistently associated with the Catholics of England and was apparently employed by the Pope to help restore its Catholicism with the assistance of Phillip II and English Catholics. A comprehensive narrative on the Ridolfi plot (and Norfolk’s involvement in it) is in Francis Edward, The Marvellous Chance. 38 “Howard, Thomas, fourth duke of Norfolk (1538-1572).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.

Isherwood 22 with the Duke of Norfolk” (Nichols 255). The interception of letters carried by Charles Bailly in

April 1571, and investigation into a bag of gold carried by Thomas Browne, both sent from

Norfolk’s secretaries Higford and Barker in August, compromised Norfolk. His house was searched and another letter from Mary was discovered, even though he had at this point promised

Elizabeth that he would cease his communications with Mary. The discovery of yet more letters between the two later implicated Norfolk in the Ridolfi plot, as he was an essential element in the plan. After the revelation of his continued correspondence with Mary and apparent involvement with Ridolfi, Norfolk and his associates, including his secretaries Higford and Barker, were subjected to interrogation and torture. Ultimately, Cecil and his royal officers confirmed

Norfolk’s involvement in Ridolfi’s schemes. He was tried for high treason in January 1572 and executed in June of the same year.

MS.Brown.Eng.2 circles around the story Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk and Earl

Marshal of England from 1554-1572. It is important to emphasize, furthermore, that the vast amount of heraldic and genealogical information in the book’s second section (see the Appendix) is directly applicable to the role of the Earl Marshal, who oversees the College of Arms and has had such authority since the fourtheenth century, when the Court of Chivalry (or, Curia Militaris)

“took cognizance of all matters relating to honour, arms and pedigree” (Grazebrook 6). In 1568,

Norfolk further established the Earl Marshal’s authority over heraldry by issuing a statute that

“No new arms henceforth to be granted without the consent thereunto of the Earl Marshal.”39

Several of the documents in the codex, moreover, are for an Earl Marshal’s reference: “The

Office of the [Earl] Marshall and Ushers,” “The Ordre of all Estates to be Observed by the

Marshall and the Ushers,” “The Order of all Degrees from a Duke to a Gentleman,” and “The

39 From British Library MS Additional 14294 (fol. 118), qtd. in Grazebrook, The Earl Marshal’s Court in England, 28.

Isherwood 23

Order of Marshalling all Estates at Meat” (fols. 59v-60r. The “The Manor and Order of

Proceeding from the Queen Majesties Palace of Westminster to Westminster Church and

Parliament House” (fols. 42r-43r), further, directs the procession for the start of Mary I’s fifth parlaiment (called 6 December 1557), which her Earl Marshal would have been responsible for opening. Each of these documents are important for an Earl Marshal to have at his disposal: they all relate to core aspects of the job, the duties of which are primarily to oversee the College of

Arms, organize state events (such as funerals or coronations), and open parliament. As seen in

MS.Brown.Eng.2, the Earl Marshal “must knowe all the estates of the Churche and the estate of a king and the blood Royall” and “must take care that strangers be well enterteyned” (fol. 59v) as we can also see in its details regarding seating arrangements at meals and hierarchical positions of foreign visitors at state events (fol. 60r).40 The role of the Earl Marshal has remained relatively the same since Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, held it. Though in the Middle Ages, the role was associated with matters of warfare, by the sixteenth century the Earl Marshal

“determineth Contracts touching deeds of Armes out of the Realme, and handleth things concerning Warre within the Realme, as Combats, Blazon, Armorie, &c.”41 The Earl Marshal of

England is still the chief authority presiding over the College of Arms and a main figure in the organizing state events.

Let me summarize the case in closing. Several instances within the codex show a clear halting of new information after the first half of 1572, evidently because of the execution of

Norfolk on 2 June that year. The Catholic components of the book’s contents, in conjunction with knowledge of Norfolk’s Catholic tendencies, service, and relationships, also provide

40 For example, according to MS.Brown.Eng.2, bishops, marquises, earls and viscounts “may sitt 2 and 2 at a messe [i.e., a meal],” and a prince, duke, or archbishop “may not kepe the hawle [main hall] but eche estate by him self in a chamber or pavilion þat nether see other” (fol. 60r). 41 Lambard, Archeion, qtd. in Grazebrook, The Earl Marshal’s Court in England, 20.

Isherwood 24 evidence of the book’s association with him. Specifically, the documents at the beginning and end of the second section of MS.Eng.Brown.2 are related to matters pertinent to his the Earl

Marshal role in the reigns of Queens Mary I and Elizabeth I, and the list of estates on fol. 60r puts Pope at the head of the list, “sanz pere.” The inclusion of the Orders of St Michael and the

Golden Fleece are further Catholic incorporations into the book. By determining the codex’s original compilation date up to 1572, finally, it is evident that it originally belonged to, or circled, Norfolk. Documents compiled within the second section of the book clearly state their purpose: they are reference texts for use by an Earl Marshal, and some can be definitively connected to the Mary I’s 1557/58 parliament. The only Earl Marshal of England who could have organized the procession for the opening of parliament in 1557 and welcomed the Pope and his cardinals under Queen Mary I, kept records of chivalric orders, and also served and kept Earl

Marshal’s records into Elizabeth’s reign is Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk. For the few additions to the manuscript after his 1572 death, Norfolk’s son, Lord William Howard, is a likely candidate.

MS.Brown.Eng.2 belongs to a period of English history that exhibits religious and political instability, and it highlights a figure caught in the middle of tumultuous unrest. Norfolk, belonging to one of the most powerful noble families in England, is a good barometer of the

“interplay between the aristocratic dynasty, politics and religious change” that occurred during his lifetime (Clark 319). Showing evidence of a political career spanning two monarchial reigns, this University of Victoria Earl Marshal’s handbook appears to be connected to one of the most controversial figures in English political history. Nicola Clark’s article about the Howard women and their adaptability to the religious change within their family and country during the three generations of the Tudor era argues that the Howard family, although ideologically divided at

Isherwood 25 times, maintained a strong bond with one another. Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, for instance, disliked Mary, Duchess of Richmond, who had employed John Foxe to tutor his grandchildren, but he nevertheless left her a fair sum of money in his will, as a gesture of appreciation and familial loyalty. Much like the Howard family, England during the reigns in which this codex was compiled was politically and religiously discordant. MS.Brown.Eng.2 offers us an insight into this period through the careers of Norfolk and his contemporaries, and it is also an invaluable medium through which we can view some of the countours of Mary I and

Elizabeth I’s reigns.

Much work remains to be done by future researchers, of course. Importantly, the third section and largest section of MS.Brown.Eng.2 (fols. 100r-272r), an illustrated ordinary of arms with annotations, must be catalogued and transcribed to enable further connections and provide a yet more comprehensive understanding of the book as a whole. Once this is completed, new research will be possible and may point more definitively to the Howards, corresponding manuscripts at the College of Arms, and manuscript culture in sixteenth-century England as well.

Housed in Victoria, British Columbia, MS.Brown.Eng.2 contains exciting material for scholars

(and scholars in training) of English political, social, and religious history in Western Canada.

Isherwood 26

Works Cited & Consulted

Beal, Peter. In Praise of Scribes: Manuscripts and their Makers in Seventeenth-Century England. Clarendon Press, 1998. Begg, James [the Younger]. A Handbook of Popery, or, Text-Book of Missions for the Conversion of Romanists, etc. Johnstone and Hunter, 1852. Benedictine Brethren of Glendalough. Thomas Howard: Fourth Duke of Norfolk. Edited by William Cooke Taylor, Richard Bentley, 1843. Reprint by Kessinger Legacy Reprints, 2010. Calendar of State Papers: Domestic Series of the Reign of Mary I, 1553-1558. Edited by C S Knighton. Public Record Office, 1998. Calendar of State Papers, Foreign Series, of the Reign of Edward VI, 1547-1553. Edited by William B. Turnbull. Longman, Green, Longman, & Roberts, 1861. Clark, Nicola. “A ‘Conservative’ Family? The Howard Women and Responses to Religious Change During the Early Reformation, c. 1530-1558. Historical Research, vol. 90, no. 248, 2017, pp. 318-40. Darby, Lynsey. “Re: UVic Herald’s Handbook.” Electronic communication received by Janelle Jenstad, 24 February 2015. Day, Angel. The English Secretary. A Facsimile Reproduction with an Introduction, by Robert O. Evans. Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints, 1967. Edwards, Francis. The Marvellous Chance: Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk, and the Ridolphi Plot, 1570-1572. Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd., 1968. Emmison, F.G. Tudor Secretary: Sir William Petre at Court and Home. Longmans, Green and Co., 1961. Fitzalan-Howard, Henry. The Lives of Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, and of Anne Dacres, His Wife. Hurst and Blackett, 1858. Goldberg, Jonathan. Writing Matter: From the Hands of the English Renaissance. Stanford University Press, 1990. Grazebook, George. “The Earl Marshal’s Court in England, Its History, Procedure and Powers, Comprising also an Account of the Heralds Visitations and the Penalties Incurred by Neglecting to Conform to their Demands.” The Historic Society of Lancashire and Chesire, 1895. Head, David M. The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune: The Life of Thomas Howard, Third Duke of Norfolk. University of Georgia Press, 1995. Isherwood 27

Heal, Ambrose. The English Writing-Masters and Their Copy-Books 1570-1800: A Bibliographical Dictionary and a Bibliography. Cambridge University Press, 1931. Reprint by Georg Olms, 1962. Hervey, Mary F.S. The Life, Correspondence, and Collections of Thomas Howard Earl of Arundel. Cambridge University Press, 1921. Household Books of John Howard, Duke of Norfolk, 1462-1471, 1481-1483. Printed for Richard III and Yorkist History Trust, Alan Sutton, 1992. In the Prayse of Writing: Essays in Honour of Peter Beal. Edited by S.P. Cerasano and Steven W. May. The British Library, 2012. Love, Harold. Scribal Publication in Seventeenth Century England. Clarendon Press, 1993. Marshall, Peter. Heretics and Believers: A History of the English Reformation. Yale University Press, 2017. Mertes, Kate. The English Noble Household, 1250-1600: Good Governance and Political Rule. Basil Blackwell, 1988. Nichols, John. The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I: Volume II: 1572 to 1578. Edited by Elizabeth Goldring and Jayne Elizabeth Archer. Oxford University Press, 2014. Noble, Mark. A History of the College of Arms, and the Lives of All the Kings, Heralds, and Pursuivants, from the Reign of Richard III, Founder of the College, until the Present Time. J. Debrett and T. Egerton, 1804. North, Marcy L. “Household Scribes and the Production of Literary Manuscripts in Early Modern England.” Journal of Early Modern Studies, vol. 4, 2015, pp.133-157. Oxford Handbook of Tudor Literature, 1485-1603. Edited by Mike Pincombe and Cathy Shrank. Oxford University Press, 2009. Peck, Linda Levy. Consuming Splendor: Society and Culture in Seventeenth-Century England. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ---. The Mental World of the Jacobean Court. Cambridge University Press, 1991. ---. Court Patronage and Corruption in Early Stuart England. Unwin Hyman, 1990. ---. Northampton: Patronage and Policy at the Court of James I. George Allen & Unwin, 1982. Robinson, John Martin. The Dukes of Norfolk: A Quincentennial History. Oxford University Press, 1982. Rye, Walter. Norfolk Families: Part I. Goose and Son, 1911. Thomas, W.J. Notes and Queries: A Medium of Inter-Communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, Etc., vol. 2, July – December, 1856. Web. Isherwood 28

