Appendix 1 the Family Connections of Joan De

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APPENDIX 1

THE FAMILY CONNECTIONS OF JOAN DE VALENCE

econstructing the lineages of these three groups can demonstrate Rhow very intertwined they were, both politically and socially. The children of William and Isabella Marshal married—or were married to—an interconnected and somewhat closed group of magnates and barons who were prominent either throughout the kingdom or in the specific localities of Marshal influence. The marriage strategies of the ultimate heirs to the Marshal estates mimicked those of their parents, even as the generations became more attenuated. William and Joan de Valence both reinforced these marriage patterns and introduced new ones, in particular by creating linkages with prominent barons in the North with ties to the Scottish throne.

Isabella de Clare William Marshal d. 1220 M d. 1219

William Richard Gilbert Walter Anselm Maud Isabelle Sibyl Eva Joan d. 1231 d. 1234 d. 1241 d. 1245 d. 1245 d. 1248 d. 1240 d. ante-1245 d.1246 d.1234 m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. m. 1) Alice de Bethune Gervaise de Dinan Marjorie of Scotland Margaret de Quency Maud de Bohun 1) Hugh Bigod 1) Gilbert de Clare William Ferrers William de Braose Warin de Munchensy 2) Eleanor Plantagenet wid. John de Lacy 2) William de Warenne 2) Richard of Cornwall

Chart A1.1 The lineage of William Marshal and Isabella de Clare Maud Marshal Roger [dsp] m. Isabella of Scotland and Ralph [dsp] Hugh Bigod Maud m. Roger de Mortimer Hugh m. Joan de Stuteville (wid. Hugh Wake) Eva Marshal Eve m. William de Cantilupe and Isabel m. 1) Gilbert de Lacy; 2) John fitzGeoffrey Eleanor m. Humphrey de Bohun William de Braose Maud Marshal Isabel [dsp] m. Dafydd ap Llewellyn John m. Alice de Lusignan and William de Warenne Isabel [dsp] m. Hugh d’Aubigny

Agnes m. William de Vescy Isabel m. 1) Ralph Basset; 2) Reginald Mohun Sibyl Marshal and Sibyl m. Franco de Bohun William Ferrers Maud m. 1) Simon de Kyme; 2) Hugh le Forz; 3) Emery de Rochechouard Agnes [dsp] Eleanor [dsp] m. 1) John de Vaux; 2) Roger de Quency; 3) Roger de Leyburn Amicia m. Baldwin de Redvers Isabelle Marshal Joan m. 1) John de Mohun; 2) Robert Aguillon and Richard m. 1) Margaret de Burgh; 2) Maud de Lacy Gilbert de Clare Agatha m. Hugh de Mortimer Isabel m. Robert Bruce William [dsp] Gilbert [dsp] Joan Marshal John [dsp] and John [dsp] Joan m. William de Valence Isabelle Marshal Warin de Munchensy and Isabel [dsp] Richard of Cornwall Henry of Almain [dsp] m. Constance of Béarn Nicholas [dsp]

Chart A1.2 The lineages of the Marshal heirs John [dsp] Agnes m. 1) Maurice FitzGerald; 2) Hugh Balliol; Baldwin [dsp] 3) John d’Avesnes Felicite [dsp] John [dsp] William the Younger [dsp] Margaret [dsp] Joan de Munchensy William [dsp] and William de Valence Isabelle m. John de Hastings John m. Juliana de Leybourne Edumund [dsp] Elizabeth m. Roger de Grey

Aymer [dsp] m. 1) Beatrice de Nesle; 2) Marie de St Pol

John [dsp]

Joan m. John “the Red” Comyn Robert [dsp] Elizabeth m. John Talbot

Chart A1.3 The family of William de Valence and Joan de Munchensy APPENDIX 2

JOAN DE VALENCE’S PROPERTY

he chancery records of what property Joan de Valence inherited Tfrom her brother, John de Munchensy, and what she held in dower, maritagium , and/or jointure are fragmentary at best and are also affected by the degree to which the calendared versions of the property distributions reflect the original entries. The confusion as to which properties William de Valence held independently of his wife’s inheritance further complicates the process of reconstruction. The following list of properties is derived from a number of different sources: from the patent and close rolls of the royal chancery; from both William and Joan’s Inquisitions Post Mortem ; from lists referenced in the justiciary rolls of Ireland; from litigation records, deeds, and petitions of the central courts, the justiciary of Ireland, the exchequer, and the county courts; and from accounts and receipts made during Joan’s widowhood. I have assumed that any litigation in which Joan appeared as a co-litigant, either with her husband or with any of the Marshal co-heirs, involved land she maintained an interest in, usually through inheritance. As Joan’s dower assignment was not made through the royal chancery, but rather as a private agreement with her son Aymer, it is not possible to determine conclusively what properties she held, but her itinerary in the two years following William’s death and the receipts from 1300 and 1302 provide information on properties she did not inherit, but which were likely either dower or jointure properties. In addition, it has been possible to determine which lands she likely received in maritagium , which she would have controlled outright after William’s death. The maps included after the list of properties pinpoint the location of all of Joan’s holdings and provide an illustration of two itineraries from her account rolls: the first beginning with her places of residence before William’s death and her moves immediately following William’s death to her settling at Goodrich; and the second recounting her travel from 160 APPENDIX 2

Goodrich to London to celebrate the anniversary of William’s death and her return to Goodrich.

List of Properties Inherited by Joan de Valence Wales

● County, town, honor, and Castle of Pembroke with pleas and perquisites ● “Rents in outlying vills of Karreu, Stakepol, Kylvegy, Costeyniston, Gilcop, Gonedon, Opeton, Seynt Syrone, Maynerbir, Mynewere, and Esse” 1 ● Castlemartin (on the coast near Stakepool) ● St. Florence (near Tenby) ● Coyttht’ 2 ● Town and Castle of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, with acreage and bur- gesses (held by Margaret de Lacy Marshal in dower until 1266) ● Commote of Oysterlow, Carmarthenshire

England

● Goodrich Castle, Herefordshire ● Awre, Gloucestershire (tenure uncertain, but shared with other Marshal heirs; maintained a bailiff on site) ● Sutton Valence, Kent (held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower until 1275) ● Brabourne, Kent (held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower until 1275) ● Kemsing, Kent (held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower until 1275) ● Inkberrow, Worcestershire (held by Margaret Lacy Marshal in dower until 1266; possibly partially held by Eleanor de Montfort in dower) ● Newburgh, Worcestershire (possibly appurtenant to Inkberrow) ● Half of the manors of Stanstead and Chelebridge, Essex (granted to Waltham Abbey for annual rent) ● Maidencote, Berkshire (co-held with the Ferrers heiresses, ultimately by the Beauchamps of Hatch) ● Shrivenham, Berkshire (now Oxfordshire); (half of the manor granted in maritagium by William Marshal to Joan Marshal on occa- sion of her marriage to Warin de Munchensy; inherited directly by Joan de Valence after Warin’s death in 1255; other half of the manor had been granted to William the Younger after death of count of Perche and formed part of Eleanor’s dower/jointure with reversion to William’s heirs) APPENDIX 2 161

Ireland 3

● County, town, honor, and Castle of Wexford ● Ferrycarrig Castle, co. Wexford ● Town and Castle of Ferns, co. Wexford ● Manor of Odagh, co. Kilkenny ● Manor and Castle of Rossclare, co. Wexford (with the barony of Forth and shared jurisdiction in Old and New Ross) ● Manor of Bannow, co. Wexford ● Portion of the Vill of Taghmon, co. Wexford (but part of the liberty of Kildare assigned to the Ferrers-Marshal heirs 4 )

Properties Held in Joint Tenure with Survivorship to Joan and Her Heirs

● Fernham, Berkshire ● Benham (Valence), Berkshire (controlled half and other half controlled by Longespee earls of Salisbury in a grant made simultane- ously with grants made to William Marshal Jr. )

Properties Possibly Held in Joint Tenure (Asterix Indicates Either Jointure or Dower)

● *Newton Valence, Hampshire ● Horewood, Buckinghamshire (now divided between Great and Little Horwood) ● Acle, Norfolk ● West Hanney, Berkshire (now part of Wantage, Oxfordshire) ● Notteswyk, Berkshire (possibly hers outright—appurtenant to Shrivenham?) ● Burgthone, Berkshire (possibly hers outright—appurtenant to Shrivenham?) ● Suthryworthe, Berkshire (possibly hers outright—appurtenant to Shrivenham?) 5

Likely Properties Held in Dower by Joan (Asterix Indicates Either Dower or Jointure)

● Moreton Valence, Gloucestershire (sold to William de Valence by William de Pontlarge, who held of the Bohun earls of Hereford— therefore not held in chief, although occasionally listed as such; although Joan officially was endowed with one-third, she seems to have used it as one of her normal residences 6 ) ● Swindon, Wiltshire (granted to William de Valence c. 1252) 162 APPENDIX 2

● Bampton, Oxfordshire (granted to William de Valence 1248) ● *Newton Valence, Hampshire (granted to William de Valence c. 1250) ● Collingbourne Valence, Wiltshire (granted to William de Valence c. 1253)

Maps 7

Map A2.1 Properties in England and Wales controlled by Joan de Valence 8 Note: Locations are approximate. Map A2.2 Properties in Ireland controlled by Joan de Valence. 9 Note: Locations are approximate. Map A2.3 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, September 1295–May 1296. 10 Note: Locations are approximate. Map A2.4 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, May–October 1296. 11 Note: Locations are approximate. Map A2.5 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, October–November 1296.12 Note: Locations are approximate. Map A2.6 Itinerary of Joan de Valence, May–September 1297. 13 Note: Locations are approximate. APPENDIX 3

LITIGATION OF JOAN DE VALENCE IN WIDOWHOOD

oan de Valence was only moderately litigious in her 11-year wid- Jowhood, but she was persistent. Many of the suits she pursued had their origins in disputes from years past: Haverfordwest, Painswick, and Oysterlow remained points of conflict. Joan initiated few land-based suits beyond those begun while William de Valence was still alive, but she did pursue tenants and estate officials for failure to render service, for debt, and for detinue (Table A3.1 ).

Table A3.1 Litigation of Joan de Valence in widowhood Advowson / Detinue / Morte Rendering of Right / Voucher to Darrein Debt Unjust Trespass d'Ancestor Accounts Jurisdiction Warranty Presentment Detention

Joan as Plaintiff / Demandant

1361165

Joan as Defendant

2141

Joan as Co-Executor–Plaintiff

Joan as Co-Executor–Defendant

11 NOTES

Introduction: Writing Medieval Women’s Biographies 1 . These approaches to Joan de Valence can be seen in the works of Huw Ridgeway, who has been the only modern-day historian to discuss William de Valence in any detail and who is also the author of William’s biography in the new edition of the ODNB , and of J. R. S. Phillips, whose biography of Aymer de Valence significantly minimizes the presence of Joan in her son’s life. Huw Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 56: 45–49; J. R. S. Phillips, Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke 1307–1324: Baronial Politics in the Reign of Edward II (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972). 2 . Indeed, the first version of William’s biography in the original ODNB , written by T. F. Tout, was little more than gossip and diatribe. T. F. Tout, “William de Valence,” ODNB (Oxford, 1885–1900), 61: 373–377, at Wikisource, http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_de_ Valence_%28DNB00%29. Although Huw Ridgeway’s revision for the new edition is more matter-of-fact, it still contains some surprising exam- ples of irrational animus directed at both William and Joan. 3 . For example, Simon—like William—was French and an interloper in England. He claimed the earldom of Leicester through a matrilineal inheritance and eloped illicitly with Eleanor, sister of Henry III. Although Earl Simon was older than William, he has been identified with the “young baronage” in contrast to the “old generation”—including the much younger William de Valence—who supported the king. 4 . C. M. Woolgar, The Great Household in Late Medieval England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Kate Mertes, The English Noble Household, 1250–1600: Good Governance and Politic Rule (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988). Joan de Valence’s household in 1296–97 forms a substantial compo- nent to the Woolgar book, considerably less so for Mertes. 5 . Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066–1500 , tr. and ed. Jennifer Ward (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 180. 6 . Joan actually inherited from her brother John de Munchensy who had died before the division of the estates. She, therefore, is usually referred to 172 NOTES

in documents simply as one of the coheirs of Earl Walter le Marshal. See chapter 1. 7 . My case study, “Joan de Valence: A Lady of Substance,” appears in the collection Writing Medieval Women’s Lives , ed. Charlotte Newman Goldy and Amy Livingstone (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 193–208. 8 . Margaret Wade Labarge chose Eleanor de Montfort as a lifelong topic of study in several books and numerous shorter works. The most significant of these in this context is A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth Century (London: Eyre and Spottiswood, 1965), reprinted most recently as Mistresses, Maids, and Men: Baronial Life in the Thirteenth Century (London: Phoenix, 2003). Louise Wilkinson has recently published a new biography of Eleanor de Montfort: Eleanor De Montfort, A Rebel Countess in Medieval England (London: Continuum, 2012). Complete biographies of medieval noblewomen are somewhat rare, although many figure into composite portraits. One recent work, however, is Francis Underhill, For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999). Jennifer Ward has also published a selec- tion of Elizabeth de Burgh’s extensive household and account records: Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare (195–1360): Household and Other Records , ed. Jennifer Ward, Suffolk Records Society 57 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2014). 9 . See, for example, the articles in Theodore Evergates, ed., Aristocratic Women in Medieval France (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999); Susan M. Johns, Noblewomen, Aristocracy and Power in the Twelfth-Century Anglo- Norman Realm (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003); Susan M. Johns, Gender, Nation and Conquest in the High Middle Ages: Nest of Deheubarth (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 2013); Amy Livingstone, Out of Love for My Kin: Aristocratic Family Life in the Lands of the Loire, 1000–1200 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010); Heather J. Tanner, Families, Friends and Allies: Boulogne and Politics in Northern France and England, c. 879– 1160 (Leiden: Brill, 2004); Theresa Earenfight, The King’s Other Body: Mar ía of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010); Theresa Earenfight, Queenship in Medieval Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); Elena Woodacre, Queenship in the Mediterranean: Negotiating the Role of the Queen in the Medieval and Early Modern Eras (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); Miriam Shadis, Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Although most Continental studies are focusing on royal women rather than aristocratic women, the kinds of political, social, and cultural alliances made are similar. For work specifically about nonroyal (or almost-royal) women, see, for example, Fredric L. Cheyette, Ermengard of Narbonne and the World of the Troubadours (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001), and Kimberly A. LoPrete, Adela of Blois: Countess and Lord (c. 1067– 1137) (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2007). NOTES 173

1 Growing Up as a Marshal, Marriage, and Motherhood (1230–58) 1 . Spellings of this name in English vary considerably because of its origins in Latin and French, but The National Archives reference this variant most frequently in its catalogue, so I have chosen to use it. In this I disagree significantly with the editors of the ODNB , who have adopted “Munchensi” as their preferred spelling. 2 . The date of both Walter and Anselm Marshal’s deaths: they were the last two surviving sons of William and Isabella. 3 . Led by Huw Ridgeway, who has inserted in both of his biographies—of William de Munchensy and of William de Valence—a number of unsub- stantiated inferences about Joan as a vengeful sister. 4 . The tale of William Marshal’s life has been told by historians as diverse as Sidney Painter, William Marshal: Knight-Errant, Baron, and Regent of England (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1933), and Georges Duby, William Marshal: The Flower of Chivalry , tr. Richard Howard (New York: Pantheon Books, 1985). The current specialist on the Marshal is David Crouch, William Marshal: Knighthood, War and Chivalry, 1147–1219 , 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 2002). Most of the biographical material for these historians was derived from a poem, commissioned by the family after the Marshal’s death, in which more of the scintillating—and unverifiable— tales appear. 5 . Histoire de Guillaume le Maré chal , tr. as History of William Marshal , ed. A. J. Holden, tr. S. Gregory, notes by D. Crouch (London: Anglo-Norman Text society, 2004), ll. 18519–18524 and reference at bottom. In the poem, Earl William asks the two of his daughters who are keeping vigil by his side—Matilda (Maud) Bigod, the eldest, and Joan, the youngest—to sing. Joan’s approach to the song is “timid” and her father gives her a singing lesson from his deathbed (ll. 18561–18580). 6 . John had reached his majority by 1245, the year of the deaths of both Walter and Anselm Marshal. He died in late 1246 or early 1247, before the final distribution of the Marshal estates. Joan is listed sometimes as his heir—which seems to have been the official account—but also, especially in litigation and royal writs, as simply one of the direct co-heirs of Walter Marshal, so it is likely that John had not yet performed homage and fealty for his lands. Joan, on the other hand, was still unmarried and of equivocal legal status in 1247. Although she had certainly reached the canonical age of marriage—13—she might only recently have reached the age of majority in 1247. She is mentioned as one of only three co-heirs to be unmarried in 1247: Joan plus Eleanor and Agatha Ferrers, who were the youngest of the seven Ferrers sisters to inherit. Eleanor eloped with John de Vaux, and Agatha was married to Hugh Mortimer of Chelmarsh, the younger brother of Roger Mortimer, who was married to yet another Marshal heir, Maud de Braose. 174 NOTES

