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(Phd) Értekezés BODOR MÁRIA AZ OROSZ–NÁPOLYI–SZICÍLIAI

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(Phd) Értekezés BODOR MÁRIA AZ OROSZ–NÁPOLYI–SZICÍLIAI Doktori (PhD) értekezés BODOR MÁRIA AZ OROSZ–NÁPOLYI–SZICÍLIAI DIPLOMÁCIAI KAPCSOLATOK NEMZETKÖZI ÖSSZEFÜGGÉSEI ÉS HELYE I. SÁNDOR (1801–1825) EURÓPAI ÜGYEKBEN KÖVETETT POLITIKÁJÁBAN OROSZ PUBLIKÁLT KÜLÜGYI FORRÁSOK TÜKRÉBEN DEBRECENI EGYETEM BÖLCSÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI KAR 2019 AZ OROSZ–NÁPOLYI–SZICÍLIAI DIPLOMÁCIAI KAPCSOLATOK NEMZETKÖZI ÖSSZEFÜGGÉSEI ÉS HELYE I. SÁNDOR (1801–1825) EURÓPAI ÜGYEKBEN KÖVETETT POLITIKÁJÁBAN OROSZ PUBLIKÁLT KÜLÜGYI FORRÁSOK TÜKRÉBEN Értekezés a doktori (Ph.D.) fokozat megszerzése érdekében a történelem tudományágban Írta: Bodor Mária okleveles történész Készült a Debreceni Egyetem Történelmi és Néprajzi doktori iskolája (Történelem programja) keretében Témavezető: Dr. (olvasható aláírás) A doktori szigorlati bizottság: elnök: Dr. ………………………… tagok: Dr. ………………………… Dr. ………………………… A doktori szigorlat időpontja: 20.… . ……………… … . Az értekezés bírálói: Dr. ........................................... Dr. …………………………… Dr. ........................................... A bírálóbizottság: elnök: Dr. ........................................... tagok: Dr. ………………………….. Dr. ………………………….. Dr. ………………………….. Dr. ………………………….. A nyilvános vita időpontja: 20.… . ……………… … . 2 „Én, Bodor Mária a teljes felelősségem tudatában kijelentem, hogy a benyújtott értekezés önálló munka, a szerzői jog nemzetközi normáinak tiszteletben tartásával készült, a benne található irodalmi hivatkozások egyértelműek és teljesek. Nem állok doktori fokozat visszavonására irányuló eljárás alatt, illetve 5 éven belül nem vontak vissza tőlem odaítélt doktori fokozatot. Jelen értekezést korábban más intézményben nem nyújtottam be és azt nem utasították el.” Debrecen, 2019. február 8. ………………………… Bodor Mária doktorjelölt 3 Tartalomjegyzék I. BEVEZETÉS ........................................................................................................................................ 5 I. 1. TÉMAVÁLASZTÁS INDOKLÁSA, KÉRDÉSFELVETÉSEK, MÓDSZERTAN ................................ 5 I. 2. HISTORIOGRÁFIAI ÁTTEKINTÉS ........................................................................................... 12 II. DIPLOMÁCIAI KAPCSOLATOK OROSZORSZÁG ÉS AZ APPENNINI-FÉLSZIGET ÁLLAMAI KÖZÖTT 1801-IG ................................................................................................................................. 27 II. 1. ELŐZMÉNYEK ........................................................................................................................ 27 II. 2. AZ OROSZ–ITÁLIAI KAPCSOLATOK II. KATALIN (1762–1796) KÜLPOLITIKÁJÁBAN ... 34 II. 3. AZ OROSZ FLOTTA ÉS HADSEREG 1799. ÉVI ITÁLIAI HADJÁRATA .................................. 44 III. I. SÁNDOR ÉS AZ ITÁLIAI ÜGYEK 1801–1803 KÖZÖTT ............................................................ 55 IV. AZ OROSZ BIRODALOM ÉS A NÁPOLYI KIRÁLYSÁG KAPCSOLATAI A HARMADIK KOALÍCIÓ IDEJÉN .................................................................................................................................................. 75 IV. 1. AZ ÚJ OROSZ KÜLPOLITIKAI KONCEPCIÓ SZÜLETÉSE .................................................... 75 IV. 2. AZ 1805. ÉVI OROSZ–NÁPOLYI SZÖVETSÉGESI SZERZŐDÉS ÉS AZ OROSZ HADSEREG RÖVID DÉL-ITÁLIAI HADJÁRATA .................................................................................................. 89 IV. 3. A HARMADIK KOALÍCIÓ SZÉTESÉSÉNEK HATÁSA AZ OROSZ–ITÁLIAI KAPCSOLATOKRA ......................................................................................................................... 101 V. TILSITTŐL A HONVÉDŐ HÁBORÚIG (1807–1812) .................................................................... 121 VI. A BÉCSI KONGRESSZUS ÉS A SZENT SZÖVETSÉG ................................................................... 143 VI. 1. OROSZORSZÁG KAPCSOLATAI A SZICÍLIAI ÉS A NÁPOLYI KIRÁLYSÁGGAL AZ ELSŐ PÁRIZSI BÉKÉIG............................................................................................................................. 143 VI. 2. A BÉCSI KONGRESSZUS...................................................................................................... 163 VI. 3. OROSZ–ITÁLIAI KAPCSOLATOK A MÁSODIK PÁRIZSI BÉKÉTŐL A NÁPOLYI FORRADALOM KIROBBANÁSÁIG (1815–1820) ........................................................................... 186 VII. AZ 1820-AS ÉVEK ELEJÉNEK ITÁLIAI FORRADALMAI ÉS AZ OROSZ DIPLOMÁCIA .......... 208 VII. 1. A NÁPOLYI FORRADALOM ÉS AZ OROSZ DIPLOMÁCIA (1820–1821) ......................... 208 VII. 2. OROSZ–NÁPOLYI DIPLOMÁCIAI KAPCSOLATOK A PIEMONTI FORRADALOMTÓL I. SÁNDOR HALÁLÁIG (1821–1825) ................................................................................................ 