Global Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, 5(1) January 2015, Pages: 1-9

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Global Journal Of Biodiversity Science and Management

ISSN : 2074-0875

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phytoecological and phytogeographical study on family of Tessala Mount (Western )

SAIDI Boubakr, LATRECH Ali, DIF Mustapha Mahmoud, HAKEMI Zahra

Université Djillali Liabes Faculté des sciences de la nature et de vie Laboratoire de biodiversité végétale: conservation et valorisation Sidi Bel Abbes 22000 Algérie

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Mountains Tessala has very interesting natural vegetation; these formations contain a Received 14 November 2014 rich and diverse flora which contribute to an economic and ecological interest. For the Received in revised form 24 December preservation and enhancement of the natural heritage, we have contributed a study of 2014 the region of Mount Tessala. We identified 30 species of the family Asteraceae, listed Accepted 28 December 2014 in 29 herbaceous species and one species shrub branch, to determine the biological Available online 18 January 2015 types and biological spectrum depending on the classification of raunkier, the results obtained highlighit that there are perennial (44 %) and annual (37%) and other annual- Keywords: biennial asteraceae (13%), annual-perennial and biennial-perennial with a very low Tessala; the asteraceae family; intake other categories (3%), endemic species are inventoried in various stations in the biological kinds; classification study area. raunkier.

© 2015 AENSI Publisher All rights reserved. To Cite This Article: SAIDI Boubakr, LATRECH Ali, DIF Mustapha Mahmoud, HAKEMI Zahra., phytoecological and phytogeographical study on Asteraceae family of Tessala Mount (Western Algeria). Glob. J. Biodivers. Sci. Manag, 5(1): 1-9, 2015

INTRODUCTION

The current situation of the Algerian forest ownership is as one of the most critical in the Mediterranean region (Ikermoud, 2000). The conservation of biodiversity is essentially done using knowledge through inventories, monographic studies and investigations of different plant uses. Several authors have suggested that the conservation and enhancement of natural ecosystems require a good knowledge of its biodiversity (Médail and Quézel, 1997; VELA and BENHOUHOU, 2007). The study of the Mediterranean’s flora and especially that of the area of Oran was done by several authors in recent decade (QUEZEL, 1964; Alcaraz ,1980; - Hadjadj Aoul, 1995; BenAbdellah and al 2010) In our study, we are interested in the area of Tessala mountain which has a remarkably rich and varied flora. We counted about 193 species distributed over 49 families and 146 genera. This same flora lists 103 medicinal and aromatic character and very diverse uses in the area and by the local population (Baraka, 2008). Asteraceae family according to Bercht. & J.Presl has 1820 cosmopolitan appointed by Giseke, 1792, is an important family of flowering plants and considered as the largest of all the families of angiosperms; they contain more than 20 000 species, distributed in 1100 genera, comprising about 13 tribes (BELEM, 1988). In our purpose to investigate the flora of Tessala Mount , we are focused on the study the of asteraceaes family, A monographic and investigation study of each species was done .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1.1. Presentation of the study area:

Corresponding Author: SAIDI Boubakr, Université Djillali Liabes Faculté des sciences de la nature et de vie Laboratoire de biodiversité végétale: conservation et valorisation Sidi Bel Abbes 22000 Algérie E-mail: [email protected]

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Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 5(1) January 2015, Pages: 1-9 The study area is located in the north of the capital of the province of Sidi Bel Abbes, Tessala the Mountains are an important channel Tellian Atlas Mountains located in Algeria. Limited in the north by the plain of Mleta and sebkha of Oran, on the east by the mountains of Beni Chougrane to the west by the mountains of Sebaa Chioukh and south by the plain of Sidi Bel Abbes. The height of the reliefs, relatively flattened, is between 500 and 1000 m elevation peaking at 1061 meters Jebel Tessala (Pouquet, 1952). They are an extension of 4 wilaya " Sidi Bel Abbes , Ain temouchent, Tlemcen and Oran " (Figure 1).

Fig. 1: Geographical position of the mounts of Tessala

In Tessala common predominant geological formations are marls, clays and soft sandstones of Neogene marls and marly limestones Paleogene and Cretaceous (DELLAOUI, 1952) .These courses are diverse and each unit is characterized by topographical formations age and different structure. - The mountainous area of Tessala is part of the Tell Oran central characterized geologically by thrusting tablecloths training complex Decreto - Oligocene DELLAOUI described by (BOUKLIKHA, 2001). The climate of the region is almost Tessala the Mediterranean as any West North Algerian characterized by: - The concentration of rainfall during the cold period (fall and winter) Low and irregular rainfall (- 400 mm / year), Frosts covering a period from December to: - An apparent drought during the warmer months (summer). Quite a long dry period (late April to mid- October), Strong temperatures in summer and low in winter; February (Ferka-Zazou, 2006). The aridity index is in the range of 12.01 for the translated region Tessala a semi-arid climate. (Bouzidi and al, 2009).