7 . Chron. Maj. , trans. Giles, II: 441–442. Matthew mistakenly names Eleanor “Johanna the king’s sister.” See also Louise Wilkinson, Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England (London: Continuum, 2012), 11–12. 8 . Wilkinson does not think about the relative chronology of Eleanor and Joan’s parallel lives when discussing their relationship. 9 . William was near his age of majority at the time of his father’s death in 1255. His wardship was granted to his brother-in-law, William de Valence, but it proved to be a very short guardianship. 10 . GEC 9: 421–424. William’s daughter, Dionysia, was the subject of a significant dispute in 1290 over the Munchensy inheritance, discussed in chapter 3 . She married Hugh de Vere, son and brother of the earl of Oxford, and died childless in 1313. Her heir was Joan and William de Valence’s son, Aymer de Valence. 11 . See Linda E. Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women: Family, Marriage, and Politics in England 1225–1350 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), especially Chapters 1 and 2 for discussion of these women; and Margaret Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001), 53. This issue is also discussed briefly by Andrew M. Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England: The Earls and Edward I, 1272–1307 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 22, although he misidentifies John de Lacy as the earl of Lincoln before his marriage and then confuses the Lacys with the FitzAlan Earls of Arundel (27). 12 . Joan’s husband, William de Valence, and her cousin, John de Warenne, were very close friends and allies. That relationship could have begun with Joan and John’s acquaintance in the royal nursery. 13 . Robert de Blois’s text is available in only one edition: Enseignement des princes et chastoiement des dames : É d. crit. avec commentaire et glossaire , ed. John Howard Fox (Paris: Nizet, 1950). How the Goodwife is included in Edith Rickert, trans. and ed., The Babbee’s Book: Medieval Manners for the Young (London: Chatto and Windus, 1923). They are both discussed in Kathleen Ashley and Robert L. A. Clark, eds., Medieval Conduct (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001). 14 . The most recent edition is in Dorothea Oschinsky, ed. and trans., Walter of Henley and Other Treatises on Estate Management and Accounting (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971). 15 . In 1332, Edward III replaced French with English in pleading in royal courts, but it is not clear how frequently he conversed in English himself. 16 . Although Henry III’s facility might have been minimal at best, his brother, Richard of Cornwall, according to Matthew Paris, had some knowledge of English. Chron. Maj. , tr. Giles, III: 209. 17 . John Higgitt, The Murthly Hours: Devotion, Literacy and Luxury in Paris, England and the Gaelic West (London: The British Library and University of Toronto Press, 2000). The manuscript was discovered only in 1980. NOTES 175

18 . Joan received a portion of the manor of Shrivenham, Berkshire, which had been her mother’s maritagium . See Appendix 2. 19 . The alliance of young William de Munchensy, Joan’s halfbrother, with Simon de Montfort in the civil war might have been influenced by this change in status. William occupied a number of Valence castles in Wales—including Pembroke—during the war. Indeed, the claim made by Huw Ridgeway that William and Joan’s later suit against William’s daughter Denise was motivated by revenge could indeed be true—but not for the reasons Ridgeway claimed (such as that Joan felt cheated out of the Munchensy and Anesty inheritances; Denise de Anesty was not Joan’s mother, so she would never have been an heir to those estates in any case). It is far more likely that they were enacting a long-awaited revenge against William’s enthusiastic support of the Valences’ enemy, Earl Simon. 20 . Maud, the eldest Marshal daughter, married Hugh Bigod, earl of Norfolk, and after his death married William de Warenne, earl of Surrey. She had children with both husbands and survived them both to be the only direct descendant of William and Isabella Marshal to inherit in 1245. The Warennes became very close associates of the Valences. Isabelle Marshal married, first, Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester and Hertford, and after his death married Richard, earl of Cornwall, Henry III’s younger full-brother and William de Valence’s halfbrother—a second marriage for them both. She was the mother of Henry of Almain, Richard of Cornwall’s heir. Isabelle died in the 1230s and did not live to see her son, Richard de Clare, inherit. 21 . Eva married William de Braose. She completed negotiations with Llewelyn ab Iorwerth after the prince of Gwynnedd executed her husband for adultery with his wife, Joan, illegitimate daughter of King John. Three of her four daughters ultimately inherited: Maud married Roger Mortimer of Wigmore; Eleanor married Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford; and Eve married William de Cantilupe. Sibyl married William Ferrers, earl of Derby, and all seven of her daughters inherited, although only six had children of their own. See Appendix 1, Table A.1–2 for information on these daughters’ marriages. 22 . When Isabel de Braose, wife of Dafydd ap Llewelyn, died without heirs, her sisters inherited her portion. This likely occurred before the final distribution, because Isabel is not mentioned in any of the distributions, and Dafydd was not able to claim control of her portion through the law of curtesy. Eleanor Ferrers de Vaux Quency Leyburn, dowager countess of Winchester, died without progeny, so her portion devolved to her sisters. 23 . In addition to the biographies of the ODNB , the most thorough study of the Lusignan family’s activities in England is by Harold S. Snellgrove, “The Lusignans in England, 1247–1258,” University of New Mexico Publications in History , no. 2 (1950). 24 . John eventually remarried, again into the royal family, one of Eleanor of Castile’s Poitevan cousins, Isabella Beaumont. 176 NOTES

25 . Chron. Maj. , trans. Giles, II: 230–231. “[A]nd thus in a great measure the English nobility fell to the lot of foreigners and unknown persons.” 26 . The barons also were seemingly hostile to what they perceived as the undue influence of Queen Eleanor of Provence on the marriage arrangements of young heirs who were wards of the crown. See Margaret Howell, Eleanor of Provence: Queenship in Thirteenth-Century England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1998), 51–52. 27 . For this discussion, see Linda E. Mitchell, “Baronial Dowagers of the Thirteenth-Century Welsh March” PhD dissertation, Indiana University, 1992, especially Chapter 3 . 28 . For more information on the activities of the Ferrers sisters, see Linda E. Mitchell, “Agnes and Her Sisters: Squabbling and Cooperation in the Extended Medieval Family,” Portraits of Medieval Women , 11–28. 29 . The correspondence between them can be found in Anc. Corr. Re: Wales , 51 (also in Shirley, Letters , I: 368). Discussion of the negotiations and the subsequent breakdown of the alliance between the house of Gwynnedd and the Braoses can be found in Mitchell, “Heroism and Duty: Maud Mortimer of Wigmore’s Contributions to the Royalist Cause,” Portraits of Medieval Women, 43–55. 30 . See R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence, and Change: Wales, 1063–1415 , History of Wales, v. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press and University of Wales Press, 1987), esp. 273–277. 31 . There is, indeed, considerable confusion as to which properties belonged to William in chief and which belonged to Joan, and therefore to William “by right of his wife.” Part of the problem lies in the calendar of the Inquisition Post Mortem for William, which incorrectly lists several properties as held by William in chief without the correct qualifier suo jure uxoris . See CIPM 3: 222 and Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 4, 143–144. Other problems lie in the other chancery calendars, which often leave off Joan’s name when including correspondence between the chancery and William over properties he controlled only by right of his wife. William did inherit a number of significant properties in France from his parents, in the territory of La Marche; his stake was large enough for King Philip IV to decide to purchase their rights of inheritance from Joan and William’s son Aymer. See J. R. S. Phillips, “The Anglo-Norman Nobility,” The English in Medieval Ireland , ed. James Lydon (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, 1984), 87–104, esp. 95. See also Ridgeway, “Valence, William de”; Woolgar, The Great Household ; and G. H. Orpen. Ireland under the Normans 1169– 1333 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005 [1911]) for different lists of what Joan inherited. Woolgar and Ridgeway are not accurate. 32 . CChR , 1226–1257, 1: 102. 33 . Apparently, the child that was born and died along with Alicia was “heard within the four walls” of the birthing chamber, and so the property transfer remained with William. These very complicated tenur- ial arrangements were investigated by researchers for English Heritage: NOTES 177

http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/sutton- valence-castle/history-and-research/ , accessed November 4, 2014. 34 . All of these properties have been incorrectly assigned to William de Valence instead of understood to be held by him suo jure uxoris . 35 . Phillips, “The Anglo-Norman Nobility,” emphasizes the connections between Wales and Ireland after the twelfth-century conquest. See also Orpen, Ireland under the Normans ; A. J. Otway-Ruthven, A History of Medieval Ireland (London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1968); and, briefly, James Lydon, “The Expansion and Consolidation of the Colony, 1215–54,” A New History of Ireland , II: Medieval Ireland 1169–1534, ed. Art Cosgrove (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987 [1993]), 166–169. Lydon refers several times—and in the index—to the “extinction” of the Marshal family, considering the inheritance by multiple heirs to have catastrophically “weakened” the lordship. His sole reference is Orpen, published in 1911. 36 . This included the manor of Inkberrow, Worcestershire. 37 . References, originating in GEC, to a third marriage are in error: Margaret enjoyed a long and eventful widowhood. See Mitchell, “Like Mother, Like Daughter: The Parallel Careers of Margaret de Quency and Maud de Lacy,” Portraits of Medieval Women, 29–42. 38 . GEC lists the marriage as occurring on August 13, 1247, but provides no source verification for this date. It is, in fact, the date of the letter close to the justiciar of Ireland instructing him to release Joan’s lands, inherited from her brother, to the couple. Clearly, the marriage occurred before this time, likely before July 30, 1247, when the distribution of the Irish estates was completed. See Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 1, 432–433 and Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 2, 160–161. 39 . This is a common trope among all historians of William de Valence based almost entirely on hostile chronicle sources, in particular Matthew Paris’s Chronica Maiora and William Rishanger’s continuation, and Matthew of Westminster’s Flores Historiarum . 40 . Flores Hist., II: 339 as referenced by Frank R. Lewis, “William de Valence (c. 1230–1296),” Pt. I Aberystwyth Studies 13 (1934): 11–35, esp. 18. 41 . CR , Henry III, 1242–1247, 527, 529, 533 and Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 1: 433; CPR, Henry III, 1232–1247 , 505–506. This also included a preliminary distribution of Inkberrow (med. Inteberg) that had been made to the late John de Munchensy and which the king released to William (and Joan) on 30 July. Inkberrow was held by Margaret Lacy Marshal in dower. See CR , Henry III, 1242–1247, 7. Goodrich was released 31 July; Pembroke 7 August. See Lewis, “William de Valence,” Pt. 1: 18–19—although he is incorrect in assuming that William gained the property before his marriage. One of the major problems with the Calendar of Patent Rolls is slop- piness, especially with respect to female names when connected to male names, and the absence of Joan’s in the calendar entries likely reflects an error in the calendar rather than the appointment of William as castellan of his wife’s own inheritance. 178 NOTES

42 . CR , Henry III, 1242–1247, 524, 531. CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 4–5, 11, 20, 23, 44, 93, 123, 133, 141, 147, 159, 191, 193, 196. 43 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 11. 44 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 162, 200, 236, 249, 287, 297, 325, 327, 342, 385. 45 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 397, 398, 399, 481, 484, 486. 46 . Ibid., 102–103. 47 . Anc. Corr. Re: Wales , 210–212; CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 275, 518. 48 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 102, 28. 49 . Ibid., 497. 50 . Henry III and his chancery are often not given enough credit for how complicated this settlement was, especially since Earl Simon de Montfort and Countess Eleanor almost immediately initiated litigation against the heirs, claiming that Eleanor had been shortchanged by the original dower assignment made by Richard, Earl Marshal. See Wilkinson, Eleanor de Montfort , and Maddicott, Simon de Montfort . Henry and the heirs were fortunate that Anselm Marshal’s widow, Maud de Bohun (and sister-in- law of one of the Braose co-heirs), was not granted dower in real property because Anselm died before he had paid relief for his inheritance. 51 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251, 112–113, 159. 52 . Ibid., 134–135. 53 . For example, Matthew Paris, Chron. Maj. , and the Flores Hist. 54 . CR, Henry III, 1247–1251, November 1247, April 1248, June 1250. Concerning the Montfort dower litigation, Michaelmas 1249, see Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 1: 450. 55 . See Huw Ridgeway, “William de Valence and his Familiares , 1247–72,” Historical Research 65, no. 158 (1992): 239–257, esp. 254–257. 56 . CR, Henry III, 1247–1251, 247. 57 . The Chronica Majora of the St. Albans historian Matthew Paris describes him as vain and full of bluster. He is particularly scathing about William’s choice of estate agents, whom he describes as odious. Matthew’s charac- terization was picked up by most of the historians who succeeded him, including William Rishanger and “Matthew of Westminster” (author of the Flores Historiarum ). 58 . The Clares were in a more or less continuous battle with the Bohuns and the Bigods, ones that took on the characteristics of a private war by the 1270s. Other conflicts were common. See chapter 3 . 59 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , 56: 45. 60 . The issue of the profits and jurisdiction of Haverford was never com- pletely resolved, with even the next generation of Valences and Bohuns involved in it. This will be discussed at greater length in subsequent chapters. 61 . This has been discussed by Margaret Wade Labarge several times, as well as by Louise Wilkinson. The most efficient reference to Eleanor’s marriage portion and dower is in J. R. Maddicott, Simon de Montfort (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 50–51. Eleanor’s NOTES 179

possession of the manors of Sutton, Brabourne, and Kemsing in Kent was a source of conflict between the Montforts and the Valences, as they also comprised Joan’s inheritance in Kent. See chapters 3 and 4. 62 . This is discussed in Wilkinson, Eleanor de Montfort . 63 . The dispersals are recorded in the Liberate Rolls. CLR 4: 318, 372–373, 401; 5: 77, 89. 64 . The Remembrancer Rolls record much of this information and it is also excerpted in the Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland . See, for example, Margaret Lacy Marshal’s records of debt in Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 2, 113 and E 159/47 m. 21d. This conflict is also discussed in Margaret Wade Labarge, A Baronial Household of the Thirteenth Century (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1965), 14, 401; and Wilkinson, Eleanor de Montfort . 65 . This indeed occurred in the reign of Henry III, between Earl Gilbert de Clare and his mother, Maud de Lacy de Clare, whom he sued for admeasurement . KB 26/177 mm. 2, 3, 13; CPR , Henry III, 1266–1272, 49. For a full discussion, see Michael Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217–1314 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), 96–101; see also Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women , 36–37. According to a letter written to Henry by his sister-in- law, Queen Marguerite of France, Henry was suspiciously overfond of the dynamic widow. Lettres de Rois, Reines et Autres Personnages des Courts de France et d’Angleterre , ed. M. Chamollion-Figeac (Paris: Imprimie Royale, 1839), 1: 42–43, esp. 34. Transcribed and translated in “Epistolae: Medieval Women’s Latin Letters,” http://epistolae.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/ letter/516.html . 66 . The term “Cathar,” which has typically been used to describe the hereti- cal group living in southern France and the Pyrenees region, has been debunked and the more accurate term “Good Men/Good Women” or “ Perfecti ” is now considered more accurate. 67 . Quite a few historians have discussed these issues, beginning with Maurice Powicke, The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953). Most narratives, however, are based in large part on anti-Henri- cian sources, such as Matthew Paris, and viewed in hindsight. Howell, Eleanor of Provence , 130–135, proposes a different perspective. 68 . See, for example, Ridgeway, “William de Valence and his Familiares , 1247–72” and “Valence, William de,” ODNB . 69 . Ibid. 70 . Isabella Ferrers was a widow, having married one of Richard Marshal’s retainers, Gilbert Bassett. Reginald was a widower and all of his children were the product of his first marriage. After John de Mohun’s death, Joan remarried one of the royal household knights associated with the Valences, Robert Aguillon. 71 . February 1252–May 1253: Cal. Docs Ireland, Pt 2: 5, 15, 21, 22, 29; CR , Henry III, 1251–1253, 308; CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 175; the final concord is extant: CP 25/1/283/13 #285. 72 . CP 25/1/283/13 #289; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 29. 180 NOTES

