BONDINGz A UNITARY PROCESS? To those whose term on the Executive Board ended with this issue, 1. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, William McGrew, William Charlesworth, and Cheryl Travis, I am certain that the entire membership is grateful for the vital roles you have played in the founding of ISHE! It is with equivalent enthusiasm that we welcome our new Board members: Michael McGuire, Esther Ian Uine, and Ronald Weigel. They will serve for two years, overlapping in 1982 with Robert Adams, Gordon Burghardt, En Fa.ce Mut..uat Gaze Wade Mackey, and Gai 1 Zivin. Committee aSSignments will be especially easy this time since most of our Board members are already serving in some capaCity. It seems fitting that we ask Michael McGuire to chair the committee for term requesting simultaneously that Bill Charlesworth and I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt NEWSLETTER continue to give us the benefit of their experience. Gail Zivin and Ron Weigel have their work cut out for them with .IClfVi 8. LllCKMD.. EDl TCft VOLUME 3 l.HlVER8IlY Of VASHIHGTOH the upcoming international meeting in Atlanta. Bob Adams Rfif(Qt, 1562 ISSUE 5 6EATTLE, WAOOIHGTDi 98195 will continue to handle our recent literature section, Wade Mackey our human ethology abstracts, and Gordon Burghardt our membership. If Esther Thelen would take over the nominations committee and if Ian Uine, with Bill McGrew's 18. .E..!::..a§. EQB. SPRIHG I continued help, would be willing to spearhead the European theater of our book review committee, then all immediate tasks would be covered. The masthead of this issue is flying the topiC for our next I have asked Nick Blurton-Jones to coordinate the responses. An elaboration of the question is given in the section SPRING rORUM.

Please your set. If you can read the. small print with relative ease, we have just saved a third of the production and mailing costs of our newsletter. A long term solution' is not as simple. We will grapple with this issue I would like to take this opportunity to thank four at our Annual Meeting but do react now if this test is not individuals whose help and donated time in the production of to your liking. Your encouragement and comments since the the newsletter have been invaluable: editorial assistant, last issue have been greatly appreciated and the suggested Laurie Peterson; scientific programmer, Douglas Kalk; and solutions do leave us alternatives: artists Jocelyn Penner and James Congdon. "I am of the opinion that dues be doubled (to S1B.B0) The past 12 months have seen a momentum to our Society that and if pOSSible, have the newsletter prepared by the editor is truly exciting. The anxieties of a new science have and sent off to a publisher for printing and mailing. Not given way to the challenge of the task ahead, with a feeling because it would look better (that 'handmade touch' has of comradery impossible in larger organizations. I wish to always been a hit with me) but because it will give the extend my appreciation to all those members whose editor time to betwf>en issues." -- Brian Gladue contributions to the newsletter and active participation in 1981 allowed this prognosis.

1 2 HUMAN ETHOLOGY March. 1982

"1) I think the newsletter is Ifancyl or Iprofessional l newsletter so that printing and mailing costs would be enough as you produce it. 2) I don·t think that dues should reduced. You might impose a 16-page limit on the present be raised. Rather we should begin to be selective and format. We could also impose an increase in foreign perhaps shorten treatment of some topiCS to keep costs membership fees to cover the extra postage for airmail within bUdget. 3) Anything for a particular researcher costs ... if people donlt want airmail, they could just wait (such as an enclosed questionnaire) should always be paid for regUlar surface mail and get their newsletter later, We for (postage. printing. etc.) by that researcher. 4) I could also plan to increase the dues to about 57.0e for recommend that we !UU. start publishing manuscripts." -- 1983." -- Cheryl Travis. Je anne Altmann

