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Annotated Bibliography on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water Through 1954

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Annotated Bibliography on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water Through 1954 Annotated Bibliography on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water Through 1954 By DAVID K. TODD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1477 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING-OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director The U. S. Geological Survey Library has cataloged this publication as follows: Todd, David Keith, 1923- Annotated bibliography on artificial recharge of ground water through 1954. Washington, U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. 115 p. 25 cm. (U. S. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper 1477) First published in 1957 under title: Artificial recharge of ground water. 1. Water-supply Abstracts. 2. Water, Underground Artificial re­ charge Abstracts. i. Title: Artificial recharge of ground water. (Series) TC801.U2 no. 14T7 016.6281 GS 59-162 Copy 2. TD403.T6 1959 For sale by,the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 50 cents (paper corer) CONTENTS Page Introduction. ___________________________________________________ 1 Bibliography_____________________________________________________ 5 Index._______________________________________ 109 m ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER THROUGH 1954 By DAVID K. TODD INTRODUCTION The increasing use of ground water for industrial, municipal, and irrigation supply in the United States has emphasized the need for recharging the ground water in many areas by artificial means. Although the practice of artificial recharge is not widespread in the eastern half of the United States, it has been important in southern California for water conservation and flood control since about 1895. In Europe many cities have augmented their water supplies by arti­ ficial replenishment of heavily pumped aquifers. An increasing interest in artificial recharge is indicated by studies, tests, and research in other parts of the world. Artificial recharge may be defined for the purpose of this bibliog­ raphy as the practice of increasing by artificial means the amount of water that enters a ground-water reservoir. Artificial recharge may be divided into direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include water spreading flooding an area or admitting water into shallow basins, ditches, or furrows; extending the time during which water is recharged from a naturally influent channel; applying excess water for irrigation; recharge through pits and other excava­ tions of moderate depth; and recharge through relatively deep wells and shafts. Indirect methods consist of inducing the movement of water from lakes and streams into underground formations by pump­ ing water from wells, collectors, galleries located near the surface- water sources. The above classification includes the major methods of artificial recharge. Many operations include more than one method of re­ charging, and the methods described grade into one another. Each has certain inherent advantages and disadvantages; the selection of methods generally is based on consideration of several of the follow­ ing factors: climate, topography, soil, geology, water quality, pur­ pose of recharge, quantity of water involved, cost, and land use. Artificial recharge as a means of water conservation has the distinct advantages of not requiring large and elaborate structures 2 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE and of utilizing available natural subsurface reservoirs. Economically it compares well, as it must, with other methods of obtaining needed water supplies. Studies of proposed conservation projects in the western United States indicate that in some places large savings could be made by developing integrated surface and subsurface storage. In such systems the size and cost of surface storage and distribution systems can be reduced by supplying artificial recharge to under­ ground reservoirs. Evapotranspirative losses from water stored be­ neath the ground are usually less than those from surface-storage units. These, together with other demonstrable advantages, suggest that future practice of artificial recharge will not be confined to areas of overdraft and limited ground-water supplies, as is the present general practice. Rates of artificial recharge vary widely. Much of the current re­ search on the subject is directed toward ascertaining what factors control rates and how these factors operate. Factors such as time, soil, temperature, sunlight, bacteria, vegetation, chemicals, subsurface geology, head of water, water quality, and permeability have been investigated for their effect on recharge rates. Caution is necessary in designing a new artificial-recharge system for a given locality on the basis of rates measured in other localities. A preliminary investi­ gation of the local conditions is advisable rather than an assumption as to expected recharge rates. This annotated bibliography summarizes available literature per­ taining to artificial recharge of ground water. Each reference listed is accompanied by a short abstract designed to provide sufficient material to enable the reader to obtain the important points of the reference without reading the entire paper. For specific information, details, and data, the reader must, of course, turn to the original paper. However, it is the intent of these abstracts to assist him in deciding which papers to investigate. The selection of papers in this bibliography has emphasized design rather than principles, for an emphasis on principles alone would have necessitated the elimination of many of the papers. Some geologic terms are used in a sense differing from that in accepted scientific usage, but as contributions to the literature on artificial recharge come from a wide variety of sources, such variation in usage is to be expected. The bibliography is arranged in alphabetical order, by authors. Where several papers are by the same author, references are in chron­ ological order. The material is indexed by method of recharge and area. References have been assembled on a worldwide basis, although most come from the United States. The bibliography covers material up to and including the calendar year 1954. For comparative and INTRODUCTION 6 analytic purposes, artificial-recharge rates have been converted to common units. Kates of recharge by water spreading are given as feet per day over the wetted area; rates of recharge through wells are reported in cubic feet per second (cfs). The literature on artificial recharge of ground water is drawn from many fields civil engineering, geology, hydrology, soil science, and agriculture. In order to keep the bibliography to a practical size, its scope has been carefully limited. Literature on brine disposal through wells, water-flooding methods for secondary oil recovery, and the operation of industrial-waste-disposal pits and wells are ex­ cluded, because in these operations the purpose, rates, equipment, water quality, and depths of recharge differ markedly from those in recharge of fresh ground water. Excluded also are papers on in­ filtration and permeability unless they refer specifically to artificial recharge. In larger references, such as books and reports, only those portions relating to artificial recharge have been abstracted. Other than these specific exclusions, the bibliography covers all the meth­ ods previously classed as artificial recharge according to the definition given on page 1. The foreign literature abstracted comes largely from Germany, Sweden, France, and Great Britain. Only meager information is available from other nations, but to a large extent it is all that exists. In Europe artificial recharge began more than a century ago, and today, particularly in Germany and Sweden, it is a standard pro­ cedure for augmenting municipal water supplies. Although actual needs for additional ground-water supplies may be many years away, study and research on possible methods of artificial recharge are already under way in many countries. The bibliography in its present form is the product of efforts by several organizations and many individuals. It had its beginning several years ago as part of a cooperative research project among the Indiana Department of Conservation, Purdue University, and the U. S. Geological Survey. Eepresentatives of these organizations composed a Committee on Conservation of Ground Water to study the declining water levels in parts of Indiana and to provide infor­ mation that would be helpful in connection with the recent legislative action of the State in controlling the use of ground water for cooling purposes. On January 14, 1948, the committee appointed a sub­ committee composed of Fred H. Klaer, Jr. (Chairman), Frederick W. Greve, and Charles H. Bechert to proceed with the preparation of a synopsis of available data relating to artificial recharge of underground waters. The result was "A preliminary list of references pertaining to artificial recharge of ground water in the United States," by Fred H. Klaer, Jr., William F. Guy ton, and the present 4 ARTIFICIAL GROUND-WATER RECHARGE writer. The list was duplicated for limited distribution by the U. S. Geological Survey on August 18, 1948. After 1948, Mr. Klaer began the task of abstracting references on this list, and copies of those abstracts completed were supplied to the writer. The present bibliography is extended and expanded from the 1948 list, covering additional references and material published since 1948 and including foreign literature. A few abstracts prepared in final form by others than the writer have been
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