Strategies for Improving the Effectiveness of -Pacific Research for

Workshop Report* by Allen L. Lundgren Lawrence S. Hamilton Napoleon T. Vergara

August 1986

3apers and discussion group reports presented at a workshop held at the East-West Center, :h 1986, by the East-West Environment and Policy Institute, Honolulu, , USA. CONTENTS

List of Tables and Exhibits iii Foreword v " Acknowledgments vii Executive Summary ix Introduction 1 Objectives and Scope of the Workshop 2 In-Country Forestry Research 2 Current Research 3 Research Priorities 8 Needs of Forestry Research Organizations 8 Region wide Forestry Development Initiatives with Research Implications 9 International Organizations 9 Regional Organizations 13 National Organizations 14 Nongovernmental Organization 16 International Conferences 16 Reflections and Conclusions on Forestry Initiatives and Research Implications 16 Summary of Discussion: Future Directions of Forestry Research 18 Comments by Rapporteurs 18 Some New Emphases in Forestry Research 22

Social Science 22 r Biotechnology 23 Participatory Action Research 24 Improving the Effectiveness of Forestry Research 24 Impediments to Effective Research 24 Comments by Rapporteurs 24 Research Strategy Priorities: Some Personal Views .29 A Word of Caution 30 Activities Highlighted for Immediate Action 31 Establish a Pacific Islands Regional Forestry Information Council 31 Include Pacific Islands in the Tropical Forestry Action Plan 32 Establish an ASEAN Social Forestry Network 32 Implement Southeast Asia Forestry Research Institute Twinning 32 Establish the IUFRO International Council 32 Support lUFRO's Products Research Proposal 32 Increase Client-Oriented Research 32 Collaborate with Other Research Organizations 33 Link Research to Economic Development Programs 33 Develop Guidebook for Obtaining DTAO Assistance 33 Improve Research Management 33 Establish a Regional Professional Forestry Journal 33 Appendix 1: Agenda 35 Appendix 2: List of Participants 39

i Appendix 3: Summary of Project Activities in Forestry Research by Donor and Technical Assistance Organizations, Asia-Pacific Region International Organizations 43 Regional Organizations 45 National Organizations 48 Nongovernmental Organization 54

ii TABLES AND EXHIBITS

Tables

1. Suggestions for improving forestry research x 2. Strategies for improving research effectiveness xi 3. Messages to donor and technical assistance organizations 19 4. Messages to forestry research organizations 21 5. Suggested strategies for improving research effectiveness 26

Exhibits

1. Scientist-years in 1985 4 2. Scientist-years in 1984 6 3. Priorities for new or expanded forestry research project areas 8 4. Top priority needs of forestry research organizations 9 5. Regional forestry research initiatives in the Asia-Pacific region discussed at the March 1986 workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii 10 6. Rating of factors that influence research effectiveness 25

iii a • FOREWORD

The Environment and Policy Institute (EAPI) nomic, behavioral, and social factors. Three 1985 of the East-West Center is primarily concerned workshops on watershed management held in with improving renewable resource management Honolulu (Hawaii), Kathmandu (Nepal), and in the Asia-Pacific region. Its research and educa• Gympie (Australia) were concerned with develop• tional activities are carried out collaboratively with ing this theme. (The results of these workshops educational, research, and governmental institu• have been published in Integrated Watershed Manage• tions throughout the region. ment Research fir Developing Countries by K.W. Easter Forest land management has been an important and M.M. Hufschmidt, EWEAPI, September part of EAPI's program since 1980. The objective 1985; Strategies, Approaches and Systems in Integrated of sound management is to achieve economic and Witershed Management, FAO Conservation Guide 14, sustainable production of the most appropriate FAO, , 1986; and Water and Soil Conservation products and services from the forest lands of the Guidelines fir Land-Use Planning by A.J. Pearce and region, while minimizing adverse consequences, L.S. Hamilton, EWEAPI, May 1986.) The close on-site and off-site, whether biophysical, economic, link between forestry research and integrated or social. Forestry research plays a key role in watershed management will continue to be empha• achieving sound forest land management. The sized by EAPI. EAPI has been working with forestry research or• It is our hope that the output of this forestry ganizations and agencies in the research workshop, as presented in this report, will region in helping to develop coordinated research be of significant help to those concerned with for• programs directed toward solving important estry research, forest land use, and watershed management problems. management in establishing research priorities, de• EAPI's forestry work has been closely linked veloping new initiatives, improving effectiveness, with institute activities in watershed management. and establishing new directions for research and Recent emphasis has been on integrating the bi• management. ophysical aspects of watershed land use with eco•

Maynard M. Hufschmidt Acting Director Environment and Policy Institute East-West Center

V a • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The workshop on "Strategies for Improving the and Research Fellow Allen Lundgren. This report Effectiveness of Asia-Pacific Forestry Research for is based on background information provided be• Sustainable Development" was held 17-21 March fore the workshop by participants and other col• 1986 in Honolulu by the East-West Environment leagues in the region, papers presented and and Policy Institute (EWEAPI). The Institute discussion group reports developed at the work• gratefully acknowledges the financial support by shop, and notes made by the coordinators during the Asian Development Bank, Australian Develop• the discussions. The authors appreciate the con• ment Assistance Bureau, UNESCO, and U.S. tribution of participants but accept full responsi• Agency for International Development. The work• bility for any errors or misinterpretations that may shop was coordinated by EAPI Research Asso• exist in the report. ciates Lawrence Hamilton and Napoleon Vergara,

vii a • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Representatives from 21 forestry research or• broaden regional and global frameworks, such ganizations (FROs) in the Asia-Pacific region met as FAO's Tropical Forestry Action Plan in with those from 13 international, regional, and na• order to gain widespread political and con• tional donor and technical assistance organizations stituent support for forestry research (DTAOs) at a workshop held 17-21 March 1986 • Develop a loose-leaf guidebook that summa• at the East-West Center to (1) discuss new forest rizes, in understandable language, the development initiatives and their implications for bureaucratic procedures for gaining assistance forestry research, (2) suggest ways to improve for• from each DTAO and distribute to every FRO estry research effectiveness, (3) identify impedi• • Further develop management seminars for ments to improve research effectiveness, and (4) heads and directors of FROs suggest strategies for overcoming these impedi• • Support IUFRO's proposal for an expanded ments. research program to improve utilization of forest products Activities Highlighted for Action Current Research Several activities were highlighted by consider• able discussion and gained widespread support by A preworkshop mail survey of current forestry the participants. These were: research programs in 23 of the FROs showed (1) 924 scientist-years (SYs) were devoted to forestry • Establish a Pacific Islands Regional Forestry research in 1985 by all respondents, (2) forestry Information Council to obtain and dis• research scientists are unevenly distributed among seminate scientific and technical information the countries with more than half of all the SYs relating to forestry resource development in reported in only 5 of the 23 FROs, and (3) SYs the Pacific Islands and to advise, guide, and of research are focused primarily on traditional help coordinate forestry research in Pacific Is• biological areas of forestry with less than 16 per• land countries cent of the total SYs currently devoted to research • Establish an ASEAN Social Forestry Network on environment//recreation, agroforest- to assist in developing research capabilities in ry/social forestry/fuel production, econom• social forestry ics/business/other social sciences, and resource • Implement the proposed twinning among inventories/mensuration/remote sensing com• Malaysia and Philippine forestry research in• bined. stitutes to accelerate development of research capabilities Research Priorities • Establish the proposed IUFRO Internation• al Council for Forestry Research and Exten• Before the workshop, 23 FROs were asked to sion so that IUFRO can play an active role review a list of priority areas for forestry research in the Asia-Pacific region developed at the 1982 forestry research directors • Develop closer working relationships among workshop in Hawaii. The five highest priority forestry and nonforcstry research organiza• areas for new or expanded research cited were sil• tions to plan and conduct more collaborative viculture, ecology and , research and , watershed management and • Rectify the omission of the Pacific Island hydrology, and /social forestry. These countries from the global forestry action plans priorities were similar to those developed at the of FAO and the World Resources Institute 1982 workshop, indicating little change in four • Link forestry research programs to national years. economic and social development plans and

ix Table 1. Suggestions for improving forestry research

Donor and Technical Assistance Organizations Forestry Research Organizations

Increase program coordination among DTAOs Focus research on immediate and urgent problems related to national development, rather than on Fund the proposed IUFRO International Council more traditional lines for Forest Research and Extension Link new forestry research projects and programs.to Fund twinning and networking among FROs (e.g., national development goals, objectives, and plans the Malaysia-Philippines proposal) in order to gain in-country and external support

Develop country-specific development initiatives Increase coordination between forestry and within regional/global frameworks nonforestry research institutions and scientists

Establish and support the proposed Pacific Islands Increase "action research" (i.e., rigorous, scientific, Regional Forestry Information Council and useful, and appropriate) in the field at the similar mechanisms for funding small-scale community level programs to meet needs of small countries

Increase and sustain funding for forestry research, scientific and technical training, and institution building in the region

Fund new and increase forestry initiatives in afforestation, biotechnology, biofuels, forest improvement, multipurpose , seed banks, and social forestry (particularly at the community action/field level)

Needs of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO), and Program for Forest Products Research in Asia (IUFRO). Before the workshop, 22 FROs responded and Many DTAOs—including ADB, World Bank, identified the following five top priority needs: train UNEP, UNESCO, FAO, EWC, ACIAR and scientists, improve facilities, increase project fund• ADAB, CIDA and IDRC, and USAID and U.S. ing, improve research management, and improve Forest Service—have substantial programs sup• contacts with peers. porting forestry research activities in the region. In developing new initiatives, DTAOs are increas• Development Initiatives ingly emphasizing the human welfare aspects of forest-based development and are recognizing the Many international, regional, and national need for improved information about interaction DTAOs fund development activities, including between people and . provisions for forestry research or training. There is increasing recognition of the important role that Suggestions to Improve Forestry Research forestry research can play in the economic and so• cial development of the region. Several new de• Discussion groups of FROs and DTAOs devel• velopment initiatives recently proposed or just oped suggestions for improving the effectiveness getting underway contain components aimed at of forestry research in the Asia-Pacific region (see improving the capabilities of FROs, including pro• Table 1). grams such as Tropical Forestry Action Plan (FAO), Tropical Forests: A Call For Action (World New Directions for Forestry Research Resources Institute), Forestry/Fuel wood Research and Development Project (USAID), International William Burch, Yale University, outlined the Council for Forestry Research and Extension necessity for enlarging the scope of traditional for- estry research to include perspectives from the so• Impediments to Improving cial sciences. He described seven, fields of social Research Effectiveness science that might be relevant to research on the interaction of humans and natural . Workshop participants rated a series of impedi• Each discipline contributes to forestry research ments for their potential impact on improving through its own unique methodologies and per• research effectiveness. Seven impediments iden• spectives. (See section on "Social Science," this tified as having the greatest negative impact were report.) selected for discussion: (1) low level of researcher Joann Roskoski, NifTAL, outlined new develop• training, (2) lack of funding stability from year to ments in biotechnology that have long-term (10-15 year, (3) poor library and information services, (4) years), mid-term (5-10 years), and short-term (0-5 little interaction with research organizations in years) payoffs, and assessed their potential useful• other countries, (5) little interaction with users and ness in forestry research. Biotechnologies are no potential users of research results, (6) little or no panacea for solving all the forestry problems of the political support for forestry research within coun• Asia-Pacific region, but they do offer useful ap• try, and (7) no coordination of research effort proaches for solving some problems. (See section within country. on "Biotechnology," this report.) Jefferson Fox, EAPI, described the use of ae-. Strategies to Improve Research Effectiveness rial photographs and thematic maps in a social forestry project in Indonesia as an example of par• Workshop discussion groups suggested many ticipatory action research that enlisted the help of strategies for removing or reducing the impedi• local people in studying their use of forest lands. ments they had earlier identified (see Table 2). (See section on "Participatory Action Research," this report.) Over the next few years these new dimensions to forestry research will provide some challenging opportunities for FROs and DTAOs in the region.

Table 2. Strategies for improving research effectiveness

Impediments Suggestions

1. Low level of researcher Use n on fores try research disciplines and facilities for conducting forestry training research Improve the capabilities of universities in the region to provide local training Tailor training to program objectives and needs Develop incentives, such as money and status, to retain forestry scientists in research after training Make long-term funding commitment to training Systematically assess manpower requirements for forestry research Include a strong "leaming-by-doing" component

2. Lack of funding stability Ensure that research is relevant for the country and is tied to high national priorities in development Broaden support base by developing close linkages with research organizations in other fields Broaden support base by developing closer ties with research clients Seek sustained funding for longer-term projects

3. Poor library and Develop linkages and information networks between universities and research information services institutes at the national, regional, and international levels

XI Table 2. (continued)

Impediments Suggestions

Establish and fund a Pacific Islands Regional Forestry Information Council to gather and share scientific and technical information needed for forestry development Exchange information on library accessions Improve library facilities Seek financing for documentation, translation, and dissemination of existing information Explore possibilities of establishing one or two high-standard scientific and technical regional forestry periodicals

Little interaction with Use IUFRO to facilitate interactions among countries research organizations Fund frequent meetings among scientists from research institutes within the in other countries region, including costs of their participation Establish and strengthen visiting scientist exchange programs Fund twinning of institutions among and within developing and developed countries Establish and fund a Pacific Islands Regional Forestry Information Council to gather and share scientific and technical information needed for forestry development

5. Little interaction with Involve local end users and other clients in planning and undertaking users and potential collaborative research programs Select research projects that will clearly benefit intended users, considering social aspects of technological innovations, and see that research results reach the intended user Train staff in communication skills, and use different methods to communicate with different clients

6. Little or no political Ensure that research programs address the concerns of top policymakers and support within that they are aware of the research programs country Emphasize development and action-oriented research Develop information to show clearly what forestry research can accomplish and distribute this information to policymakers and other public groups Increase the forestry research interest base

7. No coordination Support creation of national and provincial coordinating councils to provide research effort within an overview of forestry research within a country country Develop suitable mechanisms for improving coordination between forestry research and other organizations

xn Strategies for Improving the Effectiveness of Asia-Pacific Forestry Research for Sustainable Development

INTRODUCTION

Forestry research organizations (FROs) and ties for forestry research on multipurpose tree donor and technical assistance organizations species by ecological zones, research activities, (DTAOs) have become increasingly concerned in and tree species. recent years about the progress of forestry research • A joint IUFRO/IDRC project in 1985 iden• in the Asia-Pacific region and its potential for sup• tified priorities for five major areas of forest porting national, regional, and international eco• products research in Asia, following visits to nomic and social development programs. It is forest products research institutes in eight widely recognized that forestry research capabili• Asian countries. ties must be considerably enhanced in order to de• velop the information needed to implement These and other meetings, conferences, work• successfully economic and social development shops, and studies have identified priorities for projects based on forests and related natural forestry research and needs of FROs in the Asia- resources in the region. Pacific region. Some of these priorities have been During the past few years several efforts have summarized in a report by Lundgren.* been made to define research priorities and Recent forestry development program initiatives describe the present status of forestry research fa• in the Asia-Pacific region by DTAOs have recog• cilities and programs in the region. For example: nized the need to develop strong national forestry research capabilities to support economic and so• • At the 1981 IUFRO World Congress in Kyoto, cial development programs. Many new initiatives Japan, a World Bank and FAO paper pre• contain specific provisions for improving the capa• sented a detailed listing of forestry priorities. bilities of FROs in the region (e.g., USAID's For• The Ad Hoc Study Group on Forestry estry/Fuel wood Research and Development Research of the Asia-Pacific Forestry Com• Project, IUFRO's proposed International Coun• mission (APFC) endorsed these priorities at cil for Forestry Research and Extension, FAO's the twelfth session of the APFC in 1984 at Tropical Forestry Action Plan, and World Bangkok, Thailand. Resources Institute's "Tropical Forests: A Call For • The EWC-sponsored 1982 Asia-Pacific Action"). regional workshop for forestry research direc• At the close of the EWC 1982 Asia-Pacific tors held in Honolulu, Hawaii, developed pri• regional workshop for forestry research directors, orities for new forestry research in 19 subject the participants suggested that a follow-up work• areas. shop in three to four years would be desirable. • A 1983 regional workshop on wood de• Since that lime, many development activities have velopment held in Bangkok, Thailand, as• been initiated or proposed that would have a sub• signed priorities to collaborative research stantial impact on forestry research programs and activities and tree species that addressed fuel- organizations. Thus, there appeared to be a need wood needs in the Asia region. for FROs to meet with DTAOs and discuss de- • The 1984 IUFRO planning workshop for Asia 'Lundgren, Allen L. A resume* of forestry research priorities on forest research and technology transfer in the Asia-Pacific region. East-West Environment and Policy held at Kandy, Sri Lanka, developed priori• Institute Working Paper, Honolulu, Hawaii. May 1986.

