DOCSLIB.ORG

Using Science As Evidence in Public Policy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Using Science As Evidence in Public Policy Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy Committee on the Use of Social Science Knowledge in Public Policy Kenneth Prewitt, Thomas A. Schwandt, and Miron L. Straf, Editors Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by Contract No. SES-0630359 between the National Acad- emy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation; by Contract No. 7275 with the William T. Grant Foundation; by Contract No. 2006-7875 with the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation; and by Contract No. 20070001 with the Spencer Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-26161-6 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-26161-9 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334- 3313; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Suggested citation: National Research Council. (2012). Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy. Committee on the Use of Social Science Knowledge in Public Policy, K. Prewitt, T.A. Schwandt, and M.L. Straf, Editors. Division of Behavioral and Social Sci- ences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a man- date that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the Na- tional Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy COMMITTEE ON THE USE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE IN PUBLIC POLICY Kenneth Prewitt (Chair), School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York George W. Bohrnstedt, American Institutes for Research (emeritus), Palo Alto, CA Norman M. Bradburn, National Opinion Research Center and Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago Alicia L. Carriquiry, Department of Statistics, Iowa State University Nancy D. Cartwright, London School of Economics and Political Science and Department of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego Harris Cooper, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Michael J. Farrell, New York City Police Department, New York Stephen E. Fienberg, Department of Statistics and the Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University Sheila S. Jasanoff, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Robert L. Jervis, Department of Political Science, Columbia University Robert E. Litan, Bloomberg Government, Washington, DC Ann Morning, Department of Sociology, New York University Robert A. Pollak, John M. Olin School of Business, Washington University Stephen H. Schneider,* Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies, Stanford University Thomas A. Schwandt, Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Sidney Verba, Department of Government, Harvard University Miron L. Straf, Study Director Melissa Lee Sands, Consultant Jonathan R. Dolle, Research Associate Mary Ann Kasper, Senior Program Assistant *Died in July 2010. v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy Preface he Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (DBASSE) of the National Research Council (NRC) in 2005 Testablished a standing committee to consider questions of how to strengthen the quality and use of social science research and to lay a foun- dation for the continuous improvement in the conduct of social science research and its applications to public policy. The standing committee was to identify areas of significant interest to those in the policy, research, and practitioner communities. That committee convened a number of workshops and discussion meetings and met with a variety of researchers engaged in research on evidence for public policy, and it also consulted with policy makers about the usefulness of social science research to their work. As a result of those workshops and meetings, the committee concluded that it should give less attention to how the social sciences produce knowledge about policy, and focus, instead, on the settings and conditions that affect whether social science knowledge is used in policy making. To carry out the task identi- fied, the NRC in 2009 set up the Committee on the Use of Social Science Knowledge in Public Policy. This new committee decided to propose a framework for research on how policy makers make use of scientific knowledge and how the results of that research might lead to improved policy making and improved prepara- tion of students in policy schools for careers in the policy world. This report is the result of the work of the committee. vii Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy viii PREFACE In acknowledging the many people who made our work possible, we begin with thanks to members of the original standing committee (who are not members of the present committee), whose insights contributed to the work that followed: Thomas D. Cook, Northwestern University; Judith Feder, Georgetown University; Elinor Ostrom, Indiana University; Michael Peckham, University College, London; and Philip E. Tetlock, University of Pennsylvania. We also acknowledge with gratitude and sadness the contributions of Stephen H. Schneider, Stanford University, who served on the standing committee and on this committee until his death in 2010. Many NRC staff helped to guide the work of the standing and author- ing committees. We particularly acknowledge the leadership of Michael J. Feuer, the former executive director of DBASSE, who guided the initial development of our study. We also thank other staff who helped the standing committee: Marty Orland and Catherine Freeman, initial study directors; Tina Winters, senior program associate; and Dorothy Majewski, administrative assistant. As the co-editors drafted text for the report, one committee member, Norman Bradburn, met frequently with us, offering invaluable advice. Mary Ann Kasper served as our senior project assistant, and Viola Horek provided
