Commuin ICABLE DI SEASES STUDENT TEXT 1980
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Chapter 3 Bacterial and Viral Infections
GBB03 10/4/06 12:20 PM Page 19 Chapter 3 Bacterial and viral infections A mighty creature is the germ gain entry into the skin via minor abrasions, or fis- Though smaller than the pachyderm sures between the toes associated with tinea pedis, His customary dwelling place and leg ulcers provide a portal of entry in many Is deep within the human race cases. A frequent predisposing factor is oedema of His childish pride he often pleases the legs, and cellulitis is a common condition in By giving people strange diseases elderly people, who often suffer from leg oedema Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? of cardiac, venous or lymphatic origin. You probably contain a germ The affected area becomes red, hot and swollen (Ogden Nash, The Germ) (Fig. 3.1), and blister formation and areas of skin necrosis may occur. The patient is pyrexial and feels unwell. Rigors may occur and, in elderly Bacterial infections people, a toxic confusional state. In presumed streptococcal cellulitis, penicillin is Streptococcal infection the treatment of choice, initially given as ben- zylpenicillin intravenously. If the leg is affected, Cellulitis bed rest is an important aspect of treatment. Where Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of subcutaneous there is extensive tissue necrosis, surgical debride- tissues that, in immunologically normal individu- ment may be necessary. als, is usually caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. A particularly severe, deep form of cellulitis, in- ‘Erysipelas’ is a term applied to superficial volving fascia and muscles, is known as ‘necrotiz- streptococcal cellulitis that has a well-demarcated ing fasciitis’. This disorder achieved notoriety a few edge. -
Leprosy – Eliminated and Forgotten: a Case Report Shiva Raj K.C.1,5* , Geetika K.C.1, Purnima Gyawali2, Manisha Singh3 and Milesh Jung Sijapati4
K.C. et al. Journal of Medical Case Reports (2019) 13:276 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-019-2198-1 CASE REPORT Open Access Leprosy – eliminated and forgotten: a case report Shiva Raj K.C.1,5* , Geetika K.C.1, Purnima Gyawali2, Manisha Singh3 and Milesh Jung Sijapati4 Abstract Background: Leprosy is a disease that was declared eliminated in 2010 from Nepal; however, new cases are diagnosed every year. The difficulty arises when the presentation of the patient is unusual. Case presentation: In this case report we present a case of a 22-year-old Tamang man, from the Terai region of Nepal, with a clinical presentation of fever, malaise, and arthralgia for the past 2 weeks with hepatosplenomegaly and bilateral cervical, axillary, and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Features of chronic inflammation with elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 90 mm/hour and liver enzymes were noted. With no specific investigative findings, a diagnosis of Still’s disease was made and he was given prednisolone. On tapering the medication, after 2 weeks, the lymphadenopathy and fever reappeared. On biopsy of a lymph node, diagnosis of possible tuberculosis was made. On that basis anti-tuberculosis treatment category I was started. During his hospital stay, our patient developed nodular skin rashes on his shoulder, back, and face. The biopsy of a skin lesion showed erythema nodosum leprosum and he was diagnosed as having lepromatous leprosy with erythema nodosum leprosum; he was treated with anti-leprosy medication. Conclusion: An unusual presentations of leprosy may delay its prompt diagnosis and treatment; thus, increasing morbidity and mortality. -
Lepromatous Leprosy Simulating Sweet Syndrome
ISSN: 2469-5750 Zemmez et al. J Dermatol Res Ther 2018, 4:056 DOI: 10.23937/2469-5750/1510056 Volume 4 | Issue 1 Journal of Open Access Dermatology Research and Therapy CASE REPORT Lepromatous Leprosy Simulating Sweet Syndrome Youssef Zemmez1*, Ahmed Bouhamidi1, Salwa Belhabib2, Rachid Frikh1, Mohamed Boui1 1 and Naoufal Hjira Check for updates 1Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Mohammed V Military Training Hospital, Rabat, Morocco 2Department of Pathological Anatomy, Mohammed V Military Training Hospital, Rabat, Morocco *Corresponding author: Youssef Zemmez, Department of Dermatology-Venereology, Mohammed V Military Training Hospital, Rabat, Morocco, Tel: 0658150805, E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Leprosy or Hansen's disease is an infection by Mycobac- terium leprae (M. leprae), whose prevalence has consid- erably decreased since the application of the new anti-lep- rosy strategies advocated since 1982 by the World Health Organization (WHO). However, in the endemic countries several cases of leprosy are reported annually. We report a clinical case of lepromatous leprosy revealed by dissemi- nated maculopapular lesions simulating a Sweet syndrome highlighting the importance of knowing how to evoke this diagnosis in patients from endemic areas. Keywords Lepromatous leprosy, Rash, Sweet syndrome Introduction Lepromatous leprosy is generally manifested by Figure 1: a) Maculopapular erythematous lesions of the non-inflammatory lesions, hypochromic macules, and face; b) Papulonodular erythematous lesions in forearms progressive erythematous papulo-nodules. We report and hands. an observation of lepromatous leprosy in a 62-year-old patient from rural Morocco who was diagnosed with abdomen (Figure 2a and Figure 2b). The neurological maculopapular lesions. examination showed hypoesthesia in gloves and socks, with bilateral hypertrophy of the ulnar nerve. -
