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York Papers in Linguistics, Volume 17 DOCUMENT RESUME ED 399 772 FL 024 097 AUTHOR Local, J. K., Ed.; Warner, A. R., Ed. TITLE York Papers in Linguistics, Volume 17. INSTITUTION York Univ. (England). Dept. of Language and Linguistic Science. REPORT NO ISSN-0307-3238 PUB DATE Mar 96 NOTE 471p.; For individual articles, see FL 024 098-111. PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT York Papers in Linguistics; v17 Mar 1996 EDRS PRICE MFO1 /PC19 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS African Languages; Articulation (Speech); *Autism; Black Dialects; Chinese; *Classroom Communication; Cooperation; Diachronic Linguistics; Disabilities; Echolalia; English; English (Second Language); Finnish; Foreign Countries; French; Grammar; Greek; Group Dynamics; Interpersonal Competence; Italian; *Language Research; Language Rhythm; *Linguistic Theory; Old English; Phonetics; Pronunciation; Second Language Instruction; *Second Languages; Sex Differences; Standard Spoken Usage; Suprasegmentals; Syntax; *Uncommonly Taught Languages IDENTIFIERS Gerunds; Kalenjin Languages; *Repairs (Language) ABSTRACT . These 14 articles on aspects of linguistics include the following: "Economy and Optionality: Interpretations of Subjects in Italian" (David Adger); "Collaborative Repair in EFL Classroom Talk" (Zara Iles); "A Timing Model for Fast French" (Eric Keller, Brigitte Zellner); "Another Travesty of Representation: Phonological Representation and Phonetic Interpretation of ATR Harmony in Kalenjin" (John Local, Ken Lodge); "On Being Echolalic: An Analysis of the Interactional and Phonetic Aspects of.' an Autistic's Language" (John Local, Tony Wootton); "The Nature of Resonance in English: An Investigation into Lateral Articulations" (David E. Newton); "Prosodies in Finnish" (Richard Ogden); "Old English Verb-Complement Word Order and the Change from OV to VO" (Susan Pintzuk); "Situating 'Que" (Bernadette Plunkett); "Event Structure and the "Ba" Construction" (Catrin Sian Rhys); "Explanation of Sound Change: How Far Have We Come and Where Are We Now?" (Charles V.J. Russ); "Has It Ever Been 'Perfect'? Uncovering the Grammar of Early Black English" (Sali Tagliamonte); "Voice Source Characteristics of Male and Female Speakers of French" (Rosalind A. M. Temple); and "Notes on Temporal Interpretation and Control in Modern Greek Gerunds" (Georges Tsoulas). (MSE) **************1.A*AAA******-A**AAAA******************--*********** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** York Papers In Linguistics PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL 17 HAS BEEN GRANTED BY --3\-e TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 71 Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION loCENTER (ERIC) his document has been reproduced as edeived from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. ° Points of view or opinions stated inthis document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. CI) BEST COPY AVAILABLE York Papers In Linguistics Editors 7 JK Local and AR Warner ISSN 0307-3238 MARCH 1996 SERIES EDITORS SJ HARLOW AND AR WARNER DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF YORK, HESLINGTON, YORK YO1 SDD, ENGLAND 3 EDITORIAL BOARD Professor James Hurford (Edinburgh) Professor John Local Professor Robert Le Page Professor Neil Smith (University College London) David Adger Charles Russ Connie Cullen Sali Tagliamonte Steve Harlow Ros Temple John Kelly Georges Tsoulas Richard Ogden Mahendra Verma Susan Pintzuk Carol Wallace Bernadette Plunkett Anthony Warner The Editors are grateful to members of the Editorial Board (and to former members Patrick Griffiths and Joan Russell), who have acted as referees and whose advice has contributed to the quality of the papers published. Papers submitted to York Papers in Linguistics are each sent to two referees whose anonymous reports must both recommend acceptance for the paper to be published. This issue contains 14 papers; a further ten papers were submitted but were not accepted. John Local Anthony Warner CONTENTS DAVID ADGER Economy and Optionality: Interpretations of subjects in Italian 1 ZARA ILES Collaborative Repair in EFL Classroom Talk 23 ERIC KELLER AND BRIGITTE ZELLNER A Timing Model for Fast French 53 JOHN LOCAL AND KEN LODGE Another Travesty of Representation: Phonological representation and phonetic interpretation of ATR harmony in Kalenjin 77 JOHN LOCAL AND TONY WOOTTON On Being Echolalic: An analysis of the interactional and phonetic aspects of an autistic's language 119 DAVID E NEWTON The Nature of Resonance in English: An investigation into lateral articulations RICHARD OGDEN Prosodies in Finnish 191 SUSAN PINTZUK Old English Verb-Complement