DOCSLIB.ORG

For Peer Review Only Journal: BMJ Open

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
For Peer Review Only Journal: BMJ Open BMJ Open BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006604 on 14 November 2014. Downloaded from Exposure to sodium channel-inhibiting drugs and cancer survival: protocol for a cohort study using the QResearch primary care database For peer review only Journal: BMJ Open Manuscript ID: bmjopen-2014-006604 Article Type: Protocol Date Submitted by the Author: 11-Sep-2014 Complete List of Authors: Fairhurst, Caroline; University of York, Health Sciences Watt, Ian; University of York, Health Sciences Martin, Fabiola; Hull York Medical School, Bland, Martin; University of York, Health Sciences Brackenbury, William; University of York, Biology <b>Primary Subject Oncology Heading</b>: Secondary Subject Heading: Epidemiology, Pharmacology and therapeutics PRIMARY CARE, Epilepsy < NEUROLOGY, Breast tumours < ONCOLOGY, Keywords: Epidemiology < ONCOLOGY, STATISTICS & RESEARCH METHODS, Clinical trials < THERAPEUTICS http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. For peer review only - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/guidelines.xhtml Page 1 of 36 BMJ Open BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006604 on 14 November 2014. Downloaded from 1 2 3 Exposure to sodium channel-inhibiting drugs and cancer survival: 4 5 protocol for a cohort study using the QResearch primary care database 6 7 8 9 Caroline Fairhurst1, Ian Watt1,2, Fabiola Martin2,3, Martin Bland1, and William 10 11 J. Brackenbury3* 12 13 1Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK 14 15 2HullFor York Medical peer School, York, review UK only 16 17 3Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK 18 19 20 21 *Corresponding author: 22 23 William J. Brackenbury 24 25 Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK 26 27 E-mail: [email protected] 28 29 Telephone: +44 (0) 1904 328 284 30 31 32 33 Keywords: Anticonvulsants / Breast neoplasms / Colonic neoplasms / Prostatic 34 http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ 35 36 neoplasms / Sodium channels 37 38 39 40 Word count, excluding title page, abstract, references, figures and tables: 2327. 41 42 on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 For peer review only - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/guidelines.xhtml 1 BMJ Open Page 2 of 36 BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006604 on 14 November 2014. Downloaded from 1 2 3 ABSTRACT 4 5 6 7 Introduction: Metastasis from solid tumours is associated with significant 8 9 morbidity and mortality, and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Voltage- 10 11 gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are drug targets for the treatment of epilepsy. 12 13 VGSCs are also present in cancer cells, where they regulate metastatic cell 14 15 behaviours,For including peer cellular movement review and invasion. Treating only cancer cells with the 16 17 VGSC-inhibiting anticonvulsant phenytoin reduces cellular invasion and migration. 18 19 Together, these suggest that VGSCs may be useful targets for inhibiting metastasis. 20 21 The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that use of VGSC-inhibiting drugs 22 23 will reduce metastasis, and therefore increase survival time in cancer patients. 24 25 26 27 Methods and analysis: A cohort study based on primary care data from the 28 29 QResearch database will include patients with one of three common tumours: breast, 30 31 bowel, and prostate. The primary outcome will be overall survival from date of cancer 32 33 diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards regression will be used to compare the survival 34 http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ 35 36 of cancer patients taking VGSC-inhibiting drugs (including anticonvulsants and Class 37 38 I antiarrhythmic agents) with cancer patients not exposed to these drugs, adjusting 39 40 for age and sex. Exposure to VGSC-inhibiting drugs will be defined as having at 41 42 least one prescription for these drugs prior to cancer diagnosis. High and low on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 43 44 exposure groups will be identified based on length of use. A number of sensitivity and 45 46 secondary analyses will be conducted. 47 48 49 50 Ethics and dissemination: The protocol has been independently peer- 51 52 reviewed and approved by the QResearch Scientific Board. The project has also 53 54 been approved by the University of York Ethical Review Process. The results will be 55 56 presented at international conferences and published in an open access peer- 57 58 reviewed journal, in accordance with the STROBE criteria. 