73 . This legal argument is not uncommon: minors and wives were both denied legal “personhood” and so could not technically approve settle- ments made while in that state. This permitted them, once reaching the age of majority or widowhood, respectively, to be able to sue for redress. The problem with this suit, however, is that the signing of a chyrograph superseded the claim of being unable to “gainsay” on account of age or marital status. Even if forced, chyrographs were technically valid. See Bracton on the Laws and Customs of England , vol. 4, ed. George E. Woodbine, trans. Samuel E. Thorne (Cambridge: The Belknap Press, 1968–77), 30–31. 74 . KB 26/159 mm. 3–3d; Excerpta è Rotulis Finium 2: 109; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 1: 470; E 159/26 m. 12d; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 15. 75 . CR , Henry III, 1247–1251 lists several grants made; see n. 38; see also CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 102. The reference to Hertford, which was a county town, could include a more permanent grant of the manor of Hertfordingbury, which was not only retained by the Valences but was acquired later by their daughter, Agnes, who used it as one of her principle residences. 76 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 112, 124, 276. 77 . Ibid., 174. 78 . See n. 37. 79 . Ridgeway consistently describes William as engaging in illegal hunting, but numerous grants of permission to “take away” deer in royal forests abound in the close rolls . 80 . CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 175. 81 . Ibid., 245–246, 249, et passim. 82 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 254. 83 . Ibid., 259–260. 84 . Ibid., 289. 85 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , 56: 46 and others. Ridgeway refers to William de Munchensy as William de Valence’s “kinsman,” instead of referring to him correctly as Joan’s brother. See also CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 419, 420. 86 . William and Joan petitioned that Denise, William de Munchensy’s daughter, was illegitimate and therefore not the heir. Discussed in chapter 3 . 87 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 411. Many of the English and Anglo-French baronage—and King Henry as well—took crusade vows to accom- pany King Louis IX on his first attempt to travel to the Holy Land in 1248–1254. 88 . Jane E. Sayers, Original Papal Documents in England and Wales from the Accession of Pope Innocent III to the Death of Pope Benedict XI (1198–1304) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 151, doc. 335. See also SC7/20/18. King Henry took formal crusade vows in 1250, but his entourage might have preceded him as Richard of Cornwall did par- ticipate in King Louis’s first crusade in 1249. See Howell, Eleanor of Provence , 59. NOTES 181

89 . The confirmation charter is in Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum (1846), 62: 940–942; Dugdale does not include the Valences’ charter, but the cartulary of St. Radegunde, Bodleian Rawlinson B336 f. 13 does. Thanks to David Crouch for this information. It is very possible the grant was a mortmain gift because Sutton was still held in dower by Eleanor de Montfort. 90 . Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 68; CR, Henry III, 1254–56, 159. 91 . Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 2: 71. 92 . CLR 4 (1251–60): 230. This might have been William de Valence the Younger. 93 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 493. 94 . Ibid., 545. Robert de North is referred to as William’s cook, but the Calendars of Patent Rolls are frequently inaccurate in failing to add women’s names when male names are also included. It is not clear what the relationship was between Joan and Mabel. 95 . The Sandfords were also related to the Bassets, long-time Marshal affines. John de Sanford, brother of Fulk Basset, succeeded him as arch- bishop of Dublin. 96 . CP 25/1/8/22, nos. 13, 14. 97 . E 159/30 m. 3. 98 . CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 594. This is also discussed by Matthew Paris, CM 5: 643–644. See also Giles, tr. 2: 241–242. Predictably, Matthew lays the blame for Jacaminus’s murder on the man’s own inso- lence, spurred by William’s vaingloriousness. 99 . See R. R. Davies, Conquest, Coexistence, and Change , 241–245; and Mitchell, “Welshness, Englishness, and the Problem of Dowagers and Heiresses in Wales: The Lestrange Family’s Marital Adventures in Powys,” Portraits of Medieval Women , 57–77. 100 . CPR, Henry III, 1247–1258, 576, 586. 101 . Ibid., 550. 102 . The first description is far more common. See R. E. Treharne and I. J. Sanders, Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267 (Oxford: Oxford Medieval Texts, 1973); H. G. Richardson and G. O. Sayles, eds., The Administration of Ireland, 1172–1377 (Dublin: Irish Manuscripts Commission, 1963), and others. This is one of the perspectives also espoused by Maddicott, Simon de Montfort , who focuses more on the notion that the conflict is within the royal family, rather than on the Marshals. For the other perspective, see Powicke, The Thirteenth Century , n. 41.

2 War, Rebellion, and Recovery (1258–85) 1 . See discussion in chapter 1 . Gilbert’s situation is also discussed at length in Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England ; and Paul R. Davis, Three Chevrons Red: The Clares, A Marcher Dynasty in Wales, England and Ireland (Logaston: Logaston Press, 2013), 187–197. 182 NOTES

2 . This was couched in terms of undue “foreign” influence on the king, but also had to do with the competition between Queen Eleanor’s Savoyard relatives and King Henry’s Lusignan half-siblings. 3 . “Petition of the Barons,” Documents of the Baronial Movement of Reform and Rebellion, 1258–1267 , ed. R. F. Treharne and I. J. Sanders (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), 80–81. The editors assume, probably rightly, that this passage refers specifically to the Valence–Munchensy marriage. This is the first instance when marriage of an heiress to a “foreigner” is described as a form of disparagement, a term that refers quite specifically to Magna Carta—chapter 6 —which states that an heir whose marriage is in the king’s gift cannot be “disparaged,” usually interpreted as meaning that the heir cannot be married to a person of lower social station. 4 . Chron. Maj. , 4: 628. See also Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles, 1: 230–231. 5 . According to Matthew Paris, Simon declared that he would ensure that William would lose his head if he did not swear to uphold the Provisions of Oxford. Chron. Maj , 5: 697–698. Also discussed in Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB and many other historical narratives of the era. 6 . CPR , Henry III, 1247–1258, 640, 664. 7 . Ibid., 641. Ridgeway for some reasons considers this to have been cash that belonged to Warin de Munchensy and claims that William, “probably with the connivance of Joan,” essentially stole it. Waltham Abbey was patronized by Joan’s maternal relations, having been substantially endowed by Strongbow, not by the Munchensys, who seem to have had no stake in Waltham at all. Ridgeway provides no specific source for this allegation. H. W. Ridgeway, “Munchensi, Warin de,” ODNB , http:// www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19529, accessed November 4, 2014. 8 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 3. 9 . Stipulated when Waltham Abbey’s treasury controlled the cash. See CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 318. 10 . See Chron. Maj. , 5: 721, and CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 3, 4. “Magnates of the council” is the language of the letter patent. Matthew claimed that Joan petitioned the king himself. 11 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 9, 12. 12 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, December 13, 1258, 351. Matthew Paris says 1 December: Chron. Maj. , 5: 726. 13 . Cum familia, harnesio et pecunia sua . 14 . instanter postulans sibi justitiam exhiberi, ut saltem dos ipsam contingens sibi concederetur. 15 . Chron. Maj., 5: 726. See also Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles, 2: 311. 16 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” 56: 47. 17 . Chron. Maj. , 5: 730–731. See also Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles 2: 314–315. 18 . Compare this story to his repeated—and probably fallacious—assertions that enemies of the baronial party tried to poison the barons at every opportunity. 19 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 15. NOTES 183

20 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 363, 451. 21 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 404; CR , Henry III, 1259–1261, 2–3. 22 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 22. 23 . See Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England , 92, 102. 24 . Chron. Maj. , 5: 747–748; Chron. Maj ., trans. Giles, 3: 329–330. 25 . CR , Henry III, 1259–1261, 329. 26 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 150. 27 . Ibid., 223. 28 . CR , Henry III, 1259–1261, 420, 428, 435; CR , Henry III, 1261–1264, 33, 74. 29 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 243. Ridgeway suggests he was playing both sides, but this is not clear from the documents. “Valence, William de,” 56: 47. 30 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 291. Witnesses: William de Valence, Earl Roger Bigod (Joan’s cousin), Earl Humphrey Bohun (father-in-law of Joan’s cousin, Eleanor de Braose), John de Warenne (Joan’s cousin and William’s closest friend and brother-in-law), Hugh Bigod (Joan’s cousin), Philip Basset (long-time Marshal affine and former brother-in-law of one of Joan’s cousins), Robert de Bruys (married to a Marshal affine), Roger Mortimer (married to Joan’s cousin), Alan de la Zuche (Marshal affine, future marital connection), and Robert Aguillon (Valence affine and second husband on one of Joan’s cousins). 31 . CR , Henry III, 1261–1264, 322. 32 . CPR, Henry III, 1258–1266, 322. 33 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 325. Mentioned by John Carmi Parsons, Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), 264, n. 49. Unfortunately for Eleanor, she was unable to gain the safety Joan probably secured: Henry’s letter to her instructed her to leave the relative safety of Windsor and head to Westminster, where she must have been a virtual prisoner of the Montfortians. 34 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 328. 35 . Ibid., 337. Joan’s more strategically important properties were kept from her. 36 . See Appendix 2. 37 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 339. 38 . Ibid., 423–424. 39 . Ibid., 487, 434. 40 . See Mitchell, Portraits of Medieval Women , 50–51. 41 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 460, 466. 42 . Daughter and co-heir of Robert de Quency and Helen fa Llewelyn ab Iorwerth. Her sister, Hawise widow of Baldwin Wake, was her heir. CIPM 2: 323. 43 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 503. This Humphrey de Bohun was also heir to his grandfather, Humphrey, earl of Hereford, who died in 1275. 184 NOTES

It is possible that Joan de Quency and Humphrey the Younger did have daughters, as mentioned in the patent roll entry, but they must not have survived their mother. It is clear that the clerk writing the patent roll entry was confused by the plethora of heiress-wives. 44 . This is clearly evident by the sheer number of errors made by modern historians trying to determine Joan and William’s estates. 45 . Especially 1258–1259, when William was in exile and the tenure of the property was in dispute. CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 339–340, 342, 363, 451; Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt 2: 102. 46 . CP 25/1/8/22/13 and 14. See also VCH, Berkshire , ed., William Page and Peter Ditchfield (1924), 4: nn. 172, 173. 47 . Such as Edmund Crouchback, who gained the earldom of Leicester along with Lancaster as a result of the forfeiture of the Montforts. 48 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 588. Simon de Montfort had taken the opportunity of his control of Sutton to invest a new priest into the living. 49 . Ibid., 460, 562. These might have been the same properties: it is unclear from the patent roll entries. 50 . See chapter 1 . See also CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 193–194, 204–205, 213. 51 . CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 667. 52 . CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 161, 271–272. Rebels subject to the Dictum of Kenilworth had to pay an indemnity about three times the annual income of the properties forfeited in order to redeem them. 53 . Ibid., 181. 54 . Henry’s wife was Joan de Cantilupe, one of the Braose-Marshal cousins through her mother, Eve Braose. Although not an heiress herself, Joan’s older brother, George, inherited both the Braose properties and the Cantilupe estates, but died without issue. Henry and Joan’s children became his heirs. 55 . CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 214. 56 . Ibid., 323. Robert Aguillon was also an intimate of the Valences and yet another cousin-by-marriage of Joan, having married Joan Ferrers, widow of John de Mohun. 57 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 114–115. 58 . Papal Letters , 1: 450. 59 . He received seisin of his lands in July 1283. CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 212. 60 . CPR , Edward I, 1272–1281, 182. A commission was sent into Bergavenny to investigate the charges of open warfare between the “King’s men of Bergavenny” and those of Edmund in the Three Castles—Skenfrith, White Castle, and Grosmont—in November 1276. 61 . CCR, Edward I , 1279–1288, 116. 62 . Ibid., 84. 63 . Ibid., 366. 64 . It is possible that this trip was planned but never undertaken. NOTES 185

65 . Agnes married Maurice FitzGerald in 1266; he died in 1268. She then wed Hugh de Balliol sometime around 1269, but he died in 1271. After a period of widowhood, Agnes then married a third time, to John d’Avesnes, with whom she had three children. He died in 1283. Agnes died in January 1310. See Cormac Ó Clé irigh, “The Absentee Landlady and the Sturdy Robbers,” “ The Fragility of Her Sex”? Medieval Irish Women in their European Context , ed. C. E. Meek and M. K. Simms (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1996), 101–118. 66 . No death dates are listed for Margaret in any of the genealogy texts, such as GEC, but she is listed as died in 1276 by Westminster Abbey, without attribution. She is also listed as an infant, which is not correct, as is her brother, John, who was definitely not an infant at his death in 1277. John’s death is incorrectly identified as having occurred in 1267 by the Flores Hist. , 3: 49n. 67 . It is possible that the monuments for the two Valence children are hous- ing only partial remains, as they are small and the Abbey mistakenly assumes they are tombs of infants. 68 . GEC, 10: 379–382; see also Annales Cambriae , ed. John Williams ab Ithel, Rolls Series (1860), 106; The Chronicle of William de Rishanger, of the Barons’ Wars: The Miracles of Simon de Montfort, ed. James Orchard Halliwell (London, 1840), 100; Annales Monastici , 5 vols., ed. Henry Richards Luard (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1864–69), 3: 292. 69 . See discussion later in text. 70 . CR , Henry III, 1268–1272, 334, 358, 366–367, 458. 71 . CPR , Henry III, 1266–1272, 504, 506. 72 . Ibid., 636. 73 . Ibid., 659. 74 . GEC 10: 382 n.a. This is also mentioned in Joan D. Tanner, “The Tombs of Royal Babies in Westminster Abbey.” 75 . CPR, Edward I, 1272–1281, 194. William Sr. was in preparation for a campaign in Wales at the time of this request, so it stands to reason that William the Younger is referred to, rather than his father. In addition, William the Elder is almost always referred to as “the king’s uncle” in letters patent. 76 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 551. The agreement was enrolled in January 1279 and a second deed enrolled at the same time promising that John de Vescy would restore Mary’s dowry of 4500 lt should she die before producing an heir. In fact, Mary either died soon after or just before the marriage, because John de Vescy, already a widower, married one of Eleanor of Castile’s cousins, Isabella Beaumont, in 1280. 77 . Annales Cambriae , 106. 78 . Dunstable Annals , in Annales Monastici , 3: 292. Rishanger, 100, as above, note 68. 79 . Cal. Docs Ireland , Pt. 4: 320–321. The charter is extant only as an Inspeximus dated November 1, 1299. 186 NOTES

80 . CR , Henry III, 1256–1259, 287–289. William Marshal had actually served as guardian of the lands of Offaly during the minority of Maurice fitzGerald, second lord of Offaly (1194–1257). 81 . The relationship between the Verdons and the Marshal heirs was complicated and multigenerational. They were also related, as halfbrothers, to the Butlers of Ormond, having derived their family name from Roesia de Verdon, John de Verdon’s mother, who was Theobald Butler’s second wife. See Mark S. Hagger, The Fortunes of a Norman Family: The De Verduns in England, Ireland, and Wales, 1066–1316 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2001). 82 . Thomas was married to Gerald fitzMaurice fitzGerald’s cousin, Juliana. 83 . Hugh was the older brother of John Balliol, who became king of Scotland. Therefore, if he had survived, he would have been king—and Agnes de Valence queen—of Scotland. 84 . CR , Henry III, 1268–1272, 345: Agnes is assigned dower in Northumberland from the estates of the late Hugh Balliol. Agnes is referred to as “our dear niece, Agnes de Valence.” Indeed, Agnes never took her husband’s patronymics as her own and continued to identify herself as “de Valence” for the rest of her life. 85 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 45. 86 . CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 284–285. It is not clear whether Gerald ever married; he died sometime after 1286 and his heir was a cousin, John fitz- Thomas, who became the first earl of Kildare in the reign of Edward II. 87 . This marriage probably occurred around the same time as Princess Elizabeth’s marriage to the count of Holland. Indeed, it is likely that the two weddings coincided in order to guarantee the princess of a close acquaintance and family member in Hainault. 88 . See chapter 4 . Baldwin died without heirs in 1309. 89 . Aymer’s date of birth is likely between 1273 and 1275, according to Phillips, Aymer de Valence , 8. However, if Joan was the youngest child, then it is possible that Aymer was born either just before or while William was on crusade, which would place his birth at around 1270, and Joan’s around 1273–1275. 90 . “Guillaume de Valence . . . a sac here compaigne et amie, saluz. Sachez que nus vus enveoins Sire Robert de Immir a garnier le chastle de Winchester de blez et de vuires et a demorer oveke vus a garder le avant dit chastle ensemblement od Sire Martin de Roches et Philip le Clerc. Et vu slur comandez de par nuz que il ourent en tute choses par un accord et par un conseil, et vus donoms le poer sure us tuz et de eus tuz, a ordener et a puruer en tute choses solom ceo que vuz verrez que meuz fra a fere.” Shirley, Letters Illustrative of the Reign of Henry III , 2: 311. 91 . SC 1/8/108. 92 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 191, identif ies the distribution of Eleanor de Montfort’s Marshal dower. 93 . Wife, and widow, of Hugh de Mortimer of Chelmarsh, who was also a younger brother of Roger de Mortimer of Wigmore. NOTES 187

