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Your Paper's Title Starts Here Dual Rated Speeds Escalator in Rapid Transit System with Extended Ramping Up and Down KC Gan, LF Cai, SC Cheah, Hadi Wijaya, Melvyn Thong Land Transport Authority, Singapore Keywords: Dual rated speeds, automatic switching, rapid transit system, acceleration, ramping up, ramping down, vibration, jerkiness. Abstract. To cater for different needs of escalator operating speeds in rapid transit systems (i.e. higher rated speed of 0.75m/s during peak hours is for effective discharging of passengers while slower rated speed of 0.50m/s during off-peak hours is for elderly passengers), we have introduced the dual rated speed escalator. Conventionally, the switching between 2 rated speeds can be done either manually through a key switch or automatically when no passengers are detected on the escalators at pre-set timing. However, there is a possibility of not being able to change speed if there are constant passengers coming into the rapid transit station, taking the escalators. Therefore, this shortcoming will be overcome by setting up a schedule timetable to do the safe switching of escalator rated speeds with passengers riding on the escalators with extended ramping up and down without comprising any safety requirements. This paper presents the case studies conducted on an existing station where a performance–based approach was adopted. The timing for the speed ramping up/down between the 2 rated speeds has been increased to 30 seconds in order to reduce the acceleration which results in minimizing the acceleration (vibration) and the rate of change of this acceleration (jerk). The objective is to ensure that the passenger’s perception are imperceptible and do not experience any abnormal and sudden change of vibration and jerk during the switching of dual rated speeds with extended ramping up and down. 1 INTRODUCTION Rapid transit system (RTS) is the main mode of public transport in Singapore. The escalators at RTS stations are usually heavily utilized to bring in and discharge large amounts of passengers efficiently and safely. Currently, all escalators are designed and operated at the rated speed of 0.75m/s to meet the high travel demands during the morning and evening peak hours. In recent years, due to the ageing population in Singapore, statistics have revealed that the increase in escalator incidents in RTS stations are associated with elderly passengers due to their increased reaction time and poor understanding of the proper usage of escalators. Surveys conducted have also shown that elderly passengers are more comfortable with slower speed escalators. In order to accommodate the elderly passengers during off-peak hours while the high throughput (primary rated speed of 0.75m/s) is not required, a secondary rated speed of 0.5m/s is incorporated to operate the escalators during off-peak hours. Conventionally, switching between two rated speeds can be done either manually through a key switch or automatically when no passengers are detected on the escalator at pre-set timings. By leveraging on new technology, smooth and gradual acceleration and deceleration of escalators are achievable with more precise digital control for the safe automatic switching of speeds while passengers are still riding on the escalators. The purpose of this paper is to present the concept and philosophy behind the approach and share the implementation, technical challenges and results for the development of the first in the world 2-2 8th Symposium on Lift & Escalator Technologies automatic seamless switching between primary and secondary rated speeds with passenger riding on the escalator based on a scheduled timetable. 2 CONCEPT AND PHILOSOPHY The objective of the case studies is to quantify the measure of passenger’s perception on the effect of the escalator step acceleration (measured as vibration) in the forward horizontal direction (x-axis) and the rate of change of this acceleration (measured as jerk) [1] for the stability of the passengers on the escalator. An accelerometer is utilized to measure the passenger comfort during the escalator ride in accordance to ISO 18738-2 [2]. Following studies in this paper focus mainly on the x-axis as this is the domineering axis for vibration and jerk whereas the escalator step vibration and jerk along the y- axis and z-axis are well restricted by the escalator step chain, step track and up-lifting tracks. z x y Figure 1 The 3-axis of acceleration for the escalator step In accordance to SS626 [3] and EN 115-1 [4], escalators or moving walks which start or accelerate automatically by the entering of a passenger shall move with at least 0.2 times the nominal speed and then accelerate less than 0.5 m/s2. 