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Linguistic Features and Persuasion Techniques in Marlboro Cigarette Advertisement Slogans
    PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI THE LINGUISTIC FEATURES AND PERSUASION TECHNIQUES IN MARLBORO CIGARETTE ADVERTISEMENT SLOGANS A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Astriyani Sulistyowati Student Number: 111214161 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI THE LINGUISTIC FEATURES AND PERSUASION TECHNIQUES IN MARLBORO CIGARETTE ADVERTISEMENT SLOGANS A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Astriyani Sulistyowati Student Number: 111214161 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ヽ И Sαげα4α Pθ ″グ′どJttη″Thcsis On THE LINGUISTIC FEATURES AND PERSUAS10N TECHNIQUESIN MARLBORO CIGARETT逸 ADVERTISEMENT SLOGANS By Astriyani Sulistyowati Student Number: 11121416l Approved by Carla Sih Prabandtti,S.Pd.,M.Hum. Date: 10 May 2AI7 ― ― ― PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI DEDICATION PAGE Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful. (Herman Cain) If there is no struggle, there is no progress. (Frederick Douglass) We all make mistakes, have struggles, and even regret things in our past. But you’re not your mistakes, you’re not your struggles, and you are here right now with the power to shape your day and your future.
    [Show full text]
  • Coming to Grips with Life in the Disinformation Age
    Coming to Grips with Life in the Disinformation Age “The Information Age” is the term given to post-World War II contemporary society, particularly from the Sixties, onward, when we were coming to the realization that our ability to publish information of all kinds, fact and fiction, was increasing at an exponential rate so as to make librarians worry that they would soon run out of storage space. Their storage worries were temporarily allayed by the advent of the common use of microform analog photography of printed materials, and eventually further by digital technology and nanotechnology. It is noted that in this era, similar to other past eras of great growth in communications technology such as written language, the printing press, analog recording, and telecommunication, dramatic changes occurred as well in human thinking and socialness. More ready archiving negatively impacted our disposition to remember things by rote, including, in recent times, our own phone numbers. Moreover, many opportunities for routine socializing were lost, particularly those involving public speech and readings, live music and theater, live visits to neighbors and friends, etc. The recognition that there had been a significant tradeoff from which there seemed to be no turning back evoked discussion of how to come to grips with “life in the Information Age”. Perhaps we could discover new social and intellectual opportunities from our technological advances to replace the old ones lost, ways made available by new technology. Today we are facing a new challenge, also brought on largely by new technology: that of coming to grips with life in the “Disinformation Age”.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Relations: a Guide to Strategic Communication
    Public Relations: A Guide to Strategic Communication By Young Joon Lim FIRST EDITION Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Kassie Graves, Director of Acquisitions Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Bob Farrell, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor Gem Rabanera, Project Editor Elizabeth Rowe, Licensing Coordinator Allie Kiekhofer, Associate Editor Kevin Fontimayor, Interior Designer Copyright © 2017 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright © Copyright © 2015 iStockphoto LP/baona. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-63487-475-5 (pbk) / 978-1-63487-476-2 (br) Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Public Relations 2 Understanding Public Relations 2 Definitions of Public Relations 3 Who Uses Public Relations, and Why? 4 Six Representative Entities of Public Relations Practice Why is Public Relations Promising as an Academic Course? 7 How is Public Relations Processed? 8 ROPE: Research, Objectives, Planning, and Evaluation RACE: Research, Action, Communication, and Evaluation GRACE: Goal, Research, Action, Communication, and Evaluation RPIE: Research, Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation Who are the Essential Publics of Public Relations? 10 What are the Components of Public Relations? 11 What are the Stereotypes or Misperceptions about Public Relations? 11 How Does Public Relations Differ from Other Similar Fields of Practice? 12 Advertising vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Report, Volume 9