59 60 For peer review only - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/guidelines.xhtml 2 Page 3 of 36 BMJ Open BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006604 on 14 November 2014. Downloaded from 1 2 3 4 5 STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY 6 7 8 9 • Primary care research data 10 11 • Large sample size and statistical power 12 13 • Planned sensitivity analyses 14 15 • Prescription-basedFor peer study review only 16 17 • No direct information on metastasis, estimation is via overall survival 18 19 20 • Some variables of interest may be missing and/or poor quality in GP data 21 22 23 24 INTRODUCTION 25 26 27 28 Bowel, breast and colon cancer are common cancers, which if diagnosed late have 29 30 often already spread to secondary sites (metastasised). Metastasis is associated with 31 32 significant morbidity and mortality. Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related 33 34 deaths[1] because a metastatic cancer is rarely amenable to cure, and interventions http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ 35 36 are largely limited to palliation.[2] Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and/or 37 38 develop new metastasis prevention strategies. 39 40 41 42 The classical role of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) is to transmit action on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 43 44 potentials in electrically excitable cells, e.g. neurons and cardiomyocytes.[3] VGSCs 45 46 also regulate neuronal growth and migration.[4-7] Related to these functions, VGSCs 47 48 are clinical targets for a range of disorders, including epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, 49 50 neuropathic pain and depression.[8] The mode of action of a number of commonly 51 52 prescribed antiepileptic drugs (anticonvulsants), including phenytoin, lamotrigine, 53 54 carbamazepine and valproate, is to inhibit VGSCs.[9] Similarly, the principal mode of 55 56 action of Class I antiarrhythmic drugs is to inhibit VGSCs.[10] 57 58 59 60 For peer review only - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/guidelines.xhtml 3 BMJ Open Page 4 of 36 BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006604 on 14 November 2014. Downloaded from 1 2 3 4 5 More recently, VGSCs have been identified in cells from a number of major cancers, 6 7 including carcinomas of the breast, prostate and colon.[11 12] In these cells, VGSCs 8 9 promote in vitro cellular behaviours that are associated with metastasis, including 10 11 migration and invasion.[13-18] Overexpression of the VGSC β1 subunit in breast 12 13 cancer cells increases metastasis in mice.[19-21] The VGSC-inhibiting 14 15 anticonvulsantFor phenytoin peer significantly review reduces migration and only invasion of metastatic 16 17 breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro[22 23] and has been shown to reduce 18 19 metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer (M. Nelson, M. Yang, A. A. Dowle, J. 20 21 R. Thomas and W. J. Brackenbury, manuscript under review, 2014). Together, these 22 23 data suggest that VGSCs may be useful targets for anti-metastatic therapy, and that 24 25 VGSC-inhibiting drugs may improve survival from certain cancers.[11 24] Although 26 27 28 the effect of several anticonvulsants on risk of developing various cancers has been 29 30 studied before (reviewed in[25]), the relationship between VGSC-inhibiting drugs and 31 32 survival of cancer patients has not been investigated. 33 34 http://bmjopen.bmj.com/ 35 36 The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that use of VGSC-inhibiting drugs 37 38 will predict increased time to metastasis and thus improved survival time in cancer 39 40 patients. The objectives are to investigate: 41 42 • The relationship between use of all VGSC-inhibiting (anticonvulsant and on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 43 44 Class I antiarrhythmic) drugs and overall survival of cancer patients. We will 45 46 focus on carcinomas of the breast, colon and prostate because they are the 47 48 most common and VGSC expression has been extensively studied in these 49 50 tumours.[11 13-17 26-30] 51 52 • The relationship between use of all VGSC-inhibiting drugs and cancer specific 53 54 survival. 55 56 57 58 59 60 For peer review only - http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/guidelines.xhtml 4 Page 5 of 36 BMJ Open BMJ Open: first published as 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006604 on 14 November 2014. Downloaded from 1 2 3 • The relationship between individual VGSC-inhibiting drugs and overall 4 5 survival. 6 7 8 9 There are no systematic reviews exploring this area and we are addressing this gap 10 11 by conducting a review concurrent to this study [PROSPERO registration number 12 13 CRD42014013574]. 14 15 For peer review only 16 17 METHODS AND ANALYSIS 18 19 20 21 Data source and sample selection 22 23 24 25 This study will use general practice data accessed from QResearch 26 27 (http://www.qresearch.org), a large consolidated database derived from the 28 29 anonymised health records of over 13 million patients from 753 general practices 30 31 32 (representing around 7% of UK practices).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Anatomy As Related to Tumor Formation Book Four
    SEER Program Self Instructional Manual for Cancer Registrars Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Book Four Second Edition U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutesof Health SEER PROGRAM SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL FOR CANCER REGISTRARS Book 4 - Human Anatomy as Related to Tumor Formation Second Edition Prepared by: SEER Program Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Editor in Chief: Evelyn M. Shambaugh, M.A., CTR Cancer Statistics Branch National Cancer Institute Assisted by Self-Instructional Manual Committee: Dr. Robert F. Ryan, Emeritus Professor of Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Mildred A. Weiss Los Angeles, California Mary A. Kruse Bethesda, Maryland Jean Cicero, ART, CTR Health Data Systems Professional Services Riverdale, Maryland Pat Kenny Medical Illustrator for Division of Research Services National Institutes of Health CONTENTS BOOK 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AS RELATED TO TUMOR FORMATION Page Section A--Objectives and Content of Book 4 ............................... 1 Section B--Terms Used to Indicate Body Location and Position .................. 5 Section C--The Integumentary System ..................................... 19 Section D--The Lymphatic System ....................................... 51 Section E--The Cardiovascular System ..................................... 97 Section F--The Respiratory System ....................................... 129 Section G--The Digestive System ......................................... 163 Section
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance for the Format and Content of the Protocol of Non-Interventional
    PASS information Title Metformin use in renal impairment Protocol version identifier Version 2 Date of last version of 30 October 2013 protocol EU PAS register number Study not registered Active substance A10BA02 metformin Medicinal product Metformin Product reference N/A Procedure number N/A Marketing authorisation 1A Farma, Actavis, Aurobindo, Biochemie, Bluefish, holder(s) Hexal, Mylan, Orifarm, Pfizer, Sandoz, Stada, Teva Joint PASS No Research question and To assess the use and safety of metformin in patients objectives with and without renal insufficiency in current clinical practice in at least two EU Member States. Country(-ies) of study Denmark, United Kingdom Author Christian Fynbo Christiansen, MD, PhD Page 1/214 Marketing authorisation holder(s) Marketing authorisation N/A holder(s) MAH contact person N/A Page 2/214 1. Table of Contents PASS information .......................................................................................................... 1 Marketing authorisation holder(s) .................................................................................... 2 1. Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... 3 2. List of abbreviations ................................................................................................... 4 3. Responsible parties .................................................................................................... 5 4. Abstract ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Collaborative Stage Manual Part II
    SEER Program Coding and Staging Manual 2004, Revision 1 Collaborative Staging Codes Nasal Cavity C30.0 C30.0 Nasal cavity (excludes nose, NOS C76.0) Note: Laterality must be coded for this site, except subsites Nasal cartilage and Nasal septum, for which laterality is coded 0. CS Tumor Size CS Site-Specific Factor 1 - Size of The following tables are available CS Extension Lymph Nodes at the collaborative staging CS TS/Ext-Eval CS Site-Specific Factor 2 - website: CS Lymph Nodes Extracapsular Extension, Lymph Nodes Histology Exclusion Table CS Reg Nodes Eval for Head and Neck AJCC Stage Reg LN Pos CS Site-Specific Factor 3 - Levels I- Lymph Nodes Size Table Reg LN Exam III, Lymph Nodes for Head and Neck CS Mets at DX CS Site-Specific Factor 4 - Levels IV- CS Mets Eval V and Retropharyngeal Lymph Nodes for Head and Neck CS Site-Specific Factor 5 - Levels VI- VII and Facial Lymph Nodes for Head and Neck CS Site-Specific Factor 6 - Parapharyngeal, Parotid, Preauricular, and Sub-Occipital Lymph Nodes, Lymph Nodes for Head and Neck Nasal Cavity CS Tumor Size SEE STANDARD TABLE Nasal Cavity CS Extension Code Description TNM SS77 SS2000 00 In situ; non-invasive Tis IS IS 10 Invasive tumor confined to site of origin T1 L L Meatus (superior, middle, inferior) Nasal chonchae (superior, middle, inferior) Septum Tympanic membrane 30 Localized, NOS T1 L L 40 Extending to adjacent connective tissue within the nasoethomoidal T2 RE RE complex Nasolacrimal duct 60 Adjacent organs/structures including: T3 RE RE Bone of skull Choana Frontal sinus Hard palate
    [Show full text]
  • Tests Spring 2012
    Tests spring 2013 Test 1 Oral cavity 1. Vestibulum oris does not communicate with proper oral cavity through: :r1 oral part of pharynx :r2 tremata :r3 space behind last molar :r4 space when tooth is missing :r5 communicates through all mentioned ways -- 2. Into vestibule of oral cavity opens out: :r1 caruncula sublingualis :r2 papilla parotidea :r3 ductus nasolacrimalis :r4 plica sublingualis :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 3. The underlay of lips is: :r1 m. labialis :r2 m. orbicularis oculi :r3 m. orbicularis oris :r4 m. buccalis :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 4. The upper lip is partially connected with alveolar process using: :r1 lig. labii superioris :r2 m. platysma :r3 frenulum labii superioris :r4 plica labii superioris :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 5. Cheek is not made up of: :r1 skin :r2 adipose body :r3 muscular layer :r4 adventitia :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 6. Parotid duct passes through: :r1 m. masseter :r2 m. buccinator :r3 m. orbicularis oris :r4 m. pterygoideus lateralis :r5 none of mentioned answers is correct -- 7. The underlay of hard palate is not: :r1 praemaxilla :r2 vomer :r3 processus palatinus maxillae :r4 lamina horizontalis ossis palatini :r5 all mentioned bones form the underlay of hard palate -- 8. Which statement describing mucosa of hard palate is not correct: :r1 it contains big amount of submucosal connective tissue :r2 it is covered by columnar epithelium :r3 firmly grows together with periosteum :r4 it is almost not movable against the bottom :r5 it contains glandulae palatinae -- 9. Mark the true statement describing the palate: :r1 there is papilla incisiva positioned there :r2 mucosa contains glandulae palatinae :r3 there are plicae palatinae transversae positioned there :r4 the basis of soft palate is made by fibrous aponeurosis palatina :r5 all mentioned statements are correct -- 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Fig. 2-32 Facial Muscles. Fig. 2-33 Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
    Fig. 2-32 Facial Muscles. Fig. 2-33 Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) leaving the Skull. 51 thetic agent at the infraorbital foramen or in the infraor- posterior to its head and anterior to the auricle. It then bital canal (e.g., for treatment of wounds of the upper crosses over the root of the zygomatic process of the lip and cheek or for repairing the maxillary incisor teeth). temporal bone, deep to the superficial temporal artery. The site of emergence of this nerve can easily be deter- As its name suggests, it supplies parts of the auricle, mined by exerting pressure on the maxilla in the region external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane (ear- of the infraorbital foramen and nerve. Pressure on the drum), and skin in the temporal region. The inferior al- nerve causes considerable pain. Care is exercised when veolar nerve is the large terminal branch of the posterior performing an infraorbital nerve block because compan- division of CN V3; the lingual nerve is the other terminal ion infraorbital vessels leave the infraorbital foramen with branch. It enters the mandibular canal through the man- the nerve. Careful aspiration of the syringe during injec- dibular foramen. In the canal it gives off branches that tion prevents inadvertent injection of the anesthetic fluid supply the mandibular (lower) teeth. Opposite the mental into a blood vessel. The orbit is located just superior to foramen, the inferior alveolar nerve divides into its ter- the injection site. A careless injection could result in minal incisive and mental branches. The incisive nerve the passage of anesthetic fluid into the orbit, causing supplies the incisor teeth, the adjacent gingiva, and temporary paralysis of the extraocular muscles.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University 0
    Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University 0 Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Sumy State University SPLANCHNOLOGY, CARDIOVASCULAR AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS STUDY GUIDE Recommended by the Academic Council of Sumy State University Sumy Sumy State University 2016 1 УДК 611.1/.6+612.1+612.017.1](072) ББК 28.863.5я73 С72 Composite authors: V. I. Bumeister, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor; L. G. Sulim, Senior Lecturer; O. O. Prykhodko, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant; O. S. Yarmolenko, Candidate of Medical Sciences, Assistant Reviewers: I. L. Kolisnyk – Associate Professor Ph. D., Kharkiv National Medical University; M. V. Pogorelov – Doctor of Medical Sciences, Sumy State University Recommended for publication by Academic Council of Sumy State University as а study guide (minutes № 5 of 10.11.2016) Splanchnology Cardiovascular and Immune Systems : study guide / С72 V. I. Bumeister, L. G. Sulim, O. O. Prykhodko, O. S. Yarmolenko. – Sumy : Sumy State University, 2016. – 253 p. This manual is intended for the students of medical higher educational institutions of IV accreditation level who study Human Anatomy in the English language. Посібник рекомендований для студентів вищих медичних навчальних закладів IV рівня акредитації, які вивчають анатомію людини англійською мовою. УДК 611.1/.6+612.1+612.017.1](072) ББК 28.863.5я73 © Bumeister V. I., Sulim L G., Prykhodko О. O., Yarmolenko O. S., 2016 © Sumy State University, 2016 2 Hippocratic Oath «Ὄμνυμι Ἀπόλλωνα ἰητρὸν, καὶ Ἀσκληπιὸν, καὶ Ὑγείαν, καὶ Πανάκειαν, καὶ θεοὺς πάντας τε καὶ πάσας, ἵστορας ποιεύμενος, ἐπιτελέα ποιήσειν κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμὴν ὅρκον τόνδε καὶ ξυγγραφὴν τήνδε.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    ACTA Official Journal of the Italian Society Otorhinolaryngologica Italica, 38/2, Supplement 1, S1-S106, 2018 S1-S106, Supplement 1, 38/2, Otorhinolaryngologica Italica, of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Organo Ufficiale della Società Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale 105th Congress of the Italian Society of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Official report Emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in otorhinolaryngology Patologia infettiva emergente e riemergente in otorinolaringoiatria F. Scasso, G. Ferrari, G.C. De Vincentiis, A. Arosio, S. Bottero, M. Carretti, A. Ciardo, S. Cocuzza, A. Colombo, B. Conti, A. Cordone, M. De Ciccio, E. Delehaye, L. Della Vecchia, I. De Macina, C. Dentone, P. Di Mauro, R. Dorati, R. Fazio, A. Ferrari, G. Ferrea, S. Giannantonio, I. Genta, M. Giuliani, D. Lucidi, L. Maiolino, G. Marini, P. Marsella, D. Meucci, T. Modena, B. Montemurri, A. Odone, S. Palma, M.L. Panatta, M. Piemonte, P. Pisani, S. Pisani, L. Prioglio, A. Scorpecci, L. Scotto di Santillo, A. Serra, C. Signorelli, E. Sitzia, M.L. Tropiano, M. Trozzi, F.M. Tucci, L. Vezzosi, B. Viaggi Volume 38 • Supplement 1 April 2018 POSTE ITALIANE SPA - Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale - D.L. 353/2003 conv. in L. 27/02/2004 n° 46 art. 1, comma 1, DCB PISA - Iscrizione al tribunale di Pisa al n. 10 del 30-07-93 - ISSN: 0392-100X (Print) - ISSN: 1827-675X (Online) 10 del 30-07-93 - ISSN: DCB PISA - Iscrizione al tribunale di Pisa n. comma 1, 1, 27/02/2004 n° 46 art. in L. 353/2003 conv. Abbonamento Postale - D.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Metastasis of Lower Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma To
    Takada et al. World Journal of Surgical Oncology (2019) 17:13 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-019-1559-y CASE REPORT Open Access Metastasis of lower gingival squamous cell carcinoma to buccinator lymph node: case report and review of the literature Kaho Takada1, Takeshi Kuroshima1* , Hiroaki Shimamoto1, Toshimitsu Ohsako1, Kou Kayamori2, Tohru Ikeda2 and Hiroyuki Harada1 Abstract Background: Metastasis of oral cancer to the buccinator lymph nodes (BN) is uncommon. The antegrade lymphatic flow in patients with normal anatomy and physiology makes metastasis of lower gingival cancer to BN unlikely. Case presentation: A 67-year-old woman presented with a 46 × 25-mm tumor on her lower gingiva, along with metastatic foci in BN and cervical lymph nodes. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, she underwent radical resection of the primary tumor and BN, along with neck dissection. Following surgery, she received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Two years after treatment, there has been no evidence of tumor recurrence or metastasis. Conclusion: This is the first report of lower gingival squamous cell carcinoma with metastasis to BN. Metastasis to BN from lower gingival cancer is very rare but should be considered in patients with locally advanced tumors or tumors that metastasize to the submandibular node. Keywords: Buccinator lymph nodes, Facial lymph nodes, Metastasis, Oral cancer, Squamous cell carcinoma Background gingiva (Fig. 1). A submucosal mass, independent of Metastasis to the lymph nodes is the most prognostic the gingival tumor, was palpable in the left buccal re- factor in patients with oral cancer. Primary cancers in gion. Several cervical lymph nodes on the left side the oral region frequently metastasize to level I–III were also palpable.
    [Show full text]
  • Incidence, Morbidity and Mortality of Patients with Achalasia in England: Findings from a Nationwide Hospital Database and 4 Million Population Based Data
    Incidence, morbidity and mortality of patients with achalasia in England: findings from a nationwide hospital database and 4 million population based data Appendix A: International Classification of Disease codes for Achalasia (HES) K22 – Achalasia of cardia Appendix B: Read codes (The Health Improvement Network) Appendix B1: Achalasia codes Clinical code Description J100.00 Achalasia of cardia Appendix B2: Clinical codes used to identify Hypertension, Diabetes and lipid lowering drugs Diabetes Clinical code Description C10..00 Diabetes mellitus C100.00 Diabetes mellitus with no mention of complication C100000 Diabetes mellitus, juvenile type, no mention of complication C100011 Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus C100100 Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, no mention of complication C100111 Maturity onset diabetes C100112 Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus C100z00 Diabetes mellitus NOS with no mention of complication C101.00 Diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis C101000 Diabetes mellitus, juvenile type, with ketoacidosis C101100 Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, with ketoacidosis C101y00 Other specified diabetes mellitus with ketoacidosis C101z00 Diabetes mellitus NOS with ketoacidosis C102.00 Diabetes mellitus with hyperosmolar coma C102000 Diabetes mellitus, juvenile type, with hyperosmolar coma C102100 Diabetes mellitus, adult onset, with hyperosmolar coma C102z00 Diabetes mellitus NOS with hyperosmolar coma C103.00 Diabetes mellitus with ketoacidotic coma C103000 Diabetes mellitus, juvenile type, with ketoacidotic coma C103100 Diabetes
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Superficial Head and Neck Lymphatic System
    Journal of Radiology and Imaging An Open Access Publisher Bou-Assaly W, J Radiol Imaging. 2016, 1(1):9-13 http://dx.doi.org/10.14312/2399-8172.2016-3 Review Open Access The forgotten lymph nodes: Review of the superficial head and neck lymphatic system Wessam Bou-Assaly1, 1 Department of Radiology, Habib Medical Group, United Arab Emirates Abstract In patients with head and neck malignancy, knowledge of the lymphatic pathways relevant to tumor location is important for treatment preparation, both in radiation therapy and in surgery. The lymphatics of the head and neck area consist of superficial and deep nodes groups, which are connected by numerous small vessels, giving rise to a complex subcutaneous and deep lymphatic network. The deep cervical lymph nodes, mainly placed along the jugulo carotid vessels, have been intensively reviewed in radiology and classified by well- established levels. The more superficial groups, notably the occipital, parotid, mastoid, facial and superficial cervical lymph nodes groups were not well recognized in the radiology literature, probably because of their less frequent involvement in the more predominant pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosal malignancy, and seem to have been forgotten. We present a review of the anatomy of those lymph nodes groups, including their location, afferent and efferent drainage tracts accompanied by cross-sectional imaging CT examples. Keywords: lymph nodes; head and neck; lymphatic system Introduction Rouvière classified the lymph nodes of the head and neck into 10 groups. The most superficial ones, namely the occipital, parotid, facial and mastoid groups, situated at the junction of head and neck, form a veritable lymphoid collar that he designated as pericervical lymphoid ring (Figure 1a) [1, 2].