Lepromatous Leprosy with Erythema Nodosum Leprosum Presenting As
Lepromatous Leprosy with Erythema Nodosum Leprosum Presenting as Chronic Ulcers with Vasculitis: A Case Report and Discussion Anny Xiao, DO,* Erin Lowe, DO,** Richard Miller, DO, FAOCD*** *Traditional Rotating Intern, PGY-1, Largo Medical Center, Largo, FL **Dermatology Resident, PGY-2, Largo Medical Center, Largo, FL ***Program Director, Dermatology Residency, Largo Medical Center, Largo, FL Disclosures: None Correspondence: Anny Xiao, DO; Largo Medical Center, Graduate Medical Education, 201 14th St. SW, Largo, FL 33770; 510-684-4190; [email protected] Abstract Leprosy is a rare, chronic, granulomatous infectious disease with cutaneous and neurologic sequelae. It can be a challenging differential diagnosis in dermatology practice due to several overlapping features with rheumatologic disorders. Patients with leprosy can develop reactive states as a result of immune complex-mediated inflammatory processes, leading to the appearance of additional cutaneous lesions that may further complicate the clinical picture. We describe a case of a woman presenting with a long history of a recurrent bullous rash with chronic ulcers, with an evolution of vasculitic diagnoses, who was later determined to have lepromatous leprosy with reactive erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Introduction accompanied by an intense bullous purpuric rash on management of sepsis secondary to bacteremia, Leprosy is a slowly progressive disease caused by bilateral arms and face. For these complaints she was with lower-extremity cellulitis as the suspected infection with Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae). seen in a Complex Medical Dermatology Clinic and source. A skin biopsy was taken from the left thigh, Spread continues at a steady rate in several endemic clinically diagnosed with cutaneous polyarteritis and histopathology showed epidermal ulceration countries, with more than 200,000 new cases nodosa. -
Leprosy' Revi"Ew
LEPROSY' REVI"EW lbe QD8rterIy Publication of THE BRITISH LEPROSY RELIEF ASSOCIAll0N VOL. XXVIII. No 3. JULY 1957 Principal Contents EditoriaIs Secondary Infections and Neoplasms in Leprosy Patients. Leprosy of the Eye. Thiosemicarbazone in the Treatment of the Reactional and Bordeline Forms of Leprosy. Some Data on the Influence of B.C.G. Vaccination in Leprosy Patients. Abstracts 8 PORTMAN STREET, LONDON, W.l Price: Three Shillings and Sixpence, plus posfage Annual Subscripfion: Fiffeen Shillings, including posfage LEPROSY REVIEW VOL. XXVIII, No. 3. JULY, 1957 CONTENTS PAGE Editorials: Corticosteroids in Leprosy 91 Is there a place for hypnotherapy in leprosy treatment? 92 Secondary Infections and Neoplasms in Leprosy Patients FELIX CONTRERAS 95 Leprosy of the Eye .. W. ]. HOLMES 108 Thiosemicarbazone in the Treatment of the Reactional and Borderline Forms of Leprosy H. W. WHEATE 124 Some Data on the Influence of BCG Vaccination in Leprosy Patients ]. VAN DE HEYNING 130 Abstracts 131 Edited by DR. J. Ross INNES, Medical Secretary of the British Leprosy Relief Association, 8 Portman Street, London, W.l, to whom all communications should be sent. The Association does not accept responsibilty for views expressed by writers. Contributors of original articles will receive 25 loose reprints free, but more formal bound reprints must be ordered at time of submitting the article, and the cost reimbursed later. THE ONE DOSE REMEDY , ANTEPAR ' is such a simple and practical ascarifuge, it enables you to tackle tbe roundworm problem on a large scale. You simply givc each adult or child onc dosc of 'A TEPAR' }!'Iixir. 0 purging, fasting or dieling is necessary. -
Lepromatous Leprosy Masquerading As Rhinophyma
International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Krishna S et al. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015 Jul;1(1):34-36 http://www.ijorl.com pISSN 2454-5929 | eISSN 2454-5937 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20150585 Case Report Lepromatous leprosy masquerading as rhinophyma 1 1 1 2 Sowmyashree Krishna *, Malcolm Pinto , Manjunath Mala Shenoy , Mahesh SG 1 Department of Dermatology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India 2Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Received: 26 May 2015 Accepted: 24 June 2015 *Correspondence: Dr. Sowmyashree Krishna, E-mail: [email protected] Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Leprosy a major global health problem, especially in the developing world, is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy has a predilection to with cooler areas of the body. Lepromatous leprosy presents with varied manifestations like nodules, cervical lymphadenitis, hyperpigmented patches and other presentations which can mimic various other diseases and pose a diagnostic challenge in endemic areas. We report a case presenting with nodular infiltration of the nose mimicking rhinophyma who presented with faint reddish swelling over the nose which progressed to nodular infiltration. There was bilateral symmetrical thickening of nerves following which diagnosis was confirmed by slit skin smear and the patient was started on multibacillary multidrug therapy. -