2.1 Case study on speed ramping up by 3 seconds – Typical case from the standby speed of 0.2m/s (when no one is using escalator) to the rated speed of 0.75m/s An experiment was conducted on an escalator compliant to SS626 and EN 115-1, where measurements were taken at a rated speed of 0.75m/s as well as the measurements for the escalator speed ramping up from 0.2 m/s to 0.75m/s (within 3 seconds) with an acceleration of 0.18 m/s2. g - illi m Figure 2 Vibration of escalator step in the x-axis – speed of 0.75m/s Dual Rated Speeds Escalator in Rapid Transit System with Extended Ramping Up and Down 2-3 g - illi m Figure 3 Vibration of escalator step in the x-axis – ramping up from 0.2 m/s to 0.75m/s in 3 seconds (from 9 to 12s) Figure 4: Jerk of escalator step in the x-axis – speed of 0.75 m/s Figure 5 Jerk of escalator step in the x-axis – ramping up from 0.2m/s to 0.75 m/s in 3 seconds (from 9 to 12s) Table 1 Comparison of Average RMS (Vibration) and Jerk for the speed of 0.75m/s and the ramping up from 0.2 to 0.75m/s in 3s Average RMS (milli-g) Maximum Jerk (m/s3) Speed of 0.75 m/s 17.0 0.5 Ramping up from 0.2 14.8 1.1 m/s to 0.75 m/s From the above readings, the average RMS value, measuring vibration of the escalator step in the x- axis of the ramping up (3s) is slightly lower than the constant speed of 0.75m/s. This is expected as the slower speed at initial stage of ramping tends to have lesser vibration. However, from the jerk graph, it has showed that there is a maximum jerk of 1.1 m/s3 as compared to 0.5 m/s3. The maximum jerk (rate of change of vibration) of 1.1 m/s3 occurs when the speed ramping up starts. This implies that although the acceleration value of 0.18 m/s2 are within the limits stated in SS626 and EN115-1, there is a higher jerk value due to this acceleration within a 3 second timeframe. 2-4 8th Symposium on Lift & Escalator Technologies As every individual ability to balance would be different due to their physiology and psychology, therefore the increase in the jerk value may cause the passenger to feel uncomfortable or unbalanced [5]. 2.2 Case study on extended ramping up and down in 30 seconds for dual rated speeds of 0.75m/s and 0.50m/s The escalator is programmed with a scheduled time table to auto-switching over while passengers are riding on the escalators from a primary speed of 0.75m/s during peak hours to a secondary speed of 0.5m/s during the off peak hours and vice versa. The duration of ramping up and down is set to gradual change between the two rated speeds in 30 seconds. The capability of the variable speed drive is maximized to achieve this function. Theoretically, the acceleration/deceleration of the changeover from 0.5 m/s to 0.75 m/s and vice versa is worked out to be 0.0083m/s2. The aim is to ensure the effect (vibration and jerk) during auto- switching over of the escalator rated speeds is imperceptible to passengers while they are riding on the escalator. The measurements for the same escalator operating at different conditions are carried out: 1) Escalator rated speed of 0.5 m/s 2) Escalator rated speed of 0.75 m/s 3) Escalator ramping up speed from 0.5 m/s to 0.75m/s 4) Escalator ramping down speed from 0.75 m/s to 0.5 m/s g - illi m Figure 6 Vibration of escalator step in the x-axis – speed of 0.50m/s g - illi m Figure 7 Vibration of escalator step in the x-axis – speed of 0.75m/s g - illi m Figure 8 Vibration of escalator step in the x-axis – ramping up from 0.5 m/s to 0.75m/s in 30 seconds Dual Rated Speeds Escalator in Rapid Transit System with Extended Ramping Up and Down 2-5 g - illi m Figure 9 Vibration of escalator step in the x-axis – ramping down from 0.75 m/s to 0.5m/s in 30 seconds Table 2 Comparison of Average RMS (Vibration) under various operating conditions Average RMS (milli-g) Speed of 0.5 m/s 8.8 Speed of 0.75 m/s 17.0 Ramping up from 10.2 0.5 m/s to 0.75 m/s Ramping down from 16.0 0.75 m/s to 0.5 m/s From the vibration of escalator steps in the x-axis under various operating conditions, it was noted that the average RMS values of the step vibration during the escalator ramping up/down are within the limits of the escalator travelling at 0.75 m/s rated speed.
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