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::*=._:::::::.1 - ,r' l':.1:::'.:= l:1 ,ir*j,.,li cr., ;r:F]E} ,l No.3 March 1982

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a:.u&:@,

Airfares: whatgoes up must come down?

The Commission's farm price proposals for 1982

lf Britain quit: what overseas investors haveto say

What can we do to savethe butteillies?

Young Euro-jazz men's big band sound ROP The big'but'about forcign investmert in Britain

The benefits of what has become known as 'inward investment' are Published by the Commission of the beginning to be obvious, even to those who like to close their eyes to European Communities, 20 Kensington the economic advantages to theUnitedKingdom ofbelongingto the Palace Gardens, London $[8 4QQ. Tel:01-727 8090 European Communlty. Inthis issuewe include anarticleby the Editor-in-Chief: George Scott financial j ournalist Kenneth Fleet, based on rep tris ort cont aining Editor: JohnGreenwood chapter-and-verse evidence of howbig overseas flrms are being Associate Editor: Denis Thomas attracted to invest, in Britain, because by doing so they have access to Design: Lawrence Edwards a far larger market for their products than if they were selling to Printed by Lawrence-Allen Ltd, Europe from outside the common market. \Uileston-super-Mare, Avon Europe 82 does not necessarily reflect, in all particulars, the opinions The article names some of the international companieswho have of the Community institutions. Unsigned material may be j op ened up in Britain, providing obs and new opp ortunities for quoted or reprinted without payment, thousands. Most of these companies are in modern technolos/- the subiect to suitable acknowledgement. skiLls andserwices ttratwill carryus into the 21st centur5r. The Belfast Office : \l ndsor House, attitudes of their locally-based managers are strongly pro-Europe. 9/15 Bedford Street, Belfast BT2 7EG Tel. (0232) 40708 And they make it clear that, if Britain should withdraw from the C ardiff Offce : 4 Cathedral Road, European Commu-r[ty, s ome might well p ack up and go elsewtrere, CardiffCFl 9SG Tel. (0222)171631 taking their manu-facturing e)q)ertise and their money with - - E dinburgh Oflc e : 7 Alva Street, them. Edinburgh EH2 4PH Tel. (03 l) 225 2058 As the head of the Sony operation in South IlIaJes warns, in ttrat event Associated editions: E urope, 2100 M Street, NW, further development mightwell go to his company's other European Suite 707, Washington DC 20037, USA factories - 'because the EEC less the UK is stilI a much bigger Tel.202 8629500 potentia.l Europe,3S0Sparks Street, Suire 1 I 10, Ottawa, market than the TIK alone.' Ontario, Canada K1R 7S8. Tel. (613) 238-6464 Repon, 39 Moleswonh Sueet, Kenneth tr''Ieet puts question Community the of what, might happen if, instead of Dublin 2, Ireland being inside aprosperous, tariff-free marketwith 5OO million people Tel.712244 and one-third of world trade, Britain, with its 56 milIion, became a 30 J ours d Europe, 6 1 rue des Belles Feuilles, 75782 Paris Cedex 16, market onits own. France. Tel. 501 58 85 Comunitd Europee, Via Poli 29, 00187 Rome, Italy .Te|.67897 22 To ask the question is to point straight to the answer. Investment j.rr E F -aoisen G ammel Torv 4, Bri.tainby prosperous, go-ahead foreign corporations would fir up. Post Box l,M, 1004 Copenhagen K, And British companies would notbe able to flI1 the gap. Denmark. Tel 1441 4011455 32 E G M agazin, Zitelmannstrasse 22, 5300 Bonn, W. Germany \t\Ihat is more, the emplo5rment and profltabiliW that American, Tel. 23 80 4l clapanese and other investors bring with tJ:em is in parts of these Commid,ad europea, Serrano,4l-5 a planta Madrid-I, Spain islands where traditional industries - coal, steeI, shipbuilding, TeI.4741199 textil.es are running dovm. Europaihi Koinotis, 2 Vassilissis Sofias, - T.K. 1602, Athens 134, Greece Tel.7439821314 Allways rould, itbecomes more andmore apparentthat Britain E uropa-b eric ht, E U R info, needs Archimedesstraat 73, the rest of Europe no less ttranttre rest of Europe needs us. 1040 Brussel, Belgium Tel.235 4178 ,/) Eurofmm LuxmDozrg, BAtiment Jean Monnet, Luxembourg-Kirchberg Tel. 4301 I (/ AorrpaToplulu[a, 13 Botaz Sokak Kavaklidere, Ankara, Turkey /ll-ot+ {m Tel.27 61 45 Big business at Britain's gateway toEurcpe

'$fith 42 per cent of the UK's exports destined for R?ny, and they have all coincided to give the region a EEC countries, and imports from Europe boost. Their geographical position is clearly the most amounting to 45 per cent of the national total, it is important in{luence, giving them a short and easy hardly surprising to find East Anglia's ports doing route across the North Sea to the maior European good business. At a time when the recession is ports. In addition, the rapid growth of casting a shadow over maior ports in other parts of containerisation throughout the world has attracted the country, Felixstowe, Harwich and Ipswich are exporters and importers to the three ports. booming. They are also investing heavily in the Felixstowe, the first UK port to build a container future, confident that they will continue to expand. terminal back in 1967 ,is now Britain's largest The reasons for the ports'healthy condition are handler of container traffi c.

he decline of deep-sea traffic to the try crane - which was designed to increase The growth of Felixstowe, z[0 UK in favour of Continental ports has throughput by per cent. benefited the East Anglian ports with Harwich and Ipswich is The development at Felixstowe- pictured their traditional links with Europe. An above - included two new container termin- becomingone of the biggest \Uflhen obvious factor has been the UK's past docks als, Dooley and \[alton. the 1981 disputes, which have made many exporters success stories inthe United figures are released they are expected to show and importers wary of using the larger ports. Kingdom's flourishing trade that the docks' handling of containers in- Good industrial relations, particularly at withEurope, reports creased to 330,000. The total for 1982 is an- Ipswich Docks, are an acknowledged ingre- ticipated to be as high as 450,000 - which dient oftheir current success. ROYSTEMMAN means Felixstowe will almost have doubled its Once a fashionable seaside resort, Felix- throughput in two years. stowe even owes that to Europe. It was a visit In the week that I visited East Anglia, by the German Empress Augusta and her getic about the figure. It could have been Felixstowe announced further capital invest- children in 1891 which made it popular. But it more, but a 832 million development inter- ment. A f37z million railway terminal is to be is as a port that it is best known today. fered with the smooth running of the Land- built to serve Dooley and \falton, sup- A quarter of a million containers passed guard terminal in that year. It was also re- plementing the existing rail connection at through its docks in 1980. That may seem a equipped in 1980 with a new generation of Landguard terminal. lot, but the port authorities are a little apolo- container handling machinery - a mobile gan- About a third of Felixstowe's trade is with 3 I.,unrpc. arrcl it has r !rrrr:lilr.d ,il tlral iL:r't l lor- t\\() l)utrit ','csscls. 1'hese at'e douhlrd tlurrrrg .. .ttrrrl rrr:.. Httr rrirlr Ilri 1','1 1 \'\i\.ilr\r,,ll litc frerk sd.l\()1. l)arlv scrvices alsrr rLrn he- :o tlrc tolal li)njltqc fassrilg til:rriri lr-rriD 1,,1.,(. l\\'e e r) thr'porI .lnd l)cnnrark and (iermanr'. !()rll]trrts hls ittcreasctl, ArtieIielt itlt: ltlrrlir't It is riot ()nl\'!ilr\ 179.1+l were carricJ irl irctnlirerlitionai eust()ll)cr()i Felixsto\r. but l9E() urttl lltcir p155r'11q1'rs rrho u:e rhe Sca- lt he\ [)ccll scllilig its scrvirc: \ ig()r()u\l\ ]t] 1 ll. iirik :clvices. l-orries. trililers and aaravalls \\'c:t Irriics. All'ii.r lntl tlre Ilirl.ilc l'"rrsr titrcl i,n lhc r()Utc. 1\)(). i)()[ to rllention closc It is lls,, c\p()rtlttg iIs ctrrilailer kttitrt li.* rrrl 1i.i11111 tnlr: hV I)rnish Bacon trailers_ in tht lorrn \)i'ir c()nsr.litanav pae kagc. l)Lrring I Il( \( Illlllll l,rll lt,,\( \ :tl l( l I lc\ :ll('.llt Jl lflrL- tltc lltsi lilrr rrl livc lrars. .ontainerrsatrolr Ilas lir',: rncruts (t1 r'onvelirlg truiler loads to thc \lrr \':rri \il rirl't\ll\ l ll.ll ill.ltr\ L,'r-ltil il( . rt L (.ontrncttt. p.rrtieLrlitrl\, lixrtis and ()thrr pro- Lroli,,,* lirr lrelp arld irdviuc il'\irn thosc \\it() rlitet: *'itieh ncctl to bc lriln-\l)()rted to thcrr irrc use(l t(l ()l)craiulg eonliilncr pLrrts. iicltr- Jcstrnirt ronr t1Lriukir'. 'l'hc por t lientilcd stou'e lias s()ld lls 1'r,rlt ion:trlt.trtcr scrvicc iir ll"'151 unirceonrpaniecl trailcrs in l9li0 .ul .1-{.7 rlru,\1i,l.ll. l:lr.t. .rrr.l :. l.rrrtrrru lrr it.,'\\rl increasc ol per ccnt . urandt{cnrcrt 1r:Jnr at it I tilterl .\ruh Itrniratcs Hanvicl'r also has arlothcr port rlhre h hatrri, o pott rr'ltt.lturll lrcgrn oPet rt t trr.\1ar.ir. Ics lreight cxelusive lr'. anr,l u liiclt is lr;rsicallv rr As \\'cll JS lt\ !()nlainll'\cl'\ tLc. lrclirsttt\\.: ro ro port clealing u'ith trailcr 1ml1ie . lrLrropc tl\1) ()pcrelr: I roll orr roil i,1i ro ro :crvire ;iccounts fbr 90 per ccut ol'its hrrsrntss. enr"l it liit 'urritiscd' eargo lilrt i:, rrrrgo $ lrreh rarr ir through rts docks that nurncrous vclrrelcs ()n be caniccl :i()ruc lirrnt o1 tr'.riicr. It ri.rs rhis i ir-rcluding British l.evlanrl e ars . lrrrur cquip- tr"pg ,,1 crrqo uhich lorgctl tlic r.rrrlr. litrks ncnl such as Ford tractors lnd a varictr' ,rI betrrecn ihc p()rt lnd lrurripi:. hcavv carth lnovinq and coltstrurti,rn indrr: IIarx i.h ts krtLr* tr lls a lril\scrullr tcrrrrrn;tl. tl-\' nrrihrncrv is crported. Srrnilar pr()duct\ Se;riink's Parkstonc Que\'ri I Ixr\\ ie h is tlnril- firrd tlrcir r,,ar irrirr the L'K thnrugh I{anrich iar to the 1i : mrllion f Asscnilcr: ()r rn()r('\\'ho \\'e1e rs. 'l'hc Reporler Roy Siemmon wilh contorner line prss throLrgh it cach .,car ol) rhcir trur'els lir p1y1'1 ot lpsu ich is ()l tasr bcconririg orrc monoger Al.rn Huosor,95 pe, and 'l'herc renlo{ iiorn FIolland. are thrce ro ro n.rti()nill intportanec. It is cilrrentll nir-rth in lpswich'r Lonto le ond ,ol -o^ ,o l-o-[ hct-ths at l)arkstone Quar, liir l)irsscnqers lllr'i thc L'K leaguc ol eontlincr-handling prirts, services or e no\^ d' ec'.o to Fl, ope. Tre lh(lr rlr\. anJ J i\\t.c-a-JJ\ ., r'\!\u,)l\( tiil!., t.Lrt rr ll.: nrilliLrn eicvcloprncnt no\\' under porl it5slI lbelo* or-o qh' nos roo irrs to thc lLrok o1 Holland, u:itrg rwo []ritish un,l i()t)\tnllIr()rl $ill pLtsh rt up trr filih or sixth with lhp Con' ren'<;n6p-tl-o 71h cer-'u,;.

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1:o:'-,,,0*, position, when it is completed later this year. Ipswich has had trading links with the Con- tinent since the 7th century, when a regular route was established with the Netherlands. Its expansion and importance was such that within 300 years it was able to boast a royal mint. Silting of the River Orwell has always been a problem and at times the port has virtually ground to a halt, but since the last century a series ofdevelopments have steadily improved the port and its facilities. Land reclamation schemes have enabled the port authorities to build new berths, con- tainer terminals and ro/ro services, and it is attracting more and more traffic. Vessels now operate between Ipswich and 35 countries, but around half of its trade is with EEC coun- tries. The three largest services operating out of the Port of Ipswich are Geest's North Sea Line ro Rotterdam, North Sea Ferries' ro/ro ser- vice to Rotterdam and the Lovell Line Service to Fiushing. Between them these three ser- vices handle something like 172 million ton- nes of cargo a year, which means that around half of Ipswich's trade is with Europe. Having said that, it has to be acknowledged that some of the cargo which Britain exports to EEC members via Ipswich (and the other East Anglian ports) may be for onward transit to other parts of the world. More thqn 850 million is beinq spent on the loswic6 r6od schemes - t6 million of it from on EEC grqnt

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Nearly ll million was spent on a reclama- tion scheme which came to an end in Decem- ber 1980 and which added 1472 acres of land to the port's \West Bank Terminal. Some of this is to be used by the CAST Container Line, which has signed a l5-year contract with the Ipswich Port authorities, to expand its relay is just one of its geographical assets, since it containership service, linking with its own lies midway on a straight line drawn from the transatlantic services in Antwerp. \(est Midlands to the Ruhr. It is also only 70 A terminal costing [3.5 million is being miles from London. built, and CASTwill have its own berth which Having three major ports in such close it will use, initially, twice a week adding proximity creates transport problems for this 40,000 containers to the port's annual part of East Anglia. Ipswich itself can expect throughput figures. heavy vehicles travelling to and from its own Analysis of Ipswich port's figures for ll docks, but it also has to carry a considerable months of 1981 show an increase in container volume of goods vehicles and articulated lor- handling of27 per cent over 1980, which was a ries on their way to Felixstowe and Harwich. record year. The port's ro/ro service was up by Inevitably, the county town of East Suffolk 12 per cent on the previous record figure has become a bottleneck. (1979). And although general cargo suffered a Building by-passes for Ipswich is second 7z per cent drop in trade, that has to be only in importance nationally to the M25 Z compared with the national flgure which de- motorway ring road around London. They o @ clined by 20 per cent. The container and ro/ro are now under construction, to the west and Z I (95 and will enable traffic to avoid the town o services are almost exclusively European south, Z per cent). centre completely. oU Commercial manager Alan Hanson says A major component of the new southern U@ that Ipswich has benefited substantially from by-pass route is the Orwell Bridge which will E l ts EEC membership, and can look forward to carry a dual carriageway road. Cantilevered O L continued expansion. Its proximity to Europe from each bank, it will have the longest pre- ) The Orwell Bridge is port of o rood scheme portly funded with on EEC gront Below, progress on CAST's new Wesl Bonk terminol

{ stressed concrete span in the country when it is completed this autumn. It will also give a clear 190-metre f.tr, span over the navigation t\ channel, 39 metres above high water level. That will allow ballast passage lbr the largesr I vessels that can be accommodated in the port. It, More than !50 million is bcing spent on the f: new Ipswich road schemes, almost half of \-_*\ which is going to the Orwcll Bridge, the con- i: t struction of which is being carried our by a t Dutch company, Stevin Construction BV. .t. Part of that cost-f6 million- is being offset by I an EEC grant. Applicarions are expected lbr l:l European aid for orher parrs of this vital l- i transport project. t" Some of the cranes being used to build the 'i bridge across the Orwell carry a name rhat is lamiliar to the people of Ipswich: Ransomes & Rapier. The company was founded on its present site, on the banks of the Orwell, more than a century ago. It employs about 1,000 people and has a world-wide reputation as a manufacturer of high-quaiity mobile cranes, construction machinery and mining equip- ment. Its NCK-Rapier crawler cranes and excavators are market leaders. Most of its mobile monsters are exported and European trade accounts for about 10 per cent ofsales. But doing business with our EEC partners is not without its headaches. Each member country has different legislation re- lating to safety and environmental factors involved in operating cranes and similar equipment. Duringproduction, Ransomes & Rapier do not know the particular destination of their various products. Vhen they get the orders, they then have to modify them in line with each country's requirements. These non- trade barriers complicate the sales procedure and add to Ransome & Rapiers costs. The Ipswich company had hoped rhat rhe EEC would have harmonised the standards for cranes and other construction items, but it seems to be taking an awfully long time to reach agreement. But it has not affected sales, of course, and France in particular is an im- portant customer. East Anglia, however, is more than a gate-

i ;l.ri::j: risiilrl,ri. way to Europe. Its nearness to ports serving ,n$ {i.\iri..\ir- ii the Continent is attracting new industry to the area, even though it receives no financial assistance or incentives from the Govern- ment. It has the smallest population of all the UK regions, rvith the exceprion of Northern Ireland, but saw a 25 per cent growth in population between 1961 and 1979 - faster than any other region. The continued development of Felixstowe, Harwich and Ipswich is likely to artracr even more manufacturing industries to East Anglia in the coming years.