253 VIII. BEFEJEZÉS, ÖSSZEGZÉS ......................................................................................................... 277 IX. FELHASZNÁLT FORRÁSOK ÉS IRODALMAK ............................................................................ 285 IX. 1. FORRÁSOK .......................................................................................................................... 285 IX. 2. FELHASZNÁLT IRODALOM ................................................................................................ 289 X. Mellékletek .................................................................................................................................... 308 XI. ABSZTRAKT ................................................................................................................................. 312 XII. SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 313 4 I. BEVEZETÉS „Itália függetlenségének és jólétének biztosítása, és baráti kapcsolatok fenntartása az erre hajlandó itáliai államokkal az orosz politika egyik alkotóeleme.” (Scipione Piattoli1) I. 1. TÉMAVÁLASZTÁS INDOKLÁSA, KÉRDÉSFELVETÉSEK, MÓDSZERTAN A dolgozat témaválasztását indokolja, hogy az Oroszországgal foglalkozó rendkívül gazdag történelmi irodalom komoly figyelmet szentelt az állam külkapcsolatainak, jól feldolgozott az Orosz Birodalom európai, balkáni, kaukázusontúli és keleti kérdésben követett külpolitikája, feltárt a cári diplomácia viszonya az európai nagyhatalmakkal a XVIII. század elejétől egészen 1917-ig. Azonban az itáliai politika nem kapott jelentősebb figyelmet. A történetírás az Orosz Birodalom és a Nápolyi Királyság közötti kapcsolatot a „hagyományosan jó” jelzővel szokta illetni, és ez a jelző váltotta ki a kutatói érdeklődést, hogy pontosan miért is „hagyományos” és „jó” a viszony a dél-itáliai állammal. A témaválasztást segítette dr. Bodnár Erzsébet témavezető is, aki az Orosz Birodalom itáliai államokkal fenntartott kapcsolatainak különböző aspektusait vizsgálta meg. Az orosz–itáliai kapcsolatok a legtöbb esetben csak egy-egy mondattal kerülnek megemlítésre, azok a művek pedig, melyek ennél részletesebben foglalkoznak a kérdéssel, kisszámúak és valamennyire elavultnak tekinthetőek. Az orosz–itáliai kapcsolatok körében egyedül az Orosz Birodalom és az egységesülő Itália kap nagyobb kutatói érdeklődést. Mindenképpen hiánypótló jellegű a dél-itáliai állammal kapcsolatos orosz diplomáciai tevékenység vizsgálata a XIX. század első negyedében, főként mert annak a Földközi-tengeren elfoglalt stratégiai szerepe mellett, mint több, Oroszországgal más területeken rivalizáló nagyhatalom befolyási övezetébe tartozó terület, az európai hatalmakkal fenntartott viszonyrendszer lényeges pontját alkotta. A szakirodalom mindössze néhány orosz–nápolyi kérdéskörnek szentelt figyelmet (leginkább A. V. Szuvorov 1799. évi itáliai hadjárata, D. N. Szenjavin földközi-tengeri tevékenységével kapcsolatban említésre kerül, az orosz diplomácia 1 Idézi Берти, Д.: Россия и итальянские государства в период Рисорджименто. Издательство Иностранной литературы, Москва, 1959. 226. 5 nápolyi forradalmat érintő állásfoglalása általában csak Klemens Wenzel Lothar von Metternich és I. A. Kapodisztriasz konfliktusaként jelenítődik meg), így például az 1805. évi dél-itáliai orosz deszant, az 1807 és 1812 közötti időszak orosz viszonyulása a franciabarát Nápolyi, és az angol ellenőrzés alatt álló Szicíliai Királyság iránt, Szentpétervár kapcsolata IV. Ferdinánd szicíliai, és Joachim Murat nápolyi királlyal 1814-ben, majd Napóleon Elbáról történt szökése után, pedig leginkább olyan kérdések, melyekre csak a források adnak választ. A forrásokból rajzolódik ki többek között az is, hogy az Orosz Birodalom nápolyi állammal fenntartott kapcsolatai milyen szerepet töltöttek be a többi európai udvarral kapcsolatos feladatokban, milyen szerepet játszott az orosz hadsereg 1813–1814. évi európai hadjáratához kapcsolódó katonai és politikai elképzeléseiben, és megfigyelhető, hogy I. Sándor miként viszonyult az 1820–1821. évi nápolyi forradalom elfojtása után a Nápolyi Királyság belső állapotaihoz. Jelen dolgozat a XIX. század első negyedének az Orosz Birodalom Nápolyi-Szicíliai Királysággal fenntartott diplomáciai kapcsolatainak feltérképezésére vállalkozik. A vizsgálódás fő tárgya ez a királyság, amely az itáliai államok közül elsőként értette meg a megváltozott európai helyzetben a feltörekvő Orosz Birodalom súlyát és Itália viszonylatában elsőként épített ki vele hivatalos és rendszeres diplomáciai kapcsolatokat. Ezek a kapcsolatok szilárdak maradtak egészen az egységes Olaszország megteremtéséig, amikor is a Nápolyi- Szicíliai Kettős Királyság az olasz állam része lett. A rendszeres diplomáciai kapcsolatok kialakulása előzményeinek részletesebb bemutatását indokolja, hogy a téma kevéssé
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