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The San Dimas Experimental Forest: 50 Yearsof Research

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The San Dimas Experimental Forest: 50 Yearsof Research United States Department of Agriculture The San Dimas Forest Service Pacific Southwest Experimental Forest: Forest and Range Experlrnent Station 50 Yearsof Research General Technical Report PSW-104 Paul H.Dunn Susan C. Barro Wade G. Wells II Mark A. Poth Peter M. Wohlgemuth Charles G. Colver The Authors: at the time the report was prepared were assigned to the Station's ecology of chaparral and associated ecosystems research unit located in Riverside, California. PAUL H. DUNN was project leader at that time and is now project leader of the atmospheric deposition research unit in Riverside. Calif. SUSAN C. BARRO is a botanist, and WADE G. WELLS II and PETER M. WOHLGEMUTH are hydrologists assigned to the Station's research unit studying ecology arid fire effects in Mediterranean ecosystems located in Riverside, Calif. CHARLES G. COLVER is manager of the San Dimas Experimental Forest. MARK A. POTH is a microbiologist with the Station's research unit studying atmospheric deposition, in Riverside, Calif. Acknowledgments: This report is dedicated to J. Donald Sinclair. His initiative and exemplary leadership through the first 25 years of the San Dimas Experimental Forest are mainly responsible for the eminent position in the scientific community that the Forest occupies today. We especially thank Jerome S. Horton for his valuable suggestions and additions to the manuscript. We also thank the following people for their helpful comments an the manuscript: Leonard F. DeBano, Ted L. Hanes, Raymond M. Rice, William O. Wirtz, Ronald D. Quinn, Jon E. Keeley, and Herbert C. Storey. Cover: Flume and stilling well gather hydrologic data in the Bell 3 debris reservoir, San Dimas Experimental Forest. (Photo: David R. VanDusen.) Publisher: Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station P.O. Box 245, Berkeley, California 94701 May 1988 The San Dimas Experimental Forest: 50 Years of Research Paul H. Dunn Susan C. Barro Wade G. Wells II Mark A. Poth Peter M. Wohlgemuth Charles G. Colver CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Physical Description ................................................................................................................................... 1 Research History ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Water................................................................................................................................................ 4 Soils and Slope Stability ................................................................................................................. 8 Effects of Fire ............................................................................................................................... 11 Vegetation Management ............................................................................................................... 11 Chaparral Ecology and Physiology ............................................................................................... 12 Vegetation Classification.............................................................................................................. 13 Litter Decomposition .................................................................................................................... 14 Fauna.............................................................................................................................................. 15 On-Going Research .................................................................................................................................. 15 Appendix ................................................................................................................................................... 16 A-Flora........................................................................................................................................... 16 B-Mosses ...................................................................................................................................... 25 C-Vertebrate Fauna....................................................................................................................... 27 Amphibians and Reptiles ................................................................................................. 27 Birds ................................................................................................................................. 30 Mammals ......................................................................................................................... 41 References ................................................................................................................................................. 44 Additional Reading ................................................................................................................................... 49 Included in this area is Brown's Flat, a locally unique High S ierratype meadow supporting a grove of large ponderosa pine. INTRODUCTION Modern facilities on the Forest are available to researchers throughout the world. Requests for use of the laboratory and housing should be sent to: Forest Manager-San Dimas Experi- The San Dimas Experimental Forest (SDEF) is a field mental Forest, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, labora Ttory for studies in the ecology of chaparral and related 110 North Wabash Avenue, Glendora, California 91740 ecosystems. A broad data base together with unique physical U.S.A. features make the SDEF an ideal location for studies of timely The SDEF has been described and its history and research topics such as acid deposition, sediment production, biomass progress noted in many publications (Hamilton 1940; Hill production control, and chaparral management systems. 1963b; Hopkins and others 1958,1961; Kraebel and Sinclair Located in the San Gabriel Mountains northeast of Los 1940; Millen 1974; Mooney and Parsons 1973; Robinson Angeles, the Forest is a valuable research site because it is 1980; SDEF Staff 1935-1938,1951; Sinclair and Kraebel close to urban universities, is protected from public 1934; Sinclair and others 1958; Storey 1982). disturbance, and because little public land is currently This report describes the physiography of the San Dimas available for field research as a result of pressure for Experimental Forest and summarizes its research history for recreation sites. amateur biologists, graduate students, and other scientists The SDEF is under the jurisdiction of the Pacific interested in using its research facilities. Also included is a Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest comprehensive listing of publications related to the Forest or Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and has been the research conducted there. recognized by national and international organizations. The Man and the Biosphere Program of the United Nations recognizes SDEF as a "Biosphere Preserve." The National PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION Science Foundation and The Institute of Ecology recognize the SDEF as an "Experimental Ecological Reserve." Fern Canyon, a 555-ha (1370 acres) tributary of San Dimas Canyon, was The San Dimas Experimental Forest covers an area of 6945 ha selected as a research natural area in 1972; only (17,153 acres) near Glendora, California (fig.1). It is 45 km (28 nondestructive observational research may be conducted there. Figure 1--The San Dimas Experimental Forest is in a front range of the shows the 2 major watersheds and 10 minor watersheds in the Forest San Gabriel Mountains in southern California. This general map also (Source: Hill 1963b). Elevations are in meters. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-104. 1988 1 Figure 2—Extensive steep canyons dissect the San Dimas Experimental Forest. Contour lines are at 100-ft (30.5) intervals. mi) northeast of Los Angeles on the northern edge of the Los obtain maximum water yields with minimum erosion (SDEF Angeles basin. The headquarters and laboratory are at Tanbark Staff 1935). To proceed with this research an understanding of Flats (latitude 34°12N, longitude 117°46’W). The the factors influencing the hydrologic budget was necessary. Experimental Forest area is within the San Gabriel Mountain Such environmental factors as the temperature of air and soil, fault block, and is extensively dissected by steep canyons. The precipitation, evaporation, relative humidity, windspeed and elevation on the Experimental Forest ranges from 457 to 1677 direction, and even solar radiation were monitored in this m (1500 to 5500 ft) (fig. 2). The average slope is 68 percent. endeavor. Soon after the Forest was established in 1935, The two major watersheds within the boundaries of the complete climatological stations were established at San Experimental Forest are Big Dalton (1155 ha or 2853 acres) Dimas Canyon, 442 m (1450 ft); Tanbark Flats, 831 m (2725 and San Dimas (4079 ha or 10,075 acres). These watersheds ft); San Gabriel Divide, 1326 m (4350 ft); and Fern Canyon, form an ideal experimental area as they have vegetation 1540 m (5050 ft). These were equipped with air patterns typical of southern California; they are separated from hygrothermographs, soil hygrothermographs, air and soil the main mass of the San Gabriel Mountains by deep canyons thermometers, psychrometers, anemometers, wind direction (Cow Canyon on the north, San Antonio Canyon
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