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Active Tectonics of the Dasht-E Bayaz Fault (Ene Iran)

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Active Tectonics of the Dasht-E Bayaz Fault (Ene Iran) UNIVERSITE AIX-MARSEILLE Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement en Géosciences de l’Environnement N° attribué par la bibliothèque : ACTIVE TECTONICS OF THE DASHT-E BAYAZ FAULT (ENE IRAN) Tectonique active de la faille de Dasht-é Bayaz (ENE de l’Iran) THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE AIX-MARSEILLE Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Discipline : Géosciences de l’environnement Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Fariborz BANIADAM Le 16 Juillet 2019 au CEREGE Directeurs de thèse Olivier BELLIER et Esmaeil SHABANIAN Ecole Doctorale : Sciences de l’Environnement Jury Dr. Christine AUTHEMAYOU, MCF, Université de Bretagne occidentale Rapporteure Pr. Carole PETIT, Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR Géoazur Rapporteure Pr. Federico ROSSETTI, Université Roma III Examinateur Dr. Lucilla BENEDETTI, Dr CNRS, CEREGE Présidente Pr. Olivier BELLIER, Université Aix-Marseille, CEREGE Directeur Dr. Esmaeil SHABANIAN, Assistant professor, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan Co-Directeur ANNEE: 2019 Tectonique active de la faille de Dasht-é Bayaz (ENE de l’Iran) Résumé La convergence entre l’Arabie et l’Eurasie est accommodée à travers tout le plateau iranien et particulièrement le long de chaînes de montagnes qui localement structurent le Plateau. Les failles décrochantes ont un rôle principal dans la déformation du plateau iranien et dans l’accommodation de la convergence. Elles sont d’autre part responsables de plusieurs séismes majeurs à l’Est de l’Iran. Le rôle de la faille senestre décrochante et activement séismique de Dasht-e Bayaz qui est perpendiculaire aux mouvements du plateau, a été souvent débattu dans l’accommodation de la convergence d’Arabie-Eurasie. Mon travail se concentre sur les aspects fragiles et récent de la déformation (cinématique et régimes de contraintes récents, vitesse de glissement actuel) le long de la faille de Dasht- e Bayaz afin d’expliquer le rôle de cette faille dans géodynamique de l’ENE de l’Iran. Afin de distinguer la cinématique des déformations et les états de contraintes plio-quaternaires, nous avons utilisé l’inversion des données séismiques (mécanismes aux foyers) et de cinématiques de faille mesurée autour et le long de la faille de Dasht-e Bayaz. Nos résultats indiquent une direction de compression de N133±17°E (contrainte maximale σ1) pour l’état de contrainte ancien associé à un régime tectonique en compression. L’état de contrainte le plus récent « moderne » est lui caractérisé par une contrainte maximale σ1 NE-SW, parfaitement cohérente avec la direction N050±05°E déduite de l’inversion des mécanismes au foyer des séismes représentant l’état actuel de contrainte. Notre analyse structurale montre qu’en deux points, la faille décrochante d’orientation E- W de Dasht-e Bayaz croise les failles décrochantes de Mahyar et de Korizan d’orientation de N-S, et forme un système classique des failles conjuguées. Nos estimations la vitesse moyenne de glissement de la faille de Dasht- Bayaz en combinant des âges de cônes alluviaux déterminés à partir de l’analyse de nucléides cosmogéniques et la reconstruction morphotectonique des cônes alluviaux qui ont été décalés par cette faille, ont mené à un taux de 0.9±0.14 mm/an. Taux qui semble presque stable depuis ~160 ka, dans la limite des incertitudes attribuées aux décalages (rejets) et aux âges. D’après notre discussion géodynamique, le cisaillement (décrochement) d’orientation N- S, responsable de l’accommodation de la convergence à l’Est de l’Iran, s’interrompt à la latitude de 34°N et ne se continue pas vers le Nord. Au Nord de cette latitude le système décrochant est remplacé par un mécanisme purement compressif (chevauchement et failles inverses), qui se transforme à la latitude ~ 36°N en cisaillement d’orientation NW. Nous avons proposé le fait que dans le Nord of 34°N, la convergence est principalement accommodée par du raccourcissement crustal qui se traduit par des systèmes de chevauchements et failles inverses. Dans ce contexte, au NE de l’Iran, la convergence est majoritairement absorbée (accommodée) par du raccourcissement crustal pure le long des failles inverses, alors que les failles senestres d’orientation E-W qui se situent entre les failles inverses tels que Ferdows, Jangal et le segment à l’Est de la faille de Doruneh ont un rôle complémentaire dans l’accommodation de la convergence. Ce scenario est confirmé par le faible taux de la vitesse de glissement qui a été obtenu pour la faille de Dasht-e Bayaz, et qui minimise le rôle de cette dernière dans l’accommodation de la convergence à l’échelle de la Tectonique des Plaques. Mots clés: Faille de Dasht-e Bayaz ; bloc de Lut; morphotectonique; décrochement; états de contraintes; collision Arabie-Eurasie; datation par nucléides cosmogéniques; vitesse de glissement. III ACTIVE