    Report West Point Undergraduate Historical Review Volume 9 Spring 2019 Report West Point Undergraduate Historical Review Volume 9 Spring 2019 Report, 1 Report West Point Undergraduate Historical Review Volume 9, Spring 2019 Editors Daniel Berardino (2020) Editor-in-Chief Military History Helen Burleigh (2019) Assistant Editor International History Morgan Conrow (2019) American History Gregory Brookover (2020) Military History Andrew Carter (2020) Military History Mike Avallone (2020) American History Collin Keogh (2021) American History Brandi Braggs (2021) American History Cameron Hay (2021) American History Report, 2 Copyright and photocopying © 2019 Department of History United States Military Academy West Point, New York 10996 Acknowledgments The Editorial Board would like to thank the faculty of the History Department for their submission recommendations, all the students who submitted papers, and Captain Alexander Humes for his advice and guidance on historical scholarship. Without their help, Report would not have been possible. About The Review Report is a non-profit publication produced by undergraduate cadets at the United States Military Academy. It accepts and encourages submissions from undergraduates in the fall and spring. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. On The Internet https://www.usma.edu/academics/academic- departments/history/history-journal Disclaimer The contents of Report, including words, images, and opinions, are unofficial and are not to be considered as the official views of the United States Military Academy, the United States Army, or the Department of Defense. Readers accept and agree to this disclaimer in the use of any information obtained from Report. Report, 3 Letter from The Editor Dear Reader, This year the Report editorial staff is pleased to present the spring edition of our journal.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of American Propaganda in World War II and the Vietnam War Connor Foley
    Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Honors Program Theses and Projects Undergraduate Honors Program 5-12-2015 An Analysis of American Propaganda in World War II and the Vietnam War Connor Foley Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Foley, Connor. (2015). An Analysis of American Propaganda in World War II and the Vietnam War. In BSU Honors Program Theses and Projects. Item 90. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/90 Copyright © 2015 Connor Foley This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. An Analysis of American Propaganda in World War II and the Vietnam War Connor Foley Submitted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for Commonwealth Honors in History Bridgewater State University May 12, 2015 Dr. Paul Rubinson, Thesis Director Dr. Leonid Heretz, Committee Member Dr. Thomas Nester, Committee Member Foley 1 Introduction The history of the United States is riddled with military engagements and warfare. From the inception of this country to the present day, the world knows the United States as a militaristic power. The 20th century was a particularly tumultuous time in which the United States participated in many military conflicts including World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and several other smaller or unofficial engagements. The use of propaganda acts as a common thread that ties all these military actions together. Countries rely on propaganda during wartime for a variety of reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Meanings of Figures of Speech Used in Tourism Advertising Slogan Texts in the Internet
    PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI MEANINGS OF FIGURES OF SPEECH USED IN TOURISM ADVERTISING SLOGAN TEXTS IN THE INTERNET A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M. Hum.) Degree in English Language Studies SISKA BOCHARI Student Number: 096332020 THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. The writer understands the full consequences including degree cancellation if she took somebody else's ideas, phrases, or sentences without proper references. Yogyakarta, 17 March 2011 SISKA BOCHARI iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Siska Bochari Nomor Mahasiswa : 096332020 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul: Meanings of Figures of Speech Used in Tourism Advertising Slogan Texts in the Internet beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan hak kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological Operations Principles and Case Studies
    Psychological Operations Principles and Case Studies Editor Frank L. Goldstein, Col, USAF Co-editor Benjamin F. Findley, Jr., Col, USAFR Air University. Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama September 1996 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Psychological operations : principles and case studies j editor, Frank L. Goldstein ; co-editor, Benjamin F. Findley. p. cm. At head of t.p. : AU Shield. "September 1996 ." 1. Psychological warfare-United States . 2. Psychological warfare-Case studies . 1. Goldstein, Frank L., 1945- . 11. Findley, Benjamin F. UB276.P82 1996 355 .3'434-dc20 96-22817 CIP ISBN 1-58566-016-7 Disclaimer This publication was produced in the Department of Defense school environment in the interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts . The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States government. This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities and is cleared for public release . For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents US Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Contents Essay Page DISCLAIMER -------------------- ii FOREWORD . Lx PREFACE ______________________ xi PART I Nature and Scope of Psychological Operations (PSYOP) Introduction . 3 1 Psychological Operations : An Introduction Col Frank L. Goldstein, USAF Col Daniel W. Jacobowitz, USAF, Retired 2 Strategic Concepts for Military Operations . , 17 Col Fred W. Walker, USAF, Retired 3 No More Tactical Information Detachments: US Military Psychological Operations in Transition . 25 Col Alfred H. Paddock, Jr., USA, Retired 4 Blending Military and Civilian PSYOP Paradigms .