1 velopment initiatives and their potential impact on ing response was that such a workshop was neces• forestry research. sary and that it should again be held at the EWC. In early 1985 the EWC polled FROs through• This consensus resulted in the March 1986 work• out the Asia-Pacific region whether they felt shop in Honolulu, which was organized by EAPI. another workshop was needed. The overwhelm•

OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE WORKSHOP

The central themes of this workshop were: industrial, and other technologies; and the use of new approaches to planning and conduct• • FROs in the Asia-Pacific region are devoting ing research may offer ways to improve the their limited resources to ongoing programs effectiveness of forestry research. of research that address important national • To meet these new challenges and opportu• forest resource development issues in the nities, acceptable strategies for improving the region. effectiveness of forestry research in the region • New programs and initiatives by DTAOs are need to be devised jointly by representatives getting underway that stress nontraditional from FROs and DTAOs. forestry concerns such as agroforestry and so• cial forestry. These programs provide for in• The workshop brought together heads of FROs creasing forestry research capabilities in the with representatives from DTAOs to discuss new region and can have a substantial impact on forestry-related development initiatives and their the scope and direction of forestry research implications for forestry research, suggest ways to in subsequent years. improve forestry research effectiveness for sus• • Forestry research will need additional tainable development, identify impediments to im• resources and an improved effectiveness to prove the effectiveness of forestry research, and meet existing and new demands being made suggest strategies for overcoming these impedi• on FROs. ments. • The increased involvement of social scientists; the development and use of new biological,

IN-COUNTRY FORESTRY RESEARCH

Information about forestry research programs, nine countries from 1980-1983 and listed the major activities, scientific resources, and needs in the topics for forestry research in ten countries com• Asia-Pacific region often is scattered, dated, or in• piled from annual reports of forestry research in• complete. In a report of the Ad Hoc Study Group stitutions and other sources. on Forestry Research to the twelfth session of the In an effort to compile updated and expanded Asia-Pacific Forestry, Commission in Bangkok, information about forestry research in the region, Thailand, 19-23 March 1984, Salleh Mohd. Nor FROs were asked before the workshop to supply (Director, Forest Research Institute, Kepong, data on: (1) scientist-years of effort devoted to ten Selangor, Malaysia) reviewed the status of forestry specified areas of forestry research in 1984 and research in the Asia/Pacific region. Dr. Salleh 1985, (2) new priorities for forestry research, com• listed total expenditures on forestry research for pared with the priority list of topics developed at

2 the 1982 research directors workshop, and (3) cur• working for a normal work year as a research rent needs of their research organizations. The 23 scientist (excluding administrators, technicians, or FROs responding to this request represent a sub• other research support personnel). The responses stantial cross section of forestry research in the are shown in Exhibits 1 and 2. These data disclose region. However, several organizations carrying many interesting points: out forestry research activities are not represented in these data, including China (forestry research • Even from an incomplete sample, a substan• is widely spread and only one organization was tial number of SYs are evidently devoted to represented), India Forest Research Institute and forestry research. The 23 FROs reported 924 Colleges at Dehra Dun, and Japan (no response SYs in 1985, up from 871 in 1984. from institutions); several organizations in Aus• • A wide disparity exists in research strength tralia (only two were included here); universities among the 23 FROs, ranging from no SYs in with forestry research programs (only one in• Ponape to 145 SYs in New Zealand's FRI in cluded); nonforestry research organizations that 1985. conduct research directly related to forestry (e.g., • Forestry research is highly concentrated social and agricultural science departments in among a few FROs (e.g., five of the 23 FROs universities); and some forest products research or• reported more than half of the SYs). ganizations. • Most of the SYs reported are focused on the Obviously, this survey is far from complete. In traditional, physical-biological areas of for• most countries it encompasses primarily the for• estry research. Of all SYs reported in 1985, estry research being conducted by one or two 24 percent were devoted to research on the major government forestry research institutes and management of man-made forests. An addi• excludes universities (except Kasetsart University), tional 8 percent were devoted to research on other nonforestry organizations, and industry. the management of natural forests, or a total Forest products research organizations are under- of 32 percent for forest management research. represented; thus, a complete picture of forestry Fifteen percent of the SYs were devoted to research in the region is impossible. Nevertheless, forest products research, 13 percent to because those that did respond represent a sub• watershed management/hydrology/soils, 13 stantial and important pan of forestry research in percent to basic biological sciences, and 9 per• the region, the results of this survey should be use• cent to protection. In contrast, less than 16 ful in characterizing the current status of forestry percent of the total reported SYs were devoted research in Asia and the Pacific. to all research on environment/wildlife/recre• A global inventory of forestry research is under• ation, agroforestry/social forestry/fuel produc• way at the Economic Growth Center of Yale tion, economics/business/other social sciences, University and should be available soon. Also, the and resource inventories/mensuration/remote University of Minnesota College of Forestry is sensing combined. cooperating with IUFRO in an international study on the management of forestry research. Par• Because this was only a partial survey, care ticipants were given a survey form in order to sup• should be exercised in interpreting these data and plement the existing pool of information in this in drawing conclusions regarding the research latter study. balance among research program areas within any one country. The SYs relate only to the research Current Research programs at the FROs that responded to the sur• vey. Their research programs relate to their Twenty-three of the FROs provided information responsibilities within their governments, which about the scientist-years (SYs) of effort devoted to may not include some of the areas specified here. each of ten forestry research program areas dur• Some of these research areas may be the assigned ing 1984 and 1985. For this purpose, an SY was responsibility of other government research organi• defined as the equivalent of a full-time person zations excluded in this survey.

3 Exhibit 1. Scientist-years in 1985

Research Program Area

Water• shed Mgt., Mgt., Environ., Mgt., Country/Organization Natural Man-made Protec- Wildlife, Hydrology, within Subregion Forests Forests tion Recreation Soils

Pacific/Oceania Australia CSIRO, Forest 11.0 7.0" 9.0 - 15.0 CSIRO, Water & Land 1.0 1.0 - 4.0 4.0 Queensland 2.2 9.7 4.0 2.5 5.0 Fiji Ministry of For. 0.2 0.8 0.5 Pine Commission - 1.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 New Zealand FRI 7.0 29.5 13.5 9.0 12.0 Ponape - Solomon Islands 0.1 1.8 0.1 US. Forest Serv. 1.5 0.5 1.4 - 1.3 Vanuatu 0.1 1.0 0.4 Western 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Southeast Asia Burma FRI 2.0 2.0 3.0 - 1.0 Indonesia For. R&DC 7.0 13.0 7.0 3.0 8.0 Malaysia FRIM 3.0 8.0 3.0 - 7.0 Philippines FRI 15.1 34.8 7.6 7.9 11.8 Thailand Royal For. Dept. Watershed - 24.0 Silviculture - 30.0 6.0 Kasetsart Univ. 9.0 5.0 2.0 7.0 5.0 East Asia China: Taiwan FRI 4.0 31.0 2.0 3.0 13.0 Korea FRI 2.0 2.0 South Asia Bangladesh FRI 2.0 26.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 India: Kerala FRI 2.0 5.0 11.0 4.0 5.0 Pakistan Fl 4.0 8.0 5.0 3.0 6.0 Total Region 73.4 217.9 79.8 45.7 122.3 % of Total 8.0 23.6 8.6 5.0 13.2

Notes: Reported by 23 forestry research organizations in the Asia-Pacific region. A scientist-year is defined as the equiva• lent of a full-time person working for a normal work year as a research scientist.

4 Research Program Area

Agro- forest ry, Resource Social Econ., Inventories, Forestry, Business, Basic Mensuration, Fuel wood Forest Other Bio. Remote Production Products Soc. Sci. Sci. Sensing Other Total

33.0 - 5.0 80.0 0.5 - - 2.0 - 2.0 14.5 0.8 8.0 - 0.3 3.0 - 35.5

0.1 0.7 0.1 - 0.1 - 2.5 2.0 2.0 36.0 5.5 17.5 9.5 4.0 145.5

0.4 0.2 - - 0.2 0.2 3.0 0.2 1.1 - 6.0 0.1 - - 0.1 0.3 - 2.0 0.2 1.0 - - 2.0 - 4.0

1.0 5.0 - 3.0 1.0 2.0 20.0 9.0 - - 14.0 3.0 7.0 71.0 1.0 23.0 1.0 8.0 1.0 - 55.0 8.1 - 4.3 3.3 - - 92.9

24.0 6.0 - 4.0 - - 46.0 4.0 6.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 - 49.0

28.0 4.0 9.0 3.0 - 97.0 1.0 - 1.0 6.0

2.0 23.5 5.0 4.0 - - 72.5 4.0 3.0 13.0 - - 47.0 2.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 49.0 37.4 141.4 29.9 121.2 30.2 25.2 924.4 4.0 15.3 3.2 13.1 3.3 2.7 100.0

5 Exhibit 2. Scientist-years in 1984

Research Program Area

Water• shed Mgt., Mgt., Environ., Mgt., Country/Organization Natural Man-made Protec• Wildlife, Hydrology, within Subregion Forests Forests tion Recreation Soils

Pacific/Oceania Australia CSIRO, Forest 9.0 7.0 10.0 15.0 CSIRO, Water & Land 1.0 1.0 4.0 4.0 Queensland 2.2 9.7 4.0 2.5 5.0 Fiji Ministry of For. 0.2 0.7 0.2 Pine Commission 1.6 0.1 0.2 New Zealand FRI 7.0 29.5 14.0 9.0 10.5 Ponape Solomon Islands 0.1 0.8 0.2 U.S. Forest Serv. 0.7 2.0 1.0 2.0 Vanuatu 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.1 Western Samoa 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Southeast Asia 0.2 Burma FRI 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 Indonesia For. R&DC 7.0 13.0 6.0 3.0 6.0 Malaysia FRIM 4.0 6.0 2.0 4.0 Philippines FRI 16.5 36.1 6.4 7.4 14.3 Thailand Royal For. Dept. Watershed 20.0 Silviculture 30.0 6.0 Kasetsart Univ. 8.0 5.0 2.0 7.0 5.0 East Asia China: Taiwan FRI 4.0 29.0 2.0 3.0 13.0 Korea FRI 3.0 2.0 South Asia Bangladesh FRI 2.0 27.0 4.5 2.0 5.0 India: Kerala FRI 2.0 5.0 11.0 4.0 5.0 Pakistan Fl 4.0 7.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 Total Region 72.9 213.7 76.8 45.0 114.2 % of Total 8.4 24.5 8.8 5.2 13.1

Notes: Reported by 23 forestry research organizations in the Asia-Pacific region. A scientist-year defined as the equiva- lent of a full-time person working for a normal work year as a research scientist.

6 Research Program Area

Agro- forestry, Resource Social Econ., Inventories, Forestry, Business, Basic Mensuration, Fuelwood Forest Other Bio. Remote Production Products Soc. Sci. Sci. Sensing Other Total

33.0 4.0 78.0 2.0 2.0 14.0 0.8 8.0 0.3 3.0 35.5

0.1 0.6 0.1 0.1 2.0 0.1 2.0 2.0 33.0 8.5 15.5 4.0 141.5

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 2.0 0.2 1.3 7.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.2 1.0 2.0 4.0

1.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 18.0 8.0 12.0 3.0 6.0 64.0 20.0 7.0 1.0 44.0 7.2 4.8 1.3 94.0

20.0 2.0 2.0 40.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 5.0 3.0 47.0

27.0 4.0 8.0 3.0 93.0 1.0 6.0

2.0 21.0 6.0 3.5 73.0 4.0 3.0 13.0 47.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 37.0 30.1 127.8 31.4 105.4 32.6 21.2 871.1 3.5 14.7 3.6 21.1 3.7 2.4 100.0

7 Exhibit 3. Priorities for new or expanded forestry research project areas

Priority1 Project Areas 1986 1982

Silviculture 1 2 Ecology and silviculture 2 1 Reforestation, afforestation 3 4 Watershed management, hydrology 4 5 Agroforestry 5 3 Forest industries and utilization 6 7 Surveys and inventories 7 8 Fuel, bioenergy 8 6 , research training 9 9 Policy and planning 10 K) Genetics 11 13 Nursery practice 12 12 and transport 13 11 Marketing 14 14 Economics, especially of product processing 15 15 Soils lb 17 Forest products (technological) 17 l(t Protection of wood products 18 18 i() 16

'1986 priorities assigned by 23 FROs before the March 1986 Asia-Pacific forestry research work• shop held in Honolulu, Hawaii. 1982 priorities developed at the 1982 forestry research direc• tors workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Research Priorities priorities, although the group assigning priorities in 1986 differed considerably in composition from Before the March 1986 workshop, 23 FROs the 1982 group. reviewed a priority list of 19 desirable new or ex• panded project areas for scientific research devel• Needs of Forestry Research Organizations oped at the 1982 workshop for forestry research directors in Hawaii and were asked to reconsider Before the workshop, FROs were asked to list these priorities. The 1986 priorities, together with the five top priority needs of their organizations the original 1982 ranking, are shown in Exhibit to enhance their capabilities to do effective 3. The five highest priority areas for new or ex• research. The priority needs cited by the 22 FROs panded research cited by the FROs were silvicul• who responded were grouped into 13 categories of ture, ecology and silviculture, reforestation and need (Exhibit 4). These responses contain no sur• afforestation, watershed management and hydrol• prises. They strongly confirm what previous ogy, and agroforestry/social forestry. studies have indicated. FROs almost universally These same areas had been cited as the top five agree that the training of scientists and other per• priority areas in 1982, although not in the same sonnel and improvement of facilities are among order. The 1986 and 1982 priorities were similar their top five priority needs. More than one-half throughout the list, indicating no strong desire in cited the need to increase project funding and im• 1986 to change the previously assigned research prove research management.

8 Exhibit 4. Top priority needs of forestry research organizations

Organizations Priority Needs Citing

Train scientists 19 Imp rove facil i t ies 18 Increase project funding 17 Improve research management 14 Improve contacts with peers 9 Increase scientific staff 7 Improve communication 3 Train technical staff 3 Add specific research programs 3 Increase technical support staff 2 Improve computing facilities 1 Improve communication with user groups 1 Increase regional and international cooperation 1

Note: Compiled from questionnaires completed by 22 organizations before the March 1986 workshop.