Trigg, Stephanie. Shame and Honor: a Vulgar History of the Order of the Garter. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. Tucker, Melvin J. The Life of Thomas Howard: Earl of Surrey and Second Duke of Norfolk. Mouton & Co., 1964. von Volborth, Carl-Alexander. Heraldry: Customs, Rules, and Styles. Blandford Press, 1981. Wagner, Anthony. Heralds and Ancestors. British Museum Publications, 1978. ---. English Genealogy. Clarendon Press, 1972. ---. Heralds and Heraldry in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press, 1939. Williams, Graham. “‘My Evil Favoured Writing’: Uglyography, Disease, and the Epistolary Networks of George Talbot, Sixth Earl of Shrewsbury.” Huntington Library Quarterly, vol. 79, no.3, 2016, pp. 387-409. Williams, Neville. Thomas Howard: Fourth Duke of Norfolk. E.P. Dutton & Co., 1965. Woudhuysen, H.R. Sir Philip Sidney and the Circulation of Manuscripts 1558-1640. Clarendon Press, 1996. Isherwood 29

APPENDIX

A SEMI-DIPLOMATIC TRANSCRIPTION OF VICTORIA, MCPHERSON LIBRARY MS BROWN.ENG.2, FOLS. 39V-60R

[fol. 39v, col. a]

The Names and Armes of divers William. Conqueror: noble men before not recyted. Edgar Ethlinge cosin to. Edward. the confessor.

Rauffe erl of the west angle and norwich.

Leophrick erl of Chester.

Gospatrick erl of comberland:

Marker brother to Edwin erl of leicester. and lincoln.

Dodo. erl of arden.

Thirkill erl of bathe.

Mercatus erl of carlile.

Walderon erl of Crowland.

[fol. 39v, col. b]

Gervice Harecourt. Erl. harecourt.

Odo. erl of kent. Isherwood 30

Phillippe. Lord. of kymt.

Ribawd. Lord. of mulham.

Pierce Lord. Malbank.

Ierom. Lord. Mountfitchet.

Lord. Seintcourt.

Fitzhammon. erl of glocester.

[fol. 40r, col. a]

William Rufus.

Fitzhammond erl. of glocester.

Henry þe first.

Iohn. Lord. Balioll. lord. Malolain. before fol. 9o. lord. Huntyngfeld.

[fol. 40r, col. b]

King Steven.

Reynold erl of bristoll and cornwall.

Lord. Monmouth.

Crispin erl of sarum.

Longchampe erl of notingham.

Consull. erl of glocester. Isherwood 31

Henry þe Second.

Lord. Leyborne. lord. Normavill.

[fol. 40v, col. a]

Lord Mounhalt

Richard þe first.

King. Iohn. lord Corbett.

Henry þe third.

[fol. 40v, col. b]

Edward: þe first.

Erl Hungerford.

Edward: þe fourth.

[fol.41v, blank]

[fol.42r]

1557. The Mannor of and ordre of Proceeding from the Queene: Maiesties Pallaice of Westminster to Westminster Churche. and Parlament howse.

First all gentlemen, esquiers, knightes, sergeauntz of the Lawe, master of the rowles, Iuges, counsellors 2 and 2. in ordre before the quens maiestie. after them the 2 principall secretaries. The comptroller and Tresuror of þe Quenes house. Then all barons barons in ther robes 2 and 2. Then the lord. admirall and þe lord. chamberlain. Then all bisshops 2 and 2 in ther robes. Then the vicountes. Then all erles 2 and 2. Isherwood 32

Then marqueses. Then the lord Chauncelor and lord. tresurour. Then the archbishops Then garter. Then the lord great chamberlain of ingland and therl marshall with his rod. Then the cappe of maintenaunce to be borne by. Then the sworde to be born by

Then the quens maiestie in her robes.

Then the master of the house to beare þe Quens train. Then all Ladies and gentlewomen. Then the vicechamberlain with all the garde following him 2 and 2. and thus in ordre to proceed to the monastery of Westminster and ther to alight proceding in ordre into the church and her grace to be receyved by the dean and the rest of the churche and her

[fol.42v]

Train to be borne by the Lord. Chamberlain assisted by the vicechamberlain and at the northe doore of the churche the quens maiestie to receiue the sceptre of the dean and so to proceed to the place appointed for her highnes.

Then the Lord. Steward to go to the parlament house to see the writtes returned and the appointment of the knightes and burgesses of the parlament. that don to return to the Quens maiestie to the churche. and at the offering tyme the Quens maiestie to offer alone and no more.

The service don and finished all to proceed before her highnes in ordre as aforeseid.

Then the dean to receiue again the scepter at the south dore and then the Quens maiestie Isherwood 33 to ryde and all the rest to go on foote in ordre to þe parlament house as aforeseid.

Then her highnes to withdrawe her sellff into her withdrawing chamber till all the Lords be placed acording to ther estate and degrees.

Then her maiestie to com fourth to her seat ryall

Then therl marshall with his rod to stand on her left hand and the Lord great cham= berlain on the right hand. and an erl to hold the sword on the left hand, and the cappe of main= tenaunce to be holden by a great estate on the left hand.

[fol. 43r]

Then the Lord. chauncelour on the right hand and the Lord Tresurer on the left hand without the barrgers.

Then the Clark of the parlament to Call all the Lordes sutors to the parlament by ther names and degrees

That don the lord. Chauncelour of ingland to make an Oration of the Quene maiesties mynde and intent for calling of the parlament.

This don the Quens. Maiestie to will the knightes and the burgesses to chewse ther speaker.

Then her highnes to withdrawe her sellf into her private Chambre and ther to shift her of her robes and all the Lordes to shifte them Sellfes in lyke manner and so to finishe.

[fol. 43v, col. a] The names of all noble men Since the conquest: Dukes. E.3. Edward: Plantagenet prince of wales. Duke: of Cornwall: and erl. of Leicester. Isherwood 34

Henry Plantagenet. Duke: of Lancaster. erl. of darbie. Leicester. and Lincoln. sonne of Henry erl of Lancaster. Iohannes Plantagenet. 3 sonne of. E .3. Duke: of Lancaster. erl of rich= mount. darby. Leicester. and Lincoln. Lyonell Plantagenet. Duke. of Clarence. 2 sonne of. E.3. and erl of Vlster. Edmund: Plantagenet: 4 sonne of E. 3. Duke: of York and erl of Cambrige.

R:2: Edmund: Plantagenet: 4 sonne of E. 3. Duke: of York and erl of Cambrige. R:2: Thomas: Plantagenet. 5 sonne of E .3. Duke of glocester. and erl of Buckingham.

Michael: Delapole. Duke. of Suffolk. R.2. Henry Plantagenet. sonne of Iohannes Duke: of Lancaster. was Duke: of Herfford. and erl of darby. Leicester. and Lincoln. Robert: veare. Duke. of yreland marques: of develing and erl of Oxonford. Edward: Plantagenet. sonne of Edmund: Duke: of york. was Duke: of Awmerl and erl of Rutland: Iohn Bryttain Duke: of britton: and erl of Richmount. Thomas: Holland. Duke. of Surrey. and erl of kent. Iohannes Holland brother to Thomas: was Duke. of Exonia and erl of Huntingdon.

[fol. 43v, col. b] Dukes.

Thomas Mowbray Duke: of Norfolk: erl of notingham. and erl marshall: of ingland. Isherwood 35

Margret: Segraue created Duches of Norffolk: she was heir to her mother Daughter. and Heir. of Thomas: Brotherton erl of Norfolk and marshall of ingland.

H.4. Henry. Beauford sonne to Iohannes Duke Lancaster. was Duke: of Exonia and marques: dorset: / by H.5. Thomas: Plantagenet. 2 sonne of H .4. was Duke: of clarence. Iohannes Plantagenet. 3 sonne of H .4. of lancaster. was Duke. of Bedford: Humphrey Plantagenet. 4 sonne to H .4. was Duke. of Glocester. H.5. Iohn: Beauford. Duke: of Somerset. sonne of Iohn: Duke. of Lancaster. by H.5. Duke. of Somerset. Henry Beauford sonne of Iohn. of gaunt. / was Duke. of Exonia.

H.6. Humphrey Stafford. Duke. of Buckingham: Henry. Beauchamp. Duke: of warwick. and first erl of ingland. Edmund: Beauford sonne to Iohannes marques: dorset: was Duke: of somerset. and marques: dorset: William De La poole. Duke. of Suffolk. and erl. of Pembroke. Edmund: of Haddam Duke: of Richmond. sonne of Owen of wales etc. Richard Plantagenet sonne of Richard. erl of cambrige. was Duke: of york. and erl of vlster. clarence. and cambrige.

[fol. 44r, col. a] Dukes.

E.4. George Plantagenet. 2 sonne to Richard. Duke. of York. Was Duke. of clarence. Richard: Plantagenet. 3 sonne to Richard. Isherwood 36

Duke: of york. Was Duke. of Gloucester. and after King. of ingland. George Plantagenet. 3 sonne of E. 4. was Duke. of Bedford. Richard Plantagenet. 2 sonne of E.4. was Duke. of york and norffolk: Edward: ^Henry^ Stafford Duke. of Buckingham: Henry ^Edward^ Stafford. sonne of Edward: ^Henry:^ Duke. of Buckingham. ^George Nevill son to Iohn: Nevill Ma rques Montactue created: duke of Bedford^

R.3. Iohannes Lord. Haward. Duke of Norffolk: erl of Surrey. and erl mar= shall. of ingland.

H.7. Henry sonne of H. 7. Duke. of York. after. King. of ingland. Iasper of Hatfield brother to Edmund. of Haddam. was Duke: of Bedfourd. Erl of Cambrige. and Pembroke.

[fol. 44r, col. b] Dukes.

H.8. Charles Brandon Duke. of suffolk. and vicount. Lysley. Henry Fitzroy Duke. of Richmond: and erl of notingham. Edward. Stafford. Duke. of Buckingham. Thomas. Haward. Duke. of Norffolk.