94 . This suit continues from 1274 to 1278, encompassing multiple entries in Cal Doc Ireland. In 1276, numerous entries regarding an unnamed suit of partition appear in the Easter term of the King’s Bench: KB 27/21 mm. 23d [bis], 27, 33. 95 . Case was heard in Common Pleas throughout the Hilary term of 1278. CP 40/23 mm. 2d, 4d [bis], 43. Final Concord made on the octaves of the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin, 1278: CP 25/1/75/31. 96 . KB 27/21 m. 27. 97 . Ibid., m. 33. 98 . CP 40/18 m. 17. The Bethunes were, in fact, the original tenants in Sutton. See chapter 1. 99 . See James Greenstreet, “Holders of Knights’ Fees in Kent, Anno 38 Henry III,” Archaeologia Cantiana 12 (1878): 220, 233, 235. 100 . Principle argument of the suit was enrolled in Hilary 1291 into the Hilary 1279 roll. CP 40/87 m. 2d. See also CP 40/89 m. 58, JUST 1/375 m. 45d 101 . KB 27/21 m. 28. 102 . This is also discussed briefly in Spencer, Nobility and Kingship , 188, 199. Spencer misidentifies the membrane as m. 30. 103 . These involved William’s properties of Hoke and Strete, Hampshire; Swindon and Seppeworth, Wiltshire; and Bampton, Oxfordshire. Placita de Quo Warranto temporibus Ed. I. II. & III. In curia receptae scaccarii west. asservata ., ed. W. Illingworth (London, 1818; reprint TannerRitchie Publishing), 668, 669, 765, 766, 768, 797, 801. 104 . King Edward sued Earl Roger Bigod and Fulk fitzWarin for warranty of their liberties in Berkshire; both called the (other) Marshal heirs to warranty. Ibid., 81–82. This will be discussed in more depth in chapter 3 . 105 . CP 40/15 mm. 79, 97d; CP 40/27 m. 63d; CP 40/36 m. 64d. See also CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 345, 352. Benham, which is one of the many manors misidentified as belonging only to William, was granted jointly to the couple; half the manor had already been granted to the Longespees. See chapter 1. 106 . SC 1/47/170. 107 . This according to GEC, 8: 534, which is derived from Owen’s Description of Pembrokeshire, Cymmrodorian Society I, 447 et seq. The reissue of the text identifies the signatories as Sir Nicholas’s son, William Martin, and William de Valence, “dated at Kings Clipson in 1290.” George Owen of Henllys, The Description of Pembrokeshire , ed. Dillwyn Miles, The Welsh Classics, vol. 6 (Llanduysul: Gomer Press, 1994), 25. This is discussed in chapter 3 . 108 . Oxford, Magdalen College Stainswyke 75. My particular thanks to David Crouch for sending me this reference, and to the archivist, Robin Darwall-Smith, for his assistance in gaining a copy of the deed. This grant underscores that these properties were, in fact, part of Joan’s inheritance and not granted separately to William de Valence. The manors were likely appurtenant to the main estate of Shrivenham. 188 NOTES

109 . This seal appears on several documents in the British Library, Harley Charters. See chapter 4 . 110 . Brigitte Miriam Bedos-Rezak, When Ego Was Imago: Signs of Identity in the Middle Ages (Leiden: Brill, 2011), 29. 111 . A virtually identical set of paragraphs appear in the Annals of Winchester, Worcester, and Waverly. See Annales Monastici , ed. H. R. Luard (London, 1865–1869), 2: 108–109, 376; 4: 459. The outlines of the case can be seen in CPR, Henry III, 1266–1272, 438, 451, 472, 482. According to Andrew Spencer, Edward I eventually forgave the fine; see Spencer, Nobility and Kingship , 162–163. 112 . Christopher Tyerman suggests that Warenne was disgruntled about the settlement of the Dictum of Kenilworth and that his simultaneous conflict with Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln, amounted to a virtual private war. See Christopher Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095–1588 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 131. 113 . The Cartulary of Cirencester Abbey Gloucestershire , ed. Mary Devine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977), 3: 1073–1074. 114 . CP 25/1/86/32 No. 612. The manors were originally located in Hertfordshire. See VCH, Hertfordshire (1912), 3: 366–373. “Stanstead Manor” had been granted to Waltham Abbey by Strongbow, but part of it was also held by Marshalsy tenure. See W. Winters, Ecclesiastical Works of the Middle Ages, or Historical Notes of Early Manuscripts Formerly Belonging to the Ancient Monastic Library of Waltham Holy Cross (Royal Historical Society, 1877), 39–40. 115 . See chapter 4 : romanticized lore about Joan developed in the country- side around Goodrich. 116 . Mrs. A. Murray Smith (E. T. Bradley), The Roll-Call of Westminster Abbey (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1902), 223. 117 . J. D. Tanner, “Tombs of Royal Babies in Westminster Abbey,” Journal of the British Archaeological Association , Third Series 16 (1953): 31. Tanner cites BL Harley 544 and Add MS 38133. 118 . This refers to W. R. Lethaby, who had been Surveyor of the Fabric of the Abbey and who wrote Westminster Abbey & The King’s Craftsmen: A Study of Mediaeval Building (London: Duckworth & Co, 1906). His discussion of the tomb slabs appears on 317–319. The information is repeated in his later work, Westminster Abbey Re-Examined (London: Duckworth & Co, 1925; reprint 1972). 119 . A ctually, according to Lethaby, no portion of the brass remains, merely the indentation in the stone where the brass would have sat. 120 . Tanner, “Tombs of Royal Babies,” 31–32. 121 . Flores Hist. , 3: 49 n5. 122 . Lethaby, Westminster Abbey , 318. This refers to Richard Sporley, who was a monk at Westminster in the fifteenth century and whose “History of the Abbots of Westminster” is in manuscript only: BL, Cotton MS Claudius A VIII, ff 19–71, 73. NOTES 189

123 . “William and Aymer De Valence,” Westminster Abbey website, http:// www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/william-and-aymer- de-valence , accessed September 4, 2014. 124 . See chapter 4 . Descriptions of Chelles do not mention a chapel dedicated to St. Margaret, but the abbey buildings are ruins and chapels changed attribution over time. 125 . The identification of the effigy with William de Valence the Younger was made by Philip J. Lankester, “A Military Effigy in Dorchester Abbey, Oxon,” Oxoniensia 52 (1987): 145–172; see esp. 155–156. It has been discussed in brief by Warwick Rodwell, Dorchester Abbey Oxfordshire: The Archaeology and Architecture of a Cathedral, Monastery and Parish Church (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2009), 89, 153, 154 (e-book pagination: 261, 495, 496, 500). According to Lankester, one of the now missing glass shields put in place around 1300 included the Valence arms. 126 . This is also discussed briefly in Woolgar. 127 . Rachel Dressler has made a study of the significance of cross-legged depictions on tomb sculpture. See Dressler, Of Armor and Men in Medieval England: The Chivalric Rhetoric of Three English Knights’ Effigies (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004), 16–17, 102–103. 128 . His effigy suggests this. 129 . The error was corrected in Joan’s own IPM , but it persists in almost all historical accounts of the Valences. 130 . Comparatively little has been written about Goodrich in schol- arly works. Indeed, the most current research has been conducted by English Heritage and is contained in their guide to the castle. See Jeremy Ashbee, Goodrich Castle (English Heritage Guidebooks), rev. ed. (London: English Heritage, 2005, 2009). See also R. Allen Brown, English Castles , reprinted as Allen Brown’s English Castles (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2004); and C. M. Woolgar, The Great Household in Late Medieval England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999). 131 . See Ashbee, Goodrich Castle . 132 . Brown, for example. 133 . CCR, Edward I, 1272–1279, 398; CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 26, 171. William also received gifts of timber in the 1260s. 134 . The famous “Garderobe Tower” is now considered to have been a refit of the Talbots in the fifteenth century, although there seems to have been a substantial garderobe (albeit a single, not a triple) in that portion of the curtain wall leading to the so-called “Prison Tower” (which probably housed guests, not prisoners, as it was quite luxurious). 135 . The use of a greenish granite in the barbican could have also been an aesthetic choice, to enhance the rose color and make visual connections to the earlier Keep, built of the same stone. 190 NOTES

136 . In the Victoria and Albert Museum, possibly in the possession of Aymer de Valence. “The Valence Casket,” http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/ O126749/the-valence-casket-casket-unknown/ . The jeweled cross was bequeathed to Westminster Abbey by Marie de St Pol, Aymer’s second wife. In the grant she identifies it as having been given to Aymer by “Sir William de Valence” after his return from crusade. The description of her late (indeed, posthumous) father-in-law as “Sir” rather than “Earl”—a title she used freely following Aymer’s adoption of it—leads me to wonder whether little Aymer received the cross instead from his older brother. See http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/ people/william-and-aymer-de-valence and Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB . 137 . Although spectacular, Pembroke was—and is—too isolated for the kinds of court roles assumed by the Valences. It was far more suited to the previous generations’ involvement in Ireland as well as West Wales, as it provided the easiest route to Wexford. 138 . She usually summoned her Pembroke tenants to meet her at Goodrich, according to her account rolls. See chapter 5 . 139 . CPR, Edward I, 1272–1281, 50, 75. 140 . Ibid., 211 and n. 54. 141 . Ibid., 315; CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 82. 142 . Although there are no garderobes or fireplaces for the rectangular solar block beside the tower, the spectacular design of the range, with its graceful and distinctive arches bisecting the rooms on all levels, could easily have been designed for human activity even on the ground floor. 143 . This is substantially the topic of Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England . 144 . This episode is mentioned in numerous chronicles and texts. See, for example, Michael T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307 , 3rd ed. (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 41–45; Spencer, Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England , passim.

3 Success, Conflict, Death, and Bereavement (1285–96) 1 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 233, 251, 252, 253, 277, 311, 312; CCR, Edward I, 1279–1288, 426, 470, 471, 535, 550; CCR , Edward I, 1288– 1296, 29. 2 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 299. 3 . This was a busy time for other Marshal heirs, because of the death of George de Cantelou, leaving his two sisters as his heirs. Their attempt to secure seisin of their inheritance ran afoul of Gilbert de Clare and their litigation appears beginning in 1287. See, for example, KB27/107 mm. 12d, 14d, 36d. NOTES 191

4 . John and Maud de Tynhide vs the custodes . Hilary Term, 1285. CP 40/57 m. 56. The case must have been problematized by the apparent death of Master Geoffrey Haspal in 1287, although this Geoffrey might have been his son, even though the Inquisition Post Mortem identifies his brother, Richard, “age fifty or more” as his heir. CIPM , Edward I, 2: 384–385; see also CCR , Edward I, 1279–1288, 460. The Bluets, lords of Raglan Castle, were close friends and associates of Joan de Valence in her widowhood. 5 . CP 40/61 m. 58, CP 40/67 m. 37; CP 40/69 m. 42d. The manor had been purchased from the bishop of Chalons by William Marshal and William de Longespee, earl of Salisbury, during the minority of Henry III. William Page and P. H. Ditchfield, eds., “Parishes: Shrivenham,” A History of the County of Berkshire: Volume 4, British History Online (1924), 531–543, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=62763 , accessed March 9, 2014. 6 . Such as in 1286, when Peter de Coudray vouched them to warrant him for his right to control the view of frankpledge in Moleshowe, Buckinghamshire. Placita de Quo Warranto , 86. 7 . Placita de Quo Warranto , 241, 253, 255, 272, 273. The other Marshal heirs were similarly sued and often for far more extensive properties and liberties than the Valences. 8 . See Parsons, Eleanor of Castile , 109, 187. 9 . Roch is now a beautiful—and expensive—hotel-style residence that can be rented as a short-term let. Only the D-tower barbican has survived, with substantial rebuilding of even that (http://www.rochcastle.com ). 10 . As usual, the calendars of the patent and close rolls are not always accurate when identifying women engaged as the silent partners of such negotiations. 11 . The ancient petitions included the king as one of the negotiators between the two. SC 8/68/3396 and SC 8/68/3397. 12 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 398; CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 49, describes a continuation of the original commission, which was still trying to unravel the complexities of the issues at Haverford. A second commission was sent in 1294: CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 114. 13 . KB 27/123 m. 30d; CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 74. 14 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 465. The actual inquisition seems to have disappeared. 15 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 188. 16 . Parliament Rolls , 1: 84. 17 . JUST 1/740 mm. 47, 49. Replevin abstracted in CCR, Edward I, 1288– 1296, 241. The actual writ of replevin is C 49/2/18, in which ownership of Goodrich Castle is explicitly stated as belonging to both William and Joan, unlike the calendars, which consistently refer only to William. 18 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 244, 286. 19 . Placita de Quo Warranto , 686–687. 192 NOTES

20 . KB 27/130 m. 19d. The modern village of Trefenty has been identified as the caput of the manor and it apparently contained a wooden motte and bailey castle. The Welsh lords of Dyfyd seem to have held it at times of the earls of Pembroke. Oysterlow figures in Joan’s litigation as a widow. 21 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 510. 22 . C 49/2/18. 23 . This petition was enrolled in 1290. Chris Given-Wilson et al., Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk.proxy.library.umkc.edu/source. aspx?pubid=1241&page=1&sort=1 , accessed October 21, 2014; and Rotuli Parliamentorum , 1: 16–18. All references that follow to the parliamentary petition refer to this text. 24 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 292. 25 . Ibid., 334. 26 . SC 1/45/61. 27 . Marriage disputes could be initiated in conjunction with civil cases heard by the bench; the determination of a valid marriage was then transferred to the relevant bishop’s court. 28 . This is likely a misinterpretation of the 1279 Statute of Mortmain, but will form a core argument in the 1353 Statute of Praemunire of King Edward III and Richard II’s expansion of it in 1392. 29 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 362. 30 . Ibid., 376. 31 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” 49. This is a substantial enhancement of a similar, if more neutral, statement in the original ODNB : C. L. K., “Munchensi, William de,” ODNB (1909), 39: 290. 32 . Episcopal Register, Diocese of Worcester, Register of Bishop Godfrey Giffard , ed. J. W. Willis Bund (Worcester Historical Society, 1899), pt 2: 314. 33 . The Register of the Grey Friars of London describes her tomb, “to the right under a large slab with a half-image of lady [lies . . . ] Canisio, wife of lord William de Monte Canisio, who was the mother of Lady Idonea, [ sic ] wife of Hugh de Veer,” Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, The Grey Friars of London: Their History with the Register of their Convent and an Appendix of Documents (Aberdeen: University Press, 1915), 110. Ironically, the Grey Friars was a very popular burial site for the Marshal heirs, especially in the fourteenth century. 34 . Reg. Bishop Godfrey Giffard , pt 2: 358–360, 364. 35 . For a discussion of this, see Mitchell, “Agnes and Her Sisters: Squabbling and Cooperation in the Extended Medieval Family,” Portraits of Medieval Women , 11–28. Agnes de Valence’s problems with John fitzThomas are mentioned briefly below and in Ò Cl èireigh, “The Absentee Landlady and the Sturdy Robbers: Agnes de Valence.” 36 . See chapter 2 . Suit introduced in the Court of Common Pleas in Hilary 1277: CP 40/18 m. 17 as William de Fenles, and Robert and Isabel de Bethune vs Joan and William Valence concerning the manors of Kemesing and Brabourne as their right. The suit more or less disappeared NOTES 193

until it reappeared in JUST 1/375 m. 45d with only William de Fenles as plaintiff, suing for one-third of the manors and Joan and William refus- ing to answer without the coparceners. 37 . Placita de Quo Warranto , 359. 38 . CP 40/87 m. 2d. 39 . CP 40/89 m. 58. 40 . JUST 1/375 m. 45d. 41 . See chapter 4 . Sibilla was the daughter of John Tregoz and there is no apparent relationship between them and the Fenles (or Fiennes) family, other than the royal connections of the Fiennes and the Grandissons, who were distantly related to the monarch in the maternal line. 42 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 375, states that William “has always had license to hunt in the royal forests” despite Ridgeway’s assertion that his activities were identified as illegal. 43 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 457, 512, 513. 44 . Ibid., 472, 480. 45 . William and Joan de Valence vs Peter Bonde; William, Robert, and Walter le Kyng; Philip Dopping; Maurice Attestrete; Hugh le Welbe; Walter le Bercher; and Richard le Caretter: CP 40/101 m. 79; CP 40/102 m. 139; William and Joan de Valence and Maud de Mortimer vs same, plus William le Pestur: CP 40/93 mm. 81, 96d; CP 40/98 m. 77 46 . CP 40/106 m. 86d; CP 40/107 m. 99d. 47 . SC 8/68/3396. The National Archive’s catalogue notes suggest a date of 1293–96, but indeed it is possible to date the petition to any time after 1288 and before 1295. 48 . SC 8/68/3397. 49 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 330–331. 50 . Parliament Rolls , Roll 10 and notes, http://www.british-history.ac.uk. proxy.library.umkc.edu/report.aspx?compid=116352&strquery=Roch e, accessed October 14, 2014. The case adjourned to the Bench on the quindene of Michaelmas 1295: see KB 27/146 m. 57 (the editors of the Parliament Rolls state mm. 57–57d but this is incorrect). 51 . The suit seems to have been initiated in the Easter session of the King’s Bench in 1290. Gilbert de Clare was also sued by Roger Bigod about Gilbert’s attempt to insert himself in Roger’s holding in Caerleon. Both suits appear on KB 27/123 m. 1. The dispute with Roger Bigod, however, quickly seems to have taken on all the characteristics of a private war, necessitating royal intervention. The inquisition was copied into the roll for the Hilary term 1292, embedded into multiple membranes detailing the conflict. KB 27/130 mm. 14, 14d, 15d, 16d, 17, 18, 19. The letter patent commanding William de Valence, W. bishop of Ely, John de Metingham, and Robert de Hertford to hold the inquisition regardless of what the antagonists do is dated January 18, 1291. CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 452. 52 . Reg. Bishop Godfrey Giffard , 2: 277. 53 . Ibid., 2: 305. 194 NOTES