REGIONWIDE FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES WITH RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS

For the past few decades international, regional, so. Many of these new initiatives were described and national DTAOs and nongovernmental or• by DTAO representatives at the workshop (Exhibit ganizations (collectively referred to as DTAOs) 5). Some of the key points for these initiatives are have funded forestry programs in the Asia-Pacific highlighted here. (Additional information about region for economic and social development. Rela• specific programs, summarized for each FJTAO, tively little of this investment was specifically desig• can be found in Appendix 3.) nated for forestry research, although some projects did contain minor research components. International Organizations Recently there has been a growing awareness among DTAOs that developing countries need a International organizations have long supported strong national capability for forestry research to economic development programs in the Asia- support and maintain within-country development Pacific region that involve forestry activities. Many activities. In response to this need, DTAOs have of these ongoing programs have individual forestry started or proposed several major new forestry de• research projects, some of which are substantial. velopment initiatives that contain components Although these were reviewed at the workshop, no directed specifically at improving the effectiveness attempt was made to discuss the individual of forestry research in the Asia-Pacific region. research projects in any detail. Rather, attention Several international forestry conferences and was focused on several new, broad regional for• scientific organizations also have recognized the estry initiatives that, if fully implemented, could need to improve the effectiveness of forestry have a major impact on FROs and programs in research and have proposed programs for doing subsequent years.

9 Exhibit 5. Regional forestry research initiatives in the Asia-Pacific region discussed at the March 1986 workshop, Honolulu, Hawaii

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) International Council for Forestry Research and Extension Identification of Forest Products Priority Research Needs World Resources Institute (WRI) Tropical Forests: A Call for Action Food and Organization of the (FAO) Tropical Forestry Action Plan Watershed Management (with UNDP) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Bank

REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Asian Development Bank (ADB) Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission (APFC) ASEAN ASEAN-US Watershed Project East-West Center (EWC) Environment and Policy Institute (EAPI) Resource Systems Institute (RSI)

NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Australia Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Australian Development Assistance Bureau (ADAB) Canada Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) International Development Research Centre (IDRC) France Centre Technique du Bois et de 1'Ameublement Centre Technique Forestier Tropical Great Britain Overseas Development Institute (ODI) United States Agency for International Development (AID) Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry

NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO) Ford Foundation

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES Commonwealth Forestry Conference World Forestry Congress

10 International Union of Forestry Also discussed at the workshop was IUFRO's Research Organizations (IUFRO) project to determine priorities for forest products research needs in Asia. This project has been At its 1981 World Congress in Kyoto, Japan, strongly supported by Canada's IDRC. A proposal IUFRO resolved to become more active in de• for a program of forest products research in the veloping countries and established a committee to region, based on these priorities, was reviewed by suggest approaches to do so. Since then, IUFRO Walter G. Kauman, Deputy Coordinator of has stepped up its activities in the Asia-Pacific IUFRO Division 5. This proposal calls for a major region. As discussed at the 1982 forestry research program to support research projects, research net• directors meeting at the EWC, a Global Coordi• working, and technology transfer in Asia (see Ap• nator position was funded and established in pendix 3 for a summary of proposed activities). IUFRO to work with developing countries in promoting forestry research and donor contacts. Wbrld Resources Institute (WRI) In July 1984 IUFRO sponsored a planning work• shop for Asia on forest research and technology Although the WRI should be appropriately transfer at Kandy, Sri Lanka, which developed pri• classed as a nongovernmental organization, it is orities for regional research on multipurpose tree discussed here because its program on tropical species. Following this, it appointed a temporary forests is closely allied with FAO's Tropical For• coordinator for Asia to facilitate IUFRO activi• estry Action Plan. Peter T. Hazlewood, WRI ties in the region. IUFRO recently developed a Project Associate, described the WRI program, proposal to create an IUFRO International Coun• ''Tropical Forests: A Call for Action," which iden• cil for Forestry Research and Extension (ICFRE). tifies five priority areas for action: fuelwood and This proposal, which was discussed at some length, agroforestry, land use on upland watersheds, forest was presented at the workshop by Robert E. Buck- management for industrial uses, conservation of man, Vice President of IUFRO. tropical forest ecosystems, and strengthening in• ICFRE would be a nongovernmental organiza• stitutions for research, training, and extension. tion created to provide the coordinating and net• The five-year program will cost $8,000 million working mechanisms needed for the development worldwide and calls for $557 million over a five- and dissemination of tropical forestry research and year period to strengthen institutions for research, extension information on a global basis. It is in• training, and education in Asia. tended to foster coordination among national The general strategies suggested for research are forestry research and extension programs in de• to improve integration of agriculture and forestry veloping countries and among the bilateral and research through collaborative programs; empha• multilateral donor agencies supporting such pro• size agroforestry, watershed rehabilitation, socio• grams. ICFRE would encourage networking economic factors in forestry and land use, and low among laboratories and institutions through spon• cost technologies; strengthen national research, sorship of workshops, symposia, publications, training, and educational institutions and develop training and extension activities and would em• stronger links between national and regional in• phasize those activities that existing institutions stitutions; and concentrate on a few top-priority and donors are unable to achieve by themselves. research topics with high potential impact on rural The council would have a regional adviser, who poverty. would carry out council activities, for the Asia- Research priorities include fast-growing, mul• Pacific region. Participants indicated widespread tipurpose tree species; biophysical and socioeco• support for this proposal. nomic research on incorporating trees into farming As suggested in several workshop sessions, and grazing systems; improved use of wood and IUFRO could and should play an active role in nonwood products from native and introduced forestry research in the region and should seek species; natural forest management for wood and funding from appropriate donor organizations to nonwood products; and , monitor• support this proposal. ing, and resource analysis.

11 The tropical forests action program was en• recommending research and demonstration op• dorsed by the major international donor agencies tions for FAO/UNDP support. (This project is at a meeting at the Hague in 1985. The World summarized in Appendix 3.) Bank will be formally approving an investment program for Africa that calls for doubling its in• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) vestment in three years. The U.N. World Com• mission on Environment plans to use the action Masahiro Ohta, Deputy Regional Representa• program in a report on forests. tive for the Asia-Pacific Regional Office of UNEP, highlighted past achievements of UNEP in tropi• Food and Agriculture Organization cal forestry. Ongoing projects in the Asia-Pacific of the United Nations (FAO) region include:

FAO's Committee on Forest Development in the • Integrating a pilot project with UNESCO in recently developed and approved a Trop• several Asia-Pacific countries on applied ical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP) to be used as an research, training, and demonstration for the overall conceptual framework for action in the field rational management of tropical forest areas of tropical forestry. FAO recommends the use of • Assisting (with FAO) in establishing self- the TFAP by all countries in planning and manag• supporting networks of centers engaged in ing natural resources. The TFAP was reviewed at seed collection and its conservation of mul• the workshop by Y.S. Rao, FAO Regional Forestry tipurpose tree species from arid and semiarid Economist for Asia and the Pacific. zones FAO's TFAP is similar in many essential fea• • Preserving genetic diversity in tropical forest tures to WRI's tropical forests program, except ecosystems and ensure sustainable utilization for minor apparent differences. The TFAP's five of species priority areas for action are forestry in land use, • Assisting many countries to develop plans for forest-based industrial development, fuelwood and national conservation strategies (patterned af• energy, conservation of tropical forest ecosystems, ter IUCN's World Conservation Strategy) and institutions. Research programs in the plan • Assisting to increase public awareness of the will seek to apply available research results, importance of the environment by support• strengthen existing national institutions conduct• ing activities such as the World Environment ing forestry research, and establish national in• Day stitutions where they are needed. Four key areas • Conserving tropical forest ecosystems through identified for institutional research development establishment of networks linking areas dedi• programs are land use, or cated as reserves forestry in rural development, natural forests, and resource and use. Education and training systems UNEP will continue to support the global, will be strengthened and established where regional, and national levels outlined in the Trop• needed. ical Forestry Action Plan. One of the key mandates Dr. Rao also reviewed the objectives of the for UNEP is to work as a catalyst for change. recently established regional watershed project supported by FAO and the United Nations De• United Nations Educational, Scientific, velopment Programme (UNDP). The project and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) officer is located in Colombo, Sri Lanka. This project involves many Asia-Pacific countries in es• Kuswata Kartawinata, Programme Specialist in tablishing up-to-date information on the problems Ecological Sciences with the UNESCO Regional and status of watershed management, assessing Office for Science and Technology for Southeast watershed management needs, strengthening in• Asia, described UNESCO's Man and the Bi• stitutions in training and education in watershed osphere (MAB) current and planned program of management, improving monitoring and evalua• research, training, and conservation in Southeast tion of watershed management projects, and Asia and the Pacific (Appendix 3). MAB col-

12 laborates with many organizations to sponsor ac• Western Samoa) and also provided technical as• tivities throughout the region, including eight sistance for preparing and operating projects. forest-related research projects in Indonesia, Research has not been a major component of Malaysia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea; ADB projects, but a number of projects and tech• four training seminars in 1986 and five in 1987 on nical assistance grants have made provisions for environment-related subjects; six regional meet• research facilities and activities. The ADB recog• ings and workshops in 1986 and two in 1987, nizes the importance of forestry research in the primarily on tropical ecosystems; conservation ac• region and is aware that FROs face several con• tivities in six Asia-Pacific countries, including the straints in improving their research capabilities. establishment of biosphere reserves; and two en• Therefore, ADB will consider future expansion of vironmental education programs. the research component of forest development loans to help overcome these constraints. The World Bank amount of funding put into research will depend, however, on how willing the developing countries The World Bank was unable to send a represen• are to make use of the financial resources made tative to the workshop. Although there was no for• available to them. mal discussion of its forestry development initiatives in the region, most of the participants were well aware of the key role the World Bank Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission (APFC) has played in establishing new directions for for• estry research and in sponsoring activities support• Y.S. Rao also reported on the status of the ing the improvement of forestry research APFC. The APFC was established in 1950 to coor• capabilities. (See Appendix 3 for a summary of dinate national forest policies with the regional some of the bank's programs relating to forestry plan, exchange technical forestry information, and research.) make appropriate recommendations to govern• ments and the director-general of FAO. At its Regional Organizations twelfth session in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1984, the APFC reviewed the findings of an Ad Hoc Study Several organizations that restrict their activi• Group on Forestry Research. In preparing its ties solely to the Asia-Pacific region have develop• report, the Study Group drew upon and reinforced ment or other initiatives affecting forestry research the conclusions of the first research directors work• organizations and their activities in the region. shop in Honolulu during 1982. Perhaps the most important finding of the Study Asian Development Bank (ADB) Group was that most of the FROs in the region are weak. In order to increase research capabili• Oscar Gendrano, Forestry Specialist with the ties of member countries, the Study Group con• ADB, described the bank's development programs cluded that a critical evaluation of the strengths relating to forestry research. ADB was established and weaknesses of existing institutions and com• in 1966, is headquartered in Manila, Philippines, mitments of long-term funding for forestry and is a 46-nation organization that seeks to pro• research are essential. The Study Group stated mote the socioeconomic progress of its develop• that the number of trained scientists in the FROs ing member countries in the Asia-Pacifc region by was not equal to the needs and that twinning ar• loaning funds for development projects. The major rangements among FROs in the region were im• thrust of its activities is in agriculture (including portant. The group emphasized not only the need agroforestry and forestry), energy, and social in• to train forestry research scientists, but also to find frastructure. By the end of 1985 ADB had pro• ways to motivate trained scientists to stay and to vided financing to 14 forestry projects in 9 perform. The group expressed concern over the countries (Bangladesh, Burma, Indonesia, Laos, inadequate facilities for scientists to update them• Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and selves with current knowledge.

13 ASEAN-US Watershed Project tems. Specific projects with major focus on forestry include Improvement of Tropical Forest Manage• Filibcrto Pollisco, Director of the Forest ment and Harvesting Practices, Social Forestry [or Research Institute, Philippines, described activi• Rural Development (including agroforestry), ties of the ASEAN-US Watershed Project (here• Watershed Land Use and Rehabilitation, Insti• after referred to as the Project). The Project was tutional Development for Rural Resources, established to support a watershed research net• Southeast Asia Uplands Development, Parks and work among institutions and agencies participat• Protected Areas in the Development Process, and ing in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Status of Forestry in China. (Current EAPI ac• (ASEAN). It seeks to improve the management tivities that relate to forestry research are summa• and conservation of watershed resources within the rized in Appendix 3.) ASEAN region (see Appendix 3 for a summary Richard Morse, RSI Research Associate, of objectives). described the Institute's programs relating to for• The Project began its activities in 1984 by spon• estry research. The RSI currently concentrates on soring a symposium in the Philippines, a seminar three areas: development policy and international in Indonesia, and a workshop in Thailand. In 1985 affairs, energy, and minerals policy. Specific for• it began publication of the ASEAN Watershed News• estry projects include: Rural Energy Planning letter and expanded its activities by sponsoring a Studies, Biofuels and Development, and Participa• training course in the Philippines, a workshop in tory Evaluation of Fuelwood Programs (joint Indonesia, a training seminar in Singapore, a fel• project with EAPI). (See Appendix 3 for current lowship tour in the United States, and a seminar activities that relate to forestry research.) in Malaysia. It also awarded six scholarship grants. Activities planned in 1986 include two workshops National Organizations and a roving seminar, three training courses, a study tour, and awarding of several scholarships. Many countries throughout the world conduct The EWC has been involved in planning and car• bilateral assistance programs with developing rying out Project activities. countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Only a few of these were formally discussed at the workshop. East-West Center (EWC) Australia The EWC in Honolulu, Hawaii, was established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to "promote better J.W. Turnbull, Forestry Program Coordinator relations and understanding among the nations of for the Australian Centre for International Asia, the Pacific, and the United States through Agricultural Research (ACIAR), reviewed Aus• cooperative study, training, and research." The tralian assistance to forestry research in the Asia- research and educational activities of the EWC are Pacific region through recent initiatives of ACIAR conducted in the Institute of Culture and Com• and the Australian Development Assistance munication, Environment and Policy Institute Bureau (ADAB). ACIAR encourages and sup• (EAPI), Population Institute, Resource Systems ports field research into forestry problems in which Institute (RSI), and the Pacific Islands Develop• Australian scientists are specially competent by ment Program, and in the Office of Student Af• commissioning research by Australian institutions fairs and Open Grants. The EAPI and RSI are and individuals in partnership with developing actively involved in programs related to forestry country research groups. These projects may be research in the region. carried out in Australia or in developing countries. Lawrence Hamilton, EAPI Research Associate, Priority areas of research set by ACIAR include described the Institute's programs relating to for• soil and water management, plant improvement, estry research. The EAPI currently concentrates plant nutrition, socioeconomics, and forestry. For• on live areas: natural systems assessment for de• estry projects are designed to take advantage of velopment, human ecology, forest lands policy, Australia's rich forest genetic resources including water resources management, and agricultural sys• eucalypts, acacias, and casuarinas. Six major for-