E.6. Edward: Seymor. Duke: of Somerset: and erl of Herfford. Henry Grey Duke. of Suffolk. and marques: dorsett: Iohannes Sutton alias Dudley. Duke. of northumberland. erl. of warwick. and vicount. Lysley.

Q.M. Thomas: Haward. Duke. of norffolk.

Q.E.

Isherwood 37

[fol. 44v, col. a] Marqueses. R.2. Robert veare marques: of deve= ling. and erl of Oxonford. H.4. Iohannes Beauford sonne of Iohannes of gaunt. marques: dorsett: H.6. William Dellapoole. marques: of suffolk. E.4. Iohannes. Nevill brother of Richard. Erl of Warwick. / Marques: mon= tecute. R.3. William Lord. Barkley. Marquis Barkley. H.8. Henry Courteney. marquis of Exonia and erl of devon. Thomas Grey. marques dorset/. by E.4. E.6. William Parre marques north= ampton. William Pawlett. marquis of Wintonia. /

Erles. William. C. Erl Edgar. Ethling. cosin to Edward: the confessor. Clyton Erl of Wintonia. Algar. erl of Leicester and coventry. Steganus ^alias Swardus a saxon^ erl of Southampton. Roger: Commyn erl of Northumberland. Athelstane Dud ^sonne of dodo^ erl of Somary and arden. Edrick erl of yorke. Turquyn. erl of Warwick: Candor erl of cornwall: Sylvester erl of Leicester. Mongomery erl. of Belesmo in normandy. Erl of arundel: and shrewsbury in ingland.

[fol. 44v, col. b] Erles

Mowbray erl. of Northumberland. Gifford erl of Buckingham: and Pembroke. Meschynes erl of Carlile. and comberland: Isherwood 38

Evereux ^alias fitzpatrick.^ erl of rosemare and mautelake in normandy erl of sarum: in ingland. Waldeth erl of northumberland. comberland: and huntington. Lupus erl of auranges in normandy. Erl of chester in ingland. Erl Ferrers. a norman. Fitzeustace erl of Passy in normandy. Erl of glocester. in ingland. and Lord. Steward. Erl Warren ^and surrey^ a norman. Veare. Erl of guysnes in normandy. Erl of Oxonia in H.1. tyme. Osborne erl of Herfford. Ryvers erl of Exonia. Randolph ^and of the Este angle^ erl of Norwiche. Bruer erl of devon Geffrye ^sergaunt^ erl of bryttayn. Erl of Richmond in ingland. Gaunt erl of Kyme. Mohun erl of somerset Champain erl of awbermale. Peverell erl of notingam. Thirkill erl of Bathe. Tosty erl of kent. Dodo erl of arden. Walleron erl of crowland. Owtred (brother to Walleron) erl of Westmerland. Erl Harecourt. gervis. Fitzosbert erl Ogye. Erl Gourney. Hugh. Lucye erl of anguishe. Leophrick erl of chester.

[fol. 45r, col. a] Erles.

W.R. Bohun erl of Herfford. Romare erl of Lincoln. Tonye erl of Flamsted. Isherwood 39

William sonne of erl warren. Erl Warren and Surrye and Sussex. Erle Hynkley of whom descended: grantmains erl hinckley. Vrsois erl of Worcester Edwin sonne of Algar erl of Leicester and Coventry. Cospatrick erl of Comberland Marker erl of Leicester and Lincoln. Morvience erl of glocester. Armer erl of devon. Mercatus erl of carlile. Boscue erl. of Leicester. Paganell. erl of somary. Neawborow. erl. of warwick: Bohan erl of chester. Odo. erl of Kent. Fitzhammond erl of glocester. Neawborow erl of Leicester. Seintclyse. erl of Huntington. Northumberland. and comberland:

H.1. Grauntmains erl hinckley. Le grosse erl aubermale. Qwyncy erl of winchester. / Saer. Robert base sonne of H.1. erl of glocestre. Mylo. erl of herfford: Bygott erl of norffolk. Ioecline sonne and Heir. of godfrey Duke. of Brabant. was erl of northumberland:

[fol. 45r, col. b] Erles.

Beamount erl of myllent in normandy. Erl of Leicester. in ingland: Scott erl of Huntington and anguishe. / Veare erl of Oxonford.

K.S. Gilbert Erl. Ogie. and pembroke. Bohun Erl of herfford: Isherwood 40

Dabignye alias albinetto erl of arundell. Maundevyle erl of Essex / Geffrye. Gilbert de gaunt erl of Lincoln. Le grosse erl of holderness. Erle Egle of the Egle. Renold base sonne of H.1. erl of bristo and cornwall: Crispin erl of sarum. Longchampe erl of notingam. Bohun erl of northampton.

H.2. Hamlin Plantagenet erl warren and Surrey. Ryvers erl of deuon / before erl of Exonia. Glanvyle. erl of Suffolk. Ferrers erl of notingam. and darby. Marshall erl marshall of ingland. and erl of pembroke. Fitzpayn erl of muchbody= vale. Consull erl of glocester. Robert: Lacy erl of Lincoln. gilbert. Clare erl of Clare. / Roger. Strongbow erl of Ogie./ Richard. and Pembroke. Scott. erl of huntington./ Henry. Ferrers erl of Leicester./ Robert:

[fol. 45v, col. a] Erles.

R.1. Paganell erl of somary and arden./ Hugh the sonne of gervis. Iohannes Plantaganet: erle of glocester. and after King. of ingland. Longespee base sonne of H.2. erl of Sarum./ William. Longespee erl of Ulster./ sonne of William./ Stephen. Puzey Bishop: of Duresme. and erl of northumberland. Vernon erl of Devon. Maundevyle. erl of Essex./ William. Isherwood 41

Plassy. erl of warwick. / William. Mandud erl of warwick:/ William.

K. Io. Beauchamp erl of warwick. and Baron of Elmesley/ William. Brough erl of kent./ Hugh. Qwyncye erl of Wintonia./ Roger Qwyncye erl of Lincoln/ Robert. Iohn: de Placentis erl of warwick: Saye erl of Essex. / William. Ludgarsall erl of Essex./ geffrye. Mountford erl of leicester./ Symon. Clare erl of glocester./ Richard. sonne of Roger. Fitzpierce erl of essex./ geffrye. Bohun erl of .essex.

[fol. 45v, col. b] Erles.

H.3. Scott. erl of chester./ Iohn. Quyncy erl of Lincoln./ Robert. Edmund. Plantagenet. alias crouchback erl of Lancaster. sonne of H.3. Lacy erl of Lincoln./ Iohn. Fitzallein erl of Arundel./ Iohn. ^Richard^ Robert: Plantagenet. 2 sonne of King Iohn erl of cornwall: and after was crowned King of romains. Bohun erl of herfford. and essex humphrey. Mandud erl of warwick:/ William Mounchasye erl. of pembroke. warren. Gobion erl of southampton/ william. Mohun erl of somerset./ attainted.

E. 1. Edward Plantagenet. alias Edward of carnar van. 1. sonne of E.1. erl of chester and cornwall. after King E.2. Monthermer. erl of glocester./ rauff. Valence erl. of Pemproke./ william Beauchamp erl of Warwick./ william baron of elmesley. Mortymer erl of march./ Roger. Isherwood 42

Vmfrevell erl of anguishe and Kyme./ William. Genevyle erl of Ulster./ geffrye. Algernon ^alias Percie^ erl athell./ Thomas.

[fol. 46r, col. a] Erles.

E.2. Thomas: Plantagenet. alias brotherton 2 sonne of E.1. erl of norffolk. and marshall: of ingland. Edmund. Plantagenet. alias Edmund. of wod= stock 3 sonne of E.1. erl of Kent. Pierce gaveston erl of cornwall: and after erl of herfford./ he was a gascoin. Hugh Spencer. erl of Wintonia. Hugh Spencer (sonne of Hughe) erl of glocester. Brough. erl of Ulster/ William Harkela erl of carlyle. / andrew.

E.3. Edward Plantagenet. alias the black prince first sonne of E.3. erl of chester. and kent. Henry Plantagenet. sone of Henry erl of Lancaster. / Erl of darby. after. Duke. of Lancaster./ Iohn: Plantagenet. alias Iohn: of gaunt, erl of Richmond. after. Duke: of Lancaster/ 4 sone of E.3. Lyonell Plantagenet. 3 sonne of E.3. erl of Ulster. Iohn Plantagenet alias Lord. of Eltham 2 sonne of E.2. erl of cornwall: Edmund: Plantagenet. alias Edmund. of Langley 5 sonne of E.3 erl of cambrige. Mountecute. erl of sarum. / William. Bohun. erl of Northampton. / William. he was 4 sonne of humphrey. Bohun erl of herfford. Isherwood 43

Fynes Lord. Clynton erl of huntington. William.

[fol. 46r, col. b] Erles.

Awdley erl of glocester./ hugh. Cowcy. erl of Bedford./ ingeram. Hastinges erl of Pembroke. Lawraunce. Arthois a frenshman erl of Richmount./ Robert. Courteney. erl of deuon. Hugh. Percye erl of northumberland. henry. Erl. Stafford./ rauff. Buttler. erl of Ormond. Iames. Ufford erl. of suffolk./ Robert.

Henry: Plantagenet. alias henry. of bul= lingbroke:/ erl of herfford./ after Duke. and King. of ingland. R.2. Thomas: of Woodstoke 6 sone of E.3. was erl of buckingham. Edward. Plantagenet. first sonne of Edmund. Langley./ erl of Rutland. Thomas. Holland half brother tp King. R.2. was erl of kent. Iohn. Holland brother of Thomas: was erl of huntington. Thomas: Mowbray erl of notingam. after þe death of his brother iohn. Iohn. Beauford sonne of Iohn of gaunt./ erl of Somerset. Richard Plantagenet. alias Richard of conningsborow 2 sonne of Edmund. of Langley was erl of cambrige. Iohn Mowbray erl of notingam. Thomas. Spencer erl of glocester. Isherwood 44

Rauffe Nevill first erl of westmerland.

[fol. 46v, col. a] Erles.

Scrope erl of Wilshire/ William. Percy erl of Worcester./ Thomas: þe sonne of henry erl of northumberland. Awbry Veare erl of Oxonford. he was sonne of Robert: Duke. of yreland. Thomas: Spencer sone of Hugh erl of glocester.

H.4. Roger Mortymer erl of vlster and marche. William Beauchamp 2 sonne of Thomas: Beauchamp: erl of warwick: was erl of worcester. Henry: Percy sonne of ^sir^ Thomas./ ^was^ Erl of Athells. ^by his wife. Daughter. and Heir. of Scarbolgh erl of athell.