- April issue: a report on agriculture and East Anglia. UROPE

is already considering subsidising its press out television of the TV and radio revenues, an example that Satellite will be followed by others. - Valid though the concern is, there is no shortage of people who are saying that com- newlinkslor Europe? mercial satellite TV is still a long long way off. To risk launching a satellite, as RTL is pro- posing, for a cost of6 billion Belgian francs, I ne irst oia new senerauon oi JASPER BECKER relrcrts with the prospect of France or Germany com- ! f.r-p""o satellite'programmes is now mitted to pulling the plug out, must be a big I on its way. The UK-based company, on recent pfogfess towards a disincentive for any media executive. I Satellite Television, will be TV sen'ice thatwill cut Then there are the technical problems. To broadcasting television plogl?nmes across national frontiers receive a transmissionfrom a satellite directly around Eruope by the end of 1982. In its - in the home means that everyone must splash wake will follow at least eight commercial and national regulations out on a receiver dish for their roof. ITill and governrnent-backed TY channels, enough people be prepared to invest in oue? beamed to homes ever5mhere in Europe. The alternative is for the programmes to be The chances are that viewers - rrnlsss thsy transmitted by cable companies; but so far livein small, cenually situatedcounries-will cable systems only cover about a quarterofthe tune into the national channelg. In countries 110 million homes in Europe. such as Switzerland, Belgium, France, These problems will be easily solved if Deomark, Sweden, television and radio are people are convinced that the viewing fare state monopolies, although some (for exam- offered on the commercial satellite program- ple, Germany and Hollancl) allow advertising mes is a cut above that one the state-run under strict conditions. No two countries are channels. There are indications that viewers alike in their rules governing broadcasting or in Belgium, Sweden and Swizerland, for in- advertising, whether this relates to the con- stance, are bored with what they are offered tent of commercials (no tobacco or alcohol for by their national TV services. RTL is con- instance) and programmes, or to the amount siderably more popular in Belgium than oftimes allocated. RTBF. A poll taken in Sweden revealed that Whatisneeded, according to arecent draft the majority would welcome commercial tele- for the Committee on Youth, Culture, Educa- yision, and in Switzerland two pirate stations tion and Sport, is for the European Commis- have met with success. All three countries sion to summit an investigation into media state media lurch from one financial crisis to policV, followed by a set of EEC regulations. another. The present lack of a legal framework for But most of the satellite stations are set not cross-frontier uunsmissions may well lead to iust on capturing a share ofa national market conflict. The problem was that the Belgian Govern- but viewers from all over Europe. Given One of the repoft's authors, Iflilheln ment, despite being keen to grab advertising Europe's diversity oflanguage and culture, Ilahn, thinks there should be room for a levenues, was also adamant that commercials what sort ofprogrammes can be screened that channel devoted to theaffairsofthe European must be under tight restrictions. RTL com- will lure audiences away from their national Community. !7hat better way to bring petes with the Belgian stations and so the programmes? Europe together and to foster a spirit of Euro- Belgians wanted to make sure that RTL's The UK-based Sat TV conpany are con- peanunity than bypresentingprograrumes on advertisers had to submit to the same con- vinced that people really are interested in iszues viewed not from the national perspec- sEaints. Luxe'mbourg was furious about this international entertainment. The Eurovision tive but the European? interference, and the rwo parties have now sat Song Contest is watched by an estimated 350 Time is running short, if satellite com- down to draw up a ioint code of conduct. million people, and'It's a Knockout' (/ezr panies'present plans are to go into operation Belgium is not alone in wishing to stop sara Frontias) has an audience of some 60 on schedule. The Franco-German satellite Luxembourgbecominga-aiorforcein Euro- million. Minority interests such as opera agreed between Giscard d'Estaing aud Hel- pean television. Chancellor Helmut Schmidt would atuact large audieuces if broadcast mut Schmidt in Oct 1979 wil be launched on is strongly opposine the RTL proiect and the across a continent. And the weightiest argu- the Ariane Rocket in 1983 or 84. Radio-Tele panicipation ofthe German newspapers. The ment is that if you are broadcasting from Luxembourg (RTL) has formed I comrler- German constitution rules out privately- Iceland to Tunisia, then towin an economical- cial company, CLT, together with German operatedTVandradio, andthe governmentis ly large audience you need only 2 per cent of and perhaps Dutch newspaper publishers, to committedto guaranteeing equalaccess to the each country's viewers. beam satellite progratnmes in 1985. Discus- media by all political and social groups. Herr One company in Finland has already sions are progressing on Nord-Sat for the Schmidt is far from being convinced that started producing the aerial dishes, and in Scandinavian counuies; L-Sat, which brings commercial TV will ensure this. Sweden Philips and othercompanies arewell the BBC and the [tnlian f,[f, lsgsthu; and the Similarfeas andconcerns areexpressed by advanced with plans to market one-metre- commercial satellite called Tel-Sat, which the the Swiss, Danish, Swedish and Dutch Gov- wide parabolic dishes, in anticipation of the Swissareworkingon. ernments. The newspaper publishers are Franco-German satellite. Luxembourg's plans have already trig- caught on the horns of the dilemma. Con- Such confidence in the future of satellite gered off a number of political objections. vinced that satellite TV is coming, some pre- television is not fully shared by some of the Although RTL has long been broadcasting fer to invest in satellite proiects, while others advertisers. Most household goods, particu: cooruercial radio and television programmes are pushing their governments to ban it. larly food and drink items, are marketed in to Belgium, France and elsewhere (French Either way the press stand to lose, at least each country separately under different banks have a largsfnancial stakein the com- initially, as advertisers switch to the new names, packaging, disuibution systems, pany) the proposed satellite was felt to pose media. In Britain, however, the press is still sizes, and to different degrees to take into too great a threat to Belgium's plans to open flourishingdespite nationalandregional com- account different consumer habits and the the state-run media to advertising. mercial television. The Belgian Government culturaldiversity. Therehas, though, forlong :.'' 7 li ' '':' EUROPE S2

been talk in the advertising world of 'Euro- brands' - producB which, like Coca-cola, can lend themselves to transnational adveftising. Badfiimes lorbufiertfies The trend is by and large in the opposite direction. Advertisers look for media which will pinpoint the potential market accurately. PETERBELL discusses a If you are selling peas, you don't want to advenise in a magazine that is read oaly by Council of Europe reg)rt on senior executives. Advertising via a Europe- some endangered species wide satellite progranme would be like.using and calls a a shot-gun when you need a laser. Targeting is for concerted essential. A second factor is that TV coltmer- effortto savethem cial costs are soaring- over the pastfive years they have risen by 350 per cent, which is considerably more than the equivalent maga- zine costs. B. Vilenkin, of Unilever's Marketing Di- vision, speaking at the conference held in Brussels by the International Advertising Association, pointed out that both viewers and advertisers may prefer to go in for narrow castirg. This means local and regional televi- sion or radio, which has already proved viable in the UK. C,able telcvision instead of direct satellite transmissions would surelylenditself !gs11s midng interuational or national prog- rarnmes with local news. It also enables the advertiser to pinpoint his marketing. 'Commerciol TV is sure to hqve somelouqh leqol bqtlles on iE ho-nds'

For the adveniser there is no clear-cut case for using one or the other tlpe of marketing tool: it depends on the product andits market- ing history. But technical developmus are suchthat it will soon be feasible to talk about 'narrowcasting'so that commercials are only received by certain selected groups-farmers, or teenagsrs, for example. Thiswouldendthe debate over the use of local or international stations, or between the use of press or TV. Muchis stilluncertain. Yetthe satellites are certainly coming. Even if the state broadcast- ing monopolies are left untouched by such proiecs as the France'Germanplan, thehigh- er quality and cheaper pictures will persuade others to follow. But, even without cor[ller- Above: Brion Hqroreoves' ooiniino cial satellite TV, state monopolies in Europe shows four of the lf, reqtene'd soeciEst are cnrmbling. Pirate television, already rife Silver-spotled Skiooer (lopl. Block-veined in Italy, now flourishes inAmsterdam, thanks Wi,ffiffiI#i:ffi White, [orge Tort6iseshell,hdonis Blue. to the video boom and the shortage ofadver- given lately to the supposed demise of on present networks. tising time the Moculbua afiot (larryle blue), derted peo- 1920s, the Comnaalbum -so-called afterthe C,ommercial television is also sure to have ple to theway beautifirlspecies of butterflies white comma-shape on the underside of its some tough legal battles on its hands. Legisla- can vanish. And it isn't happening only in wing - had become an almost unheardof tiononadvertisinginEuropeisfarfrombeing Bdtain. mrity. Suddenly, in the early 1930s, it b€gan harmonised, and cable companies are not au- Throughout Europe, at least 15 species are to appear again and, in only a few years, had thorised to originate or transmit independeDl considered to be seriously endangered, becomequiteabundant. pro$anmes. Clearly, these are areas which according to John Heath of the Institute of Eventodayitisacommonvisitortobram- will become an issue for the EEC, as the Terrestrial Ecology, Abbots Ripton, cam- ble flowers and buddleia bushes. Its near Treaty ofRome canbeinterpreted to guaran- bridgeshire. He has recently published a re- relative, NynplrulLs polychloros (large tor- tee the free flow ofinformation across bor- Ircrt oD threatened butterflies in Europe, toiseshell), also became more abundant. But ders. Also, allowing international advertising under the aegis ofthe Council ofEurope. today it is rarely seen. The reason is not far to in one country $u1 lnnning it in another, It needs to be stressed that species wax as seek. Dutchelmdiseasehasdestroyedmostof effectively distorts competition. E well as wane. Vhen I was a small boy in the . the etns in southern Britain, and it is on the q i: :' EUROPE S2

elm that the large tonoiseshell larva feeds. Thisisasimplepieceofcause-and-effect. It is usually much more difficult - sometines impossible- to find out why a species, once in reasonable numbers, becomes rare. The popular, facile answer is usually'pesticides'. People always like easy scapegoab. The real answers are usuallymuch less simple. The situation is made more complicated because butterlly populations fluctuate from year to year. John Heath emphasises that such inevitable fluctuations - due to weatherr pre- datorsandsoon-needtobeseparatedfroman overall decline becauseof other factors, one of which is climatic change. However, there does appear to be an overall decline. It is estimated that a quarter of Europe's 200 species of butterlly are threatened, and that many populations have been halved over the past 20 years. One of the most inponant factors is des- mrction of habitats. This can happen for all sorts ofreasons and, when it affects a rare or local species with a restricted habiat, can be devastating. The &aining of the Cambridgeshire fen- land resulted in the demise of Lycotrw d,ispar (arge copper) half-way through the last cen- tury. The Dutch large copper (roce bautus) cies. Rabbis kept the herbage in check by anilleffectonspeciesthatflourishinthatkind their graziDg. This prevented coarse grasses of habitat, but only locally. and scrub gening the upper hand. With rab- Spray drift has probablybeenmore serious. Throughout Europe, bitslargelywipedoutin some areas, the coarte It is believed that orchard-spraying in south qt leost-l5 specles qre grassesandscrubhadfreerein, andthisssaol east England in the 1920s resuited in the the suppression of some important butterfly extinction of Apria tatocgi @lack-veined seriously thrreotened' foodplans. white). Ly sandr a b elln gus (adonis blue), a singular- Urbanisation in its many forms has un- rrlllr t ly beautifrrl insect, is now absent from most of doubtedly had a much worse effect on butter- its old chalkland haunts as a result. Hespera flies, by completely denolishing habitats or was later introduced to make good the gap. It conaw (silver spotted skipper) sxg similarly having such an impact on plant life that they is still presentin one fen- carefullynurnrred affected. become entomologically sterile. and protected. The French tae,e, gran'bri., The change sounded the death-knell ofthe The draining of large areas to make reser- went the same way in 1908. large blue, already mentioned. This species voirs all over Europe comes into the urbanisa- In fact, the drainage of the wedands is one has (or had) a most peculiar life-cycle, involv- tion category, as does catering for tourists. It of the most decisive changes that habiuts can ing much of the larrral stags being spent inside is even contended that the constnrction ofski undergo. And it has been happening all over the nests ofa certain species ofant. The latter, runs and ski lifts is a threat. Europe for a long time and for a variety of attracted by thelana's honeygland, carriesit reasons - agricultural, industrial, recreation- into the uest and there 'milks' in exchange for al. Sixteen wetland species are now under protection and a diet of ant grubs. In due 'Orch_ordlsprgying threat. Also, improvements iu agriculture course the larva pupates and the adult insect wos deqth tothe havemeantthe plougbing-up ofold grassland fnally emerges from the nest to dry its wings - a rich habiut for butterflies, especidly in and live a normd bunerfly existence. blqck-veined white' limestoneareas such as Britain's chdklands- The exit oftherabbit changedthehabitat so and its replacement either by arable crops or that the wild thyne the M. arion (large blue) temporaryleys. larvae eat initially became swamped by coarse Both changes have an ill effect on maoy grass, and the whole environment became lohn Heath's rcport calls for the establish- species which could breed and live in, and on, unsuited to the ant. It is doubdrl whether any ment of a research institute to co-ordinate an the old mixed herbage with its abundance of colonies of this butterfly now exist. sfficientlydirected piogramme of butterfly what farmers would call weeds and what Forestry can also have a serious effect on conservation throughout Europe. He also naturaliss would call wildflowers. bunerflies. Plantations ofany kind can have wans the Council ofEurope to persuade its The use of fertilisers can also change the slow, but devastating, effects on some habi- member countries, internationd organis- herbage, encouraging the plant species the tats. The planting of largs areas of quick- ations and the European Community, to in- farmerwants and discouraging those he does growing, and probably alien, conifert can do itiate a research and recovery prograrme to not. This change is made the more thorough *oa116919damag€. save endangered species. throueh the husbandry practices which Atmospheric pollution is suspected of caus- But at the end of the day it is ordinary accompanyit. ingbutterflypopulationdeclines. Thisishap people, and not least farmers, who will have Cenainly in Britain, and possibly dso in pening in the industrial zones of North the most decisive say in whether Europe's France, the arrival ofmyxomatosiswiped out Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Holland, butterlly fauna decline orflourish. Butterflies a large part of the rabbit population. This was Switzedand, Austria, Hungary and the may not be the most imporunt creafllres on welctmedbyfarmers, buthashadasideeffect Iulian alps. The spraying ofroad verges as a this planet, but the placewould bethe poorer of considerableimpact on somebutterfly spe- substitute for mowing has undoubtedly had withoutthem. E 9 i':.. 7 -_1:TEUROPE g2 Thebmmission'starm price proposals ior 1982