54 . Original Papal Documents in England and Wales from the accession of Pope Innocent III to the death of Pope Benedict XI (1198–1304) , ed. Jane E. Sayers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), 439. 55 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 152. 56 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 448–449. 57 . The use of the title as early as 1290 also reinforces my suggestion that the gold cross that Marie de St. Pol willed to Westminster Abbey was given to Aymer by his brother and not his father. If Aymer used the title earl without being formally invested with the earl’s regalia, then it would have been odd for his widow to refer to her father-in-law simply as “Sir William de Valence” rather than as “Earl William.” 58 . CPR, Edward I, 1281–1292, 449. This might have also been a political move on her part to stave off royal interference, because the king sued Agnes quo warranto in 1293 for liberties she claimed in dower in York and Northumberland from the Balliol estates. Placita de Quo Warranto , 215–216, 604. 59 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 352. She and Henry also made a fine for warranty of charter in 1297: Feet of Fines for Essex , 86. 60 . SC 1/36/82. Agnes’s sons both predeceased her. 61 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 125, 128; CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 439. 62 . Valence House, which is now a museum in Dagenham. The only verifi- able reference to this property is in Agnes’s inquisition post mortem . See also “Dagenham: Introduction and Manors,” A History of the County of Essex: Volume 5 (1966), 267–281, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx? compid=42731&strquery=Valence , accessed March 13, 2014, and the site maintained by the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham: “History of the Valence House,” http://www.lbbd.gov.uk/MuseumsAndHeritage/ ValenceHouseMuseum/Pages/ValenceHouseHistory.aspx, accessed March 13, 2014,. 63 . CCR, E dwa rd I, 1279 –12 8 8 , 18 8; see a l so E l i z abet h G em m i l l , The Nobility and Ecclesiastical Patronage in Thirteenth-Century England (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2013), 68. 64 . Woolgar, The Great Household , 97, cites only the Phillips biography. See chapter 4 . 65 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 126. 66 . Ibid., 135, 143. 67 . Ibid., 163. Commission renewed in January 1296: Ibid., 216. Joan would eventually hold at least one-third—and possibly all of—Moreton in dower, but it was a property held of the Bohun earls of Hereford, not in chief of the king. See Appendix 2. 68 . Ibid., 167. The Burnel family became intimately associated with Joan in her widowhood. Edward Burnel was a member of her household for several years. 69 . Ibid., 179. William de Leyburn was one of the Valences’ affines, through Joan’s Marshal associations. He purchased Geoffrey’s marriage for his own daughter, Idonea. NOTES 195

70 . Mertes, The English Noble Household, 1250–1600 , 82. 71 . Unlike the later rolls, which contain incredibly detailed information, as can be evidenced by the most recent edition of Elizabeth de Burgh’s accounts: Elizabeth de Burgh, Lady of Clare (1295–1360): Household and Other Records , ed. Jennifer Ward (Suffolk Records Society), 57. 72 . The first extant roll is E 101/505/25. Membranes 1 to 9 contain accounts from Michaelmas 1295 to June 1296 and William’s death. There is one break in the roll, between October 19 and December 8, 1295. This might be because William was actually back home during that period and Joan’s record-keepers might have been preoccupied with his business, as the gap occurs in membrane 2 without any clear evidence of a missing membrane. 73 . This is likely the manor in Kent that is now part of East Farleigh. It lies midway between Sutton Valence and Kemsing, both Joan’s properties. 74 . Eventually, Aymer received permission to encastellate the manor house after William’s death. This might have been one of Joan’s dower properties; she certainly used it as a frequent way-station between Herefordshire and Kent.. 75 . E 101/505/25 m. 1. 76 . E 101/505/25 m. 2. 77 . This seems to be a long digression for a journey ultimately intended to end in London and Kent, but Inkford was a medieval town now sub- sumed by Birmingham. 78 . E 101/505/25 m. 3. 79 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301,128; also CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 439. 80 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 460, 503. William’s actions were because of an order the king sent to all the Marcher lords to “take into the king’s hand all lands and goods of all alien religious of the power of the king of France.” CFR , Edward I, 1272–1307 (London, 1911), 1: 366. 81 . Cal. Chancery Warrants, 1244–1326 , 63. 82 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 177, 178, 179. 83 . Ibid., 188. 84 . Ibid. 85 . E 101/505/25 m. 4. 86 . Ibid. This might have been an annual celebration for Joan; see chapter 4 . 87 . Ibid. 88 . Ibid., mm. 5 and 6. Roger and his brother Ralph seem both to have been employed in various ways in Joan’s household. 89 . Edward Burnel was probably the son of Philip Burnel and Maud fitzAlan and was probably being raised in Joan’s household, as he was around 14 years old in 1296, if the information in GEC is accurate. See “The Peerage: A Genealogical Survey of the Peerage of Britain as well as the Royal Families of Europe,” Person Page 19098, compiled by Darryl Lundy, http://www.thepeerage.com/p19098.htm#i190980 , accessed April 5, 2014,. References to shoes are found in membranes 4 and 5—and indeed throughout the accounts. 196 NOTES

90 . E 101/505/25 m. 5. 91 . Ibid., m. 6. The recorders frequently failed to include guests and noble visitors who stayed for longer than a day in the daily tally of diners: Beatrice is never mentioned except when the oil lamps in her chambers were refilled, she sent letters by messenger, Joan was buying her shoes and stockings, or her hawks were being trained. 92 . Ibid. 93 . Ibid., m. 7. 94 . Ibid. 95 . Ibid. 96 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 232–233. 97 . It is likely that there is at least one membrane—and probably two— missing from the roll, as membrane 7 ends on Friday, 16 March, and membrane 8 picks up on Thursday, 19 April. 98 . E 101/505/25 m. 8. 99 . Ibid., m. 6. 100 . An article from 1862 discusses Joan’s dining habits in comparison to three contemporaries: the notorious pluralist Bogo de Clare, Elizabeth countess of Holland, and Eleanor de Montfort. Rev. C. H. Hartshorne, “Illustrations of Domestic Manners during the Reign of Edward I,” 4 parts, The Journal of the British Archaeological Association 18 (1862): 66–75, 145–152, 213–220, 318–332. In addition, Woolgar makes frequent and heavy use of Joan’s account rolls in his description of noble domesticity in The Great Household . I will not refer to the many incidental mentions of Joan in his work but do reference it about particular issues. 101 . See Francis A. Underhill, For Her Good Estate: The Life of Elizabeth de Burgh (New York: St. Martin’s, 1999), 69–74; also mentioned by Mark Bailey, Medieval Suffolk: An Economic and Social History 1200–1500 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007), 18–19. 102 . Mentioned by Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” ODNB , 56: 48 103 . E 101/505/25 m. 9. 104 . The problem among genealogists seems to have stemmed from T. F. Tout’s ODNB entry, which is notable both for his hostility to his subject and the degree of inaccuracy found there. Thomas Frederick Tout, “William de Valence,” ODNB (London, 1900), 61: 373–377. 105 . E 101/505/25 m. 13. 106 . CIPM 3: 220–223. 107 . Luard, ed. Annales Monastici , 3: 400. 108 . Flores Hist., trans. Yonge, 2: 520. 109 . Ridgeway, “Valence, William de,” 48. In fact, the only reference to his being at Bayonne—although the source claims he was killed there—is in The Itinerary of John Leland in or about the Years 1535–1543 , ed. Lucy Toulmin Smith (London: George Bell, 1909), 4: 126. 110 . Woolgar, Great Household , 107. He does not supply his source. 111 . William de Valence’s will is not extant. It was undoubtedly nuncupative and likely not written down after the fact. NOTES 197

112 . CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 512. 113 . Ibid., 490. 114 . The inquisitions as listed in the calendars are also incomplete because the properties in Kent are not listed at all, and even if they were identified as part of Joan’s inheritance, they would have been. The confusion over what Joan held in chief and what she gained as dower appears in every historical text written about William or her—including, unfortunately, my earlier work, as I relied on other historians for some of this information, mistrusting the conclusions I had drawn. See CIPM 3: 220–223; Cal. Docs Ireland, pt 4: 143–144. 115 . This will be discussed in chapter 4 . 116 . The complete list appears in litigation beginning in 1297: CP 40/116 m. 83d. 117 . E 40/5930. The debtors were likely William’s cousin, Henry of Lancaster (and future earl of Lancaster following the death of his brother Thomas) and his new wife, Maud (aka Mahaut) de Chaworth. 118 . SC 1/48/109. 119 . RC/7/3 p. 332; RC/7/4, pp. 41, 165–166. 120 . She performed homage sometime before December 29, 1296: CCR, Edward I, 1296–1302, 9. 121 . Ibid., 2. 122 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 225, 308. See also Cal. Docs Ireland , pt 4: 85, 130. 123 . It is in this entry in the close rolls that the description of properties William had acquired independently of Joan’s inheritance are listed, although here, too, there are problems with the list as some of the estates are ones Joan seems to control more permanently than just as dower: the manors of Moreton and Watdon, Gloucestershire; Sopworth, Collingbourn, and Swindon, Wiltshire; Cherdeste and Policote, Buckinghamshire; Compton, Dorset; two advowsons—one of the church of Compton, Dorset, and that of Wridlington, Suffolk; and “all lands and rents acquired in the manors of Brabourne, Kent; Sutton, Kent; Inteberg and Bereford, Wiltshire; and Goodrich Castle,” as well as £ 14 5s 8d per annum of land and rent in Pembrokeshire. It is likely that William purchased these additions to Joan’s inheritance from the other heirs or bought out tenants and feofees. CCR, Edward I, 1296– 1302, 3. Other lands, which Aymer inherited outright, formed the bulk of the original promise made by Henry III to William of lands worth £500 per year; see CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 289. In addition, the king commanded the escheators to determine, as early as 10 September, whether Joan had “been contented for her dower” in William’s lands. CCR, Edward I, 1288–1296, 490. 124 . E 101/505/25 m. 9. 125 . I bid., m. 10. 126 . Mentioned by Woolgar, The Great Household , 107–108. 127 . E 101/505/25 m. 10. 198 NOTES

128 . See also Woolgar, The Great Household , 107. 129 . E 101/505/25 m. 10 130 . Ibid., m.11. 131 . And this was because of the death of her son John. 132 . Although all genealogy sources identify only three children of John and Joan Comyn, a deed from 1300 identifies a fourth, Robert. Therefore, the Comyn children comprised the following: Joan (b. c. 1290), John IV (b. c. 1292), Robert (b. c. 1294–96), and Elizabeth (b. 1299). Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds 5: 164. Deed A.11556. 133 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 224. 134 . The recorders consistently refer to members of Joan’s household by their positions: Walter Baker, Robert Wardrobe, etc. 135 . E 101/505/25 m.11. 136 . Ibid., m. 12. 137 . Ibid., m. 13. 138 . Ibid. See also Woolgar, The Great Household , 108. He is incorrect, however, in stating there were no further commemorations, as the donation to Chelles implies this. 139 . Ibid., m. 14. 140 . Ibid. 141 . SC 1/11/21a. 142 . E 101/505/25 m. 14. 143 . Ibid. Chelles was near Paris, in the Val-de-Marne. It was noted particularly as a foundation dedicated to royal women, having been founded by the Anglo-Saxon Queen Balthilde, wife of the Merovingian Clovis II. There was a long tradition of associations between English royal women and Chelles thereafter, with one of Hild of Whitby’s sisters becoming a nun there. 144 . Ibid., m. 15. 145. Ib id. 146 . Ibid., mm. 15–16. 147 . SC 1/48/183. The letter is undated but could have been written only between 30 July and 5 August because that was the only week when Beatrice and Aymer were not together with Joan. It is a charmingly newsy letter. 148 . Ibid., m. 16. 149 . Ibid., m. 17. 150 . An entry in membrane 17 suggests this: Joan sends letters to the escheators of the king at the chancery of Norton Riding on 13 August because of lands of Joan that are still under dispute. 151 . Ibid., m. 18. 152 . Ibid., mm. 17–18. 153 . Ibid., m. 18. According to a 2007 article in the Daily Telegraph , Inkberrow and its ancient public house, “The Old Bull,” are the inspira- tion for Ambridge and “The Bull” in the long-running Radio 4 serial, “The Archers.” See Chris Hastings and Beth Jones, “The Archers now NOTES 199

Priced out of Ambridge,” The Telegraph, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/ uknews/1561911/The-Archers-now-priced-out-of-Ambridge.html . 154 . E 101/505/25 m. 18. 155 . Ibid., mm. 19 and 20. 156 . Ibid., m. 20. The meaning of this statement is unclear. 157 . Ibid. 158 . Ibid., m. 21. 159 . Ibid., mm. 21–22. 160 . Ibid., m. 22. 161 . Typical of this assertion is Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (Dean of Westminster), Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey (London: John Murray, 1869), 140. 162 . This will be discussed in greater detail in the next chapter. 163 . Now separated into two rolls, E 101/505/26 and E 101/505/27. 164 . E 101/505/26 m. 1. 165 . Cecily was the daughter of Maud Ferrers and William de Vivonia (aka William le Forz), a Poitevan nobleman who was heir to the Malet family of Somerset on his maternal side. She was definitely active in 1296, being embroiled in a suit with the abbot of Athelney. See Two Cartularies of the Benedictine Abbeys of Muchelney and Athelney in the County of Somerset , ed. Rev. E. H. Bates, Somerset Record Society 14 (1899): 192. 166 . This is probably the Giles de Barenton identified in Palgrave, The Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons , to be a clerk holding a lay fee worth £20 per annum in Northamptonshire and, therefore, summoned for military service in 1297. Francis Palgrave, ed., Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons (London: 1834), 1: 445. 167 . E 101/505/26 m. 2. 168 . Ibid., mm. 2–3. 169 . Probably: it is midway between Buckingham and Arleseye, and although the stop is not mentioned, she did have a day between the stop at Buckingham and the one at Arleseye on 27 October, the Vigil of the Apostles Simon and Jude. Other stops at abbeys, unless they were digressions from her usual route, are not mentioned in the roll, but there are references to carts borrowed from abbeys that needed to be returned to them. 170 . Ibid., mm. 3–4. 171 . Ibid., m. 4. 172 . William de Munchensy of Edwardstone was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder, and his sojourn to the Holy Land was the pen- ance imposed on him, which suggests that he—although a widower— might have been in minor orders. See Douglas Richardson, Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families , 2nd ed (Salt Lake City: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2011), 1: 335–336. 173 . Both aptly named, as Cissor means tailor, and Master G. Capelionis might have been a maker of caps. E 101/505/26 m. 4. 174 . Ibid., m. 5. 200 NOTES

175 . This place cannot be identified. The only reference available is to a “Hervi de Denkesword/Donkesworde” in the Red Book of the Exchequer . He apparently held one-third of a knight’s fee in 1194–97. Red Book of the Exchequer , ed. Hubert Hall (London, 1896), 1: 94, 107. However, halfway between Exning and Hitchin lies Fowlmere, where Joan had stayed on her journey to Suffolk. It could be that Donkesworde was part of that manor. 176 . E 101/505/26 mm. 5–6. 177 . Ibid., m. 7. 178 . Ibid., mm. 7–8. 179 . Ibid., m. 8. The only Thomas de Braybeuf identif ied from the thirteenth century was the lord of Claxby and Normanby-le-Wold, Lincolnshire. His tomb still exists in the Claxby parish church, which he also founded and patronized. See The Roll and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton , Lincoln Record Society, 39 (1948), 1: 64, 190. 180 . E 101/505/26 mm. 8, 9, 10, 11 and following. 181 . Ibid., m. 8. Ambresbury is in Essex, the putative site of the last stand of Queen Boudicca of the Iceni; Compton is in Berkshire. The peacock might have been procured for one of the holiday meals to come. 182 . Possibly one of Joan’s tenants, as he was a landholder in Somerset and also the heir to the Walerand estates elsewhere. See CIPM , Edward II (London, 1908), 5: 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 359. 183 . E 101/505/26 mm. 9 and 10. 184 . In the middle of the membrane, a marginal note states “Here begins Richard Clerk.” 185 . Although considerably more elaborate than Joan’s daily fare, this still could not compete with Elizabeth de Burgh’s Christmas feast. 186 . Ibid., m. 11. 187 . In the margin of membrane 12: “ incipit R. Bluet .”