H.5. Arthure brother: to Iohn. Duke. of bryt= tain. was Erl of Richmond: Edmund Beauford sonne of Iohn was erl of mortayn. Bowchier. erl of Ewe/ William. Geffry de foys. a gascoin erl of Longvyle and kendall. Grey Lord. Lowis Henry./ was erl Tankervyle. Richard: Nevill. sonne of Rauff erl of Westmerland: was erl of sarum.

[fol. 46v, col. b] Erles.

H.6. Edmund. of Haddam sonne of owen Tedder etc. was erl of Richmond. Iasper of Hatfeld brother: of Edmund. of haddam. was erl of Pembroke. . Isherwood 45

Tiptoft erl of worcester. / Iohannes Iohn: Stafford 2 sonne of humphrey. Duke. of buckingham. / erl of wiltshire. Hungerford Robert: erl hungerford. Iasper: Buttler 2 sone of Iasper: 4 erl of Ormond./ Erl. of wiltshire Richard: Plantagenet. sonne and heyr of Richard. erl. of cambrige. was erl of york. Iohn: Mowbray. erl warren and surrey. Talbott erl of Shreusbury: Iohn. Nevill erl of warwick: Richard: the sonne of Richard: erl of sarum. Bourchier. erl of Essex / henry. Rich

E.4. Edward. Plantagenet. sone of George Duke: of clarence./ Erl of warwick. Bouchier erl of Essex./ henry. Woodvyle erl Ryvers./ Richard: Grey of Ruthen. erl of kent Edward. Graunthowse el erl of wintonia Iohn. Stafford of sowthwick erl Of devon./ humphry. ^Lord.^ Harbert of cardiff. Erl of Pembroke./ william.

[fol. 47r, col. a] Erles.

^Iohn^ De La Poole sonne of Iohn. Duke: of Suffolk./ was erl of Lincoln.

R.3. Thomas: Haward sonne of Iohn Duke: of norffolk./ Erl of Surrey. and after Duke. of norffolk.

H.7. Richard: Woodvyle sonne of Richard. erl Ryvers. / was erl Ryvers. Thomas: Lord. Stanley. Erl of Darby. Isherwood 46

Edward: Courteney cosin and heir to Thomas: erl of deuon / was Erl of. deuon. Henry Daubeney erl of brige= water.

H.8. Henry Courteney. Erl of deuon. Henry Stafford: brother: to Edward: Duke. of Buckingham./ was erl of wiltshire: Charles Somerset. erl of worcester. Thomas: Haward sonne of Thomas: Duke: of norffolk./ Erl of Surrey. Thomas: Bullein vicount. Rochford:/ was erl of wilshire: and Ormond. Iohn. Brandon sonne of charles Duke: of Suffolk./ Erl of Lincoln. Pers Buttler of a yonger house of Iasper. first erl of Ormond: was erl of Ossery. Thomas: Manners Lord. Ros./ Erl of Ruttland. Henry Clifford Lord Bromflet vessy etc./ Erl of comberland.

[fol. 47r, col. b] Erles.

Robert: Rattcliff vicount. fitzwa= ter, Lord. Egremount, bur= nell etc./ Erl of Sussex. George Lord. Hastinges, botte= reux, mollines etc. was erl of huntington. Iohn: Bourcher Lord. fitzwaren. Erl of bathe. William fitzwilliams erl of Southampton. Edward. Seymor vicount. becham. Thomas: Lord. Cromwell. Erl of Essex. Edward: Seymor vicount. Becham erl of herfford.

E.6. Edward. Seymor vicount. beauchamp: erl of herford: Isherwood 47

Thomas. Wriotesley. erl of Southampton. Iohn Lord: Russell. erl of Bedford. William Harbert. erl of pembroke and Lord harbert of cardiff. William. Parre erl of Essex.

Q.M. Edward: Courteney sonne of henry. marquis. of Exonia. was erl. of deuon. Thomas. Percy sonne of Sir Thomas. per= cy. k. erl of northumberland.

Q.E. Edward: Seymor sonne of edward. Duke. of somerset: erl of Herfford ^Lord.^ Ambrose. Dudley sonne of Iohn. Duke. of northumberland. Erl of warwick: ^Lord.^ Robert: Dudley sonne of Lord. Duke. of Northumberland: Erl of Leicester. Edward: Fynes Lord. Clynton. Erl of Lincoln. Henry: Grey of wrast. erl of kent. Walter: Deureux erl of Essex.

[fol.47v, col. a] Vicountes.

H.1. Estotevile. Vicount. of York. R.1. Vicount Buckland. K.Io. Vicount Bulbeck. E.3. Vicount. Beamond. R.2. Vicount. Fitzwater. H.5. Vicount. Robsart. H.6. Talbott Vicount. Lysley. E.4. Vicount. Lovell. Grey Vicount Lysley. Vicount Bourchier. H.7. Vicount. Wells. Vicount. Barkley. H.8. Charles: Brandon vicount. Lysley. Thomas. Bullein vicount. rochford. Robert. Ratcliff vicount. fitzwater. Edward: Seymor vicount. Becham. Arthur: Plantagenet. vicount. Lysley. Iohn. Sutton alias Dudley vicount. Lysley. Isherwood 48

E.6. Edward: Devereux vicount. hereford. Q.M. Anthony: Brown vicount. moun= tegne. Q.E. Thomas. Haward vicount Byndon.

[fol. 47v, col.b] Barons.

W.C. Nigell Baron of Haulton. Lacye Lord. of Pomfret. Fytzallen. Lord. of Clune and oswestrie. Dabygnye Lord. of Buckenham. Hugh. Lord. Mortymer. William Lord. Percye. Robert. Lord. Stafford. Geffry Lord. Nevill. Owtred. Lord. of Rabye. Phillip Lord. Talbott of eglefeld. credill and worsop. Iohn. Lord. Talbott of normandy. Estotevill Lord. of cotenham. Tyson Lord. of anwiek. Ivon Lord. Uessye. Greylie Lord. Greylie. Daincort. Lord. Daincort. Harold base sonne of King. Harold, Lord. of Sudley. Auncelyne Lord. fitzwater Hugh Beauchamp Baron of Bedford. William. Beauchamp baron of Elmesley,/ after erl of warwick. Pers Lord. Malbank. Ierom Lord. Mountfichet. Iohn Lord. Morvyle. Robert. Lord. Mandutt. of hanslape Bertram: Bethall. baron of mytford. Geffrye: Lord. Trusbutt. Geffrye. Lord. Mounteney. Humphrey: Lord. Bohun Randolph. Baron of Botevyle. Henry Lord. Mallett. Roger Lord. Tregose. Isherwood 49

Saier. Lord. Qwyncye.

[fol.48r, col. a] Barons.

Geffrie Lord. Bontetort. Roger. Lord. Malmains. Randolph lord. Bassett of bloer. Eustace crewe Lord. of mounhalt. Randolph 2 brother to geffrye: erl of bryttain. was Lord. of myd= delham. Randolphe Lord. Barkley. Newborow. Lord. Bemount. Henry Lord. St court.

W.R. Eustace Fitziohn. Lord. vessye. Fitzwight Lord. of kyme. Lynzey baron of wormerley. Geffrey. Lord. Lucye. Lord Nigell of albanie. Saier Lord. Sutton of holden: Nicolas: Lord. vfflet. Osbert Lord. Fiurnivall.

H.1. Glanvyle Baron of bromholm. after erl of suffolk. Thomas. Lord Bardolph. of Stokebar= dolph. William Lord. Lovell. Water Lord. Clifford of castle clifford. and flint. Geffrye. Lord. Clynton. chamber: lain to H.1. Griffin: Lord Povois. Iohn. Lord. Baylioll. Nicholas. Lord. Huntingfeld.

[fol. 48r, col. b] Barons.

Roger Lord. Canvyle. K.S. Phillip Lord. Brews of gowres. Stephen Lord. Tiptoft. Morrice Lord. fitzhardinge. after. Lord Barkley. Isherwood 50

Richard. de Humes, Lord. Huntercort. Guye Lord. Tankervile. Warren Lord. Uernon of Shilbroke. Dodo Lord. Lysours of fedborow. William Lord. Bovyle. Peter. Lord. Genevyle. Harbert base sone of H.1./ Lord. of Dean. Robert. Lord. Haya. Thomas. Lord. Mounmowth.

H.2. Adam Lord. Awdley of hely castle. Robert: Lord. Rosse of hamlake. and warke. Iohn. Lord. Laware of wickware. Iohn. Molton. Lord. Egremount. Adam Carew. Baron of Carew. Andrew: Lord. Camois. William Lord. Martell. Thomas. Lord. Claveringe Nicolas: Lord. Malolain. William Lord. Laybourn. Thomas. Lord. Normavyle. Stephen. Lord. Saye. Whose sonne William was erl of wssex –

[fol. 48v, col. a] Barons

R.1. Bryan Fitzallein. lord. of Bydall. colune and of Westry. Hugh. Longchamp. Lord. of willton. William Cantelope, Lord. of. Aburgaveny. Robert: Lord. Tatesall. William. Lord. Latymer. William. Lord. Bruer of torbay. Adam Lord. Port of basinge. Robert: Lord. vaux of gilesland. Thomas. Lord. ythingam. Reynold. Lord. Grey of watereton.

K.Io. Symon Lord. Mountfort. after erl. of Leicester. 14˚. of K.Iohn. Hugh. Lord. Spencer. Isherwood 51

Iohn. Lord. strange of knocking. Alang Lord. Sowche. William Lord. Morley. Robert: vypount. Lord. of westmoreland. William Lord. Burnell. David Baron of Malpas. Roger: Lord. Somarye. ^Fouke. lord.^ Fitzwarren. Lord. of whittington. Pierce. Lord. Lysley. Thomas: Lord. Barkley. Peter. Lord. corbett. Theobald. Lord. Uerdon. Iohn: Lord. St Amond. Nicholas. Lord. Meunell.

[fol. 48v, col.b] Barons.

H.3. Richard Lord. Grey of codnor. Henry Lord. Scroope of bolton. Bawdwyne Lord. wake of Lydell. and cotenham. Robert: Rosse baron of kendall. William Dabusie. Lord. Bellvoir Thomas: Lord. Dacres of dacres. Warren. Lord. Mounchasie. Gilbert Browning baron of sampford. William Buttler baron of wemme. Henry Lord. Hastinges. Stephen Lord. segrave. Peter Lord. Mountford of bewdesert. Adam Lord. Newmarche. Walter. Lord. Fauconbrige.

E.1. William Lord. Ferrers of grobie 1. sonne of erl ferrers. and darby. William Lord. Ferrers of chartley. 2 sonne of erl ferrers. and darby. Iohannes Lord. Grey of willton. Richard. Lord. Cantelope of Hampston. Iohn. Lord. Commyne. Iohn: Lord. Marmion. William. Lord. Lovetoft. of wotsop. Iohn. Lord. Cobham. Iohn. Lord. St iohn of basinge.

