Physical Evolution Course in Cities in Interaction with Political, Economic, Geographical, Social, Cultural Factors and Urban Management
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Spatial planning Department Dissertation zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften Physical Evolution Course in cities In Interaction with Political, Economic, Geographical, Social, Cultural Factors and Urban Management Case study; Mashad-Iran Supervisors: Univ. -Prof. Dipl. -Ing. Christa Reicher Univ. -Prof. Dr. Benjamin Davy Examiner: Dr. Mehdi Vazifedoost Editor: Alireza Rezvani February 2012 In the name of God Declaration I hereby declare that this final paper is the result of independent investigation. Where it is indebted to the work of others, acknowledgement has been duly made. Date: Signature: Physical evolution course of cities Acknowledgement At the beginning of my dissertation, I take the chance to draw the reader’s attention to three topics: first, my country, Iran; second, myself (my educational and research activities); and third, my supervisors for this research: Iran: during the three to four years in which I was busy preparing my PhD dissertation, my country was going through one of its most complicated historic periods. The country’s unique historic and cultural precedent (which is intentionally or erroneously not well-known), its strategic and geographical position that made it a connection for the passing and interaction of nations and cultures over the course of history (and at the same time stimulated wars and attacks from different tribes) and great oil and gas resources (which resulted in interfering of governments for reasons of profit), are all among reasons for the complication of the Iranian situation. The way to overcome this situation and to reach a sustainable stability is only possible through learning and the exchange of information, which is one of the aims of this thesis. I hope that my country, Iran, and my city, Mashad, will accept my efforts. Myself: following twenty years as a university staff member (I am currently a Professor at the Islamic Azad University of Mashad) and of executing professional projects in architecture, urban and landscape design (I am also a first-grade consultant in architecture and urban design and have “grade one” from the engineering organization system), the opportunity to write a PhD thesis was very valuable for me. I hope that my twenty-year experience in professional and educational work will have prepared the grounds for the success of my thesis and its results. Gratitude: I first and foremost appreciate the work of my primary supervisor, Professor Christa Reicher, who guided me during this time. I also thank Professor Dr. Benjamin Davy, who with his keen guidance and persistence increased the quality of my thesis. I thank Dr. Vazifedoost who urged me to make my dissertation more efficient and effective. And I also thank Kenneth Gildner, who helped me in the correction of my dissertation. II Physical evolution course of cities I present this dissertation to my wife, Yasaman Modarres Razavi, who has shared all the hard times during our common life and to my loving daughter, Bahar III Physical evolution course of cities Abstract Many cities in developing countries are confronted with many problems regarding their physical structures. The efforts to overcome these difficulties arose from the political, economic and cultural structural factors that preside over those countries. Iranian cities also follow this pattern of development. However, many of these cities lack the necessary research and scientific knowledge to determine a suitable path for development and planning. Furthermore, policymaking does not rest on a basis of suitable fundamentals and information. Many plans in these cities have therefore led to unsuitable results and, rather than moving existing aims forward, have created new difficulties. Mashad, as the second-largest metropolis of Iran after Tehran and the third-most important religious city of the Islamic world, has a great development potential that should be correctly and properly applied. Essential to this goal is the availability of necessary information about the history and regional and local characteristics of the city and, on the other hand, having enough knowledge about other developing countries’ experiences. Using this information and these analyses and tested theories, one can work towards a suitable development program for this unique city. Under this assumption, this dissertation has two main aims. First, the gathering of documentary evidence and categorization of historic information about Mashad, especially in the physical field, and second, the production of a pattern for evaluating the degree of influence of factors that affect the physical evolution of cities and their comparison with each