This year's plans for market situation. A cenual feature of the ten entionpriceforfeed grains andfor durum the CAPwouldraise the Comnission's proposalis theimprovementin wheat as well as in the reference price for the hierarchy of prices resultingfrom a lower breadmaking wheat of average quality, with cost of living by about 0.6 price increase for cereals desigped as a first increases of about 7 per cent in the target percent, saysBnrssels stage in the programme to reduce the gap prices. ! betrreen Community cereals prices and those These proposals akeinto account the need prevailing in its main comfetitors. to esablish a better price hierarchy between I t the end ofJanuary the European 'Green rates' should be adjusted so a8 to cereals and animal products as well as the lf C,onnission approved its proposals reduce monetary compensatory amounts in desirability of progressively reducing the gap E to the Council of Ministers on the Federal Republic, the United Kingdom between the guaranteed price forproducers in n agriculturatprices aod certain and the Netherlands, and eliminate them the Community and in competitor countries, related measures forthe 1982/E3 marketing in Italy, which would represent s sigriffcant whichwill also reduce ttre volume of impots year. Ihe proposed increases average step towards the unity ofthe market. ofcereals substitutes. Parallel to its proposals 9percent. The Commission is also proposing the in- on prices, the Commission intends to com- These proposals represent the first practi- troduction of production thresholds, with pro- plete the negotiations on imports of manioc cal moves to impleqpnt the guidelines for visionfortheadjusment ofprice guarantee$if (tapioca) while continuing to examine agdcultural policy outlined by the Commis- the thresholds are exceeded. These produc- appropriate measures to regularise the supply sioninitsrepon ontheMandate* and set out tion targes should be fixed in a longer-term ofother cereals substitutes, as well adjustiqg more firlly in its complemenury rnemoran- penpective for which the Commission sug- the import levy for brans. dumofOctober 1981. Theydemonstratedthe gests a 5 year horizon, looking ahead to 1988. For milk, the Commission is proposing a determination of the Commission to push In this way, the support given by the Com- 9 per cent increase in the target price with ahead with the adapution of the common munity to its farmers should be more closely corresponding increases in the intervention agricultunl policy to the new realities of the related to the quantities and qualities which it prices for butter and skimmed milk powder, cxrrrent economic situation and of the agri- is desired to produce. and an adaptation of the various aids for cultunl sector itself, while respecting the Different mealures are proposed for the human and animal consumption. In order to basic principles of the policy. implementation of these targets in different Taking into account the rate of inflation sectorr. For cereals and colza, the Commis- and the need to ensure ulole satidactory in- sion proposes that ifproduction exceeds the Direct income supporl comesforthe8millionpeoplewhoworkinthe thresholds, there should be a reduction in the forsmqll producbis farming sector; the Commission hss decided intervention price in the following s€ason. will qmodnlto qround toproposeapriceincreaseof9 percentforthe For beef, tobacco and olive oil, it proposes to majority of agricultural producs including adiust the intervention system. For milk and 867 million milk, beef, pigmeat, sheepmeat, sugar, wine processed tonatoes the Commission will and olive oil, with increases of betweeu 6 and make appropriate proposals if the threshold is 12 per cent for the remainder according to the exceeded. improve the balance of the milk market the Forcereals the Commissionis proposingan Commission is proposing to maintein *See frsdyl Euroforum, page (v), in runore sr No. 7 increase of 6.58 per cent in the common in- the co-responsibility levy on the sane condi- tions and at the same rate (2.5 per cent) as in 1981182, and secondly, to introduce produc- tion thresholds for the period up to 1988. Foreeasts of steep riscs in food If deliveries to dairies in 1982 exceed thme tabsolute in 1981 by more than 0.5 per oent, the Com- arc nonsenset mission will immediately propose appropri- Brices ate measures to the Council to offset the addi- Food prices in Britain would rise by less than 2 pence in the t over a 12 month pedod tional coss. Meanwhile, the Commission is under the European C,ommission's pnopoeals for new farm price guaranteee, eaid proposing to introduce as from 1982 direct C,ommission Vice-President GristopherTugendhatin London. Sugestions that income support 6e1 small producerc amount- the increase in food prices would bep per cent were 'absolute nrbbish', he added. ing to around l20m ECU (S67m) in the form MrTugendhat saidthe newprcposalswouldraise foodpices throughoutthe EEC of a modulation of the basic co*espoDsibility by iust under 3 per cent. In tte United Kingdom the irqpact vould be about halfthis, levy. The Commission considers tbat its pro- Su"rsse qf chenges p,ropoced in the 'green rates - the exchaoge rates in yhich EEC posals take account of the need to support prices are converted into nationd cutrencies. producers' incomes while avoiding a de. In a reaction to the pmposale, Mr Cyril Coffin, director general of the Food terioration in the fragile market balance. ManufactureretAssociation, wasreportedtohave cdledtheproposedincreases The Commission is proposing that the but- 'a cevere bloC. They would make it difrqult, he said, for food manufacturen to ter subsidyinthe United Kingdon should be continue keeping the prices of their own products below the rate of inflation. reducedto 4O ECU (f22.210) per l00kg, bring- In France, the proposed new levele of support prices are considered much ing it in line with the subsidy payable in other toolow. member states. The Community would pay 'furiculturalcircleewerereportedbyLeMonde to be'stupefied, atthe.continued thefull cost. Atthe sanetimetheCommission down.grading of agriculturaltevenue'. Othercommerts relrorted by Le Monde proposes a reduction in the national conuibu- includes 'Scanddous . . . Provocation, pure and simple,, from the CNJA. tionto the schoolmilk subsidyfor 25 percent to 12%percent. 10

i't ,i. _1 EUROPE S2

reasonablefromthepointofview ofagricultu- *Nlo ralincomes. discrimimatiom' eal! on behalf In 1981, in spite ofan increase of 11.3 per cent in market prices, itis estimated that there was a reductioninfarm incomes in theCom- of British farmens munity of 2 per cent in real terms following a decline of 7 per cent in 1980 and 3 per cent in Abidforthe firllaverage EEC support price increaseforBritishfatmerrs wasmade t979. by Sir Richard Butler, President of the National Farners' Union, on 2EJanuary. However, agricultural incomes in 1982 will The fall in farming income overthe past five years hadwreaked more havoc onthe be affected by favourable factors including agricultural industry even than the weather, Sir Richard said. the continuing decline in the general rate of He went on:'We appreciate the necessity of agreementwithin the European inflation; the positive effects of the 1981/82 Community onits aimJandobiectives and in particularon itsbudgetarystrateryand price increase, which will only be fully felt in the spread ofthe costs between the member states. We must, however, be 1982; continued improvements in productiv- extremely concerned aboutthe delayinreachingagreement andthe threatto hold ity; and the lower increase in cereals prices up decisions on farm prices. The livestock sector in patticular must have the which will reduce the costs of livestock pro- increase in supportprices effective atthe beginning ofAptil. .\te duction. shdl resist with dl our might any proposals which discriminate unfairly Aericultue has already made an important againstlargerscale, more efrcientproduction-ofwhich we inthis country areiustly contribution to the restraint of inflation. Be- pioud. This applies particularly in the case of milk, where a constant theme ofthe tween 1978 and 1981 producer prices rose at a variousproposals andideas is that smallmilkproducers shouldreceive moreper yearly rate of8.7 per cent, food prices by 10.1 litre sold than the larger producers.' per cent and consumer prices in general by 12.2 per cent. For 1982 the impact of the Commission's proposals on food prices in the Community is estimated at about 2.9 per cent As regards beet the Commission is propos- national crurency. Taking inflation into which would mean an increase of about 0.6 ing anincreasein the guide price of9 per cent account, these price increases are fair and percentinthecostof living. E in two stages: 6 per cent from I April and a further 3 per centfrom6 December 1982. The Commissien considers that a prudent poliry *F.lexihldffi in this sector is dictatedby the need to avoid a er,rt decline in consumption, which is affected by the general economic situation and by com- petition from other kinds of meat. Producer plup-osalfrom participationwil continue to take the form of ,,.:, ;,';;;:; selective intervention during certain periods Voluuryy early retirement schemes, udergoing gradual retirement with ofthe year. Experience has shown that it is longer holidays a.nd shorter longsr holidays and shorter working pssible to restrict buying-in to a large extent working-hours for people approaching hourswill alsohave to be calculated. And limit in this way without any negative impact on retiremetrt agewilleasethe shrck of laws which peusioners earnings &om average market prices. iedring ardhelp the iinemployedr' part-timeworkwillneedextensive, The Commission recognizes the need to accotdingtothe Europan Couuission. -.r improve producers' incomes, but not neces- The claiacomee after nearly,twoyears ,F'iuaucial incentivestoencourzge early' . sarily through prices alone. During 1982/83 it study ofBiopqsals on how toinuoduce retirement will also have to be thougfit intends to review the possibility of a uniform {lexible retirenent' in Eurow. The oulPeopletakinggradualsdy .', direct aid which would replace all existi.g European Parliament, the Economic and tetirement will maintab their pnsion ' ' . ,, premiums and enable prices to be adiusted in Social Committee and Commissiou 'l rightsandgetconpensarcrybenefrtsrbut .' futurein suchaway as to maintain consump- officials, have allcalled forworkers to be extra financial incentives are only tion. Meanwhile, the existing premiums will given the rigfot to choose when to retire accqptable in extreme economic be maintained. As regards other livestock after a certain age: alld for thg''', circnmstarces and should not be regarded products, the basic price for both pigmeat and introduction oflgradlal retirement' aranintegralpart oftheflexible ..:, according to the schemes. retirement system, i: Community governments arre now Commission. Aqricullure hqs i underpressure to implement some of Therecomneudatiouallowstwoyea$ . : I qlleqdy mode on these ideas, given the growing pressures formembe( states to a$sess the '.,1, imoorlqnl of unemploymcnt at home, aad the implications of implementi'g the cdltribution to the concrete rature ofproposals coauined in proposd crtr"gs. ffit is accepted by the thereco endationrecentli.submitted Councilr ministers will h cpected to ; ..' restrqinf of inflqtion to them by the Commission. reporrUact

.:i .:' o

DAVID WOOD, former European Correspondent of The Times

The election of Pieter Dankert, by the way, from Henri Spaak to Simone Veil, there had been the Dutch Socialist, to succeed 17 Presidents- l0 Christian Democrats, four Socialists, and three Mme SimoneVeil as President Liberals. Five came from Italy, four from France, three from of the European Parliament Belgium, three from Germany, and one each from Holland and should have surprised the Luxembourg. Strasbourg shellbacks much In hailing Piet Dankert's arrival in what the House of Commons less than it did. He carried my calls 'the big chair', it is timely to pay a deserved tribute to Mme bet from the day the Socialist Veil. The new President, who like many of the multilingual Dutch group, the largest in the speaks English, French and German fluently and makes a good fist hemicycle, adopted him as at Italian, quoted from a journalistic observer of the Parliament's their standard bearer, simply working who was retiring-in facr, from a column of mine in the because the right-wing block LondonTirnes. In her 30 months in office, Mme Veil, setting an vote (Christian Democrats, the altogether French valuation on the importance of the institution Anglo-Danish Conservatives, she represented, had established the Parliament as a presence, if and the Liberals) stood no not a power, in international relations. chance of consolidating Dankert, who made his reputation as the rapporteur of the through four secret ballots on Herr Egon Klepsch, much less Sir Budget committee and led the reiection of the 1980 EEC budget, James Scott-Hopkins. Piet Dankert's only risk was that a will no doubt continue Mme Veil's global visits, although clearly deadlocked Parliament might resolve its difficulties by asking his characteristic contribution ro the evolution ofthe European Mme Veil to soldier on for the full five years of the first directly Parliament is going to be an assertion of its democratic authority elected Chamber. vis-i-vis both the Commission and the Council of Ministers. That From autumn on, some British Conservative Young Turks way lies parliamentary growth. always made clear that if their group leader, Scott-Hopkins, failed to win outright on the second ballot, then their votes were Dankert's for the taking; and some others whispered that they 'The Strqsbourq Pqrliqmenfs role would abstain rather than plump for Klepsch. So it came to pass. is to increqse eipenditure, Group affiliations mattered less, in the end, than the personal pqrticulqrly qualities ofthe two Ieading candidates. on lhe non-CAP Since the foundation of the Coal and Steel Community in 1952, thunkof th-e budgef

Nevertheless, British observers should avoid making too much play with the analogy of rVestminster's development over more than three centuries. The !trflestminster cry was 'no taxation without representation';'Westminster's main role was to vote Supply asked for by the Executive. The Strasbourg Parliament's roleisto increase expenditure, particularly on the non-CAP chunk of the budget. The roles are different; the lines of development will be different. But Piet Dankert, at 48 full of energy andideas, is almost certainly the right man in the right place at the right time.

One of the big issues coming before the Parliament under the new Presidency will be the second round ofEuropean direct elections in 1984. The Seitlinger report from the political affairs committee, as it is surfacing, is designed to cope with the Rome Treaty's ordinance that all member states should use a uniform electoral system. A compromise begins to take shape: the \(est German system combining constituency representation and group lists. But it may already be doubted whether any such compromise would prosper in the Council of Ministers. !flill France be willing to surrender its lists system, with all the caucus power it gives? \fill Mrs Thatcher or Mr Michael Foot agree to abandon 'fust past the post', with all its emphasis on direct constituency representation, or adopt a list system that has been shown since 1979 to be capable ofserious democratic abuse? lWe may doubt it. Or at any rate I - as I now go into retirement from Strasbourg - doubt it as I put a polish on the European Parliarnent medal, presented as one ofher final presidential acts by Pieter Donkert,the new Presidentof the Europeon Porliomenl: Mme Veil. The medal sits well on the velvet of nine years of on ossertion of democrotic ouihority? memories of the Palais de l'Europe. t2 cifically to what can and shouldbe done to enable disabled people to lead a more independent life in socief. i*2'*^'

,l0e/ Member ofthe Eumpean Commission -|t l[,ll l[ TATKING POIzuT Negotiations on the so-called 'mandate' -the reform of the Communitt's budget to alterthe 3 It'& balance of expenditure - looks like dominating the early months of 1982. tl i t Nevertheless, while a lasting solution to the problems of how much should bespenton agriculture and the exent ol British contributions to the budget must Caringforthe disabled continue to be sought, other Community policis must be allowedtodevelop. Recent headlines about the Community - its budget discussions, prospects grim Shortly belore Christmas, Gaston its economic and its unemployment situation- Thom, Presidentof the European have all tended to obscure some ofthe useful progress made Commission, had a meeting with recently by the Community, particularly as regards action the Belgian Foreign Minister, who concendng disabled people. holdsthe presidencyof the Council ol Mnisters for the first half olthis year, to establish priorities The Interaational Year for Disabled their community, in particular by tak- forCommunityaction. Pople, during 1981,providedthe Com- ing account of their needs whatever - Mr Thom placed particular munity as a whole with a unique oppor- the nature of their disability in the - emphasis onthe need to stimulate give policies tunity anit responsibility to a fresh planning of inlluencing their the economy andto pressfonntard impetus to its action in favour of dis- total environment. with discussions on political abled people. Over and above the va- Irradditiontothe specific seialpolicy intqration onthe basis of a rious specifc activities and meetiags actions we have planned for the next blueprint drawn up last year by the organised by the European Commis- few years, I am very aware of the im- German and ltalian Foreign sion to mark the Intemational Year, portance ofensuringthat, at Commun- Ministers, Hewould also liketo each of the Community institutions in ity level, the interests ofdisabledpeople seediscussion on the relations power tur:n clearly expressed its concern to set are taken account of in plicy pl+nning and balance of between the Community institutions. Community action on a much firmer in a whole range ofdifferent sectors. footing for the years to come. the Par- It was with this objwtive in mind that The Belgian govemment equally liament aud the Economic and Sosial the Commission, in afina1 contribution hopes to give a prominent placeto Committee led the way with detailed to the International Year, decidedto set the inter-institutional balance. lt reports. The Gommi*sion then pro- up a special bureau to coordinate our also supports the Commission's duced its new proposals focussing on activity concerning ilisabled pmple (see wish for developments in the the social integratiou of disabled pmple page viii). Ttris burmu, to bs sihrated European Monetary System, and on the need to stimulate a coordin- within the Q6mmissiea's services, will designed to limit fluctuations between memberstates' atedappmach atlocal level area. be responsible for the irnFlementation inthis cunencies. The Council initstura, atameeting of the new action programme. It will on 9 December 1981, agreed- in record also develop a regular dialogue, on be- The Belgian presidency plans to time - on a wide-ranging resolution half of the Commission, with repre- lend ibweightto removing giving guideline for action by member sentatives of disabled people and with remaining baniers to trade states and support for.the Commis- the voluntary and professional bodies between the Ten, to promols sion's pmgmmme for the next five year diretlyconcemed. Community-level investrnent and poweras period. Although the Community cannot the useof nuclear an altemative to oil. lt would also like The progromme starts from the priu- bring radical chanBes overnight to the to see more rapid progress being people, ciple that those with disabilities have situation of disabled Iet alone made in the North/South dialogue as muchright as otherpeopletopartici- bring.instant reliefto the severe eeono- between industrialised and pate in and conhibute to all aspets of micand emploSnnent rlifficulties they developing countries, and on economic, social and political life. Mea- face, these latest actions qriU, Ibelieve, negotiations on the enlargemeni ilres aimed at social integration should contribute not only 16 chsnging atti- of the Community to include Spain therefore remove the barriers whie,h tudes about the nature ofphysical and and Portugal. exclude disabledpeople fromthe life of mental disablementbut also more spe-