14 estry research programs currently funded by which established an international network of ACIAR are summarized in Appendix 3. practitioners and researchers including , ADAB has sponsored many bilateral or mul• rural sociologists, agricultural economists, and tilateral forestry projects, many with a research other professionals. The network expects to reach component, in recent years. These include about 1,000 people who will receive twice-yearly ASEAN-Australia Forest Tree Improvement mailings of newsletters and other social forestry- Programme; CSIRO Forest Tree Seed Centre's related information. The Social Forestry Program '"Seeds of Australian Trees for Developing Coun• will establish a data base of project implementa• tries Project"; experimental and demonstration tion case histories and a library of literature about plantings of eucalypts and pines in south China; social forestry. Although called the Social Forestry and International Seminar Support Scheme, Network, a diverse set of issues—including house• which funds seminars and conferences up to hold forestry, agroforestry, farm forestry, commu• $12,000 a meeting. nity forestry, and the rights of forest dwellers—will be addressed. Forestry researchers in the Asia- Canada Pacific region are encouraged to join the network. Dr. Shepherd distributed an overview paper to the Canada has actively supported the improvement workshop participants. of forestry research capabilities in the Asia-Pacific region through the Canadian International De• United States velopment Agency (CIDA) and the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Although The United States, through its Agency for In• representatives were unable to attend the meeting, ternational Development (AID) and the Forest the two agencies' active participation was recog• Service's Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, has nized. (See Appendix 3 for a summary of recent actively supported forestry research in the Asia- forestry programs supported by CIDA.) Pacific region. Robert Ichord, Chief of Energy and Natural Resources, Bureau for Asia and Near France East, USAID, described AID's activities in the region that relate to forestry research. AID recent• Walter Kauman, Research and Technology Ad• ly initiated a major five-year project (Forestry/Fuel- visor of the Centre Technique du Bois et de wood Research and Development) that will have 1'Amcublcmcnt, described the programs of his own a major impact on forestry research. The goals of center and of the Centre Technique Forestier Trop• the project are to meet the needs of countries for ical, a department of the Centre de Cooperation fuelwood and other forest products; to improve Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour land, water, and human resources; and to increase le Developpement. Most of the latter center's employment and income. research efforts address problems in Africa and The project seeks to strengthen Asian capabili• South America, but some research has been done ties to plan, manage, and implement research on in the Asia-Pacific region, notably New Caledo• forestry, agroforestry, and rural development, with nia and Indonesia. emphasis on multipurpose trees. The three major components of the project are research policy, Great Britain planning, and management; network development and research; and global research. AID has con• Gill Shepherd, Social Forestry Research Officer tracted with Winrock International, who will of the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), manage the project through a team of coordina• described the ODI and its new Social Forestry Pro• tors at Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. gram (Appendix 3). ODI is an independent, non• (Some of the other AID projects in the region on profit research institution (though linked to the forestry research are summarized in Appendix 3.) Overseas Development Agency) that has sup• C. Eugene Conrad, Director of the Institute of ported research networking in many subject areas. Pacific Islands Forestry (IPIF), described its ac• In 1985 it started its Social Forestry Program, tivities in the region. The State and Private For-

15 estry Branch of the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) Commonwealth Forestry Conference provides technical and financial assistance for for• estry projects, including the technical training of The Commonwealth Forestry Conference held personnel, to several Pacific Island countries (U.S. in September 1985 in British Columbia, Canada, territories or those with commonwealth status). For recommended that "priorities lor research should several years the Pacific Southwest and Pacific take into account of practical relevance and Northwest stations of the USFS have assisted coun• prospects for application. Particular attention tries with resource inventories, including informa• should be paid to those activities where expanded tion for agroforestry and fuelwood energy concerns investment is required, notably forest renewal and and the traditional timber inventory information. forestry in relation to agriculture and rural de• The Research Branch of the USFS conducts velopment, especially for dry lands. In addition, cooperative forestry research projects with many special attention should be paid to integrated public agencies and institutions and private firms methods of analysis of management systems in Hawaii and other Pacific Island countries. These designed to ensure that any series of operations activities are summarized in Appendix 3. is, in aggregate, optimized in financial and busi• ness terms." Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) World Forestry Congress Many NGOs support forestry programs in the Asia-Pacific region. Two NGOs were represented The IX World Forestry Congress in Mexico at the workshop: the World Resources Institute, City in July 1985 suggested four major lines of whose program was described earlier, and the Ford research for the developing world: agroforestry, dry Foundation. zone forestry, management of natural forest, and protection of from disease and insects. Ford Foundation Regional institutions were seen as desirable be• cause they meet a need for multidisciplinary teams Mark Poffenberger, Program Officer lor and can better afford costly equipment. Southeast Asia of the Ford Foundation, described Ford's social forestry programs in Asia (Appen• Reflections and Conclusions on Forestry dix 3). Ford has supported research and pilot Initiatives and Research Implications projects on social forestry issues in Bangladesh, In• dia, and Nepal in South Asia, and in Indonesia, Comments by Allen Lundgren Philippines, and Thailand in Southeast Asia. These programs seek to improve the effectiveness • Many of the initiatives are stressing research of government agencies in managing forest cooperation and coordination/networking. With resources. Ford views its social forestry programs all of this networking, both at the scientist and or• as a long-term commitment to improve natural ganization level, is there a danger of creating an resource management systems throughout the administrative nightmare? region, including development of appropriate tech• • Many initiatives have training components. nology, and seeks to cooperate with other agen• Training of existing personnel reduces the immedi• cies in this effort wherever possible to avoid ate availability of personnel for research. What is duplication of effort and enhance the impact of its the likely impact of a large training program on assistance program. research accomplishments? • How can the need to develop large visible pro• International Conferences grams be reconciled with the need to address lim• ited but important problem areas and the concerns Forest research recommendations relating to and needs of smaller nations, such as the Pacific workshop discussions were developed and en• Islands? dorsed at two recent international conferences. • It is gratifying that special attention is given These were reviewed at the workshop. to building capabilities of national forestry

16 research organizations, but it takes a long-term • It is gratifying to see the increasing recogni• commitment of funding to increase the capabili• tion of the role that forestry research can and must ties of any research organization. This is not an play in economic development. One of the most overnight job. How can long-term stability of fund• encouraging developments in the Asia-Pacific ing be assured? region is the wide range of initiatives that are un• • If all initiatives get underway as planned, there derway or are getting underway to improve the ef• will be a major impact on forestry research organi• fectiveness of forestry research in the region. The zations in the region. These new initiatives are major concern I have is that some degree of likely to change what research is done by forestry balance be maintained among the different fields research organizations, and change how it is done, of research and institutions so that the develop• if these programs have their designed impact. ment of research capabilities is not skewed. A wide range of research is needed, from basic biological • There is a potential for confusion as to the research, through forest management, to forest relationship between the FAO Tropical Forestry products and utilization. Action Plan and the WRI Tropical Forests Pro• gram. We have been assured that these two pro• • Much knowledge, information, and technol• grams are being coordinated, but there is a need ogy appear to be already available to help solve to show clearly just how these are related to pre• many of the forestry problems in the Asia-Pacific vent confusion about their respective roles. region. How can forestry research compile, evalu• • There is a need to define clearly IUFRO's ate, put into usable form and into practice the for• potential role, as an apolitical international scien• mal and informal knowledge and technologies tific body (but without a source of funds for de• already available from past scientific research velopment assistance), in the development of around the region? How can the informal forestry research in the region. There is a need to knowledge and technologies developed over de• develop a clear explanation of just how the pro• cades of practical experience by farmers and vil• posed International Council would function, how lagers, industrial firms, professional foresters, and IUFRO working groups might serve research net• others be collected, evaluated, put into useful form working needs, and how existing working groups and into practice as a first approximation or as might be expanded or new ones formed to better an initial solution to the complex forestry problems meet regional needs. facing the region? • It is important to find mechanisms to facili• • If research is to contribute to forest-based de• tate coordination among donor agencies, techni• velopment in a country, its results must be widely cal assistance organizations, and forestry research adopted and put into practice. Obviously, a strong organizations to ensure that the limited forestry effort is needed in forestry extension and technol• research resources of the region are used effec• ogy transfer activities as part of an effective pro• tively. gram of forestry research. But it is not clear just • Much training is devoted to improving how how this can best be carried out, or who should research is done and on improving research tech• bear the responsibility for this. Undoubtedly, each niques. This is good. However, in our concern with country will have to develop its own unique tech• improving how research is done, we should nology dissemination program that is best fitted remember that we always face the difficult problem to its own specific needs. But countries need to of improving our ability to select meaningful and share experiences with technology dissemination appropriate problems on which to do research. efforts, both successes and failures, so that each Some training should be directed at improving our country can learn from the experiences of others, ability to select appropriate and doable problems thereby avoiding possible failures and speeding the for research. We want to ensure not only that we trial and subsequent adoption of potentially suc• are doing research in the right way, but also that cessful programs. we are doing the right kind of research. Three im• portant criteria of research are: "Is it important?", "Is it doable?", and "Is it usable?"

17 Comments by Hsu-Ho Chung

• FROs can help DTAOs identify development- out in advance of development projects to gener• need priorities in the region. ate information needed to guide development. • The concept of networking is useful in deal• • The role of FROs in donor agency projects ing with issues in the region. has not been clarified. How big is the piece of de• • The central theme of the workshop is to im• velopment pie that can be shared by the FROs? prove the effectiveness of forestry research for sus• This should be clarified, because the amount of tainable development. Most research at this point, development funds available to FROs can have an however, has been done in parallel with the de• important impact on the limited research resources velopment projects as they are being carried out. now available in the region. To be more effective, research should be carried

SUMMARY OF DISCUSSION: FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF FORESTRY RESEARCH

One of the workshop objectives was to discuss • Several forestry-related development initiatives new forest development initiatives in the Asia- in the region are at an early stage. It is important Pacific region and their implications for forestry to learn from each initiative and share the research, and to suggest ways of improving the ef• problems that arise as they develop so that all can fectiveness of forestry research in the region for learn from them and avoid future mistakes. sustainable development. To do this, participants • Research management is critically important. were assigned to small discussion groups to con• Good managers recruit good people, and quality sider and discuss each development initiative. research is the product of good people. The role Representatives from FROs were divided into four of the manager is that of a behind-the-scenes facili• groups and DTAOs into two groups. Each FRO tator. Research managers' skills in working within group was asked to consider all initiatives and sug• governments and among governments need to be gest ways to improve forestry initiatives to make enhanced. better use of forestry research resources in the region, and how FROs might respond to these in• • Funding increases for FROs will depend in itiatives. Each DTAO group was asked to suggest part on their capacity to use funds effectively and how FROs, through their research programs and on their ability to produce useful results to demon• activities, can become more effective in support• strate their research capabilities. ing sustainable forest development in the region • There is a need to develop incentives to do in response to these initiatives. good research, especially client-oriented research, to develop a sense of excitement and rewards in The detailed responses of the six discussion research. groups were summarized into brief messages to both DTAOs and FROs (Tables 3 and 4). • The identification and coordination of research needs to be improved. IUFRO can play Comments by Rapporteurs a special, important role in coordinating activities among research groups, nations, and donors. William Ben/ley • One of the strategies of effective forestry research is to determine the central question or • The Pacific Islands initiative is the most ex• questions (but only a few) on which to focus citing thing to come out of the workshop. The research, and then to keep research focused on the proposal was well articulated, and there have been central problems. If a forestry research group tries solid responses by donors. to answer too many questions, it will be ineffec-

18 Table 3. Messages to donor and technical assistance organizations

Messages from Donor and Technical Assistance Subject Forestry Research Organizations Organizations

Coordination Delegate more responsibility for im• Use the UNDP Meeting of AID plementing DTAO programs to regional Coordinators to scrutinize coordinators subregional and regional initia• tives, supplemented by meetings of research directors Increase coordination among DTAOs in Identify lead agencies to help coor• planning and implementing forestry in• dinate proposals for new initiatives itiatives and programs at the country, subregional, and regional level, as has been done for WRI and FAO proposals at the 1985 Hague meeting

IUFRO International Establish and fund the proposed IUFRO Council International Council for Forestry Research and Extension

Twinning and net• Provide funds to support twinning and Fund regional twinning arrange• working networking of research institutes, such as ments to facilitate institution the proposed twinning among forestry building research institutes in Malaysia and the Philippines Establish and fund a Pacific Islands Regional Forestry Information Council

Communication Establish and support communication net• works to facilitate information exchange among forestry organizations and scientists Fund translation services to make existing information more widely available Fund the development and sustained sup• port of one or two high-quality profes• sional regional forestry journals among developing countries of the Asia-Pacific region

Country-specific Develop more country-specific initiatives initiatives within the broader regional or global framework Recognize national programs and priorities in developing forestry research programs

Small-country Develop and support mechanisms for fund• problem ing small-scale research and development programs to meet the national and local needs of small countries, especially the Pacific Island countries and Bhutan Establish and support a Pacific Islands Regional Forestry Information Council to collate and disseminate scientific and

19 Table 3. (continued)

Messages from Donor and Technical Assistance Subject Forestry Research Organizations Organizations

technical information useful for forestry development, and to advise, guide, and help coordinate forestry research

Procedural Provide forestry research institutes with formalities simplified guidelines to procedural for• malities for each of the major DTAOs

Institution building Assist in establishing FROs in countries Strengthen universities in the region that do not have them (e.g., Bhutan) Upgrade forestry research facilities where needed to make research more effective

Fundini Increase the funding level for forestry Adopt long-term perspective in fund• research ing forestry research activities Recognize the need for long-term funding Fund maintenance as well as start• of forestry research to ensure useful up activities in forestry research payoff Allow more flexibility in funding arrangements

Training Increase the support level for scientific and technical training Provide long-term sustained support to al• low development and retention of a fully trained scientific cadre in forestry research organizations Increase support for exchanges and visits of scientists to research organizations inside and outside of region

Outside expertise Locate and evaluate potential sources of expertise Provide funds to better use available out• side resources and skills Allow more flexibility in selecting and bringing in outside expertise

New initiatives Establish new forestry initiatives in Fund multidisciplinary teams of afforestation, biotechnology, biofuels, scientists to acquire and systema• forest tree improvement, multipurpose tize existing folk knowledge; en• trees (vigorous implementation), seed courage and fund research on banks, social forestry (particularly at the sustainable production of nonwood community action/field level) products, such as honey and but• terflies, including biological, eco• nomic, business, and social aspects

ASEAN Social Provide funds to establish and support the Forestry Program proposed ASEAN Social Forestry Research Program

20 Table 4. Messages to forestry research organizations

Messages from

Forestry Research Donor and Technical Assistance Subject Organizations Organizations

National- Develop National Forestry Action Plans to fit international into the framework of international forestry linkage action plans, such as the Tropical Forestry- Action Plan by FAO

Research- Ensure that new forestry Develop R&D projects consistent with priorities development research projects and pro• expressed in national and international forestry linkage grams are linked to national action plans and incorporate them into development goals, objec• national development plans and budgets tives, and plans Focus research on immediate and urgent problems relevant to national development, rather than on more traditional lines Allocate research resources to high priority programs that address problems of importance to enhancing rural employment and income Develop means for coordinating development of both discipline- and technology-oriented research along conventional lines, and outreach action-oriented research developed in cooperation with end users Develop, in collaboration with national planners and other research users, integrated programs of coordinated research that address the wide range of physical, biological, and socio• economic issues arising out of proposed forest development strategies

Coordination Develop national programs of coordinated interaction among forestry and nonforestry research institutions and scientists

Research project Incorporate findings of national task forces on selection research into sector reviews and use them to identify project proposals for external funding Evaluate projects for cost-effectiveness Increase "action research" in the field at the community level that is rigorous, scientific, useful, and appropriate for forestry research organizations

tive. The challenge to research management is to Colin Bassett figure out how to keep people focused on the cen• tral questions. Clearly, there is a failure to understand proce• • A further challenge to forestry research dures for getting assistance from DTAOs. Donors management is to strike a reasonable balance be• cannot respond positively to proposals unless they tween integrative and reductionist approaches to are correctly presented and processed through the research. Both are needed in forestry research. right channels. There is a need to compile an in-

21 hrmational booklet about DTAOs, what they do, them for forestry research, and how funds and as- what funds and other assistance are available from sistance can be obtained from each organization.