Isherwood 52

[fol. 49r, col. a] Barons.

E.2. Symon Lord. asheley. Geffrey: Lord. Scrope of vpsall. 2 sonne of lord: scrope of bolton. Olyuer Lord. Engain of grymsbye. William Lord. Mollines Herbert. Lord. St Qwyntine. Nicholas. Lord. St More. Iohn. Charlton Lord. Powis. Iohn. Lord. Strange of blackmere and coxham William Donstavyle lord. castlecombe. Iohn. Lord Matrenas. Edward. Lord. Manley. Steward to King. Edward.2. William lord. Bottereux. Iohn. Sutton Baron Dudley. was sonne of Sir Richard. sutton knight. Robert: Lord. Rocheford. William. Lord. Fellton.

E.3 Robert: Lord. Vfford. William. Lord. Mountegne./ Lord. of the yle of Man. Ingram Lord. Cowcye. Reynold Lord. Grey of Ruthen 2. sonne to Iohn. Lord. grey of Wilton. Iohn. Lord. Harrington. Phillip: Lord. Poynynges. Bartholemew: Badelismere baron of Liedes. Almerick Lord. St Amond. William Lord. Grantson. Walter. ^lord^ Shandos ^and^ Lord. fanhope. Iohn. Lord. Darcye. and Mennell. Lord. chamberlain: to King. Edward. 3. Iohn. Teyas baron of Teyas. ^Thomas.^ Nevill. Lord. Furnivall. Thomas. Lord. Beauchamp of Powick.

Isherwood 53

[fol. 49r, col. b] Barons.

Robert: Lord. fitzpryn. Robert Lord. wyllobie. þe first. of Erby.

R.2 Thomas. Lord. Mowbray. 2 sonne of Margret: Segraue. Duchess. of norfolk: was after his brother: Duke of Norfolk Iohn Lord. Mowbray first sonne of margret: segraue Duchess. of norfolk: Rauffe. Lord. Nevill./ creatyd. first erl of Westmorland. Robert: Ferrers baron of owseley. Adam Lord. Wells. of grimsbye. Rauffe. Grey. baron of greistoke Wa[l]ter first Lord. hungerford. Warren Gerard Lord. Lysley. Roger: Lord. Scales of monsells. Rauff. Lord. Lomley. Richard: Lord. Barneys. Thomas. Lord. Graunthouse. Renold Lord. Grey of rether= feld.

H.4. Henry Lord. Fitzhugh. Thomas. Lord. Fauconbrige of ryson. Gilbert Atton. Lord. Vessye. Reynold. Lord. cobham of stock= borough. William Lovell. Lord. Morley Thomas. Lord. Caufer Iohn. Grey. Lord. Powis.

[fol. 49v, col. a] Barons.

H.5. Edward: Nevill. Lord. of aburgaynye. Geroge Nevill. Lord. Latymer. Twichet Lord. Awdley. Thomas. Poyninges. Lord. St iohn. Reinold West Lord. Laware. Iohn. Oldcastle Lord. Cobham. Iohn: Cornwall. baron fanhop Isherwood 54

H.6. Devereux Lord. Ferrers of chartley. William Bouchier Lord. fitzwarren: 2. sonne of William Erl of Ewe. Iohn. Bouchier Lord. Barneis 3. sonne of William Erl of Ewe. Rauff Nevill baron of owseley. 2. sonne of dauraby erl of westmerland: Thomas. Grey baron of Richmount 2 sonne of Iohn. Lord. grey of ruthen. Thomas. Lord. Stanley./ descended. of a 2 brother of Adam Lord. audley. William ^Bonvile^ Lord. Bonvile. and harrington. Wa[l]ter Blount Lord. Montioye. Henry Bromflet. Lord. Vessye Rauff. Lord. Cromwell. Iohn. Lord. Stourton. Thomas. Lord. Hoo. Iames Fynes Lord. Saye. And ^sellye.^ Richard: Woodvyle. Lord. Ryvers. William Bea^u^champ. Lord. St amond. descended. of Beauchamp: of Elmseley. Rauff. Buttler baron of Sudley. descended. of buttler baron of westmerland. William Beauchamp. baron of holt. descended. of beauchamp: of Elmesley.

[fol. 49v, col. b] Barons.

Thomas: Percy Lord. Egremount. 2 sonne of Henry. erl of northumberland: Iohn. Lord. Beauchamp. of powick. Iohn. Wentlock. baron Wentlock. Edward: Brooke Lord. Cobham. William Lord. Beauchamp: of Southwik.

E.4. William Nevill. Lord. Fauconbrige. Antony Woodvyle Lord. Scales. Richard. Welles. Lord. Willobie William. Lord. hastinges. Richard. Fynes Lord. Dacres. Isherwood 55

Humphrey. Lord. Dacres of gilesland. was 2. sonne and heyr male. of þe Lord. Dacres. William. Phillippes Lord. Bardolph. Henry Parker Lord. Morley. Iohn: Lord. Beauchamp of holt. Thomas: Stanley Lord. Strange. John Lord Curson.

R.3. Iohn. Lord. Haward. after Duke. of norffolk. William Lord. Barkley. after marques: Barkley.

[fol. 50r, col. a] Barons.

H.7. Robert Willoby Lord. Brooke. Gyles. Lord. Daubeney. Iohn Lord. Denham.

H.8. Thomas: Manners Lord. Ros. Henry Lord. Marney. Christopher Lord. Conyers of hornbie. . Edward: Stanley Lord. Montegle. William Lord. Sandes. of þe vyne. Nicholas. Lord vaux. of haredon. Iohn Lord. Hussey. of Slyfford. Andrew: Lord. windesor George Lord. Taylbois of kyme. Thomas Lord. wentworth. Edward: Lord. Borowgh: Edward: Lord. Braye. Iohn. Lord. Mordant. Walter Lord. Hungerford of hetesbery. Thomas: Lord. Awdley. of walden. William Paulett Lord. Seintiohn Iohn. Lord. Russell. William Lord. Parre of kendall. Rauffe Lord. Evers. Thomas Lord. wharton. Thomas. Lord. Poyninges. Thomas. Lord. Cromwell. after erl of essex.

Isherwood 56

[fol. 50r, col. b] Barons.

E.6. Thomas. Lord: wriotesley of tichfeld. William harbert Lord. of cardiff. Gregorie Lord. Cromwell. Thomas. Lord. Seymor of Sudley. Richard. Lord. Riche. William Lord. willoby of parham heir male of Lord. willobie of corby. Edward. Lord. Sheffeld. William Lord. Pagett of beaw desert. Thomas. Lord. Darcye of chichee. William Lord. Ogle. Edward: Lord. North. of carterley.

Q.M. William Lord: Haward of effingham. Iohn Lord. williams of Tame. Iohn. Briges Lord. Shandos. Edward. Lord. Hastinges of Loug= hborow.

Q.E. Henry Carye Baron of hunsdon. Oliver Lord. Seintiohn of bletsow. Thomas. West. Lord. Laware. William Cicell. Lord. Burleygh. Henry. Lord. compton. Henry. Lord. Cheynye. Henry. Lord. Norris. Thomas: Sackvyle. Lord. buckhurst.

[fol. 50v] The Garter.

The ordre of Garter was Founded by King. Edward. 3. the 18 yeare of his Raign Anno Domini 1344. after a solempn feast holden at Windsore betwyxt candlemas and Lent. The ordre is dedicated to Saint George, and The feast therof yerlye held by every knight of thordre (where soeuer they be) both on St Georges Day and the even. Ther Proceeding to divine service in Long Purple robes, Ther sytting in chapitre, Ther offringes, Ther manner of Election and other Ceremonies are don with verie Isherwood 57 great Pompe and Maiesty. They haue diuers statutes and ordinaunces wherunto they are sollemplye sworne. yf any of them be convinced of Treason or disloiatie to the soveraign, he is disgraded by an herault to his perpetuall infamie./ Whiche disgrading is don by great circumstance at the castle of Wind- sor./ Wher the sayd Kinge founded a chapel to St George, wherunto he gaue Large Possessions and Placed therin a Dean ^and warden^ with 12 cannons seculars, 8 Peticannons, 13 vicars, 13 clarkes, and 13 choristers./ Quene: Marye added therunto 24 Poore or almesse knightz to be chosen of Poore gentlemen decayed or hurt in warres. who are Lodged within the castle and must at Morninge and Evening prayer be present in the quyer ^in ther robes.^./ The knightz of thordre must daylie weare about ther necks a garter of golde and about ther leg one of blew veluett, both in thone and thother having these wordes written. Hony soit quy Mal y Pense. The cause of which word, Ordre, and Garter (as it ^is^ thougt) was this. The King by chaunce in presens found a garter fallen from the leg of the Quene ^or^ of som other gentlewo- man whom the King. loved (as men denied) which when he had (with som painfull stoping) taken vp, the noble men smyling, spake ther fancyes of the kinges affection towardes the woman. wherunto he replyenge, sayd, that (if he lyved) yt shold com to passe that honor shold com vnto them for the garters sake. And shortlie therupon instituted the ordre./ Ther are 5 principall officers of thordre. videlicet,. The Prelate (which is euer the Bishop of wintonia. The Chauncelor. The Register. The gentleman Vsher (alias black rod) And the. King. at armes. (alias Garter).

[fol. 51r, col. a] All the Knightes of the Garter. / from the first Foundation by. Edward .3. Edward: the .3.

1. Henry Duke. of Lancaster. 2. Edward. Prince of Wales. 3. Thomas: Beauchamp. comes. warwick: 4. Captain de la Bouche. 5. William Mountegue. comes Sarum. 6. Thomas: Erl Stafford. 7. Mortimer comes: Marche. 8. Sir. Iohn Lylley. Isherwood 58

9. Sir. Iohannes Beauchampe. 10. Sir. Bartlemew Burwashe. 11. Lord. Mohun. 12. Sir. Hugh Courteney. 13. Sir. Iohannes de Graye. 14. Sir. Thomas: Holland. 15 Sir. Richard: fitz symond. 16. Sir. Myles Stapleton 17. Sir. Hugh wriotesley 18. Sir. Thomas: Walley. 19. Sir. nell Loring. 20. Sir. Iohannes Schandos. 21. Sir. Otes Holland. 22. Sir. Iames. Awdley. 23. Sir. Henry. Emme. 24. Sir. Sauncett. Dabricourt.

Lord. Spenser. Iohn: Duke of Lancaster. Hugh Erl. Stafford. Iohn. Hastinges comes. Pembroke. Sir. Iohn. Lavache Sir. Allein Boxhull. William Bohun comes. Northampton. Edmund of Langley comes. cambridge. he was Duke. of york after by Richard. 2. Sir wa[l]ter Manny. ^Iohn.^ Bohun comes. Herford. Sir Guye de. Brian. Sir frank van hall. Sir Thomas. fellton. Sir William fitzwarren Robert: vfford comes. Suffolk.