March 1982 (i) TTIE MO}TffI INEUBOPE

Erternalrelations The Community launched criticism against the Soviet Union and other Aid to Turkey plan Eastern European countries for 'the se- dropped WEU seeking links rious extertral pressure aud the cam- with Ten paieu' directed against the efforts for renewalinPoland. The European C ommunitJr h as The Ten refused to back the United decided to freeze some &i136 million The Assembly of the Paris-based States andjoin in applying a range of in aid to Turkey this yearin protest Westem European Union (WEU) economic sanctions against the Soviet at the imprisonment of the has urged closer links wlth the Union. But they warned that, in addi- counfuy's former Prime Minister, Community. tion to raising the violatious of the prin- MrBulentEceviL ciplesoftheHelsinkiFinalActonEuro- The WEU, founded in 1954, groups pean security and cooperation at the The Communiffs soncern at the de- the Europeaa members of the Atlantic intemational level, they would con- lay in restoring democracy in Turkey Alliance for discussions on foreign poli- sider other mea$u€s as the situation aud the increasing allegations ofviola- cy and defence matters. develops. tions ofhuman rights have been ex- The Assembly is nowproposingthat Ihese are likely to include a possible pressed by the European Commission a working group be established to de- embargo on non-energy imports from on several occasions. temine how its work may be linked to the Soviet Union (these represent 30 Following the four month sentence the foreign policy fi scussions ofthe Ten per cent of total CommuniW-USSR meted outto Mr Ecevit, a Commission and to see how the two bodies may pro- trade), a review ofthe credit and e@no- spokesmnn confirmed that the formal gress towards European Union. mic assistance now being given to pmposal for a fourth financial protocol Ultimately, the Assembly would like Poland and a stroag debate onwhether due to run from January had been a dovetailing of tlre Ileaties ofBrussels to continue food aid to Polaud or not. shelved. and Rome - the legal foundations ofthe Butno soonerhad the statement been two organisations. Butin afirststage, it :approved by the Ten than.the Greek is recommending that observers from government announced itwould not en- Thebudget each body attend sessions ofthe Euro- dorse the declaration. Greek oppsition pean Parliament and the Assembly was further highlighted by the dismis- whenever questions touching on' sal ofthe Deputy ForeignMinister, Mr Parliament and Europe's security are discussed. .Assima.kis Fotilas, who had attended Councilagain at France has already indicated its the Brussels meeting, for departing suport for strengthsniig the WEU's from his government's instructions. loggerheads role, but such a move rnay not winthe backing of Ireland, the only Commun- iE country which is not a member of lte Community's Council of NATO. Ministers nnd the European peace Parliament entered 1982 on the Gommitnentto same terms as the previous yean in in conflict over the Community Sinai budget

Ten takes sfiong line 11r" 9o1166 Kin gdom, France, Italy Shortlybefore Chrishas, the Parlia- on Poland and the Netherlands have ment's President Simone Veil signed confirmed tJrat they will participate the 1982 budget of f,12,310 million. in the Sinai peace-keeping force Ttris, says the Council, is f125 million The Ten's Foreign Ministers have after Israeli withdrawal in April. higher than the amount by which the shongly condemned the recent Parliament is entitled to increase the sI nrnpdotrn by the Wansaw But the four governments insist that total. authorities on members of their parbicipation in no way runs The disagreement stemsfrom differ- Solidarity, t.he independent Polish against the Ju:le 1980 Venice I)eclara- ences ofinterpretation overwho has the (p6{grrnign tion of the Community which the Ten ffnal say - the Parliam ent or the Coun- consider has a better chance ofestab- cil - over Community food aid spend- "Ihe Ten utterly disapprove of tJre lishingpermanent peace in the region ing. Similar rows have flared up in the development of the situation iu Po than the CamF David accords. past and an attempt is to be made this land,'they said in a tersely worded The Tenhave,however, sha4ily criti- year by the European Commission statement issued in early January. cised Israefs decision to extend Israeli which drawsup the initial budgetpro- Aft er a meetingbetween Community law, jurisdiction and adminishation to posals, to persuade the two other in- Ambassador€ and General Jaruzelski theGolanHeights. stitutions to agree on a standard defui- in Warsaw, ttre Community appealed 'Such an extensiou, which is tanta- tion. foranendto martial law, therelease of mountto annexation, is contraryto in- Meanwhile, the Corimission intends those arrested and restoration of the ternational law and therefore invalid to administer the budget as approved dialogue between tlre authorities, the in our eyes,'they said in a statement by the Parliament and to ask govern- Catholic Church and Solidarity. issued in mid-Desember. ments for their contributions in the

(ii) l*------EITF,O F'OB,UM ffimffi

normalway. Mediterranean products and the Newllnk When a similar situation occured in amount by which agicultural spend- The Community has signed an 1981, France, the Federal Republic of ing should rise annually. agreement with Sweden which will Germany and Belgi"m initially re- But they fell down on the other two linkitto Euronet, the Community's fused to pay their full share as calcu- items before them. The first concemed network for data transmission lated by the Commission. the need to curb dairy erpenditure, which was set up in 1980. lt had although there is growing acceptance earlier been extended to that small producers should be pro- SwiEerland. At the time of going to tectedfromanychanges. press,31 hostcomputer Gommuni$ a lLe ff nal sticking point was the Brit- organisations were connected lo ish government's insistence on a seven- Euronet, providing access to 291 'pricele$s assef databases. year guarante limiting its payments Mrs Thatcher to the Community budget. Its partners - cousider this to be too generous and are Sourceof lobs reluctant to go beyond four years. Cooperative enterprises and European Communit5r member The European Commissionhas been similar local emplovment creation countries must not let internal answers to these initiatives have an roleto entrusted withfinding playin helpingsolve differences threatentheir unity ata problems and to put these to the Ten Community's unemployment time of worsening international governments as soon aspossible. problems, accordingto tension, the British Prime Minister, Commissioner lvor Richard when Ilflrs Margaret lbatcher told MEPs he opened the European Centre in Strasbourg in Decemben for Work and Society in Maastricht Energy in the Netherlands in December. Beporting to the European Parlia- One of the c€ntre's main roles will ment on the outcome of the November be to study the social problems policy prices summit meeting of Community Heads New on caused by unemployment. of State and Government in Iondon- agreed the first Head of Government to do so - Mrs Thatcher said that a speedy THE NEWS solution ofthe differences over refom Community govermments have ofthe Community budget and common agreed new guidelines establishing IN BRIEF agricultural policy was cmcial if the 6 slsarsl link between t,lre cost of Community was to continue to protect various forms of energy and tihe Aldforretugees freedomanddemocracy. prices charged to tJre usen The Community is donating more Mrs Thatcher described the Com- than 8336,000 to helpAfghan Tlre move is aimed at eventually eli- refugees who have fled to munity as a lriceless asset in a trou- Pakistan ahd who now number bled world' and a'force for stabiliff, minating the wide range of subsidies more than 2 million. Last August, and said ttrat Eumpegns should count now given to certain categories ofcon- the Gommunity donated 88.4 their blessings and not their problems. sumers. In difrerent countries, these million to help these homeless Mrs Thatcher said that although no apply to the fishing industry, hortisul- people. agreement had been reached in Ion- ture andagriculture, don, 'substantial progress' had been In futue, govenrments wifl try to Savlngenergy made and she hoped thatthe outstand- ensure that consumer prices reflect the ls the Community doing enough to ing problems could be solved at the world market situation; the cost of re- encourage Europeans to cut down Community summit in Brussels next placing enerry sources; and are as on their energy consumption? month, transparent as possible. Figures given bythe European Commission to the European Parliament recently show that, in 1 980, morethan 81,1 20 million was made available to various CAP retund talks still Nucleartarget may be projects in the member states designed to cut down on costlyoil bogged down missed imprts. Hall of this was made up of loans from the European lnvestment Bank and the other Solutions to the problems facing lhe Community memher states will half wasintheformof the common agricultural policy have to take ffrm decisions on the non-repayable grants. and the Unitd Kin gdom's refu nds siting and ordering of new nuclear from the Community budget power plants within the very near Safersas continuetodefytheTen future ifthey are to achieve the Community Transport Minislers objective for nuclear capacity by Despite an emergency meeting of 19fl) set in 19&), according to a new lave agreed 9n the application by theTen memberstates ot Foreiga ministers in Iondon shortly neport published by the European intemational standards in before Christmas, the end ofyear dead- Commission. checking ships in ports to prevent line for agreement on these reforms was oil oollution at sea. This will be notmet. The report on inveshent in the elec- canied out in cooperation with The Ministers did, however, mentrge hicity setor adds that unless such deci- othercounlries. to make progresson the guaranteesby sions are taken, the Ten's nuclear which should be provided for capaci8 in 1990 will be less thau 100

(iii) Contmunitylant Theecorwmy Maiorfine fol Businessmen are bubblyfirm mote confident Gigawatts (GW),insteadofthe The famous French champagne More European businessmen now 125 GW planned by house M6ehEennessy has- been feel that the end of the reaesslon is the Community Energy fined f,6f 6,frm by the Europeau in sigh! according to the l,atest Ministers. Commission for'serious survey of business confidence This in turu would mean a tntlugenent' of the Comnunity's publtshed by the European shortfall in the fulfflment of the competitionrules. Commission" Z Community's objective of achieving 70-?5 per cent ofelectricity production The fine was imposed on the firm's lhe suvey showsthatwhile indust- from solidfuels and nuelearenerryin- British subsidiary, M0et et Chandon, rial production has remaind stable for stead of from costly imported oil by for preventing the resale of its cham- some months, Community busiuess- 1990. pagne outside the United Kingdom. men have been insreasingly confident 0n a more positive note, the Commis- FromJanuary 1980 to October 1981, that an upturn is on the way. Their sion says that the coushustion of solid M0et et Chandon illegally applied an confidence is reflected in their judg- fuel burning electricity plants based on exportban on the 3 million bottles sent ments about the state of their order pmduction capacity under conshrrction from France to the United Kingdour books, their erpectations on produc- orplannedis confinuingto increase. each year. The company argued that tion, stocks and prices and their antici- But the report urges those member the ban wesjustified to protect British pated levels oferport. states with the greatest dependenoe on champagne drinkers from shortages * the business climate in the Federal oil for producing electricity (Italy, Ire- and price rises - after three bad har- Republic of Germany, hesitant land and the Netherlande) and where vests in the past four yearc. But the tlroughout 1981, remains so in the therre are limited or no prospects of de- Commission felt Community laws en- latest sunrey, although export pros- veloping nuclear energy by L990 to suringfree movement ofgoods hadbeen pects look healthier. A marked im- keep their invesfuent efforts under broken. The company has the right to provement is noted in France, with pro- constant review, with the aim of reduc- appeal to the European Court of duction expectations up and order ing dependence on oil to a practical Justice. books looking stronger. minimum. ft e Co-mi"sion has also outlawed tlre distribution system employed by the SwedishcameramakerVictor Has- Encrgy selblad and its United Kingdom distri- butor Hasselblad Limited. lnpsing a Trad,e Ghinese uranium for total fine of 760,000ECUonHassetUtaa and its disbibutors inthe Community, More steelto be Community? the Commission said that the distribu- tion system restricted free trade in the imported firrns' cameras in the Community, thus The People's Bepublie of China has keeping prices artificially high. voluntbered to sell uranlum to the The European Community has European Coumunlty - an offer decided to easo slightly its import expected to be followed up when sontrols on st€ol from third Chinese experts come to Brussels countriesthisyear. inthespring. Easier minds ln a bid to stabilise the domestic mar- The pmposal was frst put to Euro- on holiday ket, the Community took 1980 levels as pean geologists visiting Peking last a base and imposed a 12.5 per cent cut year, althoughtherehave so farbeenno on imporbs from 1[g 1{ main producers indications of the quantities involved Stories of the self-employed and lastyear. Usingthe samebase, the 1982 northe price to be charged. their families having to pay huge reductionwill be oaly 9.5 per eent. TIre deal would be a further example medical bills from their own Ttre figure represents a compromise ofthe growingnumber oflinkebetween pockets when ttrey fall ill while on between the efforts of the Commission the Communiff and China. It would holiday or business abroad will and the Federal Republic ofGermany to also provide a new source ofuranium soon [s s fhing of the pasf relar even further the controls and the supply forthe Community, which now wishes of the other main steel produc- meets most of its nds from Canada, As from JuIy, they will eqjoy the ingcountriesto seo themmaintained. South Africa, Niger and Australia. same health and social security protec- Ttrese conditions are now hing Apossible hitchsouldbe China'snon- tion as is now provided to the employed. putto the 14 uportingcountries, which participation in the International Ato- firus, armed with the proper form - account for some 75 per cent ofall steel mic Eaerry Agency and, hence, the the E 111-they will be reimbursed for imporis into the Community. country's classification as "un- any costs incurred. Meanwhile, the Europeaa Parlia- guarded". The Community insists on Tlre decision was taken by the Com- ment agreed to include f35 milliou in international safeguards on uranium munity's Social Affairs Ministers at the 1981 budget to be spent finaacing sales. their December meeting. early retirement antl work sharing

(iv) EUB,OFOB,UM schemes inthe steel industryas part of Tlwlaw should include details on the introduc- its modendsation pro gramme. tion ofnew technologies, an area so far Justbefore Christrnas, the Commun- leftuncovered. rty signed an agreemeut with Canada Bankruptcy plan to aid f[1s Qsmmission's plans have drawn whietr will govern the conditions under strong criticism from the business com- which nuclear material which Canada creditors munity, which claims that their imFle- supplies to the Community can be en- mentation would endanger company riched beyond 20 per cent or reproces- The European Commission is sesrets - a fear Mr Spencer totally re- sed. The agreementalso coversthe con- urging Community govemments to jests. ditions under which plutonirrm and sigr a new bankruptcy convention UNICE, the employers' umbrella uranium enriched beyond 20 per cent body, also claims that the clraft legisla- canbe stored. tion instead of falling on multination- lhe aim ofthe legislation is to allow als alone would ensnare as many as creditors and employees to use one 46,000 small and medium sized firms rather than a series ofproceedings to with a steffofover 100. More preferential wind up all the debtot's pmperty, even The unions, who attach great import- if this is spread throughout a number of ance to ttre proposal, retort that the fieatnent memberstate6. argument is fallacious. The measures, By pooling all these assets, the Com- they say, apply to subsidiaries, not com- The European Communit5r mission intends to make the tasks fac- panies, with over 100 employees. recently agreed to extend its ing creditors simpler. It sees sush a generalised system of preferences measure to protect creditons in the GSP under which developing Community as a neoessary coroltary of countries can import the vast the fr eedom of capital movement. nrajoriW of their manufactured, The convention, which sets out uni- Finnnre semi-manufacturdand form provisions for determining juris- agrtcultural goods to the Ten with a diction will not at the outset apply to Gommission aimsto partial or total reductionlntariffs. insurance companies. borrow more as funds The member states agreed to in- crease by the value of certain quotas l run low and ceilings for industrial and steel im- ports enjoying tariff reductions be- Employment tween 5 and 15 per cent. They also The European Commission has decided to increase the uumber ofpro- Tightening up on asked the Council of Ministers for ducts fr om noumania and China, which pemission to raise 9560 rilillion on can beuefitunder the GSP. multinationals tlre intemational capital markets. For agricultural products, the Com- Itintends to lend these ftrnds to muniff added 10 new products to the support energy saving and list of imports benefiting from tariff The onus for infoming and inf rashusture projects in the redustions and 10 extra products from consulting employees should lie Community. the poorest countries. The Ten also in- with the managers of loaal creased the margin of preference for a subsidiaries of multinational ltre loens would be made under the further 36 farm products. companies rather the" with the New Community Inshumeut (NIC), head office, according to the which has already lent a si-ilar Bridsh Conseryative MEP, Tom amount over the last three years. But Spencer. with funds now nearing exhaustion, Business the Commission has judged it neces- His report, due to be examined by the sary to raise more capital. At last plans European Parliament later this year, Novembey's European Council meet- Merger goes a long way towards supporting the ing in London the Ten's government du$ed off European Commission's pla''s in this leaders agreed to boost the NIC's hr- area, alttrough it suggests certain im- rowing ceiling by f,560 million to f,680 portantchanges. million. The European Comnlssion ls The most significant is its emphasis The Cornmission also wishes to nar- redoubling its efforts to inhoduce a on subsidiary management to.meet the row the range of projects eligible for vetting procedure for very large consultation requirements, rather support. It wants to concentrate on companymergersinthe than the parent company, as is schemes for the efficient use of energy, Community in order to protect favoured in the Commission &aft . infrastructure projects that encnurage smaller companles and the Mr Spencer recommends that if em- regional development and on small and coltElumer. ployees are unable to secure informa- medium sized firms with fewer than tion from their local subsidiary, then 1000 employees and assets below f,42 The scheme was flrst mooted in 1973, they should urge the management !s million. as beinguecessary to prevent develop- press head office for details. Shortly before Chrishas, the Com- ments which mightjeopardise competi If this is not forthcoming, then the munity authorised a822 million loan to tion between companies. As such it is subsidiary wouldbe in breach ofthe law Greece frcm the MC to help repair the seen as anintegral partofthe Commun- and could be taken to court. He also damsgg caused by the series of earth- ity's competitiou and industrial policy. recommends that the information quakes last February and March.