1.2. Methodology: To achieve phytoecological and phytogeographical study of the families of asteraceaes Mountains Tessala, we conducted a prospective study of the floristic established by the work before quoting those of Baraka (2008), Bouzidi (2009), Cherifi (2011) Bouidejra Bashir (2011).with an up-to -day data output on the land in January - September 2014 for that approach we have classified the species of the family by biological type according the Raunkiær plant life-form, 1934, biogeographic type, morphological type and life cycle with new flora of Algeria 3 SAIDI Boubakr et al, 2015

Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 5(1) January 2015, Pages: 1-9 Quézel and Santa (1962–1963), supplemented as necessary by the flora of North Mayor (1952–1987), we have used the Microsoft Excel software presented the results in the form of circles and histograms.

2. Results :

35

30

25

20

15 Series1

10

5

0 Herbacées Arbrisseau rameux

Fig. 02: morphological types of Asteraceae from Mount Tessala

Herbacées Arbrisseau rameux

%3

%97

Fig. 03: The percentage of morphological types of Asteraceae from Mount Tessala

We found that most of the family Asteraceae species located at Mount Tessala are herbaceous plants with an exception of a shrub plant branch which named Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter Syn: Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton.

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Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 5(1) January 2015, Pages: 1-9

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Series1 0

Fig. 04: The life cycle of Asteraceae of Tessala Mount

Bisannuel/vivac Annuel ou e vivace Annuel/bisannu %3 %3 el %13

annuel %37

Vivace %44 Bisannuel %0

Fig. 05: The percentage of the biological cycle of Asteraceae from Tessala Mount

From the results obtained a large parts of the Asteraceae are perennial (44%) than others are classified to an annual (37%) and annual - biennial Asteraceae (13%), annual - perennial and biennial, perennial very low rates supply the other categories ( 3%).

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Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 5(1) January 2015, Pages: 1-9

Thérophyte Chaméphyte %3 %10

Hémicryptophyt .e %47 Thérophyte %40

Fig. 06: The percentage of organic type of a Asteraceae from Tessala Mount

The plants are represented by decreasing order, the hemicryptphyte species (47%), therophyte (40%) have an important percentage against the chaméphyte and therophyte by 10% and 3% which are poorly represented.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Fig. 07: Types of the chorologic of Asteraceae from Tessala Mount 6 SAIDI Boubakr et al, 2015

Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 5(1) January 2015, Pages: 1-9

Méd. Circumméd Euryméd . Eur. Méd Cosm Alg. – Tun Ibéro. – Maur S. Méd. Sah Eura Iber.- Nord. -Af Mérid Canaries, Eur Sub. Méd End. W. Méd %3 %3 %3 %3 %3 %3 %27 %3 %3 %4 %14 %4 %7 %10 %10

Fig. 08: The percentage of the type of Chorologic Asteraceae of Tessala Mount

Annuelle- vivace thérophyte %8 Annuelle- bisannuelle %8

annuelle %84

Fig. 09: The percentage of organic type of Asteraceae Mount Tessala based on life cycle

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Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 5(1) January 2015, Pages: 1-9

hémécryptophyte annuelle %7 Annuelle- bisannuelle %14

vivace %79

Fig. 10: The percentage of organic type of Asteraceae from Tessala Mount based on life cycle

Discussion: The annual asteraceae species ( clavatus (Desf.) Persoon, Atractylis cancellata L. ... etc ) are plants that live for only one year. They disappear in the winter when there are only seeds left behind. These seeds grow up to become a new plant. Almost all the species of Therophye Asteraceae are annual plants but two species Centaurea calcitrapa L - annual and biennial Glebionis coronoria the annual or perennial. Is confirming the Raunkiær plant life-form, they correspond to the class of therophytes. These plants overwinter only in seed form. There are far fewer biennials as there are annual or perennial plants. In Raunkiær plant life-form, they correspond in part to the class of hemicryptophytes. Species of perennial asteraceae, Hemicryptophyte (or geophyte) Chaméaphyte or perennial plants are plants that can live for several years. Enduring winter in the form of specialized bodies protected underground cold and loaded in reserve (roots, corms, rhizomes). Almost all species of Asteraceae Tessala are Hemicryptophyte Chaméaphyte and have the property perennials with some exceptions (Carduus L. pycnocephalus annual, Onopordum macracanthum Schousb Annual / biennial, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, Annual / biennial) and a species - perennial asteraceae chameaphyte bisanuelle Silybum marianum (L) Gaertn. And confirms the Raunkiær plant life-form, they correspond to the class of hemicryptophytes and chameaphytes, suffering the unfavorable seasons ( cold winter , hot summer). we noticed a change in the dynamics of this family in the mountains of Tessala compared some species is due either to climate change or over the human activities such as the anarchic use eg roots of the shrub inula viscosa makes this species in a critical situation in the study area mountains Tessala. The biennial species of Asteraceae the first and the second year therophyte ( Helminthotheca echioides L is a species by both Therophyte annual or biennial Hemicryptophyte). Under conditions of extreme climate, biennial plants can complete their life cycle in a short period (eg 3 or 4 months instead of two years). This is common in plants that have been exposed to low temperatures or were vernalized before planting . in the study area, many biennials are treated as annuellesse plants that confirms our result (0%) of species asteraceae biennial . In some biennial , flowering can be induced without vernalization. The study of the origin biogeographical highlights the fact that most shares of species of this family have Mediterranean origin ( Atractylis gummifera L., Calendula arvensis L ... . ) But does not preclude the presence of other origins biogeographic (Centaurea euriophora L, Onopordum macracanthum Schousb ), which may explain the dynamics of the flora that characterizes Tessala region based on the example of the great dominant families in the area.