[fol. 51r, col. b]

Thomas Beauchamp county Warwick Iohn: Lord. Nevill. Sir. Thomas. vfford. Sir. Thomas. vghred. Sir. Thomas. Banister. Isherwood 59

Rauffe. Lord. Basset. The Duke. of Brittani and Richmond Richard. comes. Arundell. Lyonell Duke. of clarence. Sir Reynold cobham. Thomas. Holland comes. kent. Ingram Cowcye. comes. Bedford. William Lord. Latymer.

Richard .2. Sir Nicholas. Sernfold. Edmund. comes. cambrige. William Duke. of Holland. Iohn. Holland comes. Huntington. he was after Duke of Exonia. Sir. Brian stapleton. Thomas. of woodstock comes. Buckingam. Sir. Pierce courtney. Thomas. Holland comes. kent. after Duke. of Surrey. Iohannes. Lord. Beamont. William De Lapole. comes. Suffolk. Sir william Scroope. comes. Wiltshier. The Duke. of Geldres. Sir. Lewes Clyfford. Thomas. Mowbray comes. Notingam. Sir william Beauchamp Sir. Thomas: Grauntson. Richard. Lord. Gray. Sir. Symond Burley. William Lord. Willobye. Sir. Iohn. Burley. Sir. Iohn. Devereux. Sir. Phillip. Lavache.

[fol. 51v, col. a] Knights. of the Garter.

Henry .4. Henry. Beauford marquis: dorset. after Duke. of Exonia. Isherwood 60

Iohn. 3 sonne of Henry. 4. Duke. of Bedford. The Lord. Powis. John. Lord. Lovell. Humphrey. 4. sonne of Henry. 4. Duke. of /glocester. Edmund: comte. kent. Thomas. Lord. Morley Sir. Robert. Umfrevill. Sir. William harpingan. Iohn. Beauford. comte. Somerset. Thomas: comte. Arundell. William Lord. Rosse. Robert. Duke. of Bavier. Thomas. of Lancaster. Duke. of clarence. Ramston. Gilbert. Lord. Talbott. Edmund. comte. Stafford. Sir. Sandis delatower. Rauffe. comte. Westmerland. Sir. William Arundell. Sir. John. Suley. Sir. John. Stanley. The Lord. Burnell. Sir John. cornwall. Lord. fanhop.

Henry .5. Lord. fitzhugh. Sir John. Blount. Sir. Symon felbrige Beauchamp. comte. warwick: Sir. Hugh Stafford. Sir. William Phillippes. Sir. John. Robsart. Robert: Veare comte. Oxonford. Emperour Sigismond. Ufford Lord. Willobye. Sir John. Grey. after lord. grey. The Lord. Clifford.

[fol. 51v, col. b]

Walter Lord. Hungerford. William delapole Duke: of Suffolk: Sir Hertoke Clux. John: Mowbray comte. Marshall. Sir Lewes Robsart. Isherwood 61

Henry. 6. Talbott. comte. Shrewsberie. The King. of Denmark. The Lord. Scales. Sir John. Fastolph. Mountegue comte. Sarum. ^humphrey.^ Erl Stafford after Duke. of Buckingham: The Duke: of Quymber, sonne of þe King. of Portingall. Sir. John. Ratcliffe. John comte. Arundell. Vicount. Beamond. The erl of Mortain The Duke. of Exonia Henry. Beauford. The Lord. Grey of Ruthen. The Lord. Fanconbrige. The Duke: of Vysen. after King. of portingall: Sir Iohn: Beauchamp. Geffrey: de foys comte. Kendall The erl of avrence. Beauford. Duke. of Somerset. Iohn. Rauffe Buttler Lord. of Sudley. Edward: King. of Portingall. Gascon de fois capitain de La bouche. comte. Longvyle. Thomas. Lord. hoo. chauncelor of normandy. Alphons. King. of Portingale. Richard. Lord. Ryvers. Kysim. King. of Pole. Richard. Nevill. comte. Sarum. Alphons King. of Arragon Iohn. Mowbray Duke. of norffolk: The. Lord. Hastinges.

[fol. 52r, col. a] Knights. of the Garter.

The Lord. Welles. The Lord. Bowcher Talbot comte. Shreusberie. The. Lord. Stanley. Iohn. Lord. Wentlock. Iohn. Lord. Sutton alias Dudley. Henry Beauchamp. comte. warwick: Sir Iohn: conyers. Isherwood 62

The Lord. Barneys. The King. of Naples. The Lord. Mountegue. The Lord. harbert. Typtoft comte. worcester. Bourchier comte. Essex. The Lord. Duras. The erl Dowglas. The Lord. Scrope of bolton. Sir Iohn: Asheley. Sir Robert: harecourt. The Duke: of clarence. Thomas. Percy comte. Northumberland. The erl of wiltshire: Iohn. Stafford. 2. sonne of humphrey. Duke: of Buckingham: Devereux Lord. ferrers. De La pole. Duke. of Suffolk: Humphrey Plantagent. Duke. of glocester. The Duke. of Burgundye. charles. The Prince. videlicet/. eldest sonne of H.6. Blunt Lord. Mountioye. Sir William Stanley. Sir William Chamberlain. The Lord. Matrevas. Sir William Parre. The Duke: of Urbyn Sir Richard Ratfcliffe. Sir Iohn haward. Grey Marquis: Dorset. Sir Thomas: Grey. Baron of richmond. The Duke: of Bedford. The Lord. Lovell. Sir Thomas. Borough. after Lord.borough.

[fol. 52r, col. b]

Sir Edward: woodvyle. The Duke: of Ferrare. Sir Thomas. Mongomrye. Sir Iohn. Stanley. Sir Richard. Tunstall.

Edward .4. Vicount. Boucchier. Henry sonne of William comte. Ewe. Isherwood 63

The Lord. Barneis. The Lord. Fauconbrige. William harbert comte. Pembroke. Richard. Woodvile comte. Ryvers. Iohn. Lord. Dudley. The Lord. Beauchamp. The Lord. Sudley. buttler. The King. of Portingall. The King. of Denmark The erl of Kendall. George Duke. of clarence. Iohn. Nevill marquis: mountecute. The Lord. Harecourt. Tiptoft comte. worcester. The Lord. Hastinges. Boucchier comte: Essex. Henry. The Lord. wentlock. The Lord. Duras. ^Nevill^ Beauchamp comte. warwick: The Lord. Scrope of bolton. Iohn: Lord. Asteley. The King. of Pole. The King. of naples. The Duke. of Millain Iames comte. Douglas. Sir Robert. Harecourt. Percy comte. Northumberland. Richard. Duke. of glocester. after King. William comte. Arundell. The Prince. De Lapole Duke. of Suffolk: Stafford. comte. Wilshire. Water Devereux Lord. ferrers. Blount. Lord. Mountioye.

[fol. 52v, col. a] Knights. of the Garter.

Iohn. Lord. Haward. Henry Duke. of Buckingham. Thomas. Lord. Matrevas. Sir William Parre. The. Duke. of Burgundie. The Duke. of Urbyne. The. Duke. of York. Richard Plantagent. Thomas. Gray marquis: dorset. Isherwood 64

Antony. comte. Ryvers. Sir Thomas. Mongomrye. The King. of Spayne. The Duke. of Ferrare.

Richard .3. Iohn. Haward Duke. of norffolk: Dellapole Duke. of Suffolk: The erl of Arundell. The erl of northumberland: The erl of Surrey. The Lord. Douglas. The Lord. Lovell. The Lord. Scrope. The Lord. Matrevas. The Lord. Dudley. The Lord. ferrers. Sir Richard. Ratcliffe. Sir William Stanley. Sir Thomas. Mongomrye. Sir Iohn: Asteley.

[fol. 52v, col. b]

Henry .7. Iohn King. of Portingall. Maximillian King. of Romanius Alphons King. of Naples. Phillip King. of Castyle. Prince Arthure. The Duke. of York. Iohn. comte. Oxonford. George. comte. Shrewsbery. Edward. Courtney comte. Deuon. vicount. Wells. The Lord. Straunge. The Lord. Daubney. Robert. Lord. Brooke. Edward. Lord. Woodvyle. Sir Iohn. Cheynye. Sir Iohn. Savage. Sir Edward: Poynynges. Edmund: Dellapole Duke. of Suffolk. Sir Gilbert Talbott Edward. Stafford Duke. of Buckingham. Henry Percy comte. northumberland. Isherwood 65

The Lord. Harbert. after comte. Somerset worcester. Henry Bourchier comte. Essex. Sir Richard. Poole. Sir Reynold Bray. Sir Thomas. Lovell. Sir Richard Guyllford. Grey marquis: Dorset. Garret comte. Kylldare. Gray comte. Kent. Henry Stafford comte. wiltshire: Sir Rice Apthomas. fitzvrian. Guydo Duke. of vrbyne. Sir Thomas: Brandon.

[fol. 53r, col. a] Knights. of the Garter.

Henry .8. Charles. 5. Emperor. 1˚. Edward: Sutton Lord. Dudley The Lord. Darcy of þe North. 2˚. Thomas: Lord. Haward. West Lord. Laware. Sir. Henry Marney. 5˚. George Nevill Lord. Aburganye. Charles Brandon vicount. Lysley. 6˚. Sir Edward: Stanely Lord. Montegle. 10˚. Thomas. Lord. Dacres Sir. William Sondes. 13˚. Henry comte. Deuonn. 14˚. Sir. Richard. Wingfeld. 15˚. Sir Thomas. Bullein Thresurer of the houshold. Water Devereux Lord. ferrers. 16. Arthur Plantagenet. vicount. Lysley. Robert: Lord. Fitzwater. 14˚. Ferdinand archduke: of austria: 17˚. Henry Fitzroy Duke. of richmond: 17˚. William comte. Arundell. Rauff comte. Westmerland. Manners comte. Ruttland. 18˚. William Lord. Mountioy. Sir William FitzWilliams. tre= surer of the house. Isherwood 66

Sir Henry. Guylford Banneret controller of þe house. 19˚ Fraunces þe Frenshe King. Iohn. Veer comte. Oxonford. 23˚. Percy comte. Northumberland. 24˚ The. Lord. Memorancy. Phillip: charlbolch Lord. of brian and comte. Newblank. 26˚ Iames King. of Scottes. 28˚. Sir. Nicholas. Carewe. 29˚. Henry comte. comberland. Thomas. Lord. Cromwell. 31˚. Iohn. Lord. Russell.

