La Quête Imperfetta Di Corto Maltese. Dal Conte Du Graal a Le Elvetiche – Rosa Alchemica

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La Quête Imperfetta Di Corto Maltese. Dal Conte Du Graal a Le Elvetiche – Rosa Alchemica Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Filologia e letteratura italiana Tesi di Laurea La quête imperfetta di Corto Maltese. Dal Conte du Graal a Le Elvetiche – Rosa Alchemica Relatore Ch. Prof. Eugenio Burgio Correlatore Ch. Prof. Alessandro Cinquegrani Ch. Prof.ssa Silvana Tamiozzo Laureando Alvise Filippo Stefani Matricola 847026 Anno Accademico 2017 / 2018 ABSTRACT Il mito del Graal ha permeato la cultura occidentale sin dal Medioevo, quando il poeta Chrétien de Troyes (1135-1190) scrisse l'incompiuto Conte du Graal. La mancanza di una conclusione del roman in versi, dovuta alla prematura morte del suo autore, portò nell'arco di pochi decenni alla realizzazione sia di prosecuzioni e conclusioni anonime, che vere e proprie riscritture della storia del Graal: un fenomeno che interessò non solamente l'area francese in cui Chrétien aveva operato, ma coinvolse anche l'area tedesca, dando origine al Parzival del poeta Wolfram von Eschenbach (1179-1220). Ma così come l'interesse per il Graal si era sollevato con improvvisa rapidità nel clima culturale del tempo, con altrettanta radicalità esso scomparve alle soglie del Cinquecento. Un sonno che durò secoli, fino a che un compositore tedesco lo riportò in vita il 26 luglio 1882, sul palcoscenico del Festspielhaus di Bayreuth: questa infatti la data della prima rappresentazione del Parsifal di Richard Wagner (1813-1883). A partire da quel momento, il Graal ha nuovamente e stabilmente goduto di un interesse ed uno studio che vanno oltre il mondo accademico e specialistico, rivelando anzi una indiscussa vitalità pop della Sacra Coppa – vitalità purtroppo affatto filologica. La presente tesi intende esplorare come il mito graaliano venga affrontato e persino riconfigurato dalla Modernità attraverso una sua particolare rilettura contenuta ne Le Elvetiche – Rosa alchemica (1988) di Hugo Pratt (1927-1995). Il fumetto del maestro veneziano (dotato, come verrà analizzato in un capitolo dedicato, di forti caratteristiche di letterarietà, padronanza tecnica e raffinatezza estetica) fungerà da “pietra di paragone” per comprendere con quale fisionomia il mito del Graal sia giunto dalla sua forma originaria (a partire dal Conte du Graal) al Novecento e sino ad oggi. Si metterà inoltre in luce la modalità di ripresa della struttura narrativa della quête, intrinsecamente legata al Graal (in particolare esaminando il ruolo dell'ironia prattiana), e la funzione che la Sacra Coppa assume come oggetto e come simbolo. INDICE CAPITOLO 1. Hugo Pratt............................................................................................................................................p. 1 1. Premessa: un “dittico familiare”...............................................................................................................p. 1 2. Hugo Pratt: biografia.................................................................................................................................p. 4 3. Caratteristiche del fumetto prattiano, con particolare attenzione alla saga di Corto Maltese.................p. 10 3.1. Letterarietà............................................................................................................................p. 10 3.2. Il segno, il disegno................................................................................................................p. 16 CAPITOLO 2. Corto Maltese.....................................................................................................................................p. 19 1. Corto Maltese: biografia.........................................................................................................................p. 19 2. Caratteristiche di un antieroe..................................................................................................................p. 24 2.1. Avventura..............................................................................................................................p. 24 2.2. Ironia.....................................................................................................................................p.30 2.3. Una modalità narrativa dell'avventura: l'oniricità................................................................p. 35 2.4. Oniricità in Mū.....................................................................................................................p. 50 2.4.1. Il ruolo della musica in Mū...............................................................................p. 57 CAPITOLO 3. Corto Maltese e la quête du Graal.....................................................................................................p. 63 1. Le Elvetiche – Rosa alchemica: sinossi..................................................................................................p. 63 2. Scrittori, marinai e cavalieri....................................................................................................................p. 65 2.1. La Svizzera, l'influenza di W. B. Yeats.................................................................................p. 65 2.2. Un Klingsor, molti Klingsor.................................................................................................p. 71 2.3. Klingsor ed il Graal..............................................................................................................p. 79 3. La quête..................................................................................................................................................p. 84 3.1. Il motivo della quête graaliana ne Le Elvetiche – Rosa Alchemica......................................p. 84 3.2. Il “tenente Scarecrows”, paladino di Francia.......................................................................p. 90 3.3. Tre lettere ebraiche per un cavaliere tedesco........................................................................p. 94 3.4 La quête e la prova..............................................................................................................p. 104 4. Dopo la quête.......................................................................................................................................p. 116 4.1. Oltre il Graal.......................................................................................................................p. 116 4.2. Fuori dal Graal?..................................................................................................................p. 122 CONCLUSIONI.......................................................................................................................................................p. 127 APPENDICI..............................................................................................................................................................p. 138 BIBLIOGRAFIA......................................................................................................................................................p. 174 La quête imperfetta di Corto Maltese. Dal Conte du Graal a Le Elvetiche – Rosa Alchemica CAPITOLO PRIMO Hugo Pratt 1. premessa: un “dittico familiare” Ho sempre sostenuto che i disegnatori si disegnano nei loro protagonisti […]. Di Pratt non lo sospettavo. Ma un giorno, alla presentazione di non so più quale libro o evento, l'ho incontrato alla Terrazza Martini di Milano e l'ho presentato a mia figlia, allora molto piccola ma già lettrice delle sue storie, e lei mi ha sussurrato all'orecchio che Pratt era Corto Maltese1. La personalità di Hugo Pratt è ormai consolidata come icona del fumetto mondiale, come dimostrano le continue ristampe delle sue opere, le mostre2 e le rassegne, persino pubblicazioni accademiche. Lo stesso si può dire per il suo personaggio più famoso, il marinaio Corto Maltese: dal fumetto è diventato un fenomeno pop capace di uscire dall'ambito specifico delle storie disegnate ed entrare nell'animazione3, nel videogioco4, persino nella moda5. Le parole di Umberto Eco che aprono questa pagina sottolineano lo stretto legame che è stato individuato tra creatore e res creata; “Pratt non ha la statura, l' astata longilineità di Corto, ma guardandolo 1 ECO, UMBERTO, Geografia imperfetta di Corto Maltese, in PRATT, HUGO, Una ballata del mare salato, Gruppo editoriale L'espresso, 2005, pp. 6-15 (precedentemente ECO, UMBERTO, Geografia imperfetta di Corto Maltese, in ID., Tra menzogna e ironia, Milano, Bompiani, 1998, pp. 99-107). 2 L'ultima è stata organizzata a Palazzo Pepoli nel 2017, con il titolo “Hugo Pratt e Corto Maltese. Cinquant’anni di viaggi nel mito”. 3 Nel 2002 una coproduzione italo-francese (Rai Fiction in collaborazione con Canal + e Ellipsanime) ha dato alla luce una serie a cartoni animati di Corto Maltese. Si tratta di 10 episodi di 90 minuti ciascuno. Si veda in merito l'articolo di BANDIRALI, LUCA, Corto animato, l'aporia di un adattamento in fuga, in «H-ermes. Journal of Communication», VI, 2015, pp. 89-102. L'articolo è consultabile al link www.academia.edu/19634103/Corto_Maltese_animato_laporia_di_un_adattamento_in_fuga_-_H- ermes_n._6_2015 (consultato ultima volta il 11/04/2018). 4 Si veda in merito CHIRCHIANO, EMILIANO, I segreti di Venezia – L’avventura di Corto Maltese ri-mediata nel videogame di Ubisoft, in «H-ermes. Journal of Communication», VI, 2015, pp. 103- 114. L'articolo si trova anche online al al link http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/h- ermes/article/view/15456/13423 (consultato ultima volta il 14/04/2018). 5 Nel 2012 l'azienda Chiros Industrie Abbigliamento (Portogruaro, Venezia) ha lanciato
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