4 Widow, Lord, and Countess (1297–1307) 1 . SC 8/77/3817. This is the petition in which he also asks for Marlborough Castle as a residence for his wife, Beatrice. 2 . Paul Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets: Kingship and the Representation of Power, 1200–1400 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 113. 3 . George Gilbert Scott, Gleanings from Westminster Abbey (Oxford and London: John Henry and James Parker, 1863), 62. The description that follows is drawn from this. 4 . The resemblance is commented on by Binski, but he does not suggest a particular reason for this. Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets , 113. 5 . Ibid., and Scott, Gleanings , 61–62. 6 . Most of the decoration was pilfered centuries ago. By 1812, William Combe, in The History of the Abbey Church of St. Peter’s Westminster (London: R. Ackermann, 1812), 116–117, mentions it as being lost. NOTES 201

7 . For example, John Preston Neale, The History and Antiquities of Westminster Abbey and Henry the Seventh’s Chapel (London: Willis and Sotheran, 1856), 56. 8 . The Roll and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton , 5: 212. 9 . Ibid., 5: 15–16, 18; as mentioned in Elizabeth Gemmill, The Nobility and Ecclesiastical Patronage in Thirteenth-Century England (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2013), 18. 10 . William Camden, Reges, regin æ , nobiles, & alij in ecclesia collegiata B. Petri Westmonasterij sepulti, vsque ad annum reparat æ salutis (London, 1600), http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/william-and- aymer-de-valence . 11 . Binski, Westminster Abbey and the Plantagenets , 113. 12 . The Victoria and Albert Museum, “The Valence Casket,” http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O126749/the-valence-casket-casket-unknown/ . 13 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 225; Cal. Docs Ireland , 4: 85, 130. 14 . E 101/505/26 m. 12. 15 . Ibid. 16 . CCR, Edward I, 1296–1302, 126. 17 . E 101/505/26 mm. 13–14. 18 . Alexander Bykenore (aka Bicknor) is mentioned numerous times in the documents of the Corporation of Gloucester. See Calendar of the Records of the Corporation of Gloucester , ed. W. H. Stevenson (Gloucester: John Bellows, 1893). The lady of Raglan is likely Ralph Bluet’s mother or sister-in-law. Sir John Bluet, who had been a ward of the Marshal heirs following his father’s death, was the lord of Raglan in 1297, but his wife’s (or, perhaps, mother’s) name is unclear. This could be the “Werella Bluet” who sued the Marshal coheirs for dower in 1287. See chapter 3 . 19. Laura Valentine, Picturesque England: Its Landmarks and Historic Haunts as Described in Lay and Legend, Song and Story (London and New York: Fredric Warne and Co, 1891), 440–442. I discuss this as well in my article, “Joan de Valence: A Lady of Substance.” 20 . E 101/505/26 m. 15: “incipit Roger’ Coti.” 21 . Ibid., m. 16. 22 . Ibid., m. 17. 23 . Ibid., mm. 17–18. 24 . Ibid., m. 18. It is possible that Gilbert was intermittently resident at Goodrich at this time, perhaps making the rounds of all the nearby cousins while his mother and new stepfather made their peace with the king. 25 . Ibid., m. 19. 26 . Ibid. 27 . These were candles made of tallow, for everyday use. Mentioned by Heather Swanson, Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval England (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 16. 28 . E 101/505/26 m. 20. 29 . Ibid. 202 NOTES

30 . Ibid., m. 21. His father died in September 1296. 31 . There are some tangential Marshal connections: Robert and Hugh’s grandmother was Hawise de Quency; Robert married Margaret, daughter of Roger and Maud de Mortimer of Wigmore, and so might have been offering his homage to Joan because of a marriage settlement on Margaret. The only formal litigation enrolled between Joan and the de Veres appears in 1306: a plea of morte d’ancestor. JUST 1/1331 m. 29. 32 . CP 40/116 m. 83d; CP 40/118 m. 8d; CP 40/119 m. 26. 33 . An earthwork and timber castle about midway between Haverfordwest and Dale, and the caput of Guy de Bryan (Brienne). See John Northall, “Walwyn’s Castle aka Castell Gwalchmai and Castle Gawayn,” Castles of Wales Website, 2009, http://www.castlewales.com/walwyns.html . 34 . SC 1/47/92 transcribed in Documents Illustrating the Crisis of 1297–98 in England and discussed in the “Introduction,” ed. Michael Prestwich, Camden Fourth Series 24 (London, 1980), 10, 14, 66–67. Also calendared in Anc. Corr. Re: Wales , 212–213. The jurisdiction of Walweyn’s Castle is also discussed in Phillips, Aymer de Valence , 251–252. 35 . E 101/505/26 m. 20. 36 . SC 8/77/3816; CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 290. 37 . The fact that he never initiated divorce proceedings against Beatrice, who must have been quite close to him in age and, therefore, more or less beyond childbearing years at her death in 1320, suggests that they were not incompatible. Aymer was also to prove himself a considerate widower, albeit one of short duration: he decorated his late wife’s tomb and celebrated mass there. Aymer’s more famous second wife, Marie de St Pol, was about 17 at the time of their marriage in 1321; Aymer was about 50. That union was also childless, although the couple was married for about three years before Aymer died, probably of a heart attack, in 1324. His son Henry also preceded him in death, losing his life around 1320. 38 . E 101/505/26 mm. 21 and 22. 39 . Ibid., m. 21. 40 . Ibid. 41 . Ibid., m. 22. 42 . The de Barrys were lords of Manorbier, Pembrokeshire, as well as affines of the Valences in Wales. Indeed, Joan’s late son-in-law, Maurice fitzGer- ald, was a de Barry and the family had been associated with the earls of Pembroke since the time of Strongbow and before and Manorbier was held as a fief of the earldom. 43 . Ibid. John de Tany became an important member of the household. 44 . See discussion in chapter 3 . 45 . Ibid., m. 23. 46 . Ibid. 47 . Ibid. Anselm Gobyon seems to have been one of Joan’s most important servants. He is listed as incurring expenses for travels to London in a deed dated in 1300. E 40/11552. See Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds , 5: 163. NOTES 203

48 . E 101/505/26 m. 24. 49 . Ibid. 50 . Ibid. 51 . Spelled Fleyle in the roll: a Cistercian house in Gloucestershire from which Joan received a great deal of wood from the forest called “Abbot’s Wood.” 52 . Ibid., m. 25. 53 . William Munchensy sent to bishop of Durham; Joan’s attendant Busser to Henry Percy; Thomas de Bampton to the king. 54 . Ibid. 55 . Ibid. 56 . Ibid. 57 . Ibid. 58 . There are several women who could be referred to as Lady de Longespee (aka Lungespeye) for various reasons in 1297, but the two most likely candidates in this circumstance are Margaret, countess of Salisbury in her own right and, by marriage to Henry de Lacy, countess of Lincoln (d. c. 1310), or Emmeline de Longespee, the widow of Maurice fitzGerald, the uncle of Agnes de Valence’s first husband (d. post-1305). The “Countess of Lincoln” is mentioned specifically in a later entry, so it is perhaps Lady Emmeline who returned to England after the death of her husband in 1286. Emmeline, in 1305, engaged in a complicated series of financial transactions with John de Wogan, a Valence intimate. See CCR, Edward I, 1301–1307, 331–332. 59 . He was a feofee of Joan’s in County Wicklow in Ireland. 60 . This is a unique entry, as Joan had a battalion of able young men around her almost all the time. It could be that the recorder was commenting on some aspect of John de Tany’s preparation for knighthood, which would occur only a few weeks later. Or perhaps it was a comment on young John de Tany’s proclivities to food and drink: he might have been up all night carousing. 61 . E 101/505/26 m. 26. 62 . E 40/12131. See also Descriptive Cal Anc Deeds , 5: 247. 63 . E 101/505/26 m. 27. Unusually for Joan’s larder, the meal was very meat- heavy. 64 . CPR , Edward I, 1292–1301, 289. 65 . Cal. Docs Scotland, 2: 242. 66 . E 101/505/26 m. 29. 67 . Ibid., m. 30. 68 . Ibid., m. 31. William de Valence, in 1278, had released his rights to any lands the abbey of Cirencester held in his manor of Shrivenham, Berkshire, after releasing them from the need to attend suit of court when they acquired certain properties from one of his tenants a decade before. Joan’s relationship with the abbot might subsequently have developed because of the ongoing interactions between the abbey and the Valences in that manor. See chapter 3 . 204 NOTES

69 . It lies near the modern-day M5, which parallels the main medieval route to the important port city of Bristol. Joan also kept her cart horses stabled there. 70 . E 101/505/27 m. 1. 71 . Ibid. 72 . Ibid. 73 . Ibid., mm. 2 and 3. 74 . CPR , Edward I, 1292–1301, 308. The morte d’ancestor case is Philip son of William le Brun vs Joan de Valence concerning one messuage, one acre of wood, and two acres of pasture in Castel Odo. RC/7/5, pp. 281, 327, 370. 75 . E 101/505/27 m. 2. 76 . Ibid., mm. 2–3. 77 . Ibid., m. 4. 78 . Ibid. 79 . Ibid. 80 . The journey from Moreton to Goodrich requires traveling through Gloucester because of the difficulty of fording the Severn estuary. 81 . Ibid. 82 . Ibid. 83 . Ibid., m. 5. The writs cost a total of 3s. 84 . Ibid. This was Elizabeth (aka Isabelle) Hastings, who would marry Roger Grey of Ruthin. Mentioned by Woolgar, The Great Household , 100. I mistakenly identified the baby as the second Hastings boy in my article in Goldy and Livingstone, Writing Medieval Women’s Lives , but in a rereading of the roll confirmed the baby as a girl: filia sua . 85 . As discussed earlier in text. 86 . Although Alice’s dual inheritance of the earldom of Lincoln after the death of her father, Henry de Lacy, would outstrip even Joan’s estates. 87 . CCR , Edward I, 1288–1296, 490. 88 . SC 1/48/36. The NA dates the letter to 1279, but this cannot be correct, as Imbert Guy the Elder died in 1269. He had been a royalist and seneschal of the Limousin, associated with William de Valence, who was probably his liege lord for Brillac, and received lands forfeited from the Montfortian David de Esseby after Evesham. CPR , Henry III, 1258–1266, 529. A younger Imbert Guy, identified as the son of the previous Imbert, was a member of King Edward I’s household and a royal official in France. As Joan would not have held land of her own inheritance in France, Imbert Guy must have been discussing a dispute concerning her dower lands. 89 . Such as her aunt, Maud Bigod de Warenne, did when she was near death. 90 . The recovery of “distrainted” property required pursuing a writ of “detinue” or of “replevin.” In detinue a plaintiff claimed that her/his plough animals or other chattels had been unfairly distrainted; in replevin, a plaintiff petitioned for the return of the confiscated goods without chal- lenging the distraint. NOTES 205

91 . As mentioned earlier in text concerning the collection of wool and hides. 92 . Undated petition SC 8/152 no. 7553; Cal. Anc. Pet. Re: Wales : 251–252. 93 . Cal. Anc. Pet. Re: Wales : 393. 94 . Such as occurred in 1304. RC/7/10 p. 86. 95 . RC/8/1 pp. 339–340. See also Calendar of Justiciary Rolls or Proceedings in the Court of the Justiciar of Ireland, vol. 2, 1914 (Dublin, 1905), 352. Roger had nephews who would have inherited everything had he not made an agreement with the king upon his marriage to Alice de Brienne to place his estates in fee tail with reversion to the crown should he die without heirs. 96 . See chapter 3; CP 40/119 m. 26. 97 . CP 40/125 mm. 65d, 83; CP 40/126 m. 151d; CP 40/133 m. 113d. 98 . RC/7/6 pp. 45–46, 234–235, 303, 436–437; RC/7/7 pp. 108, 316–317. 99 . RC/7/9 pp. 422, 467–468. 100 . Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 67–68. 101 . John de Beauchamp was the grandson and a coheir of Maud de Ferrers, a coheir of Sibyl Marshal’s share. 102 . CP 40/130 mm. 330, 337; CP 40/133 m. 168; CP 40/131 m. 140d; CP 40/135 m. 351d. 103 . Indeed, John de Beauchamp of Hatch became an associate of John fitz- Thomas in the reign of Edward II in order to preserve his hold on the scraps of Kildare he had inherited. 104 . See brief references to the Beauchamps and Birminghams in Daniel Lysons, Magna Britannia, Being a Concise Topographical Account of Several Counties of Great Britain (London: Cadell and Davies, 1813), 1: 283. 105 . CP 40/142 m. 203; CP 40/146 mm. 174d, 185d; CP 40/148 m. 179d; CP 40/145 m. 336. 106 . SC 1/48/51. Robert de Immer was the attendant sent by William de Valence to Joan to deliver his letter and assume castle guard over Winchester Castle. See chapter 2. 107 . SC 1/63/104. It is a shame that the letter is in such fragmentary condi- tion because it is one of the more interesting pieces of correspondence in the collection. 108 . 1300: E 40/11552, /11553, /11554, /11555, /11556, /11557, /11558; found also in the Descriptive Calendar of Ancient Deeds , 5: 163–164. 1302: Harley Ch. 57 B.42, 57 B.43, 57 B.44, 57 B.45, 57 B.46, 57 B.47. 109 . E 101/505/29; transcribed in Richardson and Sayles, Administration of Ireland , 233–236. This includes his complaint that Joan’s provision for him of £ 40 had gone unpaid. 110 . The unit of weight is a “pepper-quern,” a millstone for grinding spices. As this might easily be the origin of the English “stone-weight” of 14 pounds, I have estimated based on this assumption. 111 . Identified as “Friars Preaching” and “Friars Minor.” 206 NOTES

112 . The chapel also seems to have been completed at this time, as there is a specific reference made about it in the letter patent dated September 20, 1302. Harley Ch. 57 B.45. 113 . E 101/505/29 in Richardson and Sayles, Administration of Ireland , 233–236. 114 . This will be discussed in greater depth later. 115 . For the 1300 gifts: E 40/11556 and Descriptive Catalogue Ancient Deeds , 5: 164. For the 1302 gifts: Harley Ch. 57 B.46; this might be either Robert or John Comyn IV. 116 . See above, note 109. 117 . RC/7/5, 281, 327, 370. 118 . Orpen, Ireland Under the Normans, 1169–1333 , 322–325. 119 . The suit initiated in 1298–99: Laurence Jacob vs William Seyne of Ross; RC/7/6 pp. 73, 254. 120 . Nicholas Maunsel vs Simon de Bedeford, RC/7/6 pp. 336–339. 121 . RC/7/7 pp. 283–284. 122 . RC/7/9 p. 507. See also Cal. Justiciary Rolls, 2: 385. 123 . RC/7/10 p. 86. 124 . Maud de Clare, Joan’s cousin by marriage and the aunt of Earl Henry de Lacy, founded Canonsleigh Abbey and, of course, Joan’s slightly later contemporaries and relations Elizabeth de Burgh (her cousin through the Clares) and Marie de St Pol (her posthumous daughter-in-law) were notable for their donations and foundations. 125 . C 143/37/2. See also Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , “Original Documents: Edward I Parliaments: Roll 25,” http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?. 126 . This is known as “Monkton Priory,” a Benedictine house founded as a priory of the Abbey of Sé es in Normandy, with St. Albans as its mother-house, in 1098. See Thomas Tanner, Notitia Monastica (London: William Bowyer, 1744), 719. 127 . CPR, Edward III, 1330–1334, 67–68. Thanks to David Crouch, who informed me of this document. 128 . SC 9/11 in Parliament Rolls of Medieval England , http://www.british- history.ac.uk.proxy.library.umkc.edu/report.aspx?compid=116353&str query=Braose , accessed November 12, 2014; see also CPR, Edward I, 1301–1307, 90–91, 407. 129 . CPR, Edward I, 1301–1307, 413. 130 . RC/7/7, pp. 283–284, 305–306; RC/7/10, p. 86; RC/8/2, p. 604; RC/8/1, pp. 339–340; Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 352; CCR, Edward I, 1296–1302, 516–517; Cal. Docs Ireland , 5: 16–17. 131 . For example, Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 385. 132 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 308, 404, 448; CPR, Edward I, 1301– 1307, 242, 382; Cal. Docs Ireland , 4: 274, 276; Cal. Docs Ireland , 5: 14. Beth Hartland suggests that Joan was not very interested in her Irish properties, but this is not shown by her litigation there. Hartland, “De Valence,” Medieval Ireland, An Encyclopedia , ed. Seá n Duffy (New York: Routledge, 2005), 501. NOTES 207