[fol. 53r, col. b]

Sir Thomas. Cheynye. Lord. Warden. Sir. William Kingston./ controller. 32˚. Lord. Awdley of Walden. Sir. Anthony: Brown. Master of þe house. Edward: Seymor comte. Harford. 33˚. Henry comte. Surrey. 33˚. Sir. Iohn Gage/ controller. Sir. Anthony: Wingfeld. vice chamberlain: 35˚. Iohn. Dudley vicount. Lysley. after Duke. of Northumberland. William Paulett. Lord. St. iohn. after Marquis: wintonia. William Lord. Parre. comte. Essex. 36˚. Henry comte. Arundell. Sir. Anthony: St Leger. Sir. Iohn: Walloppe. 37˚. Frauncys comte. Shreusbery. Thomas. Lord. wriotesley.

Edward: 6. 1˚. Henry Marquis: Dorsett: after. Duke. of Suffolk: Edward: comte. Darbye. Sir Thomas. Seymor. after. Lord. Sir William Pagett. after. Lord. 3˚. Frauncys comte. Huntington. George Lord. Cobham. The. Lord. Laware. Sir William Harbert. after comte. Pembrok. Isherwood 67

4˚. Henry ^2,^ King. of Fraunce. Fynes Lord. Clynton./ admirall. Thomas. Lord. Darcy. Lord. chamberlain. 7˚. Henry comte. Westmerland: 6˚. Sir Andrew: Dudley.

[fol. 53v, col. a] Knights. of the Garter.

Quene. Marye. 2˚. The King. of Spayn. Phillip: Henry. comte. Sussex. Emanuell Philbert. Duke. of Savoy. William Lord. Haward of Effingam. Sir Edward: Hastinges. after Lord. of Loughborow. 3˚. Sir. Antony Brown. vicount. moun= tegue. 4˚. Thomas: Comte. Sussex. 5˚. William. Lord. Grey of wiltonia.

Queen. Elizabeth: 2˚. Thomas: Duke. of norffolk: William Parre marquis: northampton: Henry Manners comte. Rutland. Robert: Lord. Dudley. now comte. Leicester. 3˚. Adolph Duke. of holstein. 4˚ George comte. Shreusbery. Henry carye Lord. of hunsdon. 5˚. Thomas. Percy comte. northumberland. Ambrose Dudley comte. warwick: 6˚. Charles þe frenshe King. Frauncys comte. Bedford. Russell. Sir Henry Sydney. Maximilian ^2.^ Emperour. 12˚. William Somerset comte. worcester. Henry Hastinges comte. Huntington. 14˚ Frauncys The Duke. Memorancy. Water Devereux comte. Essex. William Lord. Burleigh. Cycell. Arthur Lord. Grey of Willton. Edmund. Lord. Shandos. 16˚. Henry Harbert comte. Pembroke.

[fol. 53v, col. b] 17˚. Charles Lord. Haward of Isherwood 68

Effingam. 22˚. ^Iohn:^ Cassymer Duke. of Bavier ^et comes: Palatinus de Rhene.^ ^24˚. Frederick: Rex Danie. 26 ˚. comes: Rutland. Lord. cobham. Lord. Scrope.^

[fol.54r, blank]

[fol. 54v, col. a] The Ordre of the golden fliese

The knightz of this order instituted by Phillip the good Du ke : of use Long Robes. The Burgundy: in Brugis the Daye of his mariage Seremony continueth with Isabell Daughter. of the King. of Portingall: Anno 1419˚. 3 daies. In the first whiche ordre was dedicated to God, and our Ladye, wherof they use dirges and to St Andrew (Patrone of Burgundye), And for the knightz departed. had in nombre only 25 knightes and not aboue the 2 and 3 Dayes they whereof the Duke: of Burgundy: or the right ^heir^ therof is spend in Electing of chief. Ther belong unto this ordre 4 principall new knightz. etc. officers. videlicet. The chauncelor, Thresorer, Register, and King. of Heraultz. The nombre of knightz with ther seuerall names do followe.

1. Phillip Duke: of Burgundye. founder. 2. William of Vienna Lord. of St. george. 3. Rimiere Pott. Lord. of Roche pott. 4. Iohn. Lord. of Rombais. 5. Roland of wtkerck. Lord. of hemsrode. 6. Anthony: de Vergi. Lord. of Champlite. 7. David de Brymew Lord. of Ligni. 8. Hugh de Lanoy Lord. of Santes. 9. Iohn Lord. of Commynes. 10. Anthony: of Tholonion Lord. of traues but he had not the coller. 11. Peter of Lutzemburg. Lord. of St paull. 12. Iohn of Trimovill Lord. of Ionnell. 13. Gilbert de Lanoy Lord. of Willerval. 14. Iohn of Lutzemburg: comte. de Ligni. 15. Iohn de Villers Lord. of Lisledam. 16. Antoine: Sir. de Croy and de Renti. 17. Florimundo de bremew Sir. de Masincourt. Isherwood 69

18. Rubert. Sir. de Mamines. 19. Iames de brimew Sir. de grigni. 20. Baldwin de Lanoy (called the lesse) Sir. de Molembais. 21. Peter de beaufront Sir. de chargni. 22. Phillip Sir. de Tremont et de Motte. 23. Iohn de croy Sir. de tour sur Marue. 24. Iohn Sir. de crequi. 25. Iohn. de Noeufchastel Sir. de montegue.

At the counsell of thordre. at Lylla. 1431. in Place of 2. that weare dead weare chosen. Frederick. comte. de Meurs. Symon. de. La Laing. Sir. de hauntz.

[fol. 54v, col. b]

At the counsell of thordre at Bruges Anno. 1432. in Place [of] them departed wear chosen. Andrew: Thoulonion. Iohn de Mellune Sir de Antoing.

At the counsell at digiune in Burgundy: 1433. Elected Iames Sir. de Creueceur. Iohn de Vergi. nota. That in this last counsell 31. the nombre of thordre was increased to 31. And so to fill the nombre they elected. Guydo de Pontalier Sir. de talmar. Baldwin de Noiell Sir. de Chasterelle. Iohn: Bastard of Lutzemburg: Sir. de hal= bordin Charles of Burgundy comte. de Charlois. Robert: comte. de vernemburg. Tibalt Sir. de Noeufchastel.

Isherwood 70

At St Omers in arthois 1440. in place of þe dead weare Elected Charles Duke. of Orleance. Iohn Duke. of Brittayn. Iohn. Duke. d’alainson. Mathew de Fois comte. de Commings. nota. At this counsell they kept certen voyd romes till the next sitting.

[fol. 55r, col. a] The Golden fliese.

At Gaunt Anno 1445. in place of þe dead weare Elected. Alphons King. of Arragon. Francis de borsell comte. de ^steruant^ norsell: Renold Sir. de Brederada. Ridborst Sir. de Laure. Iohn Sir. d’Auxi. Adrian Sir. de Hummiere.

At Mons in Hennault Anno. 1451. Iohn Duke. of cleves. Iohn de guevare comte. d’arienne. Peter de cordona comte. de golissen. Iohn. Sir. De Lannoy. Iames de La Laing Sir. de Montigui. Iohn de Noeufcastel Sir. de Mountegne. At Haia in Holland 1456. Iohn of Burgundy: comte. de Nevers. Antony Bastard of Burgundy. Adolph de cleves Sir. de Ravenstin. Iohn. de Cinmbre regent of cypress.

At St Omers in arthois. 1461. Iohn King. of Arragon. Adolph Duke. of Geldres. Tybalt Sir. de Noeufcastell. Isherwood 71

Phillip. Pott. Sir. de de roche noulay. Lodovick de Bruges Sir. de grutuse. Gwydo Sir. de roye.

Phillip the good dyed at Bruges Anno. 1467. to whom succeded his sonne Charles.

[fol. 55r, col. b]

At Bruges. anno 1468. Edward. 4. King. of ingland. Lewes de challonn Sir. de chasteau. Iohn de Dammas Sir. de clessie. Iames de Burbon comte. de La marche. Iames de Lutzemburg: Sir. de Rusburg. Phillip de Savoy comte. de blauiet. Phillip de creueceur. Sir. de escarde. Claudius de Montague Sir. de conches.

At Valence 1473. Ferdinand King. of castyle. Ferdinand King. of Naples and cecill. Iohn Sir. de bieure. Phillip de croy comte: de chimai. Iohn de Lutzemburg: comte. de Marle. Guydo de brimew comte. de megheu. Englebert comte. de Nassau.

Charles. Duke: of Burgundy: dyed Anno 1477: to whom succeded Maximillian (King. of Romans: after Emperor) by meanes of his wyfe Marye Daughter: and Heir. of Charls.

At Bruges. Anno 1478. Peter of Lutzemburg: comte. de St Paul. Iames de Savoy comte. de Romont. William Sir. d’Egmount. Vlfart. Sir. de borsele. comte. de grantpres. Gios de La Laing Sir. de montigui. Iames de Lutzemburg: Sir. de fiennes. Isherwood 72

Phillip de Burgundy: Sir. de Beure. Bartlemew. Sir. de Lithestaing.

[fol. 55v, col. a]

At Bolduke. anno. 1481. Iohannes Baron de Ligne. Claudius Sir. de Tholonion. Peter Sir. de Bossue. Baldwin Sir. de Molembais. William de La Bame Sir de arlaut. Iohannes de Berga Sir. de Walaing. Martin Sir. de Polhain. Phillip d’Austria: comte: de Charlois.

tyme anno 1490 At this Phillip sonne of Maximilian (being of full age) toke his dukedom of Burgundy: vppon him. and was hed of thordre.

At Mulines. 1491. Frederick of Austria: Emperor: Henry. 7. King. of ingland: Albert Duke. of Savoye Sassoun. Henry de Wyten Sir. de bersle. Peter de Lannoy Sir. de fresnoy. Arnold Duke of wittenberg. Claudius de Noeufchastel. Sir. de Cranssy. Iohannes comte. d’Eghemount. Christopher Marques: of Baden. Iohannes Sir de cruminghen. Charles de croy. Prince of chimay. Willm de croy Sir. de cheure. Hugh de MeLune vicount de quanto. Iames of Lutzemburg: Sir. de fiennes.

At Brussels. 1501. Olfang Sir. de Polhain Itelfrick. comte. de Sorle. Cornelius de berga Sir. de Seuenberg. Phillip bastard of Burgundy: Sir. de Somerdicq.

Isherwood 73

[fol. 55v, col.b]

Michel de croy Sir. de sampi. Iohan de Lutzemburg: Sir. de ville. Charles of Austria: Duke of Burgundy: sonne of Phillip.

At Midleborow. 1505. When Phillip departed into Spain. Olfango Sir. de Polhain. Henry 7. King. of ingland. Paull Sir. de d’icquestaing. Car Baron de La Laing. Wolfang comte. de fustenberghe. Don Iohannes Emanuell. Florentine d’Eghemount. comte. de Burin. Iames. comte. de. Horne. Henry comte. de Nassaw. Feri de croy Sir de Ruens. Philbert Sir. de La Vera.