TECTONICS OF THE DASHT-E BAYAZ FAULT (E-NE IRAN) Abstract The convergence between Arabia and Eurasia is accommodated across the Iranian plateau and surrounding mountain ranges. Strike-slip faults play significant roles in the current deformation of the Iranian plateau and were responsible for several moderate to large earthquakes, especially in east of Iran. The sinistral Dasht-e Bayaz fault is characterized by conspicuous seismic and geological activities, while the geodynamic role of the fault in the accommodation of active convergence is still debated. This dissertation focuses on two aspects of brittle deformation (kinematics and rate of movement) along the Dasht-e Bayaz fault in order to describe and discuss the role of the fault in the geodynamics of the E-NE Iranian regions. Characterizing the Pliocene-Quaternary to present-day states of stress in the region, affected by the Dasht- e Bayaz fault, we applied the fault-slip inversion technique to both kinds of seismologic and geological fault slip data gathered around the Dasht-e Bayaz fault. The inversion results indicate a mean N045±5°E trending horizontal σ1 in the modern stress field, coherent with the present-day strike-slip tectonic regime (regional N050±05°E trending σ1) deduced from the inversion of earthquake focal mechanism data. The paleostress state is characterized by a homogeneous N125±05°E trending mean σ1, with a compressional stress regime, which shows that E-W faults of this region like Dasht-e Bayaz has been right-lateral in certain periods of their activity. Our mapping of fault intersection areas highlights the cross-cutting relationship between N-S dextral and E-W sinistral faults forming a typical coexisting crosswise to conjugate fault arrangement in the middle part and the eastern end of the Dasht-e Bayaz fault trace. The morphotectonic studies complemented by Cosmic Ray Exposure (CRE) dating of quartz clasts collected from abandoned Quaternary alluvial surfaces offset by the fault allowed determining the slip rate of the Dasht-e Bayaz fault at 0.9±0.14 mm/yr; this rate has been almost constant since ~160 ka. IV In view of geodynamics, lithospheric right-lateral shear between the Iranian plateau and fixed Eurasia is interrupted between 34°N and 36°N and is mainly replaced by reverse/thrust faulting before being accommodated, farther north, by dextral faulting along NNW faults of the Kopeh Dagh. According to our geodynamic model, the region between Lut and Kopeh Dagh is divided by the Doruneh fault into two tectonic domains. In the northern domain, active convergence is taken up by the extrusion of fault-bounded blocks while, in the southern domain the convergence is accommodated through E-W sinistral faults such as Dasht-e Bayaz and NW-striking reverse/thrust faults. In this context, the E- W sinistral faults are situated between NW striking reverse/thrust faults like the Ferdows, Jangal and Khaf as well as the eastern termination of Doruneh, playing their complementary role in the crustal shortening at the converging edges of the north going blocks of Lut – Central Iran. The different tectonic role of the Dasht-e Bayaz fault with respect to the Doruneh fault (as a major block bounding structure) is reflected in their rates of slip such that the Doruneh Fault slips, at least, five times faster than the Dasht-e Bayaz fault. Keywords: Lut block; morphotectonics; strike-slip faulting; state of stress; Arabia- Eurasia collision; cosmogenic nuclides; slip rate. Discipline: Géosciences de l’Environnement Laboratoire: CEREGE UMR 7330 Europôle de l’Arbois, BP 80 13545, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 4 V Remerciements Ayant accompli la fin de ce projet de recherche, j’ai le plaisir de pouvoir remercier toutes les personnes qui m’ont accompagné durant ce parcours. Ainsi, j’ai l’honneur de présenter mes remerciements aux collègues et aux professeurs envers qui je suis reconnaissant grâce à leur assistance et collaboration scientifique mais aussi aux amis et aux proches qui m’ont grandement aidé et soutenu. Premièrement, je remercie grandement Olivier Bellier et Esmaeil Shabanian mon directeur et co-directeur de thèse. Je remercie Olivier Bellier d’avoir accepté ce projet et de m'avoir fait confiance dans le cadre de ce travail de recherche. C’est grâce à l’encouragement et aux efforts de Esmaeil, un cher ami avec qui je partage beaucoup de beaux souvenirs depuis la jeunesse, que j’ai pu commencer ce travail et rencontrer Olivier. C’est grâce à eux, leur assistance et leur contribution scientifique que j’ai pu accomplir ce travail. Je dois avouer que cette coopération m’était une joie et un plaisir et ceci était dû à la relation professionnelle, communicative et collaborative que nous avons pu construire grâce à leurs soutiens et aides fournis en permanence. Ce travail ne serait pas possible sans la coopération et la collaboration de mes collègues et amis iraniens. De ce fait, je présente mes remerciements au Service Géologique National de l’Iran (GSI), mon lieu de travail pendant 19 ans.
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