SOME NEW EMPHASES IN FORESTRY RESEARCH

During the next decade, forestry research insti• contribute to forestry research through its own tutions and organizations in the Asia-Pacific unique methodologies and perspectives. He stated region face considerable change in the kind of the need for an historical perspective, pointing out research they do and the way in which they do it that although forests had been removed from much as they introduce new scientific disciplines, tech• of the nonmountainous northeastern United States nologies, and research methodologies into their a century ago, the area was now heavily forested. research programs in response to new forest de• Dr. Burch offered five suggestions as to how so• velopment initiatives. Three papers presented at cial science can be made more useful in forestry the workshop outlined some new directions or em• research: phases in forestry research during the coming years. Highlights of these papers follow. • Encourage joint research between biologists and social scientists, from the planning to the Social Science design stage, that focuses on clear problems, rather than on disciplines. Human Ecology: Some Uses of • Select individuals with field experience and Social Science in Forestry Research an understanding of forests and foresters, by William Burch, Yale University rather than someone with a desired social science discipline, when recruiting social Dr. Burch emphasized the need to enlarge the scientists to work on forestry research scope of traditional forestry research to include problems. perspectives from several of the social sciences. He • Encourage the synthesis and transmission of argued that foresters need to go beyond traditional existing knowledge for policy, planning, and economic concerns with market values and con• diagnostic (management) research. A great sider a broader concept of the direct social benefits deal of research has been done already, but that people derive from the use of goods and ser• little use is made of the findings. Foresters are vices provided by forests. A shift in world power not always aware of the existing social science systems from West to East and rapid changes in literature on human-forest interactions. tropical forests from increasing human interven• • Use social science techniques, such as longitu• tion are bringing new problems and new oppor• dinal measures, to capture biophysical data tunities to forest resource professionals in this for trend analyses. region. There is a shift from silvic-centered for• • Replicate some of the better, earlier studies estry to client-centered forestry, which is enlarg• that involve social sciences in forestry to see ing the 's scope of concern from forests if they are applicable to current conditions in alone to forest-people interactions. There is a the region. growing recognition that social scientists must play an increasingly important role in forestry research. Comments on Dr. Burch's paper. Subramaniam Kedhar- Dr. Burch described some of the many fields of nath strongly supported Dr. Burch's remarks. He social science that might be relevant to research emphasized that both foresters, in research and on the interaction of humans and forest foresters in the field must understand more about ecosystems, including history, anthropology, so• people, their organizations, and their needs, par• ciology, political science, economics, geography, ticularly when dealing with t'ribals. In India, both and psychology. Each discipline has something to Dehra Dun and Kerala have recruited economists

22 into their research efforts, but other social scien• what major question your research group is sup• tists are needed as well. posed to answer, and then keep your eye on that Terry Rambo supplemented Dr. Burch's remarks central target. He asserted that if you try to an• with advice on how to get "good" rather than swer too many questions, you will not be effective. "poor" social science input into a research organi• zation. Those recruiting social scientists must Biotechnology know the social scientists and their conceptual frameworks, and then select those that best meet The Role of Some New Biological the organization's needs. Forestry has largely Technologies in Forestry Research evolved as a technocratic approach to meeting so• by Joann Roskoski, NifTAL Project cially defined goals. Foresters must recognize that there is a profound difference between meeting so• Dr. Roskoski suggested that biotechnologies cial goals and meeting individual goals. Social offer promise but are no easy solution to all the scientists can help foresters differentiate between world's problems. She looked at biotechnologies the welfare of individuals and the goals of those and their potential application to forestry problems who hold the power in society. by their long-term (10-15 years), mid-term (5-10 Richard Morse pointed out that one application years), and short-term (0-5 years) payoffs, and of social science in forestry research for sustain• those that are available now. able development is the use of participatory ac• An example of biotechnologies with a long-term tion research (PAR) to study people-forest payoff in forestry is molecular genetic engineer• interactions. PAR is carried out by multidiscipli• ing, where DNA is transferred from one organ• nary teams of scientists who work closely together ism to another to create a new organism. This field in the field with local people to develop a common is moving rapidly, but it is likely to take 10-15 years understanding of a complex social/biophysical to get a product workable in forestry production problem. Any problem involving human use of systems. Many difficult problems must be over• forest ecosystems contains multiple messages: come and much research must be done to make biophysical, ethical (values of people) and social substantial progress in this area. (including conflict resolution) messages. Forestry An example of mid-term biotechnology in for• researchers must be able to understand and han• estry is variate selection using cell suspensions of dle them all. the organism of interest. Cells can be grown on In the ensuing discussion Dr. Pollisco remarked media with special nutrients or elements of interest that many Asia-Pacific researchers trained in and selected for desirable characteristics. The Western universities often try to apply knowledge selected cells must then be successfully grown to they have gained in the West to problems in the produce plants that can be established under field Asia-Pacific region, and this is often inappropri• conditions. To date this has not been successfully ate. Dr. Burch cautioned that we should not think done with woody species. Forestry research, which of Western science as something different from faces some special problems in using this technol• Eastern science. There is good science and bad ogy, could take 5-10 years to be successful. science; there are appropriate models and inap• An example of short-term technology applica• propriate models. What we want is good science ble to forestry is the use of tissue culture for clonal and appropriate models. Dr. Bentley emphasized propagation. This technology, which is being used that there is no one simple recipe for solving the for some tree species now, is inexpensive, can be forestry problems of Asia and the Pacific. There done in a standard pathology laboratory, and can is no one correct scientific approach to these shorten regeneration time for many tree species. problems. Some of these questions may require an Useful applications for other tree species can be integrative approach, others a reductionist ap• developed in less than five years. proach. He suggested that one of the strategies of A biotechnology available now is the use of effective forestry research management—one that mycorrhizal fungi for increased phosphorus ab• was highly effective in the early days at the Inter• sorption by trees. To maximize nitrogen fixation, national Rice Research Institute—is to figure out rhizobia are available, useful, and inexpensive, but

23 rarely used in forestry. Their use can make a differ• project in West Java, Indonesia. This study is an ence in tree-growth response. Rhizobia strains are example of participatory action research that en• available from NifTAL, and research foresters are listed the direct help of local villagers in studying encouraged to test their potential for increasing their use of forest lands. Both aerial photographs tree growth. and thematic maps were found to be useful inter• Dr. Roskoski emphasized that there are many viewing tools for acquiring spatial information levels of biotechnologies, ranging from long-term, about land-use practices. Villagers can be taught expensive, and requiring specialized laboratories to use both. Aerial photographs are generally more and personnel, to short-term, inexpensive, and re• useful than maps because they are more accurate quiring less specialized facilities and people. Fan• and detailed and do not have to be extensively field cy biotechnologies may not solve the problem. checked. They also may be used to delineate Forestry research organizations interested in get• boundaries of forest lands for community forestry ting into new biotechnologies should start with the projects, whereas maps cannot be used for this simpler technologies, and expand as experience is purpose without surveying. However, village gained. thematic maps are often easier to obtain than aerial photographs and are sufficiently accurate to facilitate an understanding of land-use practices. Participatory Action Research As with any research tool, the researcher must be careful to ensure that the intended user, in this case Aerial Photographs and the villager, clearly understands the photograph Thematic Maps for Social Forestry or map, or the results may be meaningless. by Jefferson Fox, East-West Center

Dr. Fox described the use of aerial photographs and thematic maps in a social forestry research

IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FORESTRY RESEARCH

One of the primary objectives of the workshop questionnaire results and Table 5 for suggested was to identify existing or potential impediments strategies.) to improving the effectiveness of forestry research in the Asia-Pacific region and to suggest strate• Comments by Rapporteurs gies that might be used by DTAOs and FROs to overcome these impediments. Roger Bay

Impediments to Effective Research • Forestry research must be relevant to national programs and priorities in order to gain support Workshop participants from FROs in the Asia- from politicians and research users. Pacific region were asked to complete a question• • People in FROs need to improve communi• naire to identify the factors that in their view would cation skills. have the greatest impact upon research effective• • A summary of success stories that could be ness, and to rate (no, slight, moderate, great) the used to sell research programs by demonstrating relative impact on improving research effective• past achievements is needed. ness if there were significant increases or improve• • Increased emphasis must be given to train• ments of each factor. Seven factors were identified ing, exchange of scientists, development of twin• and subsequently discussed. (See Exhibit 6 for ning arrangements, and development of cooperative and collaborative research projects.

24 Exhibit 6. Rating of factors that influence research effectiveness

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RESEARCH EFFECTIVENESS Would significant increases or improvements in the following factors improve the effectiveness of your research organ zation Significant Increases or Improvements in: Impact on Improving Research Effectiveness No Slight Moderate Great A. Human Resources: Size of research staff - 3 10 8 * Level of training of researchers - 3 2 16 Size of support staff (technicians, secretaries, etc.) 1 6 11 2 B. Financial Resources: Total funding level - 5 11 5 •Stability of funding from year to year 1 3 6 11 Level of salaries 2 7 6 5 Level of funding for support activities 1 5 10 4 Facilities and Equipment: Research equipment and supplies 1 4 8 8 Buildings 4 7 7 1 'Library and information services - 6 6 9 Interaction with Other Organizations: With research organizations in your country 1 11 7 2 With educational institutions in your country 3 10 5 2 'With research organizations in other countries - 3 7 10 With educational institutions in other countries - 6 8 6 With international organizations - 2 13 6 "With users of research results - 3 8 9 National Factors: Educational system in country 1 5 9 4 Communication and transportation system in country 3 9 4 5 'Political support for forestry research - 3 8 9 "Coordination of research effort - 6 7 8 Economic stability in country 4 6 4 6 Availability of foreign exchange 5 6 5 3 Social attitudes favorable to science or change 2 6 2 9 Language barriers to scientific communication 2 9 4 5

Please rank the following factors in terms of their importance for improving the effectiveness of your research organiza• tion. (Assign 1 to the most important, and 4 to the least important.) Importance for Improving Research Effectiveness (composite ranking) A. Increased human resources 1 B. Increased financial resources 2 C. Improved facilities and equipment 3 D. Increased or improved interaction with other organizations 4

Note: We wish to thank Professor Hans M. Gregcrsen, College of Forestry, University of Minnesota, for permission to use this questionnaire. It is part of an international study of the management of forestry research being conducted in cooperation with IUFRO by Dr. Gregersen. "Factors selected for discussion.

25 Table 5. Suggested strategies for improving research effectiveness

Strategies

Donor and Technical Assistance Factor Organizations Forestry Research Organizations

Human Conduct a comparative study of current Make training appropriate to research pro• resources: national efforts to develop educational gram objectives level of and training programs for effective for• Specify types of training needed, formal training of estry research and informal researchers Systematically assess manpower require• Develop incentives, such as money and sta• ments in relation to country and tus, for workers to stay in forestry research institution goals and objectives; research after training pay special attention to appropriate balance among educational and training Make use of other nonforestry research levels required to achieve a productive disciplines, such as the social sciences, forestry research organization for forestry research Make a long-term commitment to the Use research facilities of other research funding of training programs groups, such as agricultural research Provide training for an increased number Develop closer relations between applied of forestry graduates forestry research and university forestry education programs Develop incentives, such as money and sta• tus, for workers to stay in forestry National forestry training and research in• research after training, so that training stitutes coordinate and assist in develop• for research will not be lost ing research topics for their trainees going to other countries Improve the capabilities of universities within countries so they can provide Provide flexibility for researchers to do necessary training within the country, thesis in country in accordance with thereby reducing expenses needs of the research agency concerned Fund training that has a strong "learning- by-doing" component; for example, in• volve visiting scientists in one or more projects in forestry research laboratories, or train them through practical field ex• periences in forestry National forestry training and research in• stitutes coordinate and assist in develop• ing research topics for their trainees going to other countries Provide flexibility for researchers to do thesis in country in accordance with needs of the research agency concerned

Financial Emphasize, when donors provide as• Obtain grants from international organiza• resources: sistance, the importance of research in tions for longer-term projects stability of national development Conduct research that is relevant for the funding Gain increased political support by merg• country to better justify national funding from year ing research programs with high na• to year Research directors ensure that research tional priorities projects are well developed within their own system Conduct research that has more immediate impact on development

26 Table 5. {continued)

Strategies

Donor and Technical Assistance Factor Organizations Forestry Research Organizations

Gain a stronger voice in budgeting and setting priorities by having the research head directly responsible to the chief ex• ecutive of the agency Enlarge the support base for increased and sustained assistance by developing close linkages with research organizations in agriculture, animal sciences, water resources, and social sciences, and with private organizations Broaden the support base by developing closer ties with research clients, the potential users of research results Obtain more sponsored projects from in• dustry and international organizations and institutes offering consultancy services Seek special assessments on timber sales and selected products for funding for• estry research Gain increased political support by merg• ing research programs with high na• tional priorities

C. Facilities and Promote linkages and information net- Exchange accession lists of all journals, equipment: works between universities and research books, and publications library and institutes at the national, regional, and Continue and reinforce information serv• information international level ices within and between researchers and services Establish and fund a Pacific Islands users Regional Forestry Information Council to gather and share scientific and techni• cal information needed for forestry de• velopment Build up library facilities by providing equipment such as photocopiers, microfiche readers, microfilm readers Donor agencies finance the documentation, translation, and dissemination of existing information Explore the feasibility of establishing high- quality professional forestry periodicals for the Asia-Pacific region

Interaction IUFRO facilitate the interactions with Explore, within each country, the availabil• with other research organizations within the region ity of funding sources for travel that organiza• Fund more participation of developing may exist in agencies other than forestry tions: with country scientists in IUFRO working research organizations research or• groups and regional workshops ganizations in other Establish and strengthen visiting scientist countries exchanges 27 Table 5. (continued)

Strategies Donor and Technical Assistance Factor Organizations Forestry Research Organizations

Fund frequent meetings among scientists from research institutes within the region Sponsor and help fund annual meetings between directors and staff of institutes of (he region Encourage individual institutes to col• laborate with each other Include funds for interaction in project funding Fund twinning of institutions among and within developing and developed countries Fund the establishment of a Pacific Islands Regional Forestry Information Council if the countries of the region take the necessary steps to establish such a body

With users of Select carefully research projects for fund- Select carefully research projects that will research ing, which have a high probability of benefit intended users results benefiting intended users Involve local end users and other clients in Consider social aspects of technological in• planning and undertaking collaborative novations research programs Consider social aspects of technological in• novations Improve cooperation with other research organizations (e.g., agriculture, social science) Make every effort to ensure that research results reach the intended user Train staff in communication skills Use different ways of communicating with different clients Institutes prepare lists of how research results have been used by specific users Improve public relations with both the general public and the timber industry Encourage the private sector to play a more important role in research

National fac• Research programs address the concerns of tors: political top policymakers support for Research institutions ensure that top forestry policymakers are aware of their research programs

28 Table 5. (continued)

Strategies

Donor and Technical Assistance Factor Organizations Forestry Research Organizations

Research institutions clearly show that forestry research can contribute much to development Increase the forestry research interest base Emphasize development and action- oriented research Encourage scientific staff to use media and write for popular audiences Improve public relations Educate politicians through field days Provide copies of all brochures produced by forestry research organizations to all members of parliament and politicians to apprise them about the research work being done and make them aware of the potential contributions of forestry research to the economic and social de• velopment of the people in the country

Coordination Promote suitable mechanisms for coordina- National/provincial coordinating councils of research tion of forestry research efforts between have overview of forestry research within efforts and among universities and research in• a country stitutes doing relevant work Develop suitable mechanisms for coordina• Encourage greater cooperation between tion of forestry research efforts between forestry research organizations and other and among universities and research in• organizations such as agricultural stitutes doing relevant work research, universities, and housing Gain participation of other research or• authorities ganizations in forestry research pro• grams through advisory councils Achieve greater cooperation between for• estry research organizations and other organizations such as agricultural research, universities, and housing authorities

Robert Buckman • Research programs and results need to be described to nonresearchers in terms that they un• • All FROs and DTAOs should identify with the derstand and feel comfortable with, in order to larger framework spelled out by the global plans gain their confidence and support. developed by FAO and WRI. These plans are achieving legitimacy through discussions at inter• Research Strategy Priorities: national meetings and gaining acceptance by na• Some Persona] Views tional, regional, and international organizations. • FROs should identify their research programs Three workshop participants were asked to with the socioeconomic problems of the country present a brief statement of their personal views, and address the concerns of top policymakers and following a week of workshop interaction, as to the opinion leaders of the country. top research strategy actions needed in the region.