Histopathological Study of Dermal Granuloma Gunvanti B
https://ijmsweb.com Indian Journal of Medical Sciences Original Article Histopathological study of dermal granuloma Gunvanti B. Rathod1, Pragnesh Parmar2 1Departments of Pathology, 2Forensic Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India. ABSTRACT Introduction: The objectives of this study were to confirm the diagnosis of clinically suspected dermal granuloma- tous diseases by histopathological examination and by routine and special stains as well as to study the incidence of various types of dermal granulomas. *Corresponding author: Materials And Methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Pathology in collaboration with De- partment of Skin and Venereal disease. A total of 90 cases from outdoor patient department of skin and venereal Dr. Gunvanti Rathod, disease, which were clinically diagnosed as suspected dermal granulomatous diseases, were taken as the study Departments of Pathology, population. GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India. Results: In our study, we found that leprosy had the highest incidence (50%), followed by cutaneous tuberculosis (30%) among all dermal granulomatous diseases like syphilis, fungal, granuloma annulare, foreign body, actino- [email protected] mycosis, and sarcoidosis. Dermal granulomas were most common in middle age between 21 and 40 years of age. Received : 18 September 19 Conclusion: Histopathology played an important role in the final diagnosis of dermal granulomatous lesions. Most common dermal granulomatous disease was leprosy, followed by cutaneous tuberculosis. -
Drug Delivery Systems on Leprosy Therapy: Moving Towards Eradication?
pharmaceutics Review Drug Delivery Systems on Leprosy Therapy: Moving Towards Eradication? Luíse L. Chaves 1,2,*, Yuri Patriota 2, José L. Soares-Sobrinho 2 , Alexandre C. C. Vieira 1,3, Sofia A. Costa Lima 1,4 and Salette Reis 1,* 1 Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (A.C.C.V.); slima@ff.up.pt (S.A.C.L.) 2 Núcleo de Controle de Qualidade de Medicamentos e Correlatos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, Brazil; [email protected] (Y.P.); [email protected] (J.L.S.-S.) 3 Laboratório de Tecnologia dos Medicamentos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, Brazil 4 Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.L.C.); shreis@ff.up.pt (S.R.) Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 4 December 2020; Published: 11 December 2020 Abstract: Leprosy disease remains an important public health issue as it is still endemic in several countries. Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, presents tropism for cells of the reticuloendothelial and peripheral nervous system. Current multidrug therapy consists of clofazimine, dapsone and rifampicin. Despite significant improvements in leprosy treatment, in most programs, successful completion of the therapy is still sub-optimal. Drug resistance has emerged in some countries. This review discusses the status of leprosy disease worldwide, providing information regarding infectious agents, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, actual treatment and future perspectives and strategies on targets for an efficient targeted delivery therapy. -
Histopathological Study of Granulomatous Dermatoses - a 2 Year Study at a Tertiary Hospital
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Histopathological Study of Granulomatous Dermatoses - A 2 Year Study at a Tertiary Hospital Velpula Nagesh Kumar1*, Kotta. Devender Reddy2**, N Ezhil Arasi3** 1Tutor, 2Associate Professor, 3Professor & Head, *Department of Pathology, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Govt. Medical Collage, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh. **Department of Pathology, Osmania Medical Collage, Hyderabad, Telangana. Corresponding Author: Velpula Nagesh Kumar Received: 14/07/2016 Revised: 10/08/2016 Accepted: 11/08/2016 ABSTRACT Granulomatous inflammation is a type of chronic inflammation that has distinctive pattern of presentation with wide etiology and can involve any organ. Pathologists come across this lesion frequently and through knowledge of granulomatous lesions are very much essential to discriminate them from other lesions in the skin as they closely mimic each other. The aim of the present study is know the types of dermal granulomas, their prevalence, age and sex distribution, modes of presentation and histopathological spectrum. This prospective study was undertaken at Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad from June 2012 to May 2014. A total of 620 skin biopsies were received at the Department of Pathology, histopathological sections of all the cases were critically analyzed and were classified on a “pattern based” approach according to Rabinowitz and Zaim et al. 172 cases were categorized histopathologically as granulomatous dermatoses. Granulomatous dermatoses were more common in males and the peak age of incidence was in 3rd decade. Incidence of Granulomatous dermatoses was 27.7% which was comparable with available literature. In the present study we found that Infections form an important cause of granulomatous dermatoses with majority of cases being leprosy followed by cutaneous tuberculosis and foreign body granulomas. -