Duke Phillip of Burgundy: Dyed. Anno. 1506. to whom succeded Charles his sonne after Emperor: called charls .5.

At Brussells Anno. 1516. 51. wher charles .5. increased the nombre of the ordre to 51. Francis .1. King. of Fraunce: Ferdinand the infant of Spain Frederick comte. Palatine. Iohannes marques: of Brandenburg. Guydo de La balme. comte. de Mountrevill. Hubbert comte. de Mansfelt. lawrence de gornot comte. de Pontvauls. Phillip: de croy comte. de Porcien. Iames de gaure Sir. de fresin. Antoine: de croy Sir. de sampie.

[fol.56r, col. a] Isherwood 74

Antony de La Laing Sir. de montigui. Charles de Lannoy Sir. de Sanselle. Adolph de burgogne: Sir de Beure. Felix comte. de werdemburg. Emanuel King. of Portingall. Lews King. of Hungary. Michel Sir. de folkensteing. Maximilian de horne Sir. de gaesbeeck. William Sir. de Rubampiere. Iohn Baron of Trazegnie. Iohn Sir. de Wassenare. Iohn Sir. de Zevenberghe Frauncis de Melune comte. de Espinoy. Iohn comte. d’Eghemount.

At Barcilona in Spain. 1519. whiche the was the first session out of the Duchie of Burgundie. Frederick de Toledo Duke. D’Alva. Diego Lopes de Pascecco Duke. of Scalone. Don Diego vrtado De Mendosa Duke. of infantasgo. Don Inigo Fernand de Pelasco, Duke. of Frias alias feria. Aluero Duke. of vegera. Don Antonie Marrich Duke. of Nagera. Don Ferdinand Duke. of cordona. Peter Antonie Duke. of St. Mair. Don Frederick. Herique comte. de Modica. Don Aluero comte. de Tristamere. Adrian de croy Sir. d’Beauraing. Iames of Lutzemburg: comte. de gaure. Christiern. King. of Denmark. Sigismund King. of Pole. Philbert de chaloun. Prince. of Orange.

Isherwood 75

[fol. 56r, col. b]

At Tornay in flaunders Anno. 1531. Iohn King. of Portingal. Iames King. of Scottes. Ferdinand: of Aragon viceroy of valenza. Peter Duke. de Feria. Phillip: Duke. of Bavier. George. Duke. of Saxon. The Duke. Alberkerque. Andreas: D’Oria Prince: of Melfye. Phillip: infant of Spain. Renold Sir. de Brederoda. Don Ferdinand: d’gonzaga. Nicholas. comte. de Saluze Claudeo of Baulme marshall of Burgundie. Antoine: marques. of Berga. Iohn Sir. de Bossue. Charles comte. de La Laing. Lews of flaunders: comte. de La Pratt. George Schenck. Phillip: de Lannoy Sir. de mollenbais. Alfons Dauolos Marques: of guasto. Francis comte. de Miranda. Maximilian d’Eghemont comte. de Buren. Rene de Chaloun. Prince: of Orange.

At Utrecht. 1546. Maximilian King. of Bohem. Innigo Lopes de Mendosa Duke. de infantasgo. Ferdinand de Toledo Duke. D’Alua. Cosmo de Medices Duke. of florence. Albert Duke. of Bavier. Emanuel Phillibert Prince. of Piemount. Octavius Farnese Duke. of came= ryne. Don Henry Duke. of Nagere. Frederick comte. of fustenburg. Iames de Rie.

Isherwood 76

[fol. 56v, col. a]

Phillip de Lannoy Prince: of Sulmon. Ponto de la Laing Sir: de bugnicort Lamovall d’Eghemount Prince. de gavre. Iames comte. de Ligni. Claudius de viego Baron de cham= plitt. Phillip: de La. Laing. comte. de Hoghstrat. Maximilian of Burgundie: Marquis de La vera. Iohannes de Ligne comte. d’aremberg. Peter Ernest comte. de Maunsfelt Peter de verchin steward of Henualt. Iohannes de Lannoy sir de Mollenbais. Don. Peter of Cordona comte. de Frias alias feria.

Charles the 5. resigned all his estate and kingdomes vnto Phillip his sonne Anno. 1556.

At Andwerp 1556. wher King Phillip (now Living) first held his counsell of thordre. Henry Duke. of Brunswick. Ferdinand: archduke: of Austrich. Phillip: de croy Duke of Arschot. Charles Prince of Spain. Don Ferdinand: Gonsal de cordoua, Duke: of Sessa, and terra nova. comte. de cabra. The Duke de Medina de Riosecco Admirall of Castile. The Duke of cordoua. Charles Baron of Barlimount. Phillip: of Stauele Baron of chau= mont. and Lord of glaion. Charles of Brimew comte. de Mega.

[fol. 56v, col. b]

Isherwood 77

Phillip: de Momorancy comte. de horne. Iohannes Marquis: of Berga. William de Nassaw Prince. of Orange. and Lord. of Breda. Iohannes de Momorancy sir. de courriers. Iohannes comte: of Estfriseland. Antoine: d’Oria Marquis: of Saint Stephane. Frauncis Fernando Dauolos Marquis: of Piscare and of vast. Sforza comte de St fiore. vradislaus Baron of Bernstein

At Gaunto in Spain Anno. 1559. Frauncis. 2. King. of France. Guydo Balde Duke of vrbine. Phillip: Momorancy Lord. of aschincourt. William de croy Marquis: of kent. Florence Momorancy Lord. of Montigui. Phillip: co de Ligni Charles de Lannoy Prince. Of sulmon. Antoine: de La Laing comte. de Hoghstraten Marc Antony colonna. The Baron of Heuhassen. The Lord. of Turcoen.

[fol.57r, blank]

[fol. 57v, col. a] The Ordre of St Michell was founded by Lewes XI kinge of fraunce Anno Domini: 1469. And in the 9 yeare of his raign being at his castle of Amboise. the feast therof to be yearlye celebrated at mount St Mychell. The ^nombre^ of knightz 36. whereof weare first Elected. Isherwood 78

1. Lewes. II. soueraign of þe order. 2. Charles Duke: of gwyon. brother: of þe. King. 3. Johannes. Duke. of Burbon. and Avergnon. 4. Lewes of Luxemburg. Duke comte: St Paul. conestable of fraunce. 5. Andrew: de La Vall Lord. of Lehac. marshall of fraunce. 6. John: comte. Sancerre. Lord: of Bueil. 7. Lewes de Beaumont Sir de La forest. et du Plessis. 8. John: d’Estotevile Sir. de Torcye. 9. Lewes de La Val Sir. de chastillon. admyrall de fraunce: 10. Lewes bastard de Burbon. 11. Comte: Roussillon admyrall de fraunce: 12. Antoine: de chambarmes comte: de Dammartin. grand maistre. d’hostel de fraunce: 13. John: bastard d’Arminack comte: de cominge, governer de daulphin. 14. George. de La Tremoille Sir. de La Tremoille et de craon. 15. Gilbert de chabannes Sir de courton, Senechall de guyenne.

[fol. 57v, col. b]

16. Lewes Sir. de cupsol senechall de Poictou.

The Rest of þe .36. to be chosen weare not named in the first chapitre but differred till the next Election.

[fols. 58r-59r, blank]

Isherwood 79

[fol. 59v] The Office of the marshall and vshers.

The Marshall and vshers must knowe all the estates of the Churche, and the estate of a kinge and the blood Royall. and must disserne therof. for som haue but small Lyvelihood and yet are of the blood roiall. And som women of blood roiall do matche with men of lowe estate. who not withstanding shall not Lose ther place, for the blood roiall shall euer kepe þe reuerence of his or hir estate. The Marshall must also haue good regard of the kinges officers. videlicet. The Lord: Chancelour. The Lord. Steward. The Lord Chamberlain, The Treasurer. and Controller. The marshall: also and ushers, must take care þat strangers be well enterteyned, and all other thinges obserued that may redound to the honor of ther soveraign. yf the king send to ther sodaign in message a knight. he must be receyved as a baron. yf he send an esquier, receive him as a knight. yf he send a yeoman receyve him as an esquier. yf he send a grome, receive him as a yeoman. for it is no disgrace to a knight to sett a grome of the kinges at his table. .

The ordre of all degrees. from a Duke. to a gentleman.

1. A Duke of þe blood roiall. 12. yonger sonnes of marquises: 2. Then other .Dukes. 13. Eldest sonnes of vicountz 3. Sonnes and heires of Dukes. of þe blood. 14. Bannerettz. 4. Marquisses. 15. Eldest sonnes of barons. 5. Eldest sonnes of Dukes. 16. yonger sonnes of counties. 6. Comities. 17. Knightz of the bathe. 7. Eldest sonnes of marquises. 18. other knightz. 8. yonger sonnes of Dukes. of þe blood. 19. yonger sonnes of barons. 9. vicountz 20. Esquiers for the bodye. 10. yonger sonnes of Dukes. 21. Eldest sonne of knightz. 11. Barons. 22. Esquiers. 23. Gentlemen.

Isherwood 80

[fol. 60r] The ordre of all estates. to be obserued by the Martiall and the vshers.

1. The Pope. sanz pere. 26. A seriaunt of the Lawe. 2. The Emperour. 27. A Master of þe Chauncerye 3. A Kinge. 28. Preachers of pardon. 4. A Cardinall. 29. Graduates of þe vniuersities. 5. A Prince or kinges sonne. 30. Orders of chastytie and 6. An archbishop. priestes. 7. A Duke. 31. Famous marchauntz. 8. A Bishop. 32. Gentlemen. 9. A. marquis. 10. An Erle. The order of marshalling 11. A vicount. all estates at meat. 12. A Baron. 13. An abbott with a myter. A Prince 14. The 3 chief Iuges. An archbishop: May not kepe the 15. The Mayor of London. A. Duke hawle but eche 16. An abbott without a myter. estate by him self 17. A knight bacheler. in a chamber or 18. A Prior, Deane, archdecon pavillion þat nether or Knight. see other. etc. 19. The Master of the rowles. Bishoppes 20. The Iustices and barons Marquisses. of the eschequer. Erls. May sitt 2. and .2. 21. The Mayor of Callais. Vicountz. at a messe. 22. A Provinciall or Doctor of Dyvinitie. 23. A. Prothonotarie, he is A Baron aboue þe Popes collector. The mayor 24. A Doctor of Both Lawes. of London. 25. A man þat hath ben mayor The .3. chief of London. Iuges. May sitt .2. or Speaker of 3. at a messe. Parlament An abbot with a myter.

All other estates may sitt .3. or .4. at a messe and at the squyers borde.