29 KhaUdM. Siddiqi, Director of the Forest Products the effectiveness of networks in forestry research: Research Division of the Pakistan Forest Institute, establish a network on a well-defined problem in gave high priority to three strategy actions: the Asia-Pacific region, draw up specifications and design a network, implement the network, and • The most important action is to increase the then assess the value of network research compared forestry research interest base, which was brought to non-network bilateral research efforts to see if up many times in discussions. There is a networks do increase the effectiveness of forestry widespread lack of public interest and political research. support for forestry research in the developing Komar Soemarna, Director of the Forest Research countries of Asia. More support for forestry and Development Centre of the Ministry of For• research can be generated if foresters came out of estry, Indonesia, focused his remarks on the need their shells, out of their small worlds, and inter• to increase political support for forestry research. acted with other institutions and departments, He pointed out that the lack of political support such as agriculture, animal husbandry, and irri• for scientific research was the first external obsta• gation engineering. By such interaction, they will cle listed by the 1982 EWC forestry research direc• learn what others are doing and benefit politically tors workshop. All directors in this workshop have from a broadened base of support. tried to convince top policymakers of the impor• • Closer relationships should be developed be• tance of forestry research. After much effort by tween forestry research institutions and universi• FROs over a period of years, most of the impedi• ties. South Asia lacks a good political foundation ments to effective forestry research identified by for cooperation such as ASEAN; however, that sit• the 1982 workshop are still relevant. Additional ac• uation can be remedied. With increased coopera• tion is needed: tion among the forestry research organizations in the region, linkages and information networks can • IUFRO may have a significant role in con• then be developed. vincing policymakers that information and tech• • Following the example of the People's Repub• nology developed by forestry research can be the lic of China, the forestry research organizations best guide and tool for development. Although of the South Asia region should start interacting IUFRO cannot advise governments directly, it with the users of research results. could go through other channels, such as the Asia Pacific Forestry Commission or the World Forestry Richard Miiimgton, Chief of the Division of Water Congress. and Land Resources of the CSIRO, Australia, • International agencies may also have to play chose to emphasize the coordination of research a more active role in convincing governments. and networking as a means of increasing the ef• Many forestry activities are long term, and in fectiveness of forestry research. Coordination of many developing countries governments pay forestry research through networking is impera• primary attention to short-term interests. In such tive and will be possible only through the actions cases, forestry research with a short-term payoff of donors. However, the coordination of technical can be emphasized in justifying forestry research. and administrative aspects of research is best car• ried out at the participant level, not at the donor A Word of Caution level. The proposed Pacific Islands network offers a useful model to follow for coordination, although A substantial number of research institutes other networks will undoubtedly focus on narrower agreed that the seven factors just reviewed would fields of research. have a great impact on improving research effec• Dr. Millington stressed that there is no short• tiveness if they were significantly increased or im• age of problems or proposals, willing collabora• proved; however, it would be a mistake to focus tors, or potential donors, but that there is a chronic only on this aggregate response. In designing ac• and continuous shortage of money. He proposed tion programs for any one country or institution, that one more experiment be conducted to study it is important to address the special needs of that

30 country or institution and to recognize that the im• tion or country. A regional program built around pediments vary from country to country, and from removing the top three most-cited impediments, one research institution to another. for example, may fail to stimulate research for The 21 organizations that took part in this sur• many organizations that face other important ob• vey cited 156 factors as having a potentially great stacles in addition to these. Removal of only one impact on research effectiveness, an average of or two of them, without consideration of the others more than 7 factors (impediments to effective that may exist, may not result in the expected in• research) for each organization. Further, each or• crease in research effectiveness. Concentration of ganization cited a unique mix of factors with a assistance on only the most frequently cited may potentially great impact on research effectiveness. be of little help to those organizations or countries No two organizations identified the same set. that face other impediments less frequently cited These results imply that any program designed by others in the region. For example, "buildings" to remove impediments to effective forestry were cited by only one organization; but for that research needs to be carefully tailored to match one organization, "buildings" were identified as the special needs of each country and each insti• a potential for having a great impact on research tution. Such a program should address the entire effectiveness. complex of impediments facing any one institu•

ACTIVITIES HIGHLIGHTED FOR IMMEDIATE ACTION

During the workshop discussions, participants which would (1) serve as a forum for sharing suggested several activities that they felt could be regional forestry development interests, issues, and or should be started immediately. information; (2) establish and support a regional center for obtaining and disseminating scientific Establish a Pacific Islands Regional and technical information relating to sustainable Forestry Information Council (PIRFIC) development and use of forest resources on the Pa• cific Islands; (3) provide an organization for ad• Several participants from the Pacific Island vising and guiding forestry-related research efforts countries voiced their concern that the Pacific Is• to maximize the relevancy of this research to de• lands had "fallen between the cracks" in the velopment issues; (4) promote joint or collabora• global plans for tropical forests. Most of the Pa• tive research between countries on common cific Island countries are small and their natural problems; (5) assist forest researchers in formulat• resource problems do not command attention at ing fundable proposals; and (6) serve as a collec• a global scale. This question of how to deal with tive voice and conduit between participating the "small country problem" was discussed at forestry organizations and DTAOs on matters of some length. Because most of the small Pacific Is• regional concern. This proposal was discussed and land countries have limited financial resources, endorsed by the participants. DTAOs at the work• they are unable to establish separate forestry shop expressed strong support for the creation of research divisions or institutes, or to support ade• the PIRFIC, and several indicated an interest in quately a strong research component within the helping to fund PIRFIC activities. forestry agency. Yet, they have valid needs for for• Workshop discussions helped frame a proposal estry research and technical information and as• to create PIRFIC, and EAPI volunteered to as• sistance in addressing their sist in the preparation of a proposal. Douglas Hen• problems, many of which are becoming critical. derson, Chief Forest Officer of the Cook Islands, They suggested the creation of a Pacific Islands spent three days after the workshop as a profes• Regional Forestry Information Council (PIRFIC), sional associate with EAPI to develop a draft of

31 the proposal. This draft proposal was then sent out had been submitted to prospective donor agencies to all Pacific Island participants and, when fur• after the 1982 directors workshop, important for• ther revised, will also be mailed to other Pacific mal procedures had been overlooked, and the Island countries who might be interested in join• proposal had not yet been formally considered and" ing such a council. evaluated. The FRIs involved in the proposed twinning are anxious to implement the proposal Include Pacific Islands in the and plan to resubmit the proposal through offi• Tropical Forestry Action Plan cial channels to ensure that it will be received by the intended donor agencies. Several DTAOs asked Participants from the Pacific Island countries for and were given copies of the proposal. pointed out that the global action plans omitted the Pacific Islands as a special region that had Establish the IUFRO International Council small but important tropical forest resources and fragile forest ecosystems. FAO and WRI represen• Participants expressed strong support for the in• tatives acknowledged that the Pacific Islands had creased active involvement of IUFRO in develop• not been adequately considered in the plans and ing forestry research activities in Asia. In response stated that steps should be taken to rectify this to this support, IUFRO plans to begin actively omission. The establishment of a Pacific Islands seeking funds for the establishment and support Regional Forestry Information Council would help of the proposed International Council for Forestry to ensure that the special needs of the Pacific Is• Research and Extension, which includes Asia as lands would receive the consideration that they one of the principal areas of interest around which deserve in global and regional planning. research support programs will be built.

Establish an ASEAN Social Forestry Network Support IUFRO's Forest Products Research Proposal Recognizing the growing interest among ASE• AN countries in social forestry, the establishment Research on the use of forest products is an im• of an ASEAN Social Forestry Network received portant component of forestry research in the widespread support. Many countries are commit• region. A report on "Forest Products Priority ted to doing research in social forestry; however, Research Needs in Asia," prepared by Walter G. because this is a new field, developing research Kauman, Deputy Coordinator for IUFRO's Di• capabilities and working out appropriate method• vision 5 (Forest Products), was distributed at the ologies will take some time. The establishment of workshop. Based on a 1985 report by Florentino a Social Forestry Network among ASEAN coun• O. Tesoro (Forest Products Research and Develop• tries would enable them to share information and ment Institute, NSTA, Philippines), the report exchange experiences as they enter into this new recommended five areas for priority research in area of forestry research. forest products that were of interest to all or most countries in Asia, and urged increased support of Implement Southeast Asia research networking and technology transfer ac• Forestry Research Institute Twinning tivities. This IUFRO proposal gained widespread support among the participants. A strong interest was evident in implementing the proposed twinning arrangement among for• Increase Client-Oriented Research estry research institutes (FRIs) in Malaysia and the Philippines, an outgrowth of the 1982 EWC Considerable discussion centered around the workshop. Twinning among several strong FRIs immediate need for FROs to develop more client- was recognized by several donor agencies as a oriented research to support economic and social desirable step to increasing forestry research ef• development programs and help solve some of the fectiveness in the region. Although a proposal to critical forest resource and land-use problems in establish the Malaysia/Philippine FRI twinning the region. Participants recognized that more

32 research will have to be field-oriented and designed dress the concerns of top policymakers to gain with the help of clients to ensure that their needs wider political and constituent support for their are met and that the research results will be used programs. by those for whom they are intended. Participa• Major DTAOs plan to link future forest develop• tory action research, using multidisciplinary teams ment programs to the broad framework for forest of scientists in the field working directly with vil• development outlined in the FAO Tropical Forestry lagers on land-use problems, was suggested as one Action Plan (and WRI Tropical Forests Program), research approach useful in gaining an improved which has widespread approval and support of understanding of how people and forests interact. forestry agencies in the region. FROs recognized Other client-centered approaches to research need that to attract increased funding from DTAOs for to be developed and used in forestry. For exam• future forestry research activities, they will need ple, researchers need to develop to develop programs that fit more closely into the close working relationships with producers in forest global/regional framework. products industry, including the full range of forest products, and with consumers. Develop Guidebook for Obtaining DTAO Assistance Collaborate with Other Research Organizations Considerable misunderstanding and lack of In order to address some of the increasingly knowledge were evident among FROs about for• complex forestry research problems and issues fac• mal procedures for obtaining funding and tech• ing the region, to acquire the special skills and nical assistance from the many and diverse DTAOs knowledge needed to conduct research on these is• operating in the region. Each DTAO believed that sues, and to develop access to specialized equip• it had available clearly stated procedures that ment and facilities not now available to forestry FROs could follow to apply for assistance. FROs research in the region, both FROs and DTAOs felt that they did not have ready access to recognized the need to develop closer working rela• knowledge about all the formal procedures for the tionships with other forestry and nonforestry different DTAOs. research organizations in planning and conduct• FROs suggested that a real need exists for a sim• ing research. DTAOs were asked to encourage and plified guidebook that would outline for each fund coordinated and cooperative research projects DTAO, in one place, in simple and clear language, and programs and to develop mechanisms to facili• the type of assistance offered by each DTAO and tate such relationships. FROs were asked to ac• the procedures that must be followed in applying tively seek out potential collaborators from other for the assistance. DTAOs agreed that this project forestry and nonforestry research organizations, should have high priority. particularly in such fields as agroforestry and so• cial forestry. Improve Research Management Participants recognized the difficulties of doing this, but felt that such collaborative research was Participants recognized the need to improve the essential if acceptable solutions were to be found management of forestry research in the region. to some of the critical problems facing the region. They supported the continuation and further de• velopment of management seminars for heads and Link Research to Economic directors of FROs and others concerned with Development Programs management of forestry research in the region.

Participants recognized and accepted that in Establish a Regional order to develop and support forestry research Professional Forestry Journal capabilities in their countries, FROs will need to link their research programs more closely to na• Many attempts were made to establish and sup• tional economic-social development policies and port forestry journals in tropical countries of the issues. FROs plan to increase their efforts to ad• Asia-Pacific region, but most have been plagued

33 by inadequate funding, limited circulation, and vide an attractive outlet for the publication of mediocre quality of articles. There have been a few research results by scientists and other papers on notable exceptions of high-quality national jour• professional forestry. It could be built on an exist• nals, such as the Malaysian Forester and the Philip• ing scientifically sound publication, such as the pines' Sylvatrop. Many countries in the region, Malaysian Forester or similar journal, or it could be however, do not have enough professional foresters a new journal. and forestry research scientists to support a high- It was suggested that an immediate effort be quality professional journal. made to explore the feasibility of establishing such Participants suggested an immediate need to es• a journal. If feasible, a strong effort should be tablish at least one high-quality professional, made to secure adequate initial funding for a start• scientific-based forestry journal to serve the pub• up period of a few years, recognizing that it may lication needs of the Asia-Pacific region as a whole, take several years to develop a sound, stable scien• not just a single country. Such a journal could pro• tific publication.

34 APPENDIX 1

WORKSHOP ON STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ASIA-PACIFIC FORESTRY RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 17-21 March 1986 East-West Center Honolulu, Hawaii

AGENDA

Sunday, 16 March

5:00 p.m. Get-acquainied informal gathering at Lincoln Hall lobby. Beverages and helpful hints about eating, shopping, and visiting in Hawaii.

Monday, 17 March

9:00 a.m. Opening Session

Moderator. N. Vergara Welcome: EWC President Victor Li Welcome from Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources: Director Chauncey Ching Programs and Objectives of EAPI: Acting Director Maynard Hufschmidt Greetings: F. Lee Kai Logistics: J. Kuramoto

Organization and Objectives of Workshop: L. Hamilton Introduction of Participants Break Status of National Forestry Research in the Asia-Pacific Region: A. Lundgren This presentation will summarize the current status of forestry research pro• grams, institutional capabilities, and needs in the region to provide back• ground information for research workshop discussions. It will provide an opportunity for research heads and others to supplement data summarized from questionnaires sent in before the workshop.

1:30 p.m. Session 2—Asia Room Moderator: F. Pollisco Topic: Regional/International Initiatives in Forestry, and Implications for Forestry Research The objective of this part of the workshop is to inform workshop participants about the major forestry initiatives in the Asia-Pacific region and to discuss

35 their implications for forestry research. The presentations by each DTAO will provide up-to-date information as background for succeeding workshop dis• cussions. A question and discussion period will follow each presentation.

Introductory Remarks: A. Lundgren

FAO, Tropical Forestry Action Plan: Y.S. Rao IUFRO, Vice President and Global Coordinator: R. Buckman

USAID, Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project and Other For• estry Projects in the Asia-Pacific Region: R. Ichord EWC, Forestry-related Programs and Activities Environment and Policy Institute: L. Hamilton Resource Systems Institute: R. Morse

WRI, Tropical Forests: A Call for Action: P. Hazelwood IUFRO/IDRC, Forest Products Research in Asia: W. Kauman

5:30-7:00 p.m. Reception: Jefferson Hall, Garden Room in basement

Tuesday, 18 March

9:00 a.m. Session 3 Moderator. Cheah L.C. Topic: Continuation of Forestry Initiatives and Research Implications

World Forestry Congress—Implications for Forestry Research Commonwealth Forestry Conference—Implications for Forestry Research Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission—Implications for Forestry Research: Y.S. Rao

Regional Study on Problems of Watershed Management: Y.S. Rao ASEAN Watershed Project: F. Pollisco Ford Foundation Upland Development: M. Poffenberger Social Forestry Project of ODI: G. Shepherd Australian Projects of ACIAR and ADAB: J. Turnbull Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry: E. Conrad UNEP Regional Program for Research: M. Ohta UNESCO Regional Program for Research: Kuswata K. Asian Development Bank Projects: O. Gendrano

1:15 p.m. Group photograph in front of Jefferson Hall

1:30 p.m. Session 4—Asia Room Moderator: Somsak Sukwong Topic. Reflections and Conclusions on Forestry Initiatives and Research Implica• tions: A. Lundgren and Chung H.H.