Leprosy in Refugees and Migrants in Italy and a Literature Review of Cases Reported in Europe Between 2009 and 2018
microorganisms Article Leprosy in Refugees and Migrants in Italy and a Literature Review of Cases Reported in Europe between 2009 and 2018 Anna Beltrame 1,* , Gianfranco Barabino 2, Yiran Wei 2, Andrea Clapasson 2, Pierantonio Orza 1, Francesca Perandin 1 , Chiara Piubelli 1 , Geraldo Badona Monteiro 1, Silvia Stefania Longoni 1, Paola Rodari 1 , Silvia Duranti 1, Ronaldo Silva 1 , Veronica Andrea Fittipaldo 3 and Zeno Bisoffi 1,4 1 Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, I.R.C.C.S. Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Sempreboni 5, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy; [email protected] (P.O.); [email protected] (F.P.); [email protected] (C.P.); [email protected] (G.B.M.); [email protected] (S.S.L.); [email protected] (P.R.); [email protected] (S.D.); [email protected] (R.S.); zeno.bisoffi@sacrocuore.it (Z.B.) 2 Dermatological Clinic, National Reference Center for Hansen’s Disease, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Sistema Sanitario Regione Liguria, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico per l’Oncologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy; [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (A.C.) 3 Oncology Department, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research I.R.C.C.S., Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milano, Italy; vafi[email protected] 4 Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona, P.le L. A. Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-045-601-4748 Received: 30 June 2020; Accepted: 23 July 2020; Published: 24 July 2020 Abstract: Leprosy is a chronic neglected infectious disease that affects over 200,000 people each year and causes disabilities in more than four million people in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. -
LEARNING from LEPROSY Be Enjoyed by 50%Of the Urbanpopulation, but Only 15% Monoclonal Anti-Interferon (IFN)-Y Antibodies
0022- 1767/86/137 1 -0OOiSO2.00/0 THEJOURNAL OF 1MMUNOLoGY Vol. 137. No. 1. July 1, I986 Copyright 0 1986 by The American Association of Immunol~lsts Prlnted In U.S.A. American Associationof Immunologists PRESIDENTIALADDRESS LEARNINGFROM LEPROSY:A PERSPECTIVE ONIMMUNOLOGY AND THE THIRDWORLD BARRY R. BLOOM From the Departmentsof Microbiology and Immunology. andCell Biology, Albert Einstein Collegeof Medicine. Bronx,NY 10461 "If we take the widest and wisest view of a Cause. there is no such thingas a Lost Cause, because there is no such thingas a Gained Cause. We fight for Lost Causes because we know that our defeat and dismay may be the preface to our successors' victory, although that victory itself will be temporary; we fi ht rather to keep somethning alive than in the expectation t fl at anything will triumph. "T.S. Eliot "A Map of the World Without Utopia on It Is not Worth Glancing At." "Oscar Wilde Let mebegin with a case history. notof an individual. tussis,tetanus, tuberculosis, polio, and measles, and but ratherof a country. any of the fortypoorest nations consequently 0.5%of them became lame from polio, 1% on earth. Let me ask you to try to imagine our qualityof died from neonatal tetanus. 2% succumbedto whooping life, if life expectancy at birth in this countrywere 42 yr. cough. and 3%died from measles. We would be living in if infant mortality at birth were 140 per thousand.if 40% a country whose average gross national product per cap- of our children suffered from malnutrition. and if only ita would be $310/yr: in which 37% of males, but only 10%of children were immunized against diphtheria, per-14% of females, would be literate. -
Infectious Diseases of the Philippines
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE PHILIPPINES Stephen Berger, MD Infectious Diseases of the Philippines - 2013 edition Infectious Diseases of the Philippines - 2013 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2013 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN-13: 978-1-61755-582-4 ISBN-10: 1-61755-582-7 Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER: Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content: Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or etiologic grouping (Coltiviruses - Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application.