(v) EIIAOFOnIIMffi- ----r ETM,OPEANDYOII

ing matemity leave and time off for Equatity of the sexes pre-natal check-ups. Once again, self- employed women in agriculture are particularly hard done by in this re- stil an elusive goal spect. - Ihe Commission intends to promote positive action programmes to achieve Strengthening the individual rights of women, and achieving equal opportunity in practice, and will equal opporbunity in practice, are the twin objectives ofa new lend its support to infomation cam- paigns improve knowledge programme to 1985 has been drawn up to and action run until which by understanding. Other action can be the European Comm i ssion. taken through public con- tracts, vocational training for women The Commission has been a pioneer that the reasoning for excluding and positive action to remove inequali- and innovator in the equal opportuniff women from certainjobs is still valid in ties. field with a long-standing commitrnent the light oftechnological progress and The belief that technical occupations to improve the situation of women in changingcustoms. are not'Yem.iaine" has become. fimly the Community. Withits new program- the original directive on equal treat- roted in many areas and is effectively 6s if, eims to continue this work, build ment for women over social security hinderingthe integration of women in on the achievements to date and a{iust will be extended. Ttre 1979 directive the workforce, particularly in areas ap- policies in the light of economic ant only applied to statutory schemes but plyrng new teehnologies. Through the social developments. action will be taken to deal with occupa- new action prograurme, the Commis- Community action in this fi eld began tional social seurity schemes. The qitn sion intends to help diversifr thejob in the early Sixties with studies and will be to gradually establish indi- choices available to women, recommendations on the effective im- vidual social security entitlements for Making women more aware of the plementation of the prinsiple of equal maried women ornromen who are occupational possibilities open to them pay for men and women contained in cohabitins. is another area where improvements the Treaty of Rome. Ttris was followed Self-employed women, partioilarly can be made. tlre Commission is plan- up with a series ofdirectives designed to in agriculture (including working far- ning to establish an experimental net- improve the situation of working mers wives), do not always have a work of equal opportunities adr,isors sromen: equal pay (1975), equal treat- clearlydefined occupational status, and who will help fosterintegratednational ment over access to jobs aad frsining it is difficult to identifu their contribu- programmes on education and hain- (1976), equal heatment over social tion to family earnings. As a result, ing. securiB(1979). their social securiW entitlement is un- Another area to be tackled by the The obstacles hindering equal oppor- - clear. The status ofmany self-employed pmgramme is the desegregation of em- ttrnities for women are Erarry, and are women often remains that of houseurife ployment. Women tend to be coucen- aggravated by current eonomic dif- as deflned by mahimonial law. Mem- trated in a few sectors ofactiviff and ficulties. Part of the new prograeme ber states willbe required to eliminate occupations and mostly at lower levelg si'ns il ensuring that the existing any constraints which prevent applica- even though it hss been demonstrated direstives are properly imFlemented tion ofthe principle of equal treahent that womeu can handle as well as men and respected in practice, with recourse to self-employed women. any post that is genuinelyopentothem. - whea neoessary - to infringement The process of change must start with procedures. The Comnission will abolish dis- key sectom such as the civil services, Auother problem that has arisen is crimination against pregpant sample sectors such as lrnks, or pilot consistency in the interpretation ofthe womeninrecr-uihent shemesinnewareas. diiectives and a network of national Clearly identifring and analysing bodies has been established to help pro- the trendstowards achievingequal em- vide detailed monitoring of the Com- The questiou oftaxation ofwomen in ployment and desegregation will be an munity law. Tlre Commission also families where both husband and wife part of the work and the wishes to help women assert their are eamers will be dealtwithto ensure Commission will convene a group of rightsiuthe courts andmake sure they thatthere is no intlirect discrimination experts to coordinate a continuous are pmperly using the means of redress against womerl ffis Commigsion will monitoringsystem. already provided for in national legisla- conduct a comparative analysis of tax Member states will also be cafled tion. systems to see how they affect women upon for positive action to abolish dis- Equal access tojobs is avital element, and inMuce appropriate measures. crimination against immigrant whichthe Commission intends to prom- In eeveral countries, refusal to re- women, ote by abolishing udustified protective cruit women who are pregnant and 159 Qemmission will set up an expert legislation - for example, the exclusion , even dismissing them on these panel to ascertain areas in which such of women fromjobs where heavy loads grounds, is accepted. The Commission discrimfuration exists and identi& the are involved, when in fact such loads plane to take a shong line and abolish legal diffrculties preventing these are today transported mechanically. discrimination against pregnant women fr om obtaining emplo5rment. Member states will be called upon to women in recruitment and also im- Changing public attitudes is an im- revise all such legislation and ensure prove their social security coverregard- portant aspect in the success ofmany of

(vi) the aspests oftheprogramme andmem- hopefully - usefuI coaclusions and re- 'lhe programme revealed how little ber states will be called upon to conduct medies. those working to help the poor knew public infomation campaigns in order Although it is generally true that the about the experience ofthose engaged to accelerate the achievement of equal poordo not sufferthe depths ofpoverty in similar work in other countries. opportunities forwomen- in practice as courmon in pre-war years, severe de- Comparing different approaches and wellasintheory. privation clearly still existe in Europe. learningfrom each othey's good andbad The studies found the most severe experiences waa a valuable spin-off poverty isto be found in rural areas like from the project. A network ofproject Italy's Mezogionro, Ireland, Northem and research workens has now been heland and parts ofFrance. created in the Community who are Weighing up the Many of these areas have high unem- aware ofeach othey's work. ployment, under-emploSrment, low The programme concluded that sys- earnings, high dependence on social tematic arrangements are needed to burden of security and other gover:nment assiet- ensure the exchange ofknowledge and ance, demogtaphic imbalance and eco- innovative approae,hes between count- The anmy of the poor- tndividuals nomic and social stagnation. National ries. A further prograrlrme of projects or families whose resources are so reports drawn up duringthe program- and studies should be built around com- nrnall as to exclude them ftom the me highlight, in particular, notjust the mon themeS of rnsoimrrrn value and rninirnurn asceptable way of life'- lowstandardoflivingofmanypeople in given a longer period offunding. is still increasing in all countries of helandand Italybut alsothatthere are While the mein lssponsilility for the European Community. lbis is concentrations of poverty and 'dis- policy to combat poverty is at the one way of saying povert5r, even in advantage' scattered throughout other- national level, some aqrects need to be the Eighties, is getting worse. wise fairly prosperous communities. coordinated at the Community level. I}re progrnrtrrtte hied, in particular, Broad recommendations emerging the definition quoted above was to clearly identifr the disadvantaged from the programme include a reduc- adopted by the Community's Council of position ofimmigrants intJre Commua- tion in unemployment which would lift Ministers io 1975, when it authorised a ity. While life fs1 manyhas been prefer- rna'y of the victims out of poverty and five-year prograrnme of pilot projects able to remaining in their own count4r, reintegrate tJrem. Even though this is and stufies to help us understand the many have had to suffer low levels of perhaps unattainable inthe short term, nature and causes ofpoverty, to test out pay, poor working conditions, unsatis- efforts should be made to spread ex- theoretical methods of alleviating factory housing and cultural isolation. isting jobs further and fairly through poverty and identifu counter measures shorter workinghours and flexible re- and techniques which could be applied Alienation ftom societ5r is rein- tirement. throughout the Community. forced bypublic lack of awareness Begional policy should be usd to en- Though the definition used does not aboutpovertSr sure that economic development is not define a specific poverty line- sirce this concentrated solely in the prooperous comprises both questions ofreal income regions. An efuive minimum income andsocial attitudes-ithasprovedtobe One of the most worrying conclusions is proposed to maintain households an accurate approachand clearly shows to emerge from the reports is the effec- above the poverty level. firis would in- that the economic crisis has exacer- tive exclusion ofthe poorest, particular- volve minimrrm wage legislation to en- batedtheproblem. ly the long-term poor, from the rest of sure adequate income for those in em- the just published results of the five the population. ltis effestive aliena- ployment. Effective social assistance year research prograrnme show that tion fromthe rest of society and even the and the maintenance of its real value measuresto combatpoverty must reach services established to help them is wouldalsohelp. into a wide range ofsocial and economic reinforced by public ignorance - lack of All Community policies need to take policies. there are also areas where it awareness - about the existence of specifi c account oftheir effests onpover- would be clearly valuable for the Cori- poverty. For example, about half the tyaswenowunderstandit. TheRegion- munity to take an interest. population believe that poverty does al, Social and Fam Funds, as well as A number of projects were selected not exist in their community. the European Investment Bpnk must forresearch, mostly in communities or Itisdifficultforthepoortopresstheir be given greater financial strength identifiable areas inlarge cities, as well case. They are generally dispersed and with the explicit aim of combating as a small number in nrral areas. Some not organised as a sectional interest. If poverty. Specific actions proposed in- were already to or conducted by public individuals could organise themselves clude the fomation of comprehensive sosial services, others by independent that well, in all likelihood they would social and economic developmeut plan s voluntaryagencies. not be caught in the poverty hap in the for underdeveloped and declining re- lhe se,hemes covered for example, a firstplace. gions where poverty is most acute such welfare rights project in Belfast, family The poverty progtarnme clearly re- as Ireland and Italy and investing re- day care centres in London and Liver- vealed the strategic mle which employ- gional funtls in suitable programmes. pol, the depressed Mamlles area in ment can play in resolving the problem Small firms and cooperatives should Bmssels and a host ofother problems in of pverty. The weight of unemploy- be encouraged and helped in setting up areas in Breda in the Netherlands, ment was a dominant characteristic in in areas with declining traditional ia- Copenhagen, Cologne, Paris and Sffrtt- all the areas examined and the growth dustries. Ihe Community can make gart. of long tem unemployment is a fu rther funds available to develop programnes All the study projects were designed dimension to the problem. fire inade- to counter long term unenployment, to help understand the nature, causes quacy of smial security arangements extending provisions to help disabled and extent of poverty in the Commun- for those out ofwork longer than 12 workers, immigrants without suitable ity anil allthepmjectswere interlinked mouths is bringing new groups into the job skills andwomen goingbacktowork to provide comparative results and - povertyzone. aft er bringing up chil&en.

(vii) EI]ROFOF,TIM ETTBOPENRMVMVT

Bureau setup to Companiesetoringor Federal Republic of Germany Ma.rrufacturers would be transportingdangemus has more specifi c provisions on preventedfromusing helpdisabled substanseswill alsobe travel agrmments. Thers are substarces that are proved to required to meet the new safety also plans in the Netherlanils be hazardous and sould be Work has already started on code. Firms must nottfr their to include a c,hapter on havel obligetl to switch to less toxic the European Comrninsionls activitiee to the compotent agreements in the New Civil products. new five-year programme to authoritie and produce a Code. thatwayajokewould helpthehandicapped,which, safety reprt showing that all remain a joke - for everybdy. was agreed at the end of 1981 as pssible measures have been the Communitt's follow-up to taken to identi$ and prevent the International Year of mqior accident risks anil that Deathprobe DisabledPeoplo. staffare trained to copeia the A special new administrative eventofdisasters. lhe European Coamiesion is Bidtohelp bureau hasjust been set up by The European Commission cumeutlycarrylagouta part time workers thg Q6mmissi6n atthe will set up a databank on mqjor deiailed study of the problems andtheelderly initiativo of Commissioners industrial accidents to gurrsunding autot sies within Ivor Richard and Michael facilitate exchanges of theCommunity. Ot(ennedy, responsible for informationandshare Thishascometolight the European $6mmi esion has drawn proposals Employment, Social Affairs experience. following reports that failure up designed to givo part'time workers the anrlEducationandfor The new legislation also by some public authorities to Personnel and Administration, requires countries buililing or prformadequate same social socurity and emplo5meat rights as to car:ryoutworkonthe operatingpotentially post-mortems on pgople who full-time workers. At the moment, there programmewhich hazardous plants close to have died in other member are considerable gaps in concentrates on setting up an border's to aotify neighbouring states is leading to relatives- natioual legislation which help EEC-rride network of local governments of pollution or ineuranc€ claims hing reduced todiscriminate aCaiud projects to help disabled people healthriskg. and casee of murder sometlmes part-time workets, enabling integrate atall levels into thC The Ministers also agreed on going uniletec'ted. employers to them lese loealcommunity. 6ari murn pemitted levels for treat favourably thon full-timers. These projects will serve ag digcharges of mercuty from TheCommiesionwantsto demonstration models for the desalination plants or from make sure they are entitled by rest of the Community and the factories produciug batteries, law to proportional rights as new bureauwill be responsible intowater. Somejokes arenot far for coordinating the projects softlnny aspay,holidaymoaey, anil keeping representatives of rdundaucy and retiremeut There are few things worse payments disabled people, voluntary are concerne{ aDal than a practicaljoke th at goes given priority associatio4s and professional Ensuring ahappy that they are in badlywrongandendsup establishment bodies in touch with each other, au if they wish foreignholiday harming, instead of amusing, part-time not only nationally but at a to transfer from to Europeanlevel. thoseinvolvec[. full"timework. In the wake of a particularly Joke shopstodaysell an Part-time workers woulal bad winter, thoughts are increasingly complex variety of aleo bo entitld to a written turning to sunnier climes and pranks fr om the traditional agreement with an employer Newlawsaim at the prospect of suurmer false beards and'nail through aad the principle of equal cuttingdownon holidays. But holidays don't ttreflnget'tomore rights would be applicable. rmajoraccidents always turm out tobe pleasant. sophisticated stink bombs and Atthesametime,the In answerto a question ftom tnargaspellets. Commi ggi6a fo as put forwaril a the Scottish Nationalist But some ofthesejokes are pmposal which airn at Tough new regulations to Euro-MP Winifreil Ewiug, the uow eausing alam not hilarity. iuhoducing more freedom of prevent m4jor industrial EumpeanCommissionhas Rosearchers have recently choice for people wishing to accidents, euch as that which listd lawe which exist in the founilthatEomeofthe retire. After a given age- occurred at Seveso in Northern different Communi8 c'ounkies chemicalsusediDthe iilentical for both men and Italy in 1976, were agreed by to compensate dissatisfi ed manufacture of sneezing womea - they shoulil, in the Comnunity Environment holiday-makers. pwttor, stink bombs and mini Commission'e yiew, be allowed Ministers at their rec€nt The Commissiou may have to tear gas pellets coulil be to decide for themsolveg when meeting inBrussels. iatroduce some common Laws exhemely ilaugerous, causing to retire. Under the new rules, due to on tourism throughout the infl a m m ation of the eyes and Memberstateswouldbe come into force within the nert Co-munity, which will b€ throat, skln disorderg anil obligedtoreviewtheir 1 I months, companieo engaged oxamined by a group it set up 4qmage to the respfuatory retirementschemesto intheprcduction, useor Iast July to look at the alifferent system. incorporate the principle of handling of178 list€d aspects of tourism and its One gubstance used in the flexible retirement. dangerous subotances will be problems. Meanwhile, there ls manufacture of sneezing required to publicise poiential preventive legislation in force powder is similar in chemlcal h szands to their workers and to to guarantee the quality, compositiontoaknown peoplelivingnearby. fairness and Eafety ofserYic€s cancer-causingagent. Inilustries coverd ineluile provided by travel agents or Some suspect substancss are pharuaceuticals autl travel companies in Belgium, already bs r.ed in several pesticides, oil gas Franceaudltaly. and Community counhies and now EUBOFOBUM is prepared by plastics. refineries and But Lawsestablishinga the European Co-imi ssion has the information eerrices ofthe guarantee nuclear power plarts and fu nd for holiilays drawn up a directive aimed at, Europeau Commiesion in military installations are exist in De.-ark a:rd the harmonising member stotes' Bruslols. Editon Peter Doyle. : ercluded. United Kingdom, while the laws in this field.