36 Topic: Greater Involvement of Social Scientists and the Role of Institutional, Organizational, and Human Ecology Research in Forestry: W. Burch Response from Different Perspectives: S. Kedharnath, T. Rambo, R. Morse The Role of Some New Biological Technologies in Forestry Research: J. Roskoski An Example of the Use of Aerial Photographs and Topographic Maps in a Social Forestry Project: J. Fox

Wednesday, 19 March

9:00 a.m. Session 5—Meet in Burns Hall, Room 3125 Moderator. P. Zed Topic: Responding to Initiatives Introductory Remarks: L. Hamilton The objectives in Sessions 5 and 6 will be to consider ways in which forestry research institutions in the region might respond to the initiatives, and how the new programs might be modified to take advantage of the research capa• bility that can support sustainable development.

The DTAOs will meet as a working group. They are asked to look at the research activities as summarized by the research organizations (ROs) and to draft specific suggestions to the ROs, by country, by regional subgroup, or by region, for better assistance in the implementation of the various initiatives.

The ROs will meet as regional subgroups, though any country representative may join whichever group seems most appropriate, even though geographi• cally removed. They are asked to consider each of the initiatives and to indi• cate whether or not (and, if so, how) they are able to respond. The response can be in aggregate or individual form for each relevant program. These groups should also produce suggestions for improvement of the programs so that they might better use the research resources in the region.

Groups in Rooms 3118, 3115, 3100, and 3073

12:00 noon Lunch provided in Burns Hall, Room 3064 Free time in the afternoon

Thursday, 20 March

9:00 a.m. Session 6

Topic: Continuation of Working Group Meetings and Preparation of Reports

1:30 p.m. Session 7—Asia Room Moderator: W. Kauman Rapporteurs: C. Bassett, W. Bentley

37 Topic: Presentation of Recommendations from Working Groups, Discussion, and Reactions from ROs to DTAO suggestions and vice versa

Friday, 21 March

9:00 a.m. Session 8—Meet in Burns Hall, Room 3125 Moderator. D. Kari

Topic: Strategies for Forestry Research Introductory Remarks: N. Vergara

This part of the workshop is to provide a series of small fora to develop strategies for improving the effectiveness of forestry research in the region. Impediments to more effective research and major problems have been previ• ously identified in our 1982 workshop and in other meetings. Also, a ques• tionnaire prepared by Professor Hans Gregersen for an IUFRO study has identified some of these factors for improved research effectiveness. These materials can serve as the foundation for developing a set of the most impor• tant strategies. Regional subgroups will again be formed to give more oppor• tunity for participation, and DTAOs may freely join any one of the RO groups.

Groups in Rooms 3118, 3115, 3100, and 3073

1:30 p.m. Session 9—Asia Room Moderator. L. Hamilton Rapporteurs: R. Bay, R. Buckman Topic: Presentation of Strategy Reports by Working Groups, and Discussion Topic. What Seems to Me to be the Top Five Research Strategy Actions Needed in the Region (a personal view after a week of interaction): K.M. Siddiqi, Komar S., R. Millington

Early adjournment

6:00 p.m. Dinner in Jefferson Hall

38 APPENDIX 2

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Hcrson Anson Cheah Leong Chiew Chief Senior Research Officer Division of Forestry Forest Research Institute Malaysia Department of Conservation and Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia 52100 Resource Surveillance Pohnpei State Government Hsu-Ho Chung Pohnpei, Eastern Caroline Islands 96941 Head Federated States of Micronesia Division of Forest Management Taiwan Forestry Research Institute Moti Bajracharya Botanical Garden Forest Management Planning Officer 53 Nan-Hai Road Department of Forests, HMG Taipei, Taiwan, China Forest Survey and Research Office Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal C. Eugene Conrad Director Colin Bassctt Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Chief, Director of Research U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service New Zealand Forest Service Pacific Southwest Experiment Station Private Bag 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 323 Wellington, New Zealand Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

Roger R. Bay Oscar Gendrano Station Director Forestry Specialist Pacific Southwest Forest and Agro-Industries and Forestry Division Range Experiment Station Asian Development Bank U.S. Department of Agriculture P.O. Box 789 (USDA) Forest Service Manila, Philippines 2800 1960 Addison Street, P.O. Box 245 Berkeley, 94704 Peter T. Hazlewood Associate William R. Bentley World Resources Institute Senior Program Officer/Agroforestry 1735 New York Avenue, N.W. Winrock Internationa] Washington, D.C. 20006 1611 N. Kent Street, Suite 600 Arlington, Virginia 22209 Douglas Henderson Chief Forest Officer Robert E. Buckman Ministry of Agriculture Vice President Government of the Cook Islands International Union of Forestry P.O. Box 96 Research Organizations (IUFRO) Rarotonga, Cook Islands 3248 Southwest Long Avenue Corvallis, Oregon 97330 Malaki Iakopo Assistant Director (Forestry) William R. Burch and Chief Forestry Officer Hixon Professor of Natural Resources Management Forestry Division School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Department of Agriculture, Forests, and Fisheries Yale University P.O. Box 206 205 Prospect Street Apia, Western Samoa New Haven, Connecticut 06511 39 Robert F. Ichord, Jr. Masahiro Ohta Chief Deputy Regional Representative Energy and Natural Resources United Nations Environment Programme Bureau for Asia and Near East Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific U.S. Agency for International Development United Nations Building Room 4440, Department of State 10th Floor, Block B Washington, DC. 20523 Rajdamnern Avenue Bangkok 10200, Thailand Semion Iputu Forest Officer (Research) Alan K. Oram Forestry Division Principal Silviculturist Ministry of Natural Resources Ministry of Forests RO. Box 79 P.O. Box 2218 Munda, Western Province Suva, Fiji Solomon Islands Mark Poffenberger Dike Kari Program Officer Acting Deputy Secretary Ford Foundation Department of Forests P.O. Box 2030 P.O. Box 5055 Jakarta, Indonesia Boroko, Papua New Guinea Filiberto S. Pollisco Kuswata Kartawinata Director Programme Specialist in Ecological Sciences Forest Research Institute UNESCO Regional Office for Science College, Laguna 3720 and Technology for Southeast Asia Philippines Jalan Thamrin 14, P.O. Box 273/JKT Jakarta, Indonesia Qu Shu ye Deputy Director Walter G. Kauman Policy Research Department Conseiller Recherche et Technologie Ministry of Forestry Centre Technique du Bois et de l'Ameublement Hepingli, Beijing, China 10 avenue de Saint-Mande 75012 Paris, France Y.S. Rao Regional Forestry Officer Subramaniam Kedharnath Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Director Food and Agriculture Organization Kerala Forest Research Institute of the United Nations (FAO) Peechi 680653, Trichur District Maliwan Mansion Kerala, India Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200, Thailand Richard J. Millington Chief Joann Roskoski Division of Water and Land Resources Assistant Director Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Nitrogen Fixing Tropical Research Organization (CSIRO) Agricultural Legumes Project G.P.O. Box 1666 Box 0 Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Paia, Hawaii 96779 Australia Samarn Rouysungnern Swat Nitcharat Chief Director Watershed Research Section Division of Silviculture Watershed Management Division Royal Forest Department Royal Forest Department Bangkok 10900, Thailand Bangkok 10900, Thailand

40 Eka Raj Sharma Wang Shaoming Chief Interpreter Forest Survey and Research Office Foreign Affairs Department Department of Forests Ministry of Forestry Babar Mahal Hepingli, Beijing, China Kathmandu, Nepal Xu Shige Gill Shepherd Researcher Social Forestry Research Officer Policy Research Department Overseas Development Institute Ministry of Forestry Regent's College Hepingli, Beijing, China Inner Circle, Regent's Park London NWl 4NS, United Kingdom Peter Zed Principal Research Officer Khalid M. Siddiqi Ministry of Forests Director Fiji Pine Commission Forest Products Research Division P.O. Box 521 Pakistan Forest Institute Lautoka, Fiji Peshawar, Pakistan East-West Center Komar Soemarna Director Nicomedes Briones Forest Research and Development Centre Professional Associate, EAPI Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia PO. Box 66 Jefferson Fox Bogor, Indonesia Fellow, EAPI

Kharka J. Subba Lawrence Hamilton Deputy Director Research Associate, EAPI. Ministry of Agriculture and Forests Royal Government of Bhutan Arun Kashyap PO. Thimpu, Bhutan Degree Student, SAOG (Indian Forest Service) Somsak Sukwong Dean Allen Lundgren Faculty of Forestry Fellow, EAPI Kasetsart University Bangkok 10903, Thailand Richard Morse Research Associate, RSI John W. Turnbull Forestry Program Coordinator A. Terry Rambo Australian Centre for International Research Associate, EAPI Agricultural Research P.O. Box 1571 Napoleon Vergara Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia Research Associate, EAPI APPENDIX 3

SUMMARY OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES IN FORESTRY RESEARCH BY DONOR AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATIONS, ASIA-PACIFIC REGION

International Organizations

International Union of Forestry Research Organizations Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization World Bank

Regional Organizations

ASEAN

East-West Center

National Organizations

Australia Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Canada Canadian International Development Agency Great Britain Overseas Development Institute United States Agency for International Development Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Nongovernmental Organization

Ford Foundation

42 Appendix 3 (continued)

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Annual Budget Except Where Country Program Objective Institution Time Frame Noted (USS)

International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (with the International Research Development Council of Canada) Identification of Forest Products Priority Research Needs Low-cost building materials to 3 years 5300,000 assist small industrial enterprises and cottage type industries in building materials and components for low-cost dwellings; preservation of build• ing components and quality as• surance will be given special attention Utilization of -grown 2 years 350,000 timber and of less-known species from natural forests; provide the technological information re• quired for the introduction of wood derived.from fast-grown plantations, both hardwood and softwood, and from less-known species of natural forests, in local and export markets Utilization of rubberwood, bam- 3 years 167,000 boo and rattan; investigate the requirements for transformation of these materials to products for the local market, in particular small industries Utilization of palm stems; inves- 3 years 200,000 tigate and develop processing techniques for the transformation of palm stems to produce build• ing elements, panels, furniture, posts and poles, and other products by means suitable for small- or medium-size industries for environments such as the Pa• cific Islands Reduce and utilize wood residues, 3 years 300,000 reduce wood waste, and manufacture secondary products from wood residues, with em• phasis on small- and medium- size industries

43 Appendix 3 {continued)

Annual Budget Except Where Country Program Objective Institution Time Frame Noted (USS)

Networking; establish and sup• 59,000 port regional networks among forest products research laborato• ries to pool knowledge and resources Exchange of research officers 32,000 Technology transfer; train local officers 500,000

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (with United Nations Development Programme) Watershed Management Program Regional Institution building, study, and Cooperating Start July 1985 170,000 (project) research on problems of Forest or watershed management in Asia Natural and Pacific Resources Conservation Services

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization MAB Programs Malaysia Research on distribution, Universiti production, and nutrient cycling Pertanian in two major lowland forest types Malaysia Research on demography, structure, Forest and dynamics of mixed dip- Research terocarp forests Institute Malaysia Research on regeneration strategies Universiti of forest tree seedlings in coastal Sains hill dipterocarp forests Malaysia Philippines Research on management of Philippines second-growth dipterocarp MAB forest ecosystem National Committee Research on enrichment planting in Philippines an inadequately stocked logged- MAB over dipterocarp forest National Committee Southeast Asia Production of a scries of books on BIOTROP useful plants of Southeast Asia Note: Current research activities with study period ranging from one to five years.

44 Appendix 3 (continued)

Project Time Budget Program Objective Institution Frame (USS)

World Bank China Develop long-range research plans 7,000,000 for forestry research institutes in four provinces Ind Strengthen forestry research on 20,000,000- social forestry, agroforestry, and 50,000,000 energy-related issues Indonesia Forestry research Malaysia Support forestry research and pilot Forest Depan- trec-planting trials ment of Sabah Note: Figures in budget column are rough estimates and should be checked with the World Bank prior to quotation.

REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Annual Budget Time Except Where Country Program Objective Institution Frame Noted (USS)

ASEAN ASEAN-US Watershed 'Project Indonesia Regional Watershed Management 5 years 55,200,000 Malaysia and Research Cooperation; set (project) Philippines joint research and training objec- Singapore lives; encourage information ex- Thailand changes; improve skills, Brunei professional qualifications, and research capabilities of network participants; improve research equipment and its use; stan• dardize data collection and analysis

East-West Center, Environment and Policy Institute Regionwide Environmental Surveys and FY87-90 106,000 Monitoring; develop and test practical ecological guidelines to improve management of upper watersheds Southeast Asia Ecosystem'Interactions; study SUAN (Southeast FY87-89 120,000 interactions among different Asian Universities kinds of ecosystems to improve Agroecosystem design of effective resource Network) management strategies

45 Appendix 3 (continued)

Annual Time Budget Country Program Objective Institution Frame (USS)

Indonesia Environmental Communication; FY86-88 28,000 Thailand improve understanding of the Singapore relationship between cultural be• liefs and values and human be• havior toward the environment as a means of improving en• vironmental policies Region wide Research Network Development; SUAN FY87-89 18,000 generate a cohesive regional community of human ecology researchers in tropical Asia Regionwide Improve Tropical Forest Manage• FY86-88 30,000 ment and Harvesting Practices Regionwide Social Forestry for Rural Develop• FY86-89 38,000 ment; improve formulation of appropriate policies and strate• gies for greater farmers' partici• pation in forestry projects and rural development programs Regionwide Watershed Land Use and Rehabili• FY86-88 24,000 tation; provide improved infor• mation about the effects of land- use changes on water yield, floods, low-season flows, erosion, sedimentation, rainfall, and nutrient loss Regionwide Institutional Development for FY86-88 57,000 Major focus on Rural Resource Management; South Asia increase the operational under• standing of institutional and or• ganizational arrangements for the management of rural resources Regionwide Integrated Water Resources FY86-89 33,000 Management; develop improved planning and implementation methodologies for integrating up• stream and downstream water resource planning and decision making Indonesia Southeast Asia Uplands Develop- FY86-88 69.000 Thailand ment; provide technical as- Philippines sistance and critical commentary on the Ford Foundation's Southeast Asia Upland Develop• ment Program

46 Appendix 3 {continued)

Annual Time Budget Country Program Objective Institution Frame (USS)

Regionwide National Parks and Protected FY87-90 27,000 Areas in the Development Process; assess the role of nation• al parks and protected areas in the development process and as a source of biological diversity China Status of Forestry in China; docu- FY86 15,000 ment changes in forestry that have taken place in China dur• ing the past two decades

East-West Center, Resource Systems Institute Rural Energy Planning Studies (Joint project with Chulalongkorn University, Social Research Institute, Thailand) Bangladesh Strengthen rural community abili- Bangladesh Atomic FY84-87 95,000 Bhutan ties in energy planning and de- Energy Commis• Nepal velopment, including fuelwood sion, Bhutan Plan• and other bioenergy resources ning Commission, Nepal Water and Energy Commis• sion Secretariat; associated national agencies Biofuels and Development Regionwide Develop policy guidelines for har- Tata Energy FY83-87 34.000 Present focus vesting, conversion, and utiliza- Research Institute, on India, tion of biomass fuels to Mrigendra Medi• Nepal, contribute to long-term economic cal Trust, Trib- Thailand development and reduce damage huvan University, to health and the environment M ah idol Universi• ty, related U.S. research centers Participatory Evaluation of Fuelwood Programs fjoint project with Environment and Policy Institute) India Understand factors determining ef- Appropriate Technol- FY85-87 28.000 Thailand fectiveness of fuelwood programs ogy Development as perceived by villagers and as• Association, Uttar sess potential for participatory Pradesh Social fuelwood development; develop Forestry Division, "minimal kit" for foresters plan• Chulalongkorn ning to work with village com• University Social munities Research Institute, Kasetsart Universi• ty, Faculty of Forestry

47 Appendix 3 (continued) NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

Project Budget Country Program Objective Institution Time Frame (USS) Australia Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Kenya Identify and select strains of CSIRO Division 3 years S186.000 Zimbabwe Frankia capable of boosting of Soils; Approval Thailand growth of various Casuarina research groups date: 3/84 spp.; study ways to produce in• in Africa and oculum and introduce into soils Asia Zimbabwe Evaluate Australian tree species Queensland 3 years 488,000 Kenya potentially useful for fuelwood, Department of Approval East Asia fodder, and nitrogen accretion Forestry, date: 3/84 in developing countries; with CSIRO Divi• special emphasis on species sion of Forest adaptable to semi-arid, saline, Research, and calcareous conditions CSIRO Divi• sion of Water and Land Resources, Forest Commis• sion (Zim• babwe), Kenyan Agricultural Research In• stitute China Identify the most productive CSIRO Division 3 years 154,000 provenances (tannin and wood) of Forest Approval of Acacia spp. in Australia, Research, date: 10/85 which will adapt to a range of CSIRO Divi• environments in China; sion of Chemi• produce purified extracts of cal and Wood uniform quality tannin from Technology, A. mearnsii Chinese Acade• my of Forestry Through a series of species and CSIRO Division 3 years 124,000 provenance trials, determine of Forest Approval which Australian species (Eu• Research; date: 10/85 calyptus, Acacia, and Casuarina) Chinese Acade• offer most promise for silvicul• my of Forestry ture in China Prepare long-term research plans Forest Research 6 months 150.000 for forestry research institutes Institutes of Approval in four provinces Guangdong, date: 1/86 Guangxi, Sichu• an, and Minis• try of Forestry

48 Appendix 3 (continued)

Project Budget Country Program Objective Institution Time Framt (USS)

Regionwide Forestry Research and Informa• 3 years 163,000 tion Network that will distrib• Approval ute information by newsletters, date: 4/85 workshops, etc., and initiate research projects Note: Australian dollars converted to U.S. dollars by assuming USSI AusSl.43.