other. This would be effective in discovering the reciprocal relationship of these factors and could pave the way for applying urban experiments in similar future analyses. With these aims, Mashad is used as the case study and Iranian and European cities as the general comparative grounds for this study. Initial results show that effective factors on the physical evolution in Mashad have not only had very different conditions from European cities but also with other cities in Iran. For example, the main influence of political factors on the development of Mashad in all of historic periods and the gradual growth of this effect in Iranian cities versus the decreasing in this effect on the physical development of European cities is significant. At the same time, while social factors (with an emphasis on public participation) have continually grown in their effect on European cities, these show a significant decrease in Iranian cities and especially Mashad over the course of history. This phenomenon can be seen in the lack of urban public spaces for social interactions within the IV Physical evolution course of cities core of the city. These different features fundamentally emphasize a need for new development planning specifically for this city. The presented pattern for estimating the state of a city or cities in various historic and chronological periods and the comparative tables in this pattern prepare the grounds for analysis and produce several results, which are shown in detail in the dissertation. Without exaggerating, the lack of information about Mashad and the need for completing this work before producing schedules, diagrams and analytic and comparative tables have made this dissertation the equivalent of two theses in the frame of one research project; I hope this will be considered. Alireza Rezvani February 2012 V Physical evolution course of cities List of Figures Figure 1-1 The influence of factors on physical evolutions…………………………………….……. 3 Figure 1-2 “In search of urban identity: Mashad”, Book cover……………………………………… 4 Figure 2-1 Ur Ziggurat………………………………………………………………………………..… 25 Figure 2-2 Timgad area………………………………………………………………………………. 33 Figure 2-3 Piazza of St Peters, Rome……………………………………………………………….... 40 Figure 2-4 Capitoline Piazza, Rome………………………………………………………………….. 40 Figure 2-5 An Industrial city…………………………………………………………………………… 42 Figure 2-6 The stages of urban development model………………………………………………….. 65 Figure 2-7 Graphical reconstruction of Choghamich……………………………………………….... 69 Figure 2-8 Part of the original drainage system of Chogamish……………………………………… 70 Figure 2-9 The Cyrus Cylinder, 539 BC, British Museum…………………………………………... 70 Figure 2-10 Zayandehrood, Esfahan…………………………………………………………………... 72 Figure 2-11 Chogha Zambil………………………………………………………………………….. 76 Figure 2-12 Ardeshir Palace (Fire Temple) in Firuzabad……………………………………………. 76 Figure 2-13 Writer’s suggestion for classification of Iranian urban designing styles and methods…… 83 Figure 2-14 Graphical reconstruction of Chogha Zambil……………………………………………. 84 Figure 2-15 Aerial view of Ardeshir Khurreh (Firuzabad)…………………………………………... 90 Figure 2-16 Graphical reconstruction of Ardeshir Khurreh (Firuzabad)…………………………….. 90 Figure 2-17 Graphical reconstruction of Sasanid city……………………………………………….. 91 Figure 2-18 Graphical reconstruction of “Rob-e-Rashidi” near Tabriz……………………………….. 98 Figure 2-19 Naghsh-e-Jahan Square, Esfahan……………………………………………………….. 100 Figure 2-20 Sabzehmeydan in Qajarid period……………………………………………………….. 101 Figure 2-21 Tupkhaneh Square in 1320 AHS……………………………………………………….. 101 Figure 3-1 Hezarmasjed mountain ranges……………………………………………………………. 108 Figure 3-2 Satellite photo of Mashad, 2002 AD……………………………………………………… 108 Figure 3-3 Population growth in Mashad from 1345 AHS/1966 AD till 1385 AHS/2006 AD……… 113 Figure 3-4 Number of pilgrims and travelers to Mashad from 1270 AHS/1891 AD till 1385 AHS/ 2006 AD………………………………………………………………………………….... 113 Figure 3-5 Kurds’ of Khorasan traditional clothing………………………………………………...... 114 Figure 3-6 Men’s formal clothing in Qajar period……………………………………………………. 114 Figure 3-7 Razavi University of Islamic sciences (Mirza Jafar Seminary)………………………....... 115 Figure 3-8 Ferdowsi University of Mashad………………………………………………………....... 115 Figure 3-9 Astan-e Ghods-e Razavi Library………………………………………………………….. 115 Figure 3-10 Praying rites in the holy shrine of Imam Reza…………………………………………… 116 Figure 3-11 Nagghareh khaneh, 1283 AHS/ 1904 AD……………………………………………... 116 Figure 3-12 Et’am ceremony………………………………………………………………………….. 116 Figure 3-13 Alam Gardani ceremony ………………………………………………………………… 116 Figure 3-14 Sangbast Caravanserai (Mil-e ayaz)…………………………………………………….. 117 Figure 3-15 Stone work in Mashad………………………………………………………………..….... 117 Figure 3-16 Stone-made dishes……………………………………………………………………..... 117 Figure 3-17 A caravanserai in Qajar period…………………………………………………………..