133 . CCR , Edward I, 1302–1307, 368, 381. 134 . See chapter 3 . 135 . Harley Ch. 57 B.47. 136 . Cal. Chancery Warrants 1244–1326 : 156–157. 137 . JUST 1/1331 m. 29. 138 . CP 40/158 m. 61; CP 40/160 m. 33 bis . 139 . CP 40/130 mm. 330, 337. 140 . CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 301. 141 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 249. See also CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 337, in which the language is couched a little differently. 142 . Cal. Docs Scotland, 2: 280; CPR, Edward I, 1292–1301, 395. 143 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 281. 144 . Alan Young, in Robert the Bruce’s Rivals: The Comyns, 1212–1314 (East Linton: Tuckwell Press Ltd, 1997), mistakenly claims that Joan Valence Comyn was still alive in 1306, and Alexander Grant mistakenly uses this information as a given in his article, “The Death of John Comyn: What Was Going On?” The Scottish History Review 86, no. 22 (2007): 176–224. This is impossible, because if Joan were still alive, there would have been ample information to that effect in the aftermath of John’s murder; for example, both patent and close roll entries would have appeared to secure Joan’s dower and the inheritance of the heirs, especially since she was related to the king. Instead, only the wardship of the heir is mentioned. Moreover, all of the records relating to Joan de Valence after 1300 suggest that her daughter had died, as do the records of Aymer de Valence, in which only his potential coheirs, the children of his two sisters Joan Comyn and Isabelle de Hastings, are mentioned. One problem is that there are a large number of women named Joan Comyn in the records, and the most active was Joan le Latimer, wife and widow of Alexander Comyn earl of Buchan. 145 . Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Deeds , 3: 103. E 40/4766. One of the witnesses, Patrick de Graham, died in 1296. The dating in the catalogue is quite inaccurate, except when the deed has an actual date inscribed. 146 . Patrick de Graham was a supporter of John Balliol and one of the Scots barons who had sworn fealty to Edward I. He died, however, fighting against Edward and in support of Balliol in the Battle of Dunbar in April 1296. 147 . The absence of William de Valence’s witnessing is easily explained because of his frequent absences in the 1280s and 1290s overseas. The inclusion of Earl John de Warenne indeed probably constituted a replacement of William with his best friend and ally, John, to represent the Valence family. 148 . Ironically, Robert Bruce was also related to Joan de Valence and her children, because his grandmother was Isabella de Clare, sister of Earl Richard de Clare, and one of Joan’s first cousins. 149 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 470. 150 . Ibid., 2: 473. See also CPR , Edward I, 1301–1307, 417 and 426. The Bohuns were, of course, also close cousins to the Valences. 151 . Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 478. 208 NOTES

152 . Ibid., 2: 479. 153 . SC 1/21/34. 154 . SC 1/47/93. Transcription in PRO 31/7: Record Commission Transcripts, Series I: Sir Francis Palgrave’s Transcripts, vol. 63 (1837), f. 56. Calendared in Cal. Docs Scotland , 2: 482. 155 . The royal children still in the nursery were Thomas of Brotherton and Edmund of Woodstock; Eleanor was born in 1306. 156 . British Library, Cotton Vesp. DXVII, f. 76v. In GEC, 6: 348 n.2. 157 . As discussed above. Valence vs de Vere: JUST 1/1331 m. 29. Dispute about Wexford liberties: RC/8/1, pp. 339–340; Cal. Justiciary Rolls , 2: 283, 310, 708–709. 158 . CIPM , 5: 21. 159 . Aymer’s duties at court were extensive, especially in the early years of Edward II’s reign. Agnes was struggling with the incursions of John fitzThomas, future earl of Kildare into her lands in Ireland and was also in relative retirement at her estate in Dagenham, and died in 1310. 160 . CPR, Edward II, 1307–1313, 178. The calendar misidentifies Joan as “John de Valence,” which is a clear error, since Richard appoints the same attorneys as Aymer, on the same date, and for the same period, in what is clearly a joint appointment. It is very likely that Aymer was also an executor of his mother’s estate. 161 . Ibid., 188. 162 . Registrum Henrici Woodlock , Diocese Wintoniensis 1305–1316 , ed. A. W. Goodman, Canterbury and York Society 44 (1941), 708–709. 163 . Flanesford Priory, a house of Augustinian Canons. It is now a private estate that houses elegant cottages for short-term rentals (http://www. flanesfordpriory.co.uk ). 164 . A History of the County of Gloucester , Volume 5: Bledisloe Hundred, St. Briavels Hundred, The Forest of Dean, eds. C. R. J Currie and N. M. Herbert (1996), 138–150. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report. aspx?compid=23256 , accessed June 8, 2014. See also The Cartulary and Historical Notes of the Cistercian Abbey of Flaxley, Otherwise Called Dene Abbey in the County of Gloucester , ed. A. W. Crawley-Boevey (Exeter: William Pollard and Co, 1887). The cartulary, in the form of a roll, was in the collection of Sir Thomas Phillipps, who edited an early edition of the cartulary (1825). Its current whereabouts are unknown. 165 . Cartulary of Flaxley , Introduction, 48. 166 . Ibid., 131.

Conclusion: The Legacies of Joan de Valence 1 . GEC 11: 714. This was the third iteration of the Herberts as earls of Pembroke, with a lacuna in between the last fifteenth-century Herbert, William (d. 1491) and the first Tudor-era Herbert, William’s grandson (illeg). NOTES 209

2 . I discuss this in my article, “Maud Marshal and Margaret Marshal: Two Viragos Extraordinaire,” in The Ties That Bind: Essays in Medieval British History in Honor of Barbara Hanawalt , ed. Linda E. Mitchell, Katherine L. French, and Douglas L. Biggs (Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2011), 121–142. 3 . It is perhaps ironic that Joan de Valence’s friends and colleagues, the Bluets of Raglan, would ultimately lend their connections to the creation of the new earldom. 4 . This marriage failed when Elizabeth eloped to Spain with John de Holand. 5 . The careers of Spanish and Portuguese royal women have been studied by a number of authors, especially Theresa Earenfight, Elena Woodacre, and Miriam Shadis. See, for example, Elena Woodacre, The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512 (New York: Palgrave, 2013); Miriam Shadis, Berenguela of Castile and Her Family (New York: Palgrave, 2009); Shadis, “The First Queens of Portugal and the Building of the Realm,” Women as Makers of Art and Architecture , ed. Therese Martin (Leiden: Brill, 2012); and Theresa Earenfight, The Queen’s Other Body: Maria of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009). I discuss the career of Isabella Beaumont de Vescy in “Isabella de Vescy and the Lords Ordainer: Marital Politics and the Crown, 1272–1327,” Portraits of Medieval Women .

Appendix 2 1 . According to the Inquisition Post Mortem , CIPM , 5: 21. 2 . This place name is impossible to determine: clearly the official sent to make the inquisition could not make head or tail of the Welsh name. Ibid. 3 . Spelling modernized as per Orpen, Ireland under the Normans . See Cal Docs Ireland , 2: 160–161. 4 . This is clarified nicely by Vera Power, The Medieval Archaeology of Taghmon (Amazon Digital Services, 2011). 5 . These three properties, taken from litigation records, cannot be located in modern-day Berkshire. 6 . “Moreton Valence: Manor and other estates,” A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 10: Westbury and Whitstone Hundreds (1972), 208–213, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=15839 , accessed November 11, 2014. 7 . All outline maps are reproduced with the kind permission of d-maps. com. 8 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car =5595&lang=en . 9 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car =5179&lang=en . 210 NOTES

10 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car =5595&lang=en . 11 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car =5595&lang=en . 12 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car =5595&lang=en . 13 . Outline map adapted from http://d-maps.com/carte.php?num_car =5595&lang=en .

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INDEX

account rolls. See household accounts Barons War, 17, 33, 36–43, 45, 46, 50, Aconbury, Priory of, 55, 110, 111, 113, 53, 59, 64, 66, 69, 145, 152 117, 124, 144, 149 Bartholomew, parson of Sutton, 92, 114 Acre, Joan of, 56, 80, 82, 88, 111–12, Barynton, Giles de (aka Master 137, 169 Egidius), 101, 119, 120, 123 see also Plantagenet Beatrix of Burgundy, 92, 127 advowson, 48, 53, 88, 114, 128, 135 Beauchamp, John, lord of Hatch, Aguillon, Robert, 24, 47, 157 Somerset, 100 see also Marshal Cecily, wife of, daughter of Maud Anesty, Nicholas de, 13 Ferrers, 100, 160 daughter: Denise de, widow of son: John, 129, 160 Walter de Langdon, (second) see also Marshal wife of Warin de Munchensy, Beaumont, Isabella de, wife of John de 9, 13 Vescy, 149, 152 see also Munchensy see also Vescy Angoulême, Isabelle of, queen of Bek, Anthony, bishop of Durham, 92, England and wife of Hugh X 114 Lusignan, 16, 49 Bellac, France, 24, 49 see also Lusignan, Plantagenet Benham Valence, Berkshire, 22, 55, 108, Avesnes, John de, lord of Beaumont, 119, 161 51, 84 Bergavenny, lordship of. See Hastings Agnes de Valence, wife of (see Berkeley, Lord Thomas de, 89, 97, 98, Valence) 100, 101, 102, 104, 112, 113, children: Baldwin, 51, 115, 158; 119, 120, 122 Felicite, 158; John, 158 Bethune Awre (aka Aure), Gloucestershire, 53, Alice de, (fi rst) wife of William II 78, 79, 80, 91, 104, 113, 160 Marshal, 20 Robert and Isabel de, 54 Balliol, 28, 50, 51 Bigod Family, earls of Norfolk, 13, 18, Hugh, 28, 50, 83, 135, 158 19, 33, 146, 147, 157 Agnes de Valence, wife of Hugh, earl, 18, 156, 157 (see Valence) Maud Marshal, countess of Norfolk John, king of Scotland, 28, 83, 95 and Surrey, wife of, 16, 18, 21, Roger, 28 152, 156, 157 (see also Warenne) 220 INDEX

Bigod Family—Continued Robert, king of Scotland, 139, 140, Hugh [II], son of Hugh and Maud, 141 38, 157 Edward, brother of Robert, 133 Roger, earl, son of Hugh and Maud, Brun. See Lusignan 16, 18, 22, 157 Burnel Roger, earl, son of Hugh [II], 53, 54, Philip, nephew of Robert, bishop of 66, 71, 77, 78, 84, 128, 134, 146 Bath and Wells, 85, 87 see also Marshal son: Edward, 87, 100, 103, 104, Bluet, lords of Raglan, 111, 112, 113, 113, 117, 123 144 Robert, bishop of Bath and Wells, Ralph, 101, 105, 110, 112, 122 Chancellor of England, 87 Roger, 87, 88, 101, 105, 119, 122, 123 Cantilupe, lords of Monmouth, 19, 48, William, 71 64, 148, 156, 157 Werella, wife of, 71 George de, son of William and Eve, son: John, 71 47 Bohun, John de, lord of Midhurst, William de, 28, 54 Sussex, 77, 157 Eve de Braose, wife of, 28 see also Marshal Millicent la Zouche, daughter of, Bohun Family, earls of Hereford, 19, 47, 77, 78 (see also Zouche) 25, 32, 43, 45, 64, 71, 79, 156, see also Marshal 157, 161 Carreu, 110, 120, 134 Humphrey, earl, 22, 32, 37, 50 Castle Gaweyn (aka Walwyn’s Castle), Eleanor de Braose, wife of, 25, Wales, 115 32, 43 Champagnac, France, 24 Humphrey, earl, son of Humphrey Chearsley, Buckinghamshire, 98, 99, 102 and Eleanor, 43, 54, 70, 77, 78, Chelebridge, Essex, 59, 160 80, 140, 146 Chelles, Abbey of, 61, 62, 81, 97 see also Marshal Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, 86, 95 Brabourne, Kent, 54, 77, 78, 80, 86, 87, Churcham, Gloucestershire, 102, 123 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 160 Clare, Richard fi tzGilbert de, earl of Braose, 16, 19, 21, 148, 156, 157 Pembroke and Striguil, 10, 64, 93 Eva Marshal, wife of William de, 16, Eofe, daughter of Diarmid Mac 18 (see also Marshal) Murchada, wife of, 10, 20 daughters: Eleanor wife of Isabella, wife of William Marshal, Humphrey de Bohun, 25, 43 daughter of Richard and Eofe, (see also Bohun); Eve wife of 2, 9, 10, 11, 19 William de Cantilupe, 47 (see see also Marshal also Cantilupe); Maud wife of Clare Family, earls of Gloucester and Roger de Mortimer, 43, 77, 78, Hertford, 18, 64, 82, 83, 147, 79, 157 (see also Mortimer of 156, 157. See also Marshal Wigmore) Avelina de, mother of Warin de William de, lord of Gower, 136 Munchensy, 11 Bruce, lords of Annandale and kings of Isabella Marshal, wife of Gilbert, Scotland, 83, 157 earl, 16 INDEX 221

Joan of Acre (Plantagenet), wife of Crusade of 1270, 28, 31, 35, 46, 48, 51, Gilbert “the Red,” earl, 82, 52, 56, 58, 63, 65, 81 88 (see also Monthermery, Plantagenet) Dictum of Kenilworth, 46, 76 son: Gilbert, 111, 112, 113 Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, Maud de Lacy, wife of Richard, 49, 62–3, 98, 117 earl (see Lacy Family, earls of dower, 20, 21, 23, 25–6, 27, 28, 29, 30, Lincoln) 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 50, 51, Richard de, earl, son of Gilbert and 53, 54, 63, 65, 70, 71, 72, 82, 91, Isabella Marshal, 2, 14, 16, 18, 92, 107, 114, 121, 126–8, 128, 21, 22, 29, 41 130, 139, 159, 160, 161 sons of Richard and Maud: Bogo, 90, 100; Gilbert “the Red”, earl, England, kings of 8, 29, 36, 42, 49, 50, 53, 64, 69, Edward I (1272–1307), 13, 15, 30, 71, 77, 78, 80, 82, 88, 90, 146; 31, 35, 36, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, Thomas, lord of Thomond, 50, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 51, 69 64, 66, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, Collingbourne, Wiltshire, 42, 92, 97, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 91, 130, 162 95, 105, 107, 110, 114–15, 115, Comyn, lords of Badenoch, 28, 83, 108, 116, 121, 122, 125, 128, 135, 118, 119, 121, 138, 139, 147, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 140–1, 158 142, 146, 152 Joan de Valence, wife of John III (the children of Edward I and Eleanor Red), 69, 83, 93, 95, 105, 116, of Castile (see Plantagenet) 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 125, Edward II (1307–1327), 59, 133, 135, 132, 135, 138, 139, 141 (see also 142, 147, 149 Valence) Eleanor of Castile, wife of Edward John II (the Black), 83, 121 I, 36, 42, 45, 56, 70, 71, 72, 79, John III (the Red), 28, 69, 83, 95, 109, 146, 149, 151, 152 105, 116, 121, 138, 139, 146 Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry children of John III and Joan de III, 13, 14, 26, 31, 56, 74, 146 Valence (Elizabeth, Joan, John Henry III (1216–1272), 1, 2, 9, 10, 12, IV, Robert), 124, 132, 138, 139, 14, 16, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 140–1 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, Comyn, lords of Buchan, 139, 149, 150 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 55, 59, 60, 69, Cornwall, Richard, earl of, 26, 27, 44, 71, 81, 82, 109, 127, 146 156. See also Plantagenet children of Henry III and Eleanor Isabelle Marshal, (fi rst) wife of (see of Provence (see Plantagenet) Marshal) Isabelle of Angoulême, wife of John sons: Edmund, 74; Henry of (see Angoulême, Lusignan, Almain, 40–1 Plantagenet) Sansha of Provence, (second) wife John (1199–1216) of, 26, 27 children of John and Isabelle Council of Oxford, 35, 36, 37, 40 of Angouléme (see Marshal, Crouchback, Edmund. See Plantagenet Montfort, Plantagenet) 222 INDEX

Evesham, Battle of, 32, 41, 43, 44, 45, 120, 123, 124, 125, 131, 132, 46, 48, 50, 52, 56, 57, 58, 63, 76, 136, 141, 142, 143, 144, 147, 147, 149 152, 159, 160; Fig. 3, 4, 5 Exning, Suff olk, 86, 101, 102, 104 Grandville, Eleanor de, 132 Guy, Imbert, lord of Brillac, 127 Fernham (aka Farnham), Berkshire, 32, 42, 45, 117, 120, 147, 161 Hanford (aka Hantford), Dorsetshire, Ferns, Ireland, 22, 28, 161 86, 89, 99, 117 Ferrers, William earl of Derby, 18 Hastings, lords of Bergavenny, future Sibyl Marshal, wife of, 16, 18, 40, earls of Pembroke, 46–7, 116, 156 146, 147, 148, 149, 150 daughters (Agnes, Maud, Isabel, Henry de, 46 Sibyl, Eleanor, Joan, Agatha), 13, John de, son of, 47, 48, 50, 77, 78, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 83, 110, 113, 117, 118, 124, 146 40, 45, 53, 76, 100, 129 Isabelle de Valence, wife of John, 47, see also Bohun of Midhurst, Kyme, 48, 50, 83, 86, 94, 96, 123, 124, Marshal, Mohun, Mortimer 133, 141 (see also Valence) of Chelmarsh, Rochechouard, see also Marshal Vescy Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, 19, 25, Ferrycarrig Castle, Wexford, Ireland, 64, 32, 43, 44, 46, 53, 54, 70, 71, 72, Fig. 7, 161 79, 80, 169 fi tzGerald, Maurice, Lord of Off aly, 48, Hereford, earls of. See Bohun 49, 50, 55, 158 Hertford, earls of. See Clare Agnes de Valence, wife of (see Hertfordingbury, Hertfordshire, 82, 95, Valence) 96, 97, 98, 112, 113, 119 fi tzThomas, John, earl of Kildare, 76 household accounts, 2, 3, 4, 15, 25, Flaxley Abbey (aka Dene Abbey), 119, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 81, 85–91, 143, 144 92, 94–105, 108, 110–11, Fowlmere, Cambridgeshire, 101 112–14, 115, 116–25, 127, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139, Galloway, House of, 83, 139 143, 159 Geneville, Geoff rey de and Maud de Hugh IX, count of La Marche. Lacy, lords of Trim, Ireland See Lusignan children: Katherine de, Prioress of Hugh X, count of La March. Aconbury, 55, 110, 149 (see also See Lusignan Aconbury); Peter, 51 Giff ard, Godfrey, bishop of Worcester, inheritance, 12, 15, 16, 17–20, 22, 23, 75, 80 33, 35, 36, 38, 42, 43, 45, 53, 55, Giff ard, Lady S., 24 56, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 87, 91, Gloucester, earls of. See Clare 93, 96, 107, 114, 126–7, 128, Goodrich Castle, Herefordshire, 20, 22, 146, 147, 159 29, 30, 33, 35, 41, 63–6, 69, 71, Inkberrow (aka Inteberg), 72, 73, 81, 91, 92, 98, 99, 100, Worcestershire, 23, 30, 72, 80, 102, 103, 104, 105, 110, 111, 81, 99, 100, 101, 104, 129, 136, 112, 113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 160 INDEX 223