Canada Canadian International Development Agency ASEAN Region ASEAN Forest Tree Seed Centre; 1980-84 Sl.050,000 Phase 1: development of tree seed bank and tree seed centre for ASEAN region ASEAN Forest Tree Seed 1985-89 2,800,000 Centre; Phase II: expansion of Phase I (planned) ASEAN Forest Management 1985-89 4,550,000 Institute; development of a Forest Management Institute to assist ASEAN countries in ef• fectively and efficiently manag• ing their forest resources ASEAN Forest Laboratory; 1985 2,800,000 development of a forest labora• tory for testing chemical and mechanical properties of wood to be used in all forest industry subsectors Bangladesh Khulna Newsprint; rehabilitation 1981 5,600,000 and upgrading of mill; develop• ment of local and wood supply inventory system Energy Sector Study with forest 1984 Undetermined component Burma Wood preservative testing for use in 1977- 84 175,000 glue laminated wood products Technical Assistance to Glue 168,000 1978- 82 Laminated Timber Plant, Phase II: technical assistance Timber Base Workshop; trades 3,150,000 1973-81 training and provision of equipment India Forestry Sector Study Mission; 210,000 1981 sectoral study and project ap• praisal Andhra Pradesh Social Forestry; 24,500,000 1983-88 implementation of social forestry project

49 Appendix 3 (continued)

Project Budget Country Program Objective Institution Time Frame (USS)

Indonesia Forest Industry Vocational School; 1976-82 2,870,000 Phase I: vocational training in heavy-duty mechanics and opera• tors, welding and machine fabrica• tion, small-engine mechanics, chain saw operation Forest Industry Vocational School; 1982-86 3,500,000 Phase II: vocational training in sawdoctoring, millwright, pipe and steam fitting, industrial electronics Forest Resource Reconnaissance 1980-82 189,000 Inventory Project; planning na• tional forest inventory strategy Training Forestry Sector; upgrading I960 7,000 Indonesian officials in technical education administration Sulawesi Regional Development 1977-82 2,100,000 Plan; provision of aerial photogra• phy, land-use study, and mapping Resource Evaluation Aerial 1973-83 15,120,000 Photography; aerial photography and topographical mapping to facilitate natural resources invento• ry and evaluation program Forestry Environmental Technical 1979 35,000 Assistance; assessment of general management and control of the utilization of forest resources in Indonesia Malaysia University of Agriculture, Faculty of 1974-80 284,000 Forestry; provision for equipment and instructors Training School, Sarawak; 1971-78 412,000 Phase II: provision for technical assistance, training awards, and equipment in sawmill main• tenance, sawdoctoring, and saw• mill operations Nepal Land Resource Assessment; 1980-87 4,931,000 provision of aerial photography, photo interpretation, and assess• ment of land-use capability Karnali-Bheri Integrated Rural 1981-84 Portion of Development Project; a rural de- 9,100,000 velopment project with , nursery, and erosion control com• ponent

50 Appendix 3 (continued)

Project Budget Country Program Objective Institution Time Frame (USS)

Sri Lanka Embilipitya Mill Start-up; technical 1974-80 1,225,000 assistance to and paper mill using rice straw as raw material Mahevali IV; IRD project with 1984-88 Not given social forestry equipment China IIFM (integrated intensive forest 1985-89 7,000,000 management) Forest Fire Management; establish• 1984-88 4,200,000 ment of a fire protection system and network in Heilongjiang Province Thailand Community-based Integrated Rural 1984 Not given Development; IRD project with social forestry component Note: Canadian dollars converted to U.S. dollars assuming US$1 = Can$1.46.

Great Britain Overseas Development Institute Annual Budget (USS) All Developing Establish an international network o f Indefinite 80,000 Countries practitioners and researchers in so cial forestry programs; publish a newsletter with information on conferences, publications, and research; publish results of ODI research; establish bibliographic data base on social forestry

United States Agency jor International Development, Bureau jor Asia and Near East Annual Budget (USS) Pakistan Farm forestry PFI '8 years $1,700,000 India Community forestry; biomass Madhya 6 & 8 years 1,000,000 production Pradesh and Maharashtra NBRI/M. 2 years 266,000-500,000 Kamraj Sri Lanka Research lab; Forest 2 years 400,000 silviculture Department Bangladesh Homestead agroforestry FRI/BARC In design 3,000,000- 6,000,000 Philippines Agroforestry; wood energy FORI, PA- CAARD Multiyear 1,000,000 Indonesia Research Institute in Kalimantan; Ministry of Multiyear 1,000,000 upland agriculture Forests ASEAN Watershed systems ASEAN COFAT; 5 years 500,000 Philippines BFD/UPLB 51 Appendix 3 (continued)

Annual Budget Country Program Objective Institution imc rrame (USS) Asia Regional Multipurpose trees Kasetsart/IUFRO 5 years 2,500,000 Note: These figures are estimated amounts for AID contributions to projects and should be checked with the various countries prior to quotation.

Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry Research Programs Federated States American Pacific Islands; develop Coll. of Microne- 5 years begin- Costs shared with of Micronesia: forest resource data bases and sia, Ag. Exp. ning 1985 cooperators States of Yap, management strategies to increase Sta.; Yap Dept. Variable amounts Truk, Pohnpei, forest productivity of Res. & Dev., Kosrae Inst, of Natl. Sci.; Truk Dept. of Ag.; Pohnpei Dept. of Cons. & Res. Survcil., For. Div; Kosrae Dept. of Ag. Republic of Palau Ministry of Natl. 5 years begin- Variable amounts Res. ning 1985 Republic of the Dept. of Res. & 5 years begin- Variable amounts Marshall Dev. ning 1985 Islands Commonwealth of Dept. of Natl. 5 years begin- Variable amounts the Northern Res., Div. of ning 1985 Mariana Islands Plant Indust. & Ext. Serv., Pub• lic Lands Auth. U.S. Territory of Dept. of Ag., 5 years begin• Variable amounts Guam Div. of For. & ning 1985 Soil Res.; Div. of Wildlife U. of Guam, Ag. Exp. Sta. U.S. Territory of Dept. of Ag., 5 years begin• Variable amounts American Dev. & Plan. ning 1985 Samoa Office; Am. Samoa Com. Coll.; Ag. Exp. Sta. State of Hawaii Develop silvicullural management 5 years begin• Costs shared with Dept. of Land & techniques for the establishment Natl. Res., Div. ning 1985 cooperators and development of timber and of For. & Variable amounts biomass plantations in Hawaii Wildlife Dept. of Ag.; Div. of Plant Industry

52 Appendix 3 (continued)

Annual Budget Country Program Objective Institution Time Frame (us$)

U. of Hawaii; Dept. of Agron. & Soil Sci., Dept. of Bot., Dept. of Ent. Characterize koa and koa-ohia C. Brewer Co. forest ecosystems Ltd., BioEner- gy Dev. Corp. Amfac Inc. Amfac Agri• business Develop techniques to assure Hawaii Sugar regeneration of koa forests Planters Assoc. USDA For. Serv. PNW Exp. Sta., SE Exp. Sta., NC Exp. Sta. Develop biological controls for nox• ious weeds in Hawaii

Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry State and Private Forestry Technical and Financial Assistance Programs Guam (Territory) Afforestation to improve soil, Div. of For. & Renewable CG: $130,000 reduce erosion/fire, and provide Soil yearly TA: $10,000 forest products; training of per• Resources, sonnel; comprehensive forestry Dept. of Ag. legislation N. Marianas Establish and manage Common• Forestry Section, Renewable CG: 40,000 (Common• wealth forests; diversify forest Division of yearly TA: 10,000 wealth) cover; supply private farms with Agriculture, S: 20,000 diverse trees; train personnel Ministry of Natural Resources Republic of Palau Reforest Babelduap and other is- Forestry Section, Yearly CG1: 23,000 (Freely As- lands; provide diverse stock for Division of TA2: 10,000 sociated State) agroforestry; extension tree Agriculture, planting; develop wood product Ministry of base; train personnel Natural Resources

53 Appendix 3 (continued)

Annual Budget Country Program Objective Institution Time Frame (USS)

Federated States Protect watersheds through com• Individual for• Yearly CG1: 47,000 of Micronesia prehensive forestry legislation to estry sections TA2: 25,000 (Freely As• establish upland and mangrove in the four sociated State) forest reserves; afforest fern and states; chief of savanna wastes; agroforest stock agriculture, for farmers (nursery and exten• FSM sion); maintain/develop wood product base; train personnel Republic of the Coconut regeneration; agroforest Agriculture and Yearly CG1: 13,000 Marshall stock production and extension; Agroforest TA2: 5,000 Islands train personnel Div, Ministry of Natural Resources American Samoa Watershed protection; agroforest Division of Renewable TA: 5,000 (Territory) productivity; train personnel Agriculture yearly State of Hawaii Management and organization de• Division of For• Renewable CG: 100,000 velopment; disaster assistance; estry & Wild• yearly TA: 25,000 general technical consultants to life, Dept. of DOFAW Land & Natural Resources Cash grants $353,000 Technical assistance 90,000 IPA subsidy 20,000 Total 463,000 Note: Local objectives supported by USFS. •Grant will end with implementation of Compact of Free Association; funds may or may not be restored from Compact Funds when and if appropriated. 2After Compact implementation, technical assistance must be formally requested. CG = Cash grant; TA = Technical assistance; S = IPA subsidy

NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

Annual Budget Count ry Program Objective Institution Time Frame (US$) Ford Foundation South Asia Programs India General Research/Research Networks on Academic + years, $50,000-100,000 Common Property Land begin 1982 Resources General Awareness, Technology, and Society for 6-10 years, 150,000 Management to Rehabilitate Promotion of begin 1982 Wastelands Wasteland De• velopment

54 Appendix 3 (continued)

Annual Budget Country Program Objective Institution Time Frame (USS)

Bih; Community Forestry Among Ranchi Consor• 6-7 years, 50,000 Tribal Groups tium for begin 1980 Community Forestry East India Community Forestry Research Xavier Labour 6 years, begin 50,000 Relations 1980 Institute Hills, Agroforestry Research and H.P. Agriculture 3 years, begin 200,000 Deccan Training University; 1986 University of Ag. Sciences, Dharwar :ral Social Forestry Evaluation in South University of 4 years, begin 60,000 Asia (incl. Nepal & Bangladesh) California, 1985 Berkeley General Concepts and Methodology for International 2-4 years, 110,000 Agroforestry Research (Semi- Centre for begin 1984 Arid Tropics Wide) Research in Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Research Methods Training for International 5 years, begin 50,000-100,000 All-India Agroforestry Project Council for 1983 Scientists Research on Agroforestry (ICRAF) Hi Research and Community Action Indian Council 10 years, to Manage Hill Watershed Areas for Agricul• begin 1973 100,000 ture Research Nepal General Research and Training on Natural Winrock Inter• 3-5 years, be• 50,000-75,000 Resource Management Problem national gin 1983 (A/D/C) Bangladesh General Policy Studies in Social Forestry Bangladesh 5+ years, Vari< Agriculture begin 1983 and Forestry General Fellowships in Forest Economics University of 2-4 years, Varit California, begin 1985 Berkeley

Southeast Asia Programs Indonesia East, Central, Develop Community-based Produc- State Forest Cor• 5 years, begin 100,000 and West Java tion Forest Management Systems poration 1984 for State Lands

55 Appendix 3 (continued)

Annual Budget Country Program Objective Institution Time Frame (US$)

Kalimantan, Pilot Projects for Community- Ministry of 5 years, begin 150,000 Sulawesi, and managed Agroforestry Systems Forestry & 1986 Irian Jaya Provincial Governments Thailand Diagnostic Research to Assess Hu• Royal Forestry 5 years, begin 125,000 man Forest Dependency in Department, 1983 Northeast: Social Forestry Pilot Kasetsart & Projects Khon Kaen universities Highland-Lowland Interactions and Chiang Mai 5 years, begin 50,000 Natural Resource Management University 1986 in North Thailand Philippines Upland Management Action Bureau of Forest 10 years, 300,000 Research Program: Land Tilt• Development, begin 1978 ing, Soil Conservation, Agroeco- UPLB, De la logical Intensification Salle, and Ateneo de Manila universities

56 a • The East-West Center is a public, nonprofit educational institution with an international board of governors. Some 2,000 research fellowsv graduate students, and professionals in bus• iness and government each year work with the Center's international staff in cooperative study, training, and research. They examine major issues related to population, resources and development, the environment, culture, and communication in Asia, the Pacific, and the United States. The Center was established in 1960 by the United States Congress, which provides principal funding. Support also comes from more than 20 Asian and Pacific govern• ments, as well as private agencies and corporations. Situated on 21 acres adjacent to the University of Hawaii's Manoa Campus, the Center's facilities include a 300-room office building housing research and administrative offices for an international staff of 250, three residence halls for participants, and a conference center with meeting rooms equipped to provide simultaneous translation and a complete range of audiovisual services.

THE EAST-WEST ENVIRONMENT AND POLICY INSTITUTE was established in October 1977 to increase understanding of the interrelationships among policies designed to meet a broad range of human and societal needs over time and the natural systems and resources on which these policies depend or impact. Through interdisciplinary and multina• tional programs of research, study, and training, the Institute seeks to develop and apply concepts and approaches useful in identifying alternatives available to decision makers and in assessing the implications of such choices. Progress and results of Institute programs are disseminated in the East-West Center region through research reports, books, workshop reports, working papers, newsletters, and other educational and informational materials.

Maynard M. Hufschmidt, Acting Director Environment and Policy Institute East-West Center 1777 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848