(Yiii) EUROPE The risinf,cost oJ Europe's seven tongues

skedwhatlanguage he spoke, the It is hardly surprising that, in the face of Emperor Chades V is said to have these problems, the Commission has been replied: 'I speak Latin and Itdian considering how modern, computer-based with the Pope and his ministerg, technology might ease some of the burden on Spanish and German with my officers and the translation seryices. This has culninated soldiers, French with the ladies, my noble in a proposal for an ambitious f,8.5 million ftiends and diplomats, and I speak Flemish research progrunme aimed at developing a with my most tnrsted friends, my European machine translation system. physician, my father confessor and my Budget approval for the proiect is imminenl. secretaty'. Such a system would in no way displace Unfornrnately, few people are so gifted. As human translators. If successfirl, however, it a result, multinational organisations such as should be able to handle specific types of the European Community with its seven of- documents, in particular those where a high ficial languagesfind themselves having to de- standard of translation is not essential. vote ever-increasing amounts of time, energJ The resolution approved by the European and money to their translating and interpret- Parliament onmachine translation contains a ingservices. clause urging'prompt action following review The European Community, currently ofthe organisation ofthe Eanslation services working with Danish, Dutch, English, within the community institutions, and in French, German, Greekandltalian, hasmore particular the early adoption ofword proces- ofEcial languages than any comparable or- sing technologies which are currently avail- ganisation. Since the accession of Greece last able'. As a step in the right direction, tenders January, translators have had to cope with as arenowbeing sought for a study intoways in urany as 42 language pairs, since each ofthe which word-processing and other technolo- seven official languages may have to be trans- gies could improve the organisation and lated into any ofthe other six. IThen Spain and working methods of the European Padia- Pornrgal join the Community, the number of This yearr the Community's ment, particularly given the geographical dis- possible language pairs will increase to 72. persal of its activities. The European Commission, the Parlia- language-related costs There is clearly much that can be done ment, the Council and the Court now generate could reach t250 millioa. today to prevent the Community becoming between them well sysl x millios pages of submerged beneath the weight of its trans- translation each year. Over 40 per cent of the CHRIS CARLINGreports latiou needs. Some steps have already been cost of administering the Community is taken onways inwhich taken. An automatic terminology retrieval up by translating and interpreting and their new translation systems system or electronic dictionary - Euro- back-up services. dicautom - has been developed to help trans- ln 1979 the cost was around S214 million. mighthelp lators cope with specialised texts. Estimates for 1982 suggest that language- Such systens are valuable, though they related coss will be well overthef250 million need to be continuouslyupdatedto keep pace mark. The difficulties which arise from the Government departments and other in- with technological advance. Terminology is Community's multilingualism are not solely stitutions in all member states rely, perhaps at the same timebeingslowly sundardisedin financial. more than we realise, on the various fields. More effort could be made to Even ifcost could be set aside, there is still efficiency of the Community translation ser- grade texts according to the degree ofaccura- the risk of backlog and delay to impair the vices. In the UK the Departments of Trade cy and polish required in their translation. efficienry of an organisation where such a and Industry, the Foreign Office, the Minis- Some automation could be introduced into large proportion of documents have to be try of Agriculture and many other organisa- other processes, such as document updating, traoslatedintoallthe official languagesbefore tions handle Community papers on topics or the routing and locating of papers within they are published. So far, serious delays have rangng from anti-dumping applications to the community's institutions. !6sa minimised. But aS new langUages are sugar and sheepmeat regimes. A great many As with so many complex problems, there added, pressure on the translation services is of these have been through the translation is not one but many solutions. Albert boundtoincrease. mill. Bachrach, head of the Commission's trans- As the numbr of language pairs grows, \Fithin the Community, the European Par- lators in Luxembourg, has said that if you translators and interpreters with the neces- liament faces some of its gravest problems recognised a country's language then you will sary skills are likely to become more difficult arisingfromworkingwith somany languages. perhaps respect that country rather than in- torecruit. Ben Patterson, Member of the European vade it, but if you impose your language on it, There is no shonage ofgood traDslators to Parlianent for West Kent, describes how then you invade it without even noticing. work with language pairs, such as French and agendas are strongly affected by the need for The Community has up to now maintained German, or English ssd ltalian. However, docunents to be ranslated before meetings; a high ideal of multilingualism. It remains when it comes to Danish into Greek, for sommittee ssports are often delayed; amend- now for it to take the practical steps necessary example, or- later -Pornrguese into Dutch or ments cannot be circulated in time. In his to prevent this ideal from becoming an in- German, then enough qualified eanslators view, language constraints considerably re- tolerable burden. with the necessary skills area gooddealharder duce the possibilities for urgent action within toftid. theparliament. trAbridged fr om'British Business'. 13 EUROPE 8

spirit of the Treaty of Rome.' The hearing comes up in April. The British Government originally came out in support of Lord Bethell's campaign, even helping him to pay for the costs ofthe case. The Treasury Solicitor's department put the Government's view quite clearly: 'rJ7e have intervened because we believe that the EEC's competition rules should be applied to I rliqnt departures ') airlines in respect of the fixing of air tariffs.' t}'i....: The situation took a typically confusing Flight arrivals turn at the end of January, when British Befreshments Airways appeared to come into conflict with X -l +*.* the Government's views. The London ?"imes reported that, after fust denying that it opposed Lord Bethell, British Airways later admitted that along with other airlines, in- cluding British Caledonian, it was asking for the right to intervene in the case. '\Jile agree with Lord Bethell's aim of cheaper fares; but we disagree with his means,'a spokesman was reported as saying. '\0'e do not think the competition rules of the Treaty of Rome can be applied to air transport without a common air transport policy by the member states, which does not exist. '\Tithout that the competirion rules would be inconsistent with existing agreements, and would undermine present coordinated inter- national aviation systems.' The Department of Trade has said it is up to British Airways what line they take. The line British Airways takes is to support a Brussels initiative calling for'country of origin' price fixing, whereby, for example, Britain could

*q o. Bffi 'IATA is nol so ffigia:;Y much q cqrlelos q tqlking shop'

unilaterally halve fares to Paris after failing to Theairf;ares wrangle: reach agreement with France. But Lord Bethell is reported to have said (not there was a cat in hell's chance' that the wheredowegolromhere? Council of Ministers would agree to the Com- mission's proposal. Meanwhile, travellers who address their complaints to IATA in Geneva would be bet- I fyou want to start a heated argument, JOHN BRENNAN picks his*ffi teradvised to lobby their own sovernments, ! tv a group of t I businessmen"or"in"ing that European"ri[irrg air fares *"itr,r""gr,trr"ir,it'[J;f i'*'L',ff.llT;:1lT1T;?'iXfkIH I ,"".onable. You wiil get your conflicting aims and views airline club packed with executives squeezing argument."r" But you are not likely to win it. the last drops ofcash from their stranglehold No one, not even the maior airlines, can of governments, agencies on the airways is, says Mr Hammarskidld, a comfortably excuse a situation where it costs andairlines myth. 'IATA does not make the fares or the as much to take a one-way economy flight rules. It is the airlines,' he says. from London to Athens as it does to fly return shorter distances between major cities in the The Association is not so much a cartel as a from London to New York. On any commer- European Community. talking shop where innumerable technical cial basis that looks indefensible. So why are European air fares so high? and operational procedures are hammered There is, of course, a counter-argument. Lord Bethell, the Euro-MP for London out between the airlines. But surely the You could make the point that the trans- North-'West, has no doubts about the reason. administrative chief of such an organisation is atlantic air fares war of the past few years has He has been asking the European Court of ideally placed to bang a few corporate heads made such comparisons unrealistic. But you Justice to rule on his argument that existing together and force fares down to commercial- cannot get around the comparable point that it European air fares are illegal. They are the ly realistic levels? You might think so. Mr is considerably cheaper to fly internally in the result, he says, of'price-fixing and restrictive Hammarski rild doesn't. United States than it is to travel by air the far practices between the airlines that breach thd Itispartlyaproblemofhistory. IATAdates t4 EUROPE 32

from 1945 when, in the early days of inter- through the inter-government coutrols for Heathrow by Tube in about anhour without national cooperation, airline operators and years to bring down the costs of European any advanced preparations, seat reservations governments decided that they ought to settle flights. You mieht ask why, if he is so or the like. Yet for the second part of his down and regulate the worldwide aviation concerued, he has not cut ticket prices iourney, which will also take him absul ao system. unilaterally. hour, he has to go through all the time- The problem was that no-one could agree Mr Ifatts is a businessman himself - he is honoured ceremonial of the airline business if aboutfares. no philanthropist. But at least he has tried to he wants to be sure ofa seat. Safety, airpon procedures, call signs, all initiate route-by-route fare cuts. \[hat is 'With the volume of uaffic on these routes, the day-to-day, practical elements of keeping more, he has iust been appointed chairman of and the number of services that we and our thousands ofaircraft in the air efEciently and the Association of European Airlines, to European partnerc are already offering, we with the miniynrrm danger, aII those points which the 20 main European airlines belong. ought by now to be able to offer a "turu up and couldhappily bedealtwith. ButtheAmerican Ve have been pushing for a long time for take ofP' service.' airlines waotd commercial operations on a lower fares in Europer' he says. 'But national Loud cheers of support from business free-for-all-basis. The Europeans wantd a interests are still a powerfirl force and not all travellers. Inscrutable silence from the other bitmoreregulation. European governments, or airlines, see it our airlines. Assuming that the airline chiefs do not way.' So, even among the airlines, pressrue to huddle in anairpon bar every fewmonths to Mr Watts has been pressing ahead with make sense of the European air fares muddle rig fares, you might think they gang up on localised fare cus, and has talked about skirt- is being increased. But we have been here their customers under the umbrella authority ing the problem of inter-government regula- before, meny times. tions with ideas like the 'chaunel"hopp€rr' I Past waves of competitive enthusiasm have qmong version ofcheap standby tickets for London broken on the seemingly immsyafls wall of 'Even the to Paris flights. resist?nce, builtby governmentswhonotonly oirlines, preEsureto More radically, he has become the cham- have the power to control the fares, but who moke sehse of lhe pion of an inter-European'shuttle' network. also control their national airlines. Their un- He helped to bring the idea of walk-on and publicised argument is that, if they don't fores mu{dle is being pay-on-aboard flights from the United States squeeze as much cash as possible from increosed' to Britain in the 1960s. They have worked uzvellers, their aidines will have to fall back pretty well on internal routes in the UK for on heavier state subsidies. So, as long as they twenty years, and he would like to see the idea feel they need a national flag carrier, they will spread to the most heavily used European charge what the market will bear. It is a of the International Air Transport Associa- destinations - the routes between London, vicious circle that, iust possibly, the Euro- tion, IATA. You wouldn't be alone in think- Dublin, Brussels, Amsterdam and Paris. pean Court will finally break. ing that. Countless letters of complaint flow Ignoring possible customs xsd immigra- However, even Roy !7ans throws cold into IATA's Geneva offices from angry Euro- tion problems on ion-booked ioterstate water on the hope that a break-tbrough to pean business travellers. But, according to flights, Mr Vatts' European 'shuttle' runs open competition will eventually mean US- Knut Hammarskj6ld, they would do better to smack into the same old problem of aidines' level air fares in Europe. 'The short-term lobby their own governments. vested interests. To make it work he would potential air market in Europe is still much In the end, the European governments gaye like to see a ioint 'shuttle' company run by smaller than in the USA,' he explains. We up and told the airlines to get on with their British Airways, Sabena, Air France, the fightforitagainslhighlyefEcientrailand road own fare strucnues. They did, and Lord Dutch airline, KLM, and Ireland's Aer competitors. And European costs - for inst- Bethell's application to the Court of Justice is Lingus. ance aviationfuel and landing fees-are rradi- theresult. Nice idea. But, like lower fares, only a faint tionally higher than ls Angrica. So we shan't Mr Hammarksitild doesnot simplypass the hope. reduce European fares overnight: the reduc- buck back to the airlines. He makes the point 'It seems to me to be sheer nonsenser'says tion, I believe, will be slow and gradual.'He that European airlines do not operate under Mr Watts 'hat a passenger.who wants to adds, optimistically: 'But I have no doubt at the same cost conditions as the Americans. travel to, say, Paris from London can go to all that it will come.' E For one thing, European governments are veryparticularaboutairroutes. You iustcan't take off, head for your destination and land. You have to follow a rigidly enforced set of air Morc Gommunily Gash public routes that can ake you hunilreds of miles out for ofyourway. Aviation fuel prices are also artificially low works prrogrammes in the US; European aidinespay roughly half The Commission has adopted two decisione concerning supplementary measures in as much again to fill up their aircraft. And, favour of the United Kingdom. Theyprovide for s nsyffnandal contributionfrom because of individual states'air traffic rules, the Communitytopublic works programmes inthe UK, amountingto aroundf3l6 lylr llamnarski6ld says, airlines cannot use million. This brings the total amount provided for the supplementaqr measures in their aircraft in a rational way. the United 'In favour ofthe United Kingdom to eome 0816 million. States, because it is one country, there is one grant air traffic control system and all that goes with This new consists of t103 million for a road-building prcgramme it. There you cao use your planes rationdly, throughout the UK and fil13 million in extra funds for seven public works prograrnmes and keep them flying all the time.' for which aid has already been granted. These seven priogranrmes af,e It is worth asring thate even amongst the located in the North of England, the North West of England, the South \[est of aidiues, ttrere are calls to cut fares. In fact, England, Yorkshire and Humberside, Scotland, Wales and Northern lreland. apartfromlegal actionin the European Court, Futher supplementary measures in favour of the United Kingdom are planned ia the most significant moves to\pards lower the form of aid for public works financed from the l98UE2 Budget. fares have come from the biggest single air The latest decisions include a Community contribution towards the M25 orbital carrier - British Airways. mototray around London, the A45 Ipswich bypass, the M54 from Telford to the Roy Vatts, the airline's deputy chairman M6 and the AtCI Gloucester Northern bypass. and chief executive, has been trying to cut

15 ROPE 82 lnwardinvestment- a major benefitolbeingin Europe

In this e:rtract from a paper cornmissioned by the European League forEconomic Co-operation, KENNETH FLEET reports on the likely consequences for overseas investors in the UK if a future anti-Market government took Britain out