Inkepenne, Roger de, 86, 92, 94, 95, 96, Lusignan Family, counts of La Marche, 97, 98, 99, 101, 104, 113, 114, 16, 28, 32, 37, 41, 149 119, 120, 123, 136, 144 Hugh X “le Brun,” count, 16, 90 Hugh XI, count, 49 Kemsing, Kent, 53–4, 77, 78, 160 Isabelle of Angoulême, widow of Kentwell, Suff olk, 22, 108 King John and wife of, 16 Kildare, Ireland, 21, 23, 27, 40, 50, 53, children of Hugh XI and Isabelle: 55, 76, 161 Alice, 17, 29, 157 (see also Kyme, Maud de, wife of [1] Simon de Warenne); Aymer de Valence, Kyme, [2] William le Forz, [3] bishop-elect of Winchester, 16, Amery de Rochechouard, 77, 29; Geoff rey, 31, 46; William de 78, 100, 157. See also Ferrers, Valence (see Valence) Marshal, Rochechouard Mac Murchada, Diarmid, lord (king) of Lacy Family, earls of Lincoln, 13, 120 Leinster, 10, 28 Edmund de, earl, and Alice of daughter: Eofe, wife of Richard Saluzzo, wife, 13 fi tzGilbert de Clare, countess of Henry de, earl, son of Edmund and Pembroke, 10, 20 (see also Clare) Alice of Saluzzo, 55, 120 Magna Carta, 17, 127, 135 Margaret de Longespee, countess of Manorbier, Pembrokeshire, 135 Salisbury, wife of Henry, earl, maritagium, 15, 18, 20, 159, 160 55, 120, 127 marriage, elite customs, 10, 11–12, 13, Margaret de Quency, suo jure 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 28, 29, 31, countess, wife of [1] John de 35, 44, 47, 49, 50, 51, 75, 83, 84, Lacy and [2] Walter Marshal, 145, 146, 147–9, 151, 155 13, 14, 21, 23, 27, 29, 35, 40, 53, Marshal Family, earls of Pembroke and 127, 157, 160 (see also Marshal) lords of Leinster, 2, 9, 11, 32, 33, Lacy Family, lords of Ewyas and Meath, 127, 142, 156, 157 20, 50, 55 children of William, earl, and Isabella Lancaster, Mahaut de. See Plantagenet de Clare, suo jure countess: Leicester, earls of. See Montfort Anselm, 15, 17; Eva (see Braose); Leinster, Ireland, lordship of, 10, 20, 23, Gilbert, 12, 73; Isabella (see 31, 132, 133, 149 Clare, Plantagenet); Joan, 9, 11, Leyburn 12, 15 (see also Munchensy); Roger de, 24, 157 Maud, 14, 84 (see also Bigod, William de, 85 Warenne); Richard, 12; Sibyl Lincoln, earls of. See Lacy (see Ferrers); Walter, 13, 14, 15, Llanthony of Gloucester (Secundo) 21, 31 (see also Lacy, Quency, Priory, 73, 123–4, 143 Margaret de); William II, 4 (see Llewelyn ab Iorwerth, prince of also Montfort, Plantagenet) Gwynedd, 19, 32 heirs of William and Isabella, 12, Llewelyn ap Gruff udd, prince of 15–21, 47, 66, 71, 142, 146, 154 Gwynedd, 30, 32, 33 division of inheritance and estates, Longespee, Margaret de, countess of 15–21, 22, 23, 36, 64, 91, 129, Salisbury. See Lacy 160–1 224 INDEX

Marshal Family—Continued Roger de, 43, 50, 77 litigation, 23, 25–6, 27–8, 40, Maud de Braose, wife of, 43, 77, 52–5, 70, 71–2, 73, 77, 80, 93, 78, 79 (see also Braose, Marshal) 159 Munchensy, lords of Swanscombe, 11, non-litigation interactions, 31, 45, 57, 58 59, 147, 147–9, 149 Joan de, daughter of Warin and Joan Isabella de Clare, suo jure countess Marshal (see Valence) of Pembroke, wife of William, Joan Marshal, (fi rst) wife of Warin, earl, 9, 10 9, 11, 12, 19, 20, 156 (see also William, earl, 9, 10, 73 Marshal) see also Bigod, Bohun, Braose, John de, son of Warin and Joan Clare, Ferrers, Kyme, Mohun, Marshal, 9, 12, 14, 15, 157, Mortimer, Munchensy, 159 Rochechouard, Valence, Vescy Warin de, 9, 11, 12, 20, 30, 156 Mohun, lords of Dunster, Somerset, Denise de Anesty, (second) wife 27–8, 157 of, 13, 30, 46 (see also Anesty) John, son of Reginald (by fi rst wife) William de, son of Warin and Denise and Joan Ferrers, wife of (see de Anesty, 13, 30, 46, 74–6 Ferrers) daughter: Dionysia, wife of Hugh sons: John, 78; William, 77, 78 de Vere, 74–6, 137 (see also Vere) Reginald and Isabel Ferrers, (second) Munchensy, William de, of wife of, 29 (see also Ferrers) Edwardstone, Suff olk, 101, 102, Montfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester, 2, 103, 104 12, 13, 23, 25, 27, 28, 33, 35, 36, 37, 43, 45, 47, 58, 84 Nesle-Clermont, Beatrice de, wife of Eleanor Plantagenet Marshal, wife Aymer de Valence, 69, 84, 87, of, 4, 12, 13, 20, 23, 25–6, 27, 89, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 101, 102, 28, 32, 35, 46, 53, 54, 70, 85, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 107, 150, 156, 160 (see also 116, 118, 120, 128, 141, 158. See Plantagenet) also Valence Monthermery, Ralph de, earl of Newton Valence, Hampshire, 23, 92, 97, Hertford and Gloucester (suo 161, 162 jure uxoris) and Joan of Acre, Norfolk, earls of. See Bigod wife of, 111, 137. See also Clare, Plantagenet Odagh, Ireland, 28, 161 Montignac, France, 24, 49, 83 Off aly, Ireland, lords and lordship of, Moreton Valence, Gloucestershire, 42, 48, 50 85, 88, 92, 99, 103, 104, 110, Old Ross, Ireland, 128, 134, 161 113, 121, 122, 123, 142, 161 Oysterlow, Wales, commote of, 73, 80, Mortimer, Hugh de, lord of Chelmarsh, 160, 169 157 Agatha Ferrers, wife of, 53, 77, 78 Painswick, manor of, 114, 137, (see also Ferrers, Marshal) 169 Mortimer, lords of Wigmore, 19, 33, Paris, Matthew, 12, 17, 24, 37, 38, 39, 147, 148, 157 41, 44, 152 INDEX 225

Pembroke, county, earldom, lordship of, Thomas de la, 71, 79, 100, 103, 104, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 32, 33, 117 37, 54, 55, 71, 73, 79, 99, 103, Rochechouard, Emery de, and Maud 114, 117, 124, 129, 141, 146, Ferrers Kyme, wife of, 77, 78, 147, 148, 160 157. See also Ferrers, Kyme, Pembroke, earls of. See Clare, Hastings, Marshal Marshal, Valence Rossclare, Ireland, 22, 161 Pembroke Castle, 29, 30, 33, 42, 43, 63, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, 19, 64 65, 69, 113, Fig. 6 Petition of the Barons, 37 Sackville, Clarice de, 132 Plantagenet Family St Albans, Abbey of, 86, 96, 97 King Edward I and Eleanor of St Pol, Marie de, (second) wife of Castile, children: Edward of Aymer de Valence, 4, 158 Caernarvon, king (see England, Saluzzo kings of); Elizabeth, 146; Joan of Agnes of, wife of John de Vescy, 13, Acre, 56, 80, 88, 111, 112, 137 17, 36 (see also Clare, Monthermery) Alice of, wife of Edmund de Lacy, King Edward I and Margaret of earl of Lincoln, 13 France, children of, 146 see also Lacy, Marshal, Vescy King Henry III and Eleanor of Sanford [aka Saundford], 32 Provence, children: Edward [I], Aymery de, 142 king (see England, kings of); Cecilia de, 12, 24 Edmund Crouchback, Robert de, 31 47; Margaret, queen of Thomas de, 31 Scotland, 31 Say, 87, 94 King John and Isabelle of Geoff rey de, 85 Angoulême, children of, 16 William de, 85, 114 children: Eleanor, countess of Elizabeth de, widow of, 114, 128 Pembroke and Leicester, 20, 25, Scotland, kingdom of, 11 53 (see also Marshal, Montfort); Great Cause, 65, 135 Henry [III], king (see England, Guardians of, 138, 140 kings of); Richard, earl of Scotland, kings of Cornwall (see Cornwall) Alexander III, 31, 135 Provisions of Oxford, 36 Balliol, John, 28, 83, 95, 135 (see also Balliol) Raglan, Wales, lordship, honor, and Bruce, Robert (see Bruce) castle, 87, 101, 111, 112, 113, Shrivenham, Berkshire [now 122, 144. See also Bluet Oxfordshire], 20, 42, 57, 59, 71, Rancon, France, 24 97, 99, 120, 160, 161 Richard of Cornwall. See Cornwall, Stakepool, Clarice de, 121 Plantagenet Striguil, lordship of, 10, 18, 19, 53, 103, Roch Castle, Wales, 71, 79, 100 117, 128, 148 Roche Strongbow. See Clare Adam de la (aka Adam de Rupe), Sturminster Marshal, Somersetshire, 129, 131, 132, 133 86, 101 226 INDEX

Sturminster Newton, Dorsetshire, 86 131, 141, 142, 146, 149, 152, Surrey, earls of. See Warenne 153 Sutton, Oliver, bishop of Lincoln, 108 Isabelle de, wife of John de Hastings, Sutton, Ralph de, 131, 142 daughter of William and Joan, Sutton Valence, Kent, 20, 31, 46, 54, 77, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 83, 86, 94, 96, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 116, 124, 135, 141, 158 (see also 104, 113, 160 Hastings) Swanscombe, lordship of. See Joan de, wife of John III Comyn, Munchensy daughter of William and Joan, 28, Swindon, Wiltshire, 24, 62, 92, 97, 99, 48, 49, 69, 83, 93, 95, 105, 107, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 131, 136, 162 125, 132, 135, 138, 139, 140–1, Symeon, Gonnor, 132 155, 158 (see also Comyn); Joan de Munchensy, wife of William, Taghmon, Ireland, 53, 161 suo jure lady (countess) of Talbot, Richard, 143, 147, 148, 158 Pembroke and Wexford, passim Tany, John de, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, (see also Marshal, Munchensy) 124, 144 birth, 9, 12 Tenby Castle, Pembrokeshire, 40, 160 childbirths, 24, 27, 29–30, 35, 42, 48, 51, 57 Valence Casket, 65, 109 coheirs (see Marshal) Valence Family, earls of Pembroke, lords death and burial, 142–4 of Wexford dower, jointure, and maritagium, Agnes de, wife of [1] Maurice 15, 20, 126–8, 159–63 fi tzGerald, [2] Hugh Balliol, and education, 12–15 [3] John d’Avesnes, daughter of estates, lordship, and management, William and Joan, 29, 48–51, 42, 52, 56–8, 63–6, 92–3, 94–7, 55, 61, 76, 82–3, 84, 86, 93, 95, 110–26, 131–4 97, 102, 109, 115, 119, 135, family and children, 48, 50–1, 141, 149, 158 (see also Avesnes, 59–63, 82–4, 115–16, 138–9 Balliol, fi tzGerald) household and household Aymer de, earl, son of William and accounts of, 15, 22, 24–5, 28, Joan, 1, 3, 45, 48, 51, 63, 64, 65, 29, 37, 38, 42, 45, 47, 52, 56–7, 69, 76, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 70, 81, 85–106, 110–26, 130–4 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, inheritance, land, and land 100, 101, 104, 105, 108, 110, maintenance, 15, 17–23 (see also 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, Marshal) 120, 121, 122, 124–5, 126, 127, litigation as widow, 114–15, 128, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 128–31 (see also Marshal) 141, 142, 146, 147, 149, 158 marriage, 16–17, 21–4, 33, 35, 37, (see also Nesle-Clermont and 44, 58, 94, 146 St Pol) patronage, 24, 31–2, 55–6, 142–3 children of William and Joan de political and courtly activity; Munchensy, 24, 27, 35, 37, 43, relations with royal family, 24, 44, 45, 48, 51, 56, 57, 59, 60–2, 36, 37–40, 45, 46–7, 52, 55–6, 67, 81, 82, 83, 107, 109, 125, 135–41 INDEX 227

relations with natal family and 13, 17, 36, 46, 49, 66, 69, coheirs, 13, 27, 30–1, 44–5, 146, 149 (see also Beaumont, 74–8, 137 (see also Marshal) Saluzzo) religion and the church, 59, 80–1, William de, son of William and 134–5 Agnes, 76 widowhood, 90–144 son: William de Kildare (illeg), John de, son of William and Joan, 76, 78 48–9, 59–62, 109, 110, 115, 141, 146, 158 wardship, 10, 22, 28, 30, 31, 41, 43, 46, Margaret, daughter of William and 47, 50, 51, 75, 76, 78 Joan, 48, 59–62, 81, 96, 97, 109, Warenne, earls of Surrey, 13 110, 115, 141, 158 John de, earl, son of William and William de, lord (earl) of Pembroke Maud Marshal, 17, 23, 37, 42, and Wexford, 1, 2, 3, 20, et 43, 44, 50, 58–9, 67, 69, 87, 92, passim. See also Lusignan 114, 149, 157 arrival in England, 16 Alice de Lusignan, wife of (see Crusades activity, 26, 28, 52 Lusignan) death and burial, 90–2, 107–10 William de, earl, 18, 156, 157 family background, 16 Maud Marshal Bigod, countess of inheritance, land, and benefi ces, Norfolk and Surrey, wife of, 16, 22, 24, 28, 29 18, 149, 152, 156, 157 (see also litigation with wife, 25–6, 27–8, Bigod, Marshal) 40, 52–5, 71–80 Westminster Abbey, 49, 51, 59, 60, 61, marriage, 16–17, et passim 62, 63, 65, 91, 95, 100, 108, 109, patronage, 59 118 personality, 24, 44 Wexford, Ireland, 1, 21, 22, 28, 31, 48, political and military activity, 23, 53, 64, 81, 93, 128, 133, 134, 27, 29–30, 32–3, 36–7, 41–2, 43, 136, 141, 147, 148, 161 46, 70, 80, 84–5, 86–7, 88 widowhood and widows, 4, 5, 9, 10, William the Younger, son of William 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, and Joan, 48–9, 62–3, 65, 98, 25, 26, 28, 30, 36, 39, 45, 47, 49, 117, 141, 146, 158 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58, 59, 64, 65, Verdon, John de, lord of, and Margery 71, 75, 76, 78, 82, 84, 85, 88, 91, de Lacy, suo jure lady of, Meath, 92, 94, 100, 105, 107, 111, 112, 50 114, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, Vere 131, 135, 145, 146, 149, 150, Hugh de, 75, 137, 138, 141 159, 169 Dionysia de Munchensy, wife Woodeaton, Oxfordshire, 98 of, 137, 138, 141 (see also Woodlock, Henry, bishop of Munchensy) Winchester, 142 Robert de, earl of Oxford, 114, 120, 137 Zouche, 47 Vescy, 157. See also Ferrers, Marshal Alan la, 58–9 Agnes Ferrers, wife of William de, Eudo la and Millicent de Cantilupe, 13, 36, 76, 77 wife of, 47, 77, 78 (see also John de, son of William and Agnes, Cantilupe, Marshal)