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Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 5(1) January 2015, Pages: 1-9

List of species asteraceae of Mount Tessala region Species TM CBio Sp Bio Biogeo Anacyclus clavatus Annuel (Desf.) Persoon Herbacée le Thérophyte Eur. Méd maritimus Vivace Canaries, (L.) Less Herbacée . Hémicryptophyte. Eur. Mérid Annuel Circumméd Atractylis cancellata L. Herbacée le Thérophyte . Atractylis gummifera Vivace L. Herbacée . Chamaephyte Méd. Annuel Circumméd Bellis annua L. Herbacée le Thérophyte . Annuel Calendula arvensis L Herbacée le Thérophyte Sub. Méd Carduus Annuel pycnocephalus L. Herbacée le Hémicryptophyte. Eura. Carthamus caeruleus Vivace L. Herbacée. . Hémicryptophyte. Méd. Centaurea calcitrapa Annuelle/ L Herbacée bisannuelle Thérophyte Eur-mèd Centaurea euriophora Annuel Ibéro. – L Herbacée le Thérophyte Maur Centaurea parviflora Desf Herbacée Vivace Hémicryptophyte Alg. – Tun

Centaurea pullata L Herbacée Vivace Hémicryptophyte Méd Cynara cardunculus L.var. Herbacée Vivace Hémicryptophyte Méd Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Arbrisseau Greuter rameux Vivace Chaméphyte Circumméd S. Méd. Echinops spinosus L Herbacée Vivace Hémicryptophyte Sah Iber.- Nord.

Echinops strigosus L Herbacée Vivace Hémicryptophyte -Af.

Filago pyramidata L Herbacée annelle Thérophyte Méd Annuelle ou Glebionis coronoria L Herbacée vivace Thérophyte Méd rhagadioloides (L.) F.W. Annuel Schmidt Herbacée le Thérophyte Méd Hypochoeris radicata L. Herbacée Vivace Hémicryptophyte End. Onopordum macracanthum Annuelle/ Ibéro. –

Schousb Herbacée bisannuelle Hémicryptophyte Maur (L.) Bisannuelle /

Cass Herbacée vivace Chamaephyte Eur. - Méd saxatile (L.) Cass herbacée Vivace Hémicryptophyte W. Méd Annuelle / Thérophyte / Picris echioides L herbacée bisannuelle Hémicryptophyte bisannuelle Eurymèd Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) Annuel Gaertner Herbacée le Thérophyte Euryméd Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC Herbacée Vivace Hémicryptophyte Méd

Scolymus hispanicus L Herbacée Vivace Hémicryptophyte Euryméd Annuel maculatus L Herbacée le Thérophyte Circumméd Silybum marianum (L.) Annuelle / Gaertn herbacée bisannuelle Hémicryptophyte Cosm Annuel Sonchus oleraceus L Herbacée le Thérophyte Cosm

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Global journal of biodiversity science and management, 5(1) January 2015, Pages: 1-9 Conclusion: This study on the Asteraceae family is an initiative consideration of the local plant diversity of Tessala Mount which contribute to develop a database of taxa of the study and to prevent biodiversity menace The monographic study and investigations that have been conducted on the family Asteraceae allowed us to clarify the status of endemic species as well as the types and biological spectra using the Raunkiær plant life- form and also the morphological type. At present, the study of species of the Asteraceaes family can provide interesting solutions to ecological and anthropogenic constraints pathways. Thus the knowledge of the local flora allows us to preserve the memory of our ancestors which tends to disappear. This study is part of the followed species of Tessala mounts was done to understand their evolution and dynamics and their conservations and restorations. we suggest to do another studies of other families in each of the taxonomic and the phrenologic level of the study area.

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