J fany future Government takes the United Kingdom out ofthe inve$t on the scale or in all the areas, industrial and geographical, that I n*ip."" Communityit will be a political act, iot an economic the UK economy manifestly needs. The US multi-nationals are the ! fuag.-"ot-,'less a decision thaf would weai

'We have a big plant. But if the UK decided 'We are set up here to supply Europe. There to come out it would undoubtedly be looked rF BRTTAIN QUIT: would be considerable pressure from the on unfavourably. This plant would not have European countries to have their own plants the backing of future investment.' if we left the EEC.' WHATMANAGERS Mahony, Control Data Ltd David Jones, Takiron (UK), Bedwas, Wales Denis (a subsidiary of Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis), Brynmawr,'Wales 'We shall have the biggestJapanese invest- OFOVERSEAIi ment in Europe . . .If we were to come out of the Common Market there wouldhave to be SUBSIDIARIES '[f we left the EEC the iob opportunities in some re-thinking of the overall future.' this organisation would be that much fewer, James Morrison, NEC Electronics, HAVETOSAY..I and it would harm our ability to attract the Livingstone, Scotland rightpeople. . . The UK alone is too smallto operate in most 20th-century technology 'I hope this country will never be out of the businesses.' EEC. It would mean an increase in our price David Reed, Hewlett-Packard, Bristol and we would have to struggle to survive.' Shunli Matsuoka, National Panasonic, 'If Britain abandoned the EEC and tariff Pentwyn, Wales barriers were raised against us, interaction would become a real problem. At the mo- 'If the UK were to pull out of the Common ment, things can go backwards and for- Market, it would literally mean we would wards across national barriers without any close this factory down and transfer the trouble.' facilities to a country which was within the Michael Reakes, Honeywell Information EEC, very probably lreland.' Systems, Newhouse, Scotland Ceri Evans, Lamplight Farms (a subsidiary of Lamplight Farms, Milwaukee), were the managing director rilflales 'If I Japanese Llantrisant, looking at inward investment and Britain was coming out of the Common Market, I was a disadvantage. 'We are iust finishing a part of a new building might well think that to the tune of several million dollars. I doubt The other European factories might appear there would be another penny put into that more attractive for further development. place ilyou got outofthe CommonMarket.' The EEC less the UK is a much bigger Peter Polgar, General Instrument commerciol, ore omong the Joponese potential market than the UK alone.' Microelectronics. Glenrothes. Scotland firms who hove sei up in-South Woles. \ililliam Fulton, Sony (UK), Bridgend,rtrflales WhyScotland is unique in the Eurcpean Gommunlty ,TN-EUq 'Much of Britain's own oil needs are nor{, $sing supplied from the North Sea, and the Community is buying out oil. Scotland is unique in the Community in having every single energy source, old and new, within its boundaries...As a headquarters for any potential Community enersr agetrcy, Scotland would be hard to beat.' So says'Scotland in Europe', a lively and authoritative pamphlet published by the European Communities Commission in Edinburgh. It spells out, in clearterms, the background to why Britain is in Europe, how funds are allocated, and misconceptions about how the Community works. ! 'Scotland in Europe' is available from the Commission of the European Communities, 7 Alva Street, Edinburgh rN 11 EH24PH. :,"xtl$l- REMA.N tli::*sll$usr t7 Germanyinsea rch ol a national identU

ijt , I .* ffS r*- r'{ r'\ a*

I]l,l ', cl -} l t ir'" * Y

For groups ofpeople cannot be generated at will, but is the outcome of Germans in the Federal Republic, the prolonged and complex processes. success of their society since 1945 has not Vhat strikes the foreigner about the Federal Republic of Germany been accompanied by any clearnotion of is that its social and political system is based on a remarkably broad consensus, but that it is also felt, by the great majority ofthe who they really are, writes population, to be extremely fragile, in constant danger, to be WoLFGANGJ. MOMMSEN defended by every possible means - even if those means may not be consistent with the liberal nature of democracy. It may be, as one commentator has remarked, that the paradox of n the August issue journal ! l98l of EG-Magazin- a sister to the Federal Republic is that such an essentially liberal society should EURopE 82, published in Bonn a posed I - contributor the question lack the liberal spirit meaning a degree of self-confidence that allows whether - ! a resurgence ofGerman national consciousness would not it to tolerate fringe groups which question the system itself. I be in the interest ofother European countries than Federal It is, indeed, characteristic ofthe Federal Republic that the broad Germany alone, particularly those in the Community. He also asked consensus, concentration in the political Centre, and fear ofextremes if, after the end of the war, the German people might have held more - both Right and Lefr - has in many respects developed differently resolutely to the democraric elements ,national of their political and intellectual from what might be conventionally regarded as the traditions, thereby quickly establishing a national identity with roots consciousness'. Faith in the unity of the German nation which has fumly in German - history. even been incorporated in German constitutional law is then an On the - face ofit, these two propositions seem reasonable enough. unconscious extension of age-old German political attitudes, deriving But they also reflect the somewhat feverish quest in recent years for a from the creation by Bismarck ofa nation state in l87l bv arevolution new identity, and the misconception that such things can be achieved imposed from above. at the drop of a hat political by measures. If we Germans can draw any Other than this, Germans have preferred not to spend too much conclusion from history, it is that national consciousness in large time contemplating their pasr. Insread - and especially in the 1950s l8 EUROPE and 1960s - they have uied to dodge the issue of their own national stable national consciousness, rather than oscillating from one identity, turning their backs in horror on their nightmarish past and extreme to another. It would then be easier to achieve compromises principles looking to the European idea as a substitute for what they have lost. with other member states, rather than invoking the lofty of Karl Jaspers did not mince his words when he said in 1960 that'the the Rome Treaties. history of the German state is at an end. What we as a nation can best It is easy enough to suggest that the Germans should become aware do for ourselves, and the world, is understand the international of their national identity in terms which recognise their own worth, situation today - that the idea ofa nation state is now the bane of and thus promote political compromise, But it is difficult to show Europe, and ofall other continents. The nation state is the them the way. In the past two decades \(/est German citizens' predominant destructive force in the world. But, having seen through acceptance of the legitimacy of their state has largely been determined it, we can set about eradicating it.' by political factors which have little to do with national tradition, such as the exraordinary success of the free market economy with only a modicum of state intervention, and by unbending opposition to the 'Germqns hove looked to the Communist systems operating in East Germany and elsewhere. Europeqn ideq qs q substitute for Communism's conspicuous failure to create prosperity has, at the same time, largely discredited all forms of socialist policy, from the whqf they hove losl' mildly left-wing to the ultra-left. These factors are still ofsome significance; but they have receded into the background to a large extent. East Germany is of less immediate importance to the Federal Republic because ofits The idea of replacing nationalism by Europeanism, which gained increasingestrangement. The era of almost continuous economic ground among influential circles in Germany in the 1950s and 1960s, growth, which has enabled disputes over the shareout ofthe economic proved to be wishful thinking. Nationalism was reviving everywhere, cake to be settled to the satisfaction ofall social groups, seems now to great of the'West German economy both inside and outside Europe ' So now we have to ask ourselves be behind us. The reconstruction whether Germany's European policy, under the in{luence of these and society, the emotionally-charged rediscovery ofprosperity in ideas, was guided by Utopian illusions - what was desirable rather freedom, is complete. get own steam ina than what was attainable - and whether structural defects were The aim used to be to ahead under one's allowed to develop in the Community edifice which could have been dynamic meritocracy. Now, it is to sit tight on one's possessions, avoided, given a cooler appraisal ofnational interests. Itwould do the Communiry no harm if the Germans were a little more down to earth on Europe and more open in recognising 'Hopes for o sociql tech4ology of specifically German interests. As things stand, it would be good for the luture hqve proved bqselbss' the Community if Germany based its future policy on a mature and

The brioht liohts of o prosperous societv il lumindte West Berlih. Over the Wol I (lbft), come what may. At the same time, the affluent society has allowed the conspicuous controsl hos'lorgely pockets ofan alternative culture to grow up on its fringes, reiecting discrediied oll forms of sociolist policy'. out of hand the predominantly materialistic ideals of the older generation - even if these fringe groups do live off them like parasites . It is hardly surprising, in these circumstances, that people are calling for a change of course. As time goes by, hopes for a social technology ofthe future, renouncing history, have proved baseless. The looked-for reorientation has taken the form ofa nostalgic - and sometimes unashamedly conservative - return to historical traditions. And, despite all the historical research, it is clear that, deep down, relatively traditionalist aspects of the historical consciousness have been lying dormant. Recalling them - for example, by evoking Prussianism or the statesmanlike wisdom of a Bismarck- is sure to meet with public approval. Any attempt to pick and choose between historical traditions is frought with danger. Just as, in the early 1950s, it was impossible to regard oneself as an heir to the (comparatively feeble) democratic traditions of our nation, so now it will be all but impossible to lay the foundations ofa new, conservative-tinged national consciousness by a one-sided revival of'positive elements' ofthe Prusso-Gerrnan past' The Germans will have to realise that their history alone cannot be the key to solving their identity crisis. It can only show them the way a new understandingof their role in the modern world. All the signs are that the 'German question' has reverted to its normal situation - that of one German nation split up into several German states. Viewed in a longer-term perspective, the phase of the single, consolidated nation state, from 1871 to 1933, was only an episode in a long history. On the other hand, in the present system- in many respects comparable with that of the German confederation of l8l5 - the Federal Republic has been given the leading part onthe political, cultural and intellectual stage. Its task for the future will be to play this part wisely and with ludgement.

! Professor Mommsen is Director of the German Historical Institute, London, and Professor of Modern History at the University of Diisseldorf . 19 UROPE S2 tThe hmmunity could not suryive destruc tion ol the single market'

he Community is in danger. That is GASTON THORN. in a 'This does not preclude keen competition the message delivered by Conmission hesident Gaston Thorn hard-hitting speech, ipefls fffi;J#HT$ffiffi"fiffi:Hi: last month to the European out the dangers that threaten into coaflict. The strategy worked out with Parliament. In presenting the preser,ationor Commission's programme for 1982, the European Community *^$'*11Y--T":::1s' Mr Thorn declaredthat, withinthe andwhatit sA;I;6;-" ffi,iTf.tffi'f,'f$3ffi"[:T:Hff Community, the pressures of the economic eituation are'rousingthe old demon of ffi ffi ffi?fr ::"#tr"",m:ff"*r;j protectionism - the illusion that salvation policies of restraint and control, particularly oneandall. lies ingoingit alone.' on money supply, public finance and in- 'ButourdifferenceswiththeUnitedStates He added: 'Outside, the Community is comes. But we must also try to create a more are pore than purely commercial. Of particu- having to contend with the aggressive be- favourable environment for employment and lar concern to me are our divergent views on haviour of its trading parmers, just when it investment. !7e cannot afford to sit back and North-South relations and on the form and should be working for the survival ofits tradi- wait for growth to return of its own accord.' substance of future dialogue. tional industries and promo'rg the rise of Mr Thorn added that he was 'duty bound' 'American economic and monetary poliry those which hold the key to industrial de- to make employment the focal point of the and its corollaries - a budget in deficit and velopment in the future.' Commission's conceru, rather than l&ve our high interest rates - are imposing enormous MrThorn said that the economic situation young people a legacy of submissiou and burdensontheentirel7esterneconomy.The within the Community was'disturbing', and humiliation. 'The crisis will not go away uo- countries of the Atlantic Alliance have now in some respect worse than twelve months less we have a strategy to drive it away. And reachedsuchadegreeofinterdependencethat ago. Employment had reached unpre- the hean of this strategy must be top priority the development of trade within the Alliance cedented proportions, with over ten and a forinvestment.' is not feasible wittrout closer coordination of quarter million people in the Community Internally, the Community would need to economicpolicy.' looking for work- an increase of 28 per cent in uke action to improve the coherence of the MrThorn'saddressendedwithareaffirma- oneyear. Hecontinued: system, financially and economically. Exter- rionoftheCommission's'specialmission'-to nally, the need was for effective monetary convincememberstatesandthegeneralpub- tlle crrnnol offord to cooperation, in the first instance with the licthatthereisnoalternativetotheCommun- United States. 'This restatement of Eurgpean ity - 'it is the only effective remedy for the ills sitbqckqnd wqit monetary identity has a double, symbolic thatplagueus.' El for qrowlh to return value, since it affects both mutual solidarity anddiscipline.' ------.l of iti own occord' Mr Thornwelcomed themarket liberalisa- E- tion measures recently announced by the

'The Community could not survive the lxlffi ffl$?*,H tiiil%Ttr; Applications destnrction of the single market. If it were to situation in Poland he said the Commission . ' founder, the Community's policies-the com- deprored.theb*ordnid"ffi.;off,;iil: inVttgd fOf EEG mon commercial policy, for instance - would Polish people,' adding: 'J[g Qeplarnily lose their raison tAm. Even the coulmon *v -o'k to end the p'*ot agdcultural poliry, founded on the twin pil- &;xxli"r.," resgarch grarts lars of free internal trade and Community But the Commission's main concern, he preference, would not last long. Recent said, was the deterioration of relations with -In order to encourage university research events illustrate this all too clearly. the United States. And he delivered this warn- in the field of European integration, the 'Our relations with the United States and ing: European Commission is awarding 20 Japan are getting more and more strained as research grants, of a ma-imurn ofe2r600 the crisis bites deeper. A major dispute is ,EUfOpeOndthe g1$,9f$iclthreewillberesewedfor building up over the trade balance.' US *ii::S*fJffi; On the CAP crisis Mr Thorn stressed thet ore_lg6ginni-ng Io doubt given to young univer- the process of modernisation, ou which com- qnd henCg diStfUSt siry teachers at the start of their careers who, petitiveness depends, must be pursued. 'But individually or as a team, are doing research it has to be recouciledwith theneed to avoida eqCh Othgf massive flight from the land, which would be ffiifffiilt"Tffiffi,"ffi*ffi: quite unacceptable in the present situation.' and the second on receipt ofthe finished text, 'Our differences could escalate into some- whichmustbeinoneofthesevenCommunity 'TheParliament and theCommission,' said thing much more serious than the present languages. Mr Thorn, 'are faced with a new imperative - tradedispute,whichhasbeenexacerbatedby Applications must be submitted by 3l toput aconvincing Communityproject to the the economic crisis and by domestic prob- March 1982, and the awards will be made by people.' He continued: 'The time has come to lems.\[egettheimpressionthatEuropeand 15 July. Further details, and application take a critical look at our economic policies. I the United States are beginning to doubt and forms, are available from the London office of amnot suggestingthatweshouldabanilonour heuce distnrst each other. theEuropeancommunities commission. 20 Sonrelikeithot

I he sounds which bounced around a Big band sounds from the perform on their Iirst public appearance at the J .oom at London's Kennedy Hotel in mecca of jazz, Ronnie Scott's CIub, on 20 ! D"""mberwere superb. So tirey newly-formed European December. He said: 'lWhen this band takes off I should have been: th"y *"r" prodrr""d I azz Orchestra are being - as it has done several times today - it's a by the cream ofEurope's youngiazz with Woody match for any I know, be it Kenton, Herman, musicians. Watching them rehearse, and compared Buddy Rich or even Basie. ' helping them with their big band sounds, Herman, Stan Kenton and Four European countries responded to in- were some of Britain's leadingiazz Count Basie. We were there vitations from the Foreign Office to send their composers, who had written pieces top young jazz musicians to London, and jazz specially for the European Youth Jazz fortheir London d6but British enthusiasts were able to involve Orchestra's public performances. other nations through personal contacts. The Finance for the orchestra came from the result was a 50-strong orchestra from nine of (only Government's new European Awareness siasm as he listened to the orchestra being put the ten Community countries Luxem- Programme. The idea lor EuroJazz came through its paces by instructor and composer bourg failed to contribute, through lack of from James Platt, director of the Central Bobby Lamb. 'We've got the best youth iazz time). Bureau for Educational Visits and Ex- orchestra in the world,' was his enthusiastic Under the direction of Tony Male, deputy changes, which was given the responsibility of verdict. director of the Bureau and chairman of the arranging the event. Bobby Lamb agreed after hearing them British Association for Jazz Education, the A musician himself (he used to play tenor voung musicians combined in small group jozz as well as playing together as a big sax in a band), James Platt spoke with enthu- Averoge oge of the men: iust 19. iessions )

