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Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England

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Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England CHAPTERS IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE HISTORY OF MEDIAEVAL ENGLAND THE WARDROBE, THE CHAMBER AND THE SMALL SEALS BY Published by the University of Manchester at THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (H. M. MCKECHNIE,M.A.,-Secretary) T. F. TOUT, M.A., F.B.A. 8-10 WRIGHTSTREET, MANCHESTER, 15 Prpfcssor of H~storyand D~rtctorofAdvanced Study rn History VOLUME I1 First Printed 1920 Repented with minor ditians and wr~eotions1937 CONTENTS CHAPTER VII PAOW THE REIGN OF EDWARD I., 1272-1307 . 1-163 Proclamation of Edward I., 1. Disposition made by UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER PUBLICATIONS Edward In 1270 for the representation of his interests in No. CXXVII England during his crusade, 1-2; his agents become regents after his accession, 2-3. Administration under the regents, 3-4. Wardrobe work in England shared between Burnell and the exchequer, 4-5. The wardrobe in attendance on Edward in the east, becomes after his accession the king's wardrobe, 5-6. Philip Willoughby's wardrobe accounts, 6-7. Changes on Edward's return to England, 7-8. Plan of the rest of the book, 8-9. SECTION11. THE WARDROBESTAFF UNDER EDWARDI. 10-26 F~delityof Edward to his father's administrative policy, 10. The importanre of the official class, 10-11. The oftices of state as rewards for the successful wardrobe clerks, 10-11. The chancellors of Edward I., 11-12. The treasurers, 12-13. The wardrobe as the school of the Edward~anadministrator, 14. The keepers of the ward- robe, 14-1 7. The controllers, 17-18. John Benstead, 18-20. The typical wardrobe clerk, 20-21. The cofferers, 2 1-22. Ralph Manton, 22-23. The inferior officers, 23-24 ; the officers of the subordinate wardrobes, 24-25. The stewards of the household, 25-26. End of the dual stewardship, 26. The Household Ordinance of 1279, 27-28. Categories of household clerks, 28-29. The clerks of the wardrobe, v CONTENTS CONTENTS PAOIL3 29-30. The new organisation for the great wardrobe, 30. SECTI~NIV. THE PLACE OF THE WARDROBEIN EDWARDI.% The daily work of the wardrobe oXcers, 30-31. Relations ADMINISTRATIVESYSTEM . 60-84 of the stewards of the household to the wardrobe, 31. The two periods in Edward's wardrobe policy, 60. The Relation of the hereditary stewards of England to the death of Robert Burnell in 1292 as the dividing line household stewards, 32. Functions of the steward of the between them, 60-61. Burnell's administration of the household, 33-34. The testimony of Fleta, 34-35. chancery, 61-68. His position as a royal official with the Functions of the treasurer-keeper, 34-35. Functions of powers of the magnate-chancellors of Richard and John, the controller, 35-36. The controller as keeper of the 61. The close co-operation and interaction of wardrobe privy seal, 36-39. The proof that Benstead, when con- and chancery, 61-62. Arrangements during Edward's troller, kept the privy seal, 37-38. William Melton, the early vislts to the Continent, 61-62 ; arrangembnts during first controller called keeper of the privy seal, 38. Growth his long visit, 1286-1289, 62-63. The whole wardrobe of the office of cofferer, 39-40. The cofferer as financial follows the king to Oascony, 63. The division of the officer of the wardrobe and lieutenant of the keeper, 40-41. council and chancery into an English and an itinerating The cofferer's department, 40-41. The usher and the sub- section, 63-64. Hamilton as vice-chancellor in England, 63. usher, 41-42. The dependent wardrobes of the king's Administrative work of the wardrobe in Gascony, 64-65. kinsmen, 42-43. Inferior position of the wardrohes of The foundation of bastides, 65. The removal of ward- Eleanor of Castile and Margaret of France to that of robe control a cause of the scandals in the English adminis- Eleanor of Provence, 42-43. ?'he silence of the ordinance tration, 65-66. The nlinisterial crisis of 1289, 66-67. of 1279 au to the king's chamber, 43-44. The opera- The part played by the wardrobe in the consequential tions of the Edwardian wardrobe, 44. Illustrations of judicial enquiries, 66-68. Other instances of the co- the travels of the wardrobe, 44-47 ; the ~rlarchto Wales operation of chancery and wardrobe, 68. The relations of in 1277,44-45. The journey from England to Bordeaux the wardrobe to the great seal, 68-70. Benstead as in 1286, 45-46 ; the voyage to Flanders in 1297, 46. keeper of both great and privy seals, 69-70. Chancery The wardrobe in Scotland and its military equipment in clerks appointed to work in the wardrobe at periods of war time, 46-47. Tendency