"Regarding the question of publishing. if it is simply a matter of fOrmat (and of $$)1 then the present style is Iill §Y..!g QE. ALTRUISM I perfectly adequate. If it involves excessive burden on the editor. then you have a very good reason for seeking an outside publisher." -- Ron Dare Since the last newsletter, several members have given gift subscriptions of the Human Ethology Newsletter to their "Regarding the newsletter: Either option is fine. Do university library or to their friends. This is a neat way Whatever is easiest for you as editor." Bill McGrew to expand interest in our Society and increase memberShip. To help in this mutually beneficial please forward "Regarding Newsletter Bluesl maybe it is time to have a the attached Library Recommendation rorm to your more professional final prOduct. Outside publishing might Institution's library. a good idea. I'm willing to pay more. HEN is currently one of my best buys." -- Gary Mitchell "To answer briefly the question of dues and publishing: [HaIR rEATHERS EbQQK TOGETHER r rrom the beginning of the newsletterl I had the feeling that the 55.09 covered just the stamps. Also I think that the foreign members should have to pay more than the American. Wolfgang M. Schleidt sent the following remarks in reference I like the typewritten version of the newsletter very to A EENCHMARK?, a discussion in the December, 1981 HEN on much... I prefer a semi- confidential edition to a printed incremental changes and/or giant steps. one. But you have the work and you have to say what is easiest for you." -- Etienne Colomb "George Oster of Berkeley may be offbase in his example that feathers require the process of evagination. "I suspect we would have to raise the fee considerably while hair requires invagination.' I amI by training, a more if the newsletter were printed 'professionally'. It comparative morphologist, and at that time was taught that Would probably be less expensive to just raise the feel feathers are homologous to scales, and hair grows between maybe to S7.Se-S1B.BBI and let you keep doing it. How much sc a I es I and is a new structure. A great (gr and?) unc 1e of is it currently costing to prepare an issue?" William minel Josef Schleidt, published some studies at the turn of Bailey the century. and I assume these still hold. If you know George Oster you may tell him to find out about this. He "Sorry about the financial difficulties for the may look for a better example (if there is one). I assume newsletter. I noted that postage was charged IFirst Class.' he means mammalian hair. Birds Imake' hair from feathers; Not only would ·Printed Matter l save, you may look int-o so, 'hair' of birds and 'hair l of mammals is an analogous non-profit organization mailing rates." WOlfgang M. structure I not homologous. Schleidt By the way, the same argument was made years ago "I'm sorry to hear about the financial difficulties of against the theory that middle ear bones are homologous to the newsletter... One option would be to mail the fish jaW-joint. Relatively recently some f05Sii evidence newsletter at a bulk rate .•• Some issues might necessarily was presented of some beasts which had a dual linkagel one have to go first class, like the ballot, for example. behind the other,"a kind of Imissing link·," Another possibility is to shorten the length of the

3 4 HUMAN ETHOLOGY 1982

J. Uber Fruhstadien der Entwicklung von Schuppe physiological changes akin to depression. und [On early stages in the development of scale and feather.] Archiu fur Mikroskopische Anatomie, How. in 2S words or less: (1) What is (2) Is it Uol. Abt. I (fur vergleichende und experimentelle similar for all age/sex classifications? (3) What are its Histologie una Entwicklungsgeschichte), pp. 118-129, proximal mechanisms? and (4) Is separation an antithetical 1913. process'? Ainsworth, M.D.S., S.H. Attachment, exploration and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of lE..Q.B!!!! REACT ION I one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Dev., 49-67.

Ainsworth, M.D.S .• Bell, S.M" and Slayton. D.J. In M.P.N. "I truly appreciated the Kortlandt definition of human Richards (Ed.) The Integration Child into Social ethology

The topic for consideration is whether bonding is a unitary process in which mutual gaze and fondling (in the Klaus and I WINTER FORUM: I..!:!..i..§.. Kennell 1975, 1976) result in similar hormonal (emotional) changes, be it between parent- offspring or potential mates. This question may be meaningfully asked This forum is the first of probably seueral in the future only if there is consensus as to the definition of the term that will attempt to determine the value of applying human and in what way (if any> it differs from the concept of ethology to other disciplines. The forum question posed in attachment (e.g .• Ainsworth. 1974; Bowlby, 1958, our September. 1981 newsletter by Thomas Wlegele and Roger 1969). The SUbject is further complicated if we address the Masters was: likelihood of "sensitive periOds" and the measures by which we may adequately assess their chronic effects, if any. And How can human ethology illuminate the stUdy of politics? finally, so as not to leave any room for an understatement of the breadth of