; ROPE 82

Gone Tomorrow. By Joseph Hone. British Dogmatism and French Pragmat- Secker & rtrTarburg, !6.95 ism: central and local policymaking in the \trflelfare State. By Douglas E. Ashforth. Latest collection of broadcast talks by a former BBC man and UN information GeorgeAllen & Unwin, f27.50 officer in New York, several of them with a This is a study, by an American academic, European flavour - Brussels, Munich, of how national political and adminisua- Budapest, Barcelona, Finland and tive constraints affect the formulation and Poland. implementation of local government re- form. The Independent Social Movements in author writes in his Preface: 'The image of local politics in the tiberal Bobby Lomb, former leod trombone, ond Poland. By Peter Raina. London School of state, so persuasively advanced by Toc- i i Eur o-iozz proiect od m n sirotor Economics/Orbis Books, f I 5 . 00 Christopher Powls (below) supervise the queville, seems to have disappeared, but orchestro's London concerts. As the author sees it, the mass movement we do not know what will take its place. towards a liberalised r6gime in Poland Representative democracy needs local grew out of a number of smaller move- participation and the welfare state requires ments, which he identifies through docu- local decisions. How these last two needs ments, many of a subterranean nature, not will be reconciled is one of the most press- easily accessible outside Poland. They ing issues confronting democratic political make poignant reading, given the turn of systems.' The book proceeds to examine events since his book was finished. the divergent courses taken in Britain and EEC and the Third World: a Survey. France, with a suggestion that British local Edited by Christopher Stevens. Hodder & councils have allowed themselves to come off second best Stoughton, f, 5.00 (paperback) in their tussles with parti- san or doctrinaire governments. A guide to the agencies, policies and EEC Law. Second edition. By finance involved in Europe's approach to Anthony Parry and the North-South problem, notably James Dinnage. Sweet & Max- well, f 16.00 (paperback). through the Lom6 Convention, by ten specialists in their respective fields. A substantially updated edition ofa work The Common Agricultural Policy. By that first appeared in 1972, on the UK accession to the Communiry. now sur- Jan Pearce. Chatham House Paper 13. It band. The well-insulated walls of their Lon- Routledge & Kegan Paul, [3.95 (paper- veys the subject as it stands on the acces- sion ofGreece. donhotel made it possible for them to rehearse back) into the early hours. Building Europe: partners Most readers are likely to turn straight to Britain's in Youngest player was l5-year old Mike the the author's last chapter, Prospects for EEC. Edited by Carol and Kenneth Smith on drums. The average age of the musi- Twitchett. Europa Publications, f, 16.00 Reforuring the CAP. She recognises that cians, who included two girls, was 19. Vith the problem is political as well as merely The editors have set out to produce a the exception of the two Italian members of economic, and adds: 'The economic im- textbook that encapsulates one volume the orchestra, every participant spoke En- in plications ofa political decision should be fig eims and aspirations of each member taken into account, however, if only state relating to the European Commun- A SO-stronq orchestrq because they are likely to have political iry: their attitudes towards the EEC, the repercussions. Iflere this done more motives which prompted them to ioin in from nine oTthe ten systematically, the CAP could come the first place and the extent to which they Community countries nearer to achieving the five obiectives of seemembershipasfurthering theirnation- the Treaty of Rome.' al interests.

glish. But, as the organisers pointed out, for jazz and abiliry to improvise give rhem, in ers and founder-director of the National jazzisnoexception-is music-and aninterna- the view of many experts, a musical edge over Youth Jazz Orchestra, pays tribute to the tional language. purely classical performers - as they demon- understanding which had been reached very The European Community already has a strated at their public concerts at the Round quickly by the musicians. He hopes it will be well-financed youth symphony orchestra, for House and London University's Logan Hall. funded by other governments and will spread which Edward Heath is a guesr conducror. Graham Collier, leading British iazz com- throughout Europe. James Platt hopes the youth iazz orchestra will poser who wrote a piece specially for the There is enough money to finance another receive similar recognition. orchestra, points out that Europe is an impor- two jazz events on the same scale, either Many of the young musicians who came to tantmarket for musicians. He spends much of annually or on a six-months basis. The orga- London in December, as well as some of the his time on the Continent, playing and work- nisers hope that, with professional spon- British contingent, are already world-class. ing with orchestras in Denmark and Sweden. sorship and the involvement of other Euro- Most play, or have played, in symphony He has also taught in Oslo and Helsinki, and pean governments, the sounds of the young orchestras, and several have been members of took his own band to Cologne in January. iazz musicians will eventually be heard at gigs major professional orchestras. But their'feel' Bill Ashton, another of the tutor/compos- throughout Europe. E ?) EUROPE Questlbns intheHouse -?fidtheanslyers

A group of written questions submitted to drawal from the Community would make it more difficult for UK industry to participate 7 the European ParliamentinJanuary by Lord insuchproiects. O'Hagan, MEP forDevon, concerningthe Labour The have s plans to take the United Kingdom out ofthe Question: Commission may not been surprised to read in the NEC document, y, have been answered by the Commissioners the following description of the consequences concerned, and by the Commission President of me.mbership:'The imposition of EEC taxes which force up the price of our food and effectively denies us access to food from the Question: The Labour Party's national ex- 1980. Imports have followed a sinilar pat- cheapest and most efficient sources and the ecutive comminee document asserts 'We do tern. acceptatrce of an agricultural regime which not accept that we will be in breach of interna- All Community countries except Greece distorts the regional pattern of production tional law by seeking to withdraw from the wereamongttre 12mostimportantUK export and creates expensive and wasteful food sur- EEC having given due notice.' Does the Com- markets in 1980, with the Federal Republic pluses. . .' mission accept this to be a true statement of replacing the USA as the most important Is this an accurate description ofthe effects theposition? singleexportmarket. of the Common Aericultural Policy? For the first rme the UK had a trade Answer (by Presillen Tlurn): The Commis- surplus with other Community member Angvet (by C omrnissionor P oul Dalsager) : T\e sion does not share the views expressedin the states in 1980. Fuel exports, especially oil, Commission is of the opinion that the state- statement referred to by the Honourable were an important factor in this irnproved menttowhichthe HonourableMemberrefers Member. performance. does not accurately describe the effects ofthe Britain in 1980 had a deficit with other Common Agricultural Policy. In general Question: The British Labour Party's NEC Community countries on trade in manufac- terms, it pays insufEcient attention to the fact has stated: 'There is no evidence that our tured goods. But in terms of the export/im- thatthis policy cannotbelookedatinisolation. withdrawal from the EEC would have any port ratio (an indicator not subiect to the same adverre effects on our industry. Indeed, tak- inllationary distortions as cash value figures) ing into account the huge trade deficits in this deficit was ro larger than in 1973, iD The Community isthe manufactures which have opened up with the marked contrast with the significant de- lqrqesl imporler of EEC, good there is a deal ofevidence to the terioration in the UK manufactures export/ qq r:Ecu ltu rL I p rod ucls contrary. Our ability to produce ioint indust- impon ratio with maior markets elsewhere. rial projects, such as the European Airbus The facts suggestthat thosewho regard UK in-lheworld'f wouldnot beimFaired.' Since sevenoutoften trade performance as unsatisfactory, whether maior British export markets are now mem- inoyerall terms orinmanufactures, arewrong ber states of the Community, does the Com- to blame the Community. If British industry During the past year, the Commission has mission believe this to be true? had also had to surmount the coulmon exter- published three maior report$ concerning nal uriffand other obstacles to tradewiththe agriculture, which have endeavoured to place Answer (Dy Vrc e-Pr*idmt Etiotuu Daoienon) : Community since 1973 its performance could the problem in this broader framework. The From the outset the Commission wants to have been signifi candy worse. latest ofthese reports contains detailed analy- state thatit does not envisage UK withdra\ral Any country withdrawing from the Com- ses of the agricultural situation in the Com- from the Community, an event which would munity would face leaving a relatively dyna- munity ('Guidelines for European Agrtcul- be highly detrimental to the whole of the mic and preferential market, and the pros- ture', published on 23 October 198 l). westernworld. pects of having to restructure its tmde pat- In particular, the Commission would refer Developing intra4ommunity trade is a tern. Such a fundamental adiustment would the Honourable Parliamentarian to para- central feature ofan integrated coulrnon rnar- be all the more painful as the world economy, graphs 21-23 of this document. It would be ket, and the facr concerning trade between and world trade, are expected to show re- highly unlikely that European corsumers menber states cau therefore provide useful latively modest growth in the years ahead. could be supplied for long at low and stable information. But the Commission does not The Commission recognises that industrial world prices if Community supply depeuded believe that a negative or positive balance in co-operation projecs such as Airbus do not to a greater ertent on imports. World market months or years, or in particular necessarily involve all mernber states, nor are prices are notoriously volatile because the products or sectors, should be regarded as of theynecessarilyrestricted to enterprises oper- quantities involved in international trade are primaryimportancein assessing the effects of ating within the Community. often marginal in relation to total production, membership (or of possible withdrawal) on However, Community policies for the in- and may reflect shoft-term fluctuations in any given member state. Other factors such as ternal market, inuovation, research and production or speculative action. Cheap food competitiveness, internal demand, and eco- development, and for the development of can therefore only be defined as regularly nomic policy are also important. industry, are far-reaching and steadily being available at present in limited quantities and From the statistical dau available, the fol- In dris context there is no doubt in few circrrmstances. lowing can be said: There has for some time that companies operating within the Com- In spite of such uncertainties, the Com- been a steady shift ofBritish trade towards Eunity wi[ be in a preferential position to munity is the largest importer of agricultural other member states of the EEC. UK visible participate in cooprative industrial ventures products in the world, importing goods in exports to the EC were 19.8 per cent in 1958, inttrefuture. 1980 of a total value of around 40 billion 32.3 pr cent in 1973, and 42.3 Wr cent in The Commission therefore feels that with- dollars. g 23 ROPE

Leadinpetrol I feel one of the maior insuuments of You were right to draw attentiou to the oppression ofwomen is language. You ambiguity of the EEC position on leaded yourselves should carefully consider the letters petrol. Govemment ministers have found implications ofyour own use of the English F rom tlu B arorc x E wan-B iggs difficulty in interpreting this directive. language. I am writing as a very contented reader of Free information on the lead problmis Below are examples taken from issue 12 of your magBzine to congratulate you on the available from CALIP, 68 Dora Road, how English systematically exchtlcs womet: constandy high standard in both London SW19 on receipt of a sumped, 'zeanin tle street';'citizen. . .him' 1 presentation and content of the magazine. self-ad&essed envelope. 'businesvraen';'concentrations of men atd The need for such a publication appears to JillRunnette, industry gererate pollution';'pollut* . . . lu' 1 meto be considerable as, inmyview, neither The Consernatioa Society, 'Richll{an'sClub'. Government nor Press here have ever IVimbledon, S\[19 Jimlohnston presented the facts of European menbership Creekside, London SE8 to the public, facts which are affecting their KillthatHlometert greater lives to agxeater and degree. I was zurprised to find in a publication on Debatingpoint magrzine I only hope the finds its way to Europe the American spelling'kilometer' Commissioner Andriesson ('Opinion', those who still find it hard to accept the ('Europe on the Trot', December issue). Euroforum) says he is glad that the debate on reality of Britain's membership ofthe A kilometre is one thousand metres, and European union has 'got offthe ground EuropeanCommunity. the word cannot possibly therefore be again'. JaneEwart-Biggs properly rendered efis1 than ftils-6s6s. Not in the UK it hasn't. Ve, who stand to House of Lords, Vestminster However, the US basurdised version has lose moet by way of our constitution, are been creeping in, and it is evident that eternal being kept in the dark. There rs no debate- Atomised vigilance is going to be essential to ensure not in the press, not on the TV channels - and thatrifweare 1s lsse sur F.nglish there can be no doubt that this is deliberate. 'Nuclear farmer's share increases' says mile, at least we get if replaced with the European union is the sticking point even Euroforum (January/February' page v). I gen-une for those ofus who arefavourablyinclined should like to meet him - I haven't cone DerekBradley towards the EEC. But this is no excuse for across a nuclear famer before. Education&Training', presenting the nation with alzi orconpli. RegDorland Strand, London![C2 You arein a position ofgreatinfluence. Shortlands, Kent When is the debate going to be heard by the Manoverboard public? trVe apologise for a mutation in the I enioyed the article'[Iow Europe Stands up MargaretEdwards headline:'farmer' started out as'power'. for I7omen' in the issue of December 198l . Salisbury,Wiltshire

TheEECishavingaquite Because Britqin has received In the past few yeare, ceveral withdrawal. Their members who unexpected comeback in significaatly more than estimated agrieved Britone have gone to the disagree with them have almost popularity in Britain. The latest from the Community under tie European C,ourt oftustice h givenupthe6ght. Mori poll found that opinion was terms of the temporary 1980 Luxemburg with the backilg of But now a policy paper by the almost evenly balanced between agreenent to reduceits the EEC to seek iuctice they staff of the TUC has warned of the those who wauted Britain to stay in contributions, Mr Thorn suggests believed was denied them in their damrge that pullilg out could do. the EEC(49olo) and those who that contributions in future should homeland. Food prices mayturn out to be wanted it to leave (51%). Just 18 bebased on the actualfigures at the Andithaepaidotr higher outside Europe ttraa inside, montls beforer Tl% of Britons end ofeach year rather than on itsays, because cheap food is no wanted to leave the Common predictions. -DailyExpress longeroffered bythe Market. There is no obvious reason This runs counter to the British Commonwealth. for the swing back to the EEC, but A call a reant, tlu Elgin M obbs n Though imports from Europe itmigbtbedueto: Grc*e frotn tluir tresent lunu in tlu haverisen substantially, so haYe (1) Mrs Thatcher's succesg in B ri.tish Musem was rej ecwl by tlu our expor$ to it. If leaving Europe cutting Britain's paymens to the G ao enau* in tlu Lo tlsy estedq. means new trade barriers there will EEC budget and the toning down of T"lu r estoruti.an u Atherc of tlu be fewer experts and fewer iobs.. herEEGbashing. celebruuil P artheru n, scalptur* is Of course, tbeTUC staffisright. (2) The rise ofthe Social beiw denanned. b1 thz acnas, Leaving the Market could be a Democratic Party, which is M elbu M ercoui wlo is tazo the dreadftl mistake. But we won't be strongly pro-European. Grueh C tdtural Mirister. able to go back if it is. (3) The identification of the Bw Loril Ao on s aill tlut tlu After the hostility we have shown Iabour Party, which is the leading G oo ertmten t lud ru ploru u rctwn tlu to &e EEC, most of our partners champion of British withdrawal, ncrb lps. Tlu ownorship w a oesuil in would be relievedto seethe back of with extreme left-wing policies should not be under cotrstant ilu aasues of thz Britlsh Museun, us. (although the latest poll shows that negotiation, but should be resolved and tlu or"ts Minister vn t nn reason to -DailyMirror even Labour supporters have by produ"ing a permanent chongetlulaw. become more pro-European in mechanism. Altho' gh Mrs -Guardian The Government should decide recentmonths). Margaret Thatcher argued at the totateBritaiaintofoll (4) Vorries about President London European summit for a memberehip of the European Reagan'sAmerica. seven-year deal, the British Taking Britain out of the Common Monetary Systern. A udted (5) A more favourable press. Governments viewis that any deal Market may be a popular election European cutrency bloc hao more There have been fewer storiet should automatically be renewable' slogan but it is poor economic hope of persuadiag the American about bungling Eurocrats in recent provided the budget mechanism is policyaod some union leaders are govertrment to pay attetrtio[ to the months. Britain's stint as EEC fairlyworked out now. getting worried about it. extemd efrects of ite monetaty presideut may have helped, too. The TUC and the Labour Party policy. -Economist -TheTimes are overwhelmingly committed to -SundayTimes

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