of government offices to pressure, 70-72 ; the principle involved in the co-operation become established in a fixed place, 47. How far London of wardrobe and chancery, 73-74. Increasing locallsation was a "capital" under Edward I., 47-48. The wardrobe of the chancery, 74-75. The occasional establishment of as an office of state becomes influenced by the tendency to the chancery at Westminster and elsewhere, 74-75. The localisation, 48. A wardrobe establishment in London, baronial reaction against this, 75. The chancery and 48. The statute of St. Albans of April 13, 1300, 49- wardrobe after 1292, 76-77. Revival of the chancellor's 51. Its effects on the wardrobe, 50-51. Comparison fee, 76-77. Benstead at the hanaper office, 77. The between the household of the chancery and the wardrobe hanaper accounts tendered to the wardrobe, 77-78. Ex- establishment, 50-51. The wardrobe as a national office tension of the scope of the privy seal, 78-79. Illustrations of state, 51. The establishment of fixed wardrobe store- from the later chancery rolls of Edward I. of the increasing houses or treasuries, 51-52. The confusion between the use of the wardrobe seal, 79-80 ; the rolls of the wardrobe, treasuries of the exchequer and the treasuries of the ward- 80. The privy seal in Scotland, 81. Patents and robe, 51-52. The king's wardrobe of the New Temple, charters issued under the privy seal, 81. The great seal 52. The wardrobe in the Tower of London, 52-53. The as a supplement to the privy seal, 81-82. The large wardrobe treasury in the crypt of the chapter house at part played by wardrobe men in the parliament of 1305, Westminster, 53-54. The escape from the fire of 1298, 82-83. The magnate fellow-workers of Edward I., 83-84. 54. Richard of Pudlicott's plans for the robbery of the Beginnings of a strong baronial opposition, 85. wardrobe treasury, 55-56. The connivance of the monks, 55 ; the robbery effected between 24th arid 26tJh April, 1303, 55-56. The losses inflicted, 56 ; the punishment of the culprits, 56-57. The revival of the wardrobe The position of the wardrobe as a second chancery com- treasury in the Tower, 57-58. Distinction between the pared with its position as a second treasury, 85. The domestic and the political functions of the wardrobe, real meaning of the figures in mediaeval accounts, 85-86. 58-69. ... Vlll CONTENTS CONTENTS ix PAOX8 The accounts as records of stages in credit operations, 86. years 1303 and 1304, 110-111. The old distinction of Some cautions in dealing with the figures in wardrobe foreign and exchequer receipt loses some of its meaning, accounts, 86-87. Need of calendaring the records of the 11 1. Balance of wardrobe receipta and expenses up to exchequer and wardrobe, 87. Steady increase in magni- years of Edward I., 112. Disturbing effect of war tude of wardrobe receipts all through the reign, 87-88. or1 finances, 112. Increasing importance of wardrobe in An analysis of the receipts, 88-89. Decline in the foreign war tinie, 112. The wardrobe and the TVelsll war of receipt, 89 - 90 ; especially under Langton, 89 - 90. 1277, 112-113. The wardrobe an11 the Welsh war of Finance under Thonlas Bek, 88-89; under Louth, 89 ; 1282-1284, 113-115. Edward's Italian creditors, 113- under Walter Langton, 89-91. The beginning of evil 114. The wardrobe in Cascony, 1286-1289, 115-1 18. days, 90-91. The Lenten parliament of 1300 and the Jtier Bochard, 116-1 17. Orlandino di Poggio, 11 7. wardrobe accounts, 91. Appointment of special cornmis- William Louth, 117-118. The firial wars of the reign, sion to relieve Langton, as treasurer of the exchequer, from 118. The espcdition to Flanders in 1297-1298, 118-1 19. the odium of auditing his own accounts as treasurer of The Gsscon expeditions of the sxrne period, 119. The the wardrobe, 9 1-93. Wardrobe finance under Uroxforcl, increasing adverse balances of the wardrobe accounts, 92-95. Delays in the rendering of his accounts, 93-94. 119 ; the years 1297-1301, 119-120 ; the years 1301- The confusion of wardrobe finance after 1298, 94-95. 1307, 120-122. The constant advances of the ltalian The materials on which our knowledge of it is based, 94- financiers largely negotiated by the wardrobe between 95. The trifling sums received from the exchequer, 95. 1272 and 1294, 122-123. The smaller advances to the Illusory inlpression produced by the figures, 95-96. The wardrobe, 123-124 ; the Frescobaldi succeeil the Riccardi virtaal abdication by the exchequer of the administration as Edward's chief bankers, 124-125. Increasing floating of the national revenue in favour of the wardrobe, 95-96. debt, 125 ; arrears of Edward's payments, 125. ' Ex- The meihod through which the wardrobe received its pedients to shift the burden, 125.
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