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of Propaganda During Conflict
    A Brief History of Propaganda During Conflict: Lessons for Counter-Terrorism Strategic Communications There is a tendency in scholarly and strategic-policy fields to see the ICCT Research Paper propaganda produced by groups like Islamic State and Al-Qaeda as June 2016 historically unheralded. As evidence, slickly produced communiques and a penchant for using social media are typically highlighted. This Author: narrow perspective, in placing the current phenomenon into an Haroro J. Ingram historical and thematic vacuum, infers that history has little to offer contemporary efforts to understand and confront extremist propaganda. This research paper explores the history of propaganda during conflict and draws out key lessons for improving counter- terrorism strategic communications. Overall, history suggests that a strategic communications campaign during conflict is more likely to succeed if it based on a multifaceted approach characterised by the deployment of a diversity of messages that leverage a variety of target audience motivations, uses all pertinent means of communication (not just the latest), and synchronises this messaging with strategic- policy/politico-military actions. DOI: 10.19165/2016.1.06 ISSN: 2468-0656 About the Author Haroro J. Ingram Dr. Haroro J. Ingram is an ICCT Associate Fellow from the Australian National University (Canberra). Ingram’s Australian Research Council funded research analyses the role of propaganda in the strategies of violent non-state political movements with the Afghan Taliban and Da’esh as major case studies. His research draws heavily on primary source materials, most of which is collected during periods of fieldwork in South Asia and the Middle East where he has interviewed current and former activists and fighters as well as civilians.
    [Show full text]
  • WEAPONS of MASS DISTRACTION: Foreign State-Sponsored Disinformation in the Digital Age
    WEAPONS OF MASS DISTRACTION: Foreign State-Sponsored Disinformation in the Digital Age MARCH 2019 PARK ADVISORS | Weapons of Mass Distraction: Foreign State-Sponsored Disinformation in the Digital Age Authored by Christina Nemr and William Gangware Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the following subject matter experts who provided input on early drafts of select excerpts: Dr. Drew Conway, Dr. Arie Kruglanski, Sean Murphy, Dr. Alina Polyakova, and Katerina Sedova. The authors also appreciate the contributions to this paper by Andrew Rothgaber and Brendan O’Donoghue of Park Advisors, as well as the editorial assistance provided by Rhonda Shore and Ryan Jacobs. This report was produced with support from the US Department of State’s Global Engagement Center. Any views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the US State Department, Park Advisors, or its subject matter expert consultants. Any errors contained in this report are the authors’ alone. PARK ADVISORS | Weapons of Mass Distraction: Foreign State-Sponsored Disinformation in the Digital Age 0. Table of Contents 01 Introduction and contextual analysis 04 How do we define disinformation? 06 What psychological factors drive vulnerabilities to disinformation and propaganda? 14 A look at foreign state-sponsored disinformation and propaganda 26 Platform-specific challenges and efforts to counter disinformation 39 Knowledge gaps and future technology challenges PARK ADVISORS | Weapons of Mass Distraction: Foreign State-Sponsored Disinformation in the Digital Age 1 Introduction and 1. contextual analysis On July 12, 2014, viewers of Russia’s main state-run television station, Channel One, were shown a horrific story.