Word Order and the Change from OV to VO 241 BERNADETTE PLUNKETT Situating Que 265 CATKIN SIAN RHYS Event Structure and the Ba Construction 299 CHARLES V. J. RUSS Explanation of Sound Change. How far have we come and where are we now? 333 SALI TAGLIAMONTE Has It Ever Been Perfect'? Uncovering the Grammar of Early Black English 351 ROSALIND A.M. TEMPLE Voice Source Characteristics of Male and Female Speakers of French 397 GEORGES TSOULAS Notes on Temporal Interpretation and Control in Modern Greek Gerunds 441 EDITORIAL STATEMENT AND STYLE SHEET 471 ECONOMY AND OPTIONALITY: INTERPRETATIONS OF SUBJECTS IN ITALIAN* David Adger Department of Language and Linguistic Science University of York 1. Goals Optional movement is inconsistent with the notion of Economy. Interestingly, optional movement seems to correlate with different interpretations for the resulting structures; when movement is obligatory, on the other hand, the single resulting structure seems to have both of the possible interpretations assigned to the two structures given by optional movement. Why should these facts hold? I provide an answer which is based on the observation that the 'interpretational' differences noticed are actually not semantic at all, but fall within the purview of a separate field of linguistic competence: the ability that human beings have to assign sentences values as to their felicity in discourses. Given this, it follows that there must he an independently specified set of well-formedness conditions deriving well-formed discourses (see, for example work in DRT, especially Kamp and Rey le 1993). I argue that apparent optionality in syntax arises because of a constraint requiring each well-formed discourse to correspond to a collection of corresponding well-formed syntactic structures. Optionality in syntax then becomes essentially a meta-construct, arising out of the interaction between two independent subsystems of *Many thanks to the following people for comments on the ideas presented here: Elena Anagnostopoulou; Hagit Borer; Richard Breheny; Itziar Laka; Fabio Pianesi; Manuela Pinto; Bernadette Plunkett; Josep Quer; Tanya Reinhart; Enric Vallduvf and Anthony Warner. Many thanks also to Sandra Paoli for help with the data. York Papers in Linguistics 17 (1996) 1-21 e David Adger YORK PAPERS IN LINGUISTICS 17 linguistic competence. The apparent interpretational effects are actually effects that arise because native speakers attempt to construct different discourse contexts to satisfy the principles that map between syntax and discourse. The vitiation of these effects when movement is obligatory arises through the interaction of this theory of the interface and the requirement that the syntax be economical. I illustrate this conceptual framework here by taking two narrow domains: subject placement in Italian and the infelicity of anaphoric linkage in discourse across the scope of a quantificational expression. 2. The Problem Consider the following well-known paradigm from Standard Italian (I shall ignore throughout this paper cases of so called free-inversion where the post verbal subject is not in its theta-position - see Belletti 1988): (1) Tre leoni hannosternutito. three lions have-3p sneeze-pp Three lions have sneezed.' (2) *Hann sternutito ire leoni. have-3p sneeze-pp three lions (3) Tre leoni sono scappati. three lions be-3p escape-pp-3p Three of the lions have escaped.' (4) Sono scappati tre leoni. be-3p escape-pp-3p three lions Three lions have escaped.' Assuming some version of the Unaccusative Hypothesis (Perlmutter 1979; Burzio 1985), this paradigm raises an important question for theories of grammar which incorporate some notion of Economy of movement (Chomsky 1989, 1992, 1995): why, if movement is a 'last resort' operation, is (3) a possible syntactic 2 ECONOMY AND OFTIONAIITY structure? Under the Unaccusative Hypothesis, (4) is essentially the base structure (where the subject is in its theta-position) and there appears to be no motivation for the subject to move to result in (3). Now consider (3) and (4) more carefully. Belletti (1988) has argued that in (4) there is a definiteness effect which can be seen as long as we make sure that the complement is not free-inverted to a position outside VP. She gives examples with ditransitives: (5) Ogni studente era finalmente arrivato a lezione. every student be-3s finally arrivedto the lecture 'Every student finally arrived to the lecture.' (6) *Era finalmente arrivato ogni studente a lezione. be-3s finally arrivedevery student to the lecture Interestingly, as noticed by Pinto (1994), the surface subject position of unaccusatives also shows an interpretative effect. Pinto claims that pre-verbal
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