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomy of the Woodchuck (Marmota Monax)
    QL737 .R68B49 2005 Anatomy of the Woodchuck (Marmota monax) A. J. Bezuidenhout and H. E. Evans SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 13 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MAMMALOGISTS LIBRARY OF THE /XT FOR THE ^> ^ PEOPLE ^ ^* <£ FOR _ EDVCATION O <£ FOR ^J O, SCIENCE j< Anatomy of the Woodchuck (Marmota monax) by A. J. Bezuidenhout and H. E. Evans SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 13 American Society of Mammalogists Published 21 February 2005 Price $45.00 includes postage and handling. American Society of Mammalogists P.O. Box 7060 Lawrence, KS 66044-1897 ISBN: 1-891276-43-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2005921107 Printed at Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas 66044 Issued: 21 February 2005 Copyright © by the American Society of Mammalogists 2005 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS American Society of Mammalogists This series, published by the American Society of Mammalogists in association with Allen Press, Inc., has been established for peer-reviewed papers of monographic scope concerned with any aspect of the biology of mammals. Copies of Special Publications by the Society may be ordered from: American Society of Mammalogists, % Allen Marketing and Management, P.O. Box 7060, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897, or at www. mammalogy.org. Dr. Joseph F. Merritt Editor for Special Publications Department of Biology United States Air Force Academy 2355 Faculty Drive US Air Force Academy, CO 80840 Dr. David M. Leslie, Jr. Chair, ASM Publications Committee Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit United States Geological Survey 404 Life Sciences West Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 74078-3051 Anatomy of the Woodchuck (Marmota MONAX) A. J. Bezuidenhout and H. E. Evans Published by the American Society of Mammalogists Contents Page Acknowledgments vii Foreword ix Chapter 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of Topographical and Pathotopographical Anatomy of The
    Contents Cover Title page Copyright page About the Author Introduction Part 1: The Head Topographic Anatomy of the Head Cerebral Cranium Basis Cranii Interna The Brain Surgical Anatomy of Congenital Disorders Pathotopography of the Cerebral Part of the Head Facial Head Region The Lymphatic System of the Head Congenital Face Disorders Pathotopography of Facial Part of the Head Part 2: The Neck Topographic Anatomy of the Neck Fasciae, Superficial and Deep Cellular Spaces and their Relationship with Spaces Adjacent Regions (Fig. 37) Reflex Zones Triangles of the Neck Organs of the Neck (Fig. 50–51) Pathography of the Neck Topography of the neck Appendix A Appendix B End User License Agreement Guide 1. Cover 2. Copyright 3. Contents 4. Begin Reading List of Illustrations Chapter 1 Figure 1 Vessels and nerves of the head. Figure 2 Layers of the frontal-parietal-occipital area. Figure 3 Regio temporalis. Figure 4 Mastoid process with Shipo’s triangle. Figure 5 Inner cranium base. Figure 6 Medial section of head and neck Figure 7 Branches of trigeminal nerve Figure 8 Scheme of head skin innervation. Figure 9 Superficial head formations. Figure 10 Branches of the facial nerve Figure 11 Cerebral vessels. MRI. Figure 12 Cerebral vessels. Figure 13 Dural venous sinuses Figure 14 Dural venous sinuses. MRI. Figure 15 Dural venous sinuses Figure 16 Venous sinuses of the dura mater Figure 17 Bleeding in the brain due to rupture of the aneurism Figure 18 Types of intracranial hemorrhage Figure 19 Different types of brain hematomas Figure 20 Orbital muscles, vessels and nerves. Topdown view, Figure 21 Orbital muscles, vessels and nerves.
    [Show full text]