    [Show full text]
  • The Road to the White (Nationalist) House: Coded Racial Appeals in Donald Trump's Presidential Campaign
    Duke University The Road to the White (Nationalist) House: Coded Racial Appeals in Donald Trump’s Presidential Campaign i Table of Contents Preface............................................................................................................................................. ii 1. “Dog Whistle Politics”: Coded Racial Appeals in American Political Discourse..................... 1 a. Dog Whistling Dixie: George Wallace and his Political Descendants............................. 2 b. Donald Trump: Dog Whistle or Dog Scream?................................................................15 2. Sounding the Dog Whistle: Anti-Immigrant, Anti-Muslim, and Anti-Black.......................... 20 a. Anti-Immigrant: “The Latino Threat”............................................................................ 20 b. Anti-Muslim: “Radical Islamic Terrorism”.................................................................... 40 c. Anti-Black: Crime, Welfare, and the African American Other...................................... 49 3. Why the Whistle Worked: White Nationalist Postracialism and White Identity Politics........ 62 a. White Nationalist Postracialism...................................................................................... 63 b. “Wink Wink Wink”: Coded Appeals to White Nationalism.......................................... 75 c. White Identity Politics and the Post-Racial Illusion....................................................... 82 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Censorship As a Vocation: the Institutions, Practices, and Cultural Logic of Media Control in the German Democratic Republic
    Censorship as a Vocation: The Institutions, Practices, and Cultural Logic of Media Control in the German Democratic Republic DOMINIC BOYER Cornell University My news today is that censorship is hardly ever censorship. ———Arthur Miller, “On Censorship and Laughter” What do you think you would find on the desk of a censor? He—almost cer- tainly “he”—would not need much. A jar filled with blue pencils. A coffee cup. A phone for whispering praise to the higher-ups and for ignoring the entreaties of his victims. For reading material, an ideological reference manual or a dog- eared sheaf of instructions would suffice. Surely, one would not expect to find any actual books on the censor’s shelves—why read when your life is com- mitted to eviscerating literature? What sort of person sits behind this desk? How did “he” come into this line of work in the first place and what motivates his daily practice of it? Does any little boy or girl dream of becoming a censor when s/he grows up? Censorship is enigmatic, the antithesis in so many respects of our vocation- al beings as intellectuals. In fact, it is fair to say that the censor is the anti- intellectual. As one of our peers intimately familiar with censorship and its agents, J. M. Coetzee, has testified, “Censorship is not an occupation that attracts in- telligent, subtle minds” (1996:viii). What more need be said? Censorship is a Acknowledgments. I wish to thank the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Bonn and the Wen- ner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research for generously funding my field research in eastern Germany during 1996 and 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • “Fake News?” a Framework for Understanding the Impact of Company Slogans on Employees
    Do your employees think your slogan is “fake news?” A framework for understanding the impact of company slogans on employees Linda W. Lee, Nottingham Trent University David R. Hannah, Simon Fraser University Ian P. McCarthy, Simon Fraser University Purpose This article connects the phenomenon of fake news with company slogans. Focusing on the employee audience, the article explores how this stakeholder can perceive and be impacted by different types of slogan fakeness. Design/methodology/approach Conceptual article. Findings Employees attend to two important dimensions of slogans: whether they accurately reflect a company’s (1) values and (2) value proposition. These dimensions combine to form a typology of four ways in which employees can perceive their company’s slogans: authentic, narcissistic, foreign, or corrupt. Research implications This paper outlines how the typology provides a theoretical basis for more refined empirical research on how company slogans influence a key stakeholder: their employees. Future research could test the arguments about how certain characteristics of slogans are more or less likely to cause employees to conclude that slogans are fake news. Those conclusions will in turn have implications for the morale and engagement of employees. The ideas herein can also enable a more comprehensive assessment of the impact of slogans. Practical implications Employees can view three types of slogans as fake news (narcissistic, foreign, and corrupt slogans). This article identifies the implications of each type, and explains how companies can go about developing authentic slogans. Originality/value This article is one of very few that draws upon the phenomenon of fake news to explore the impact of slogan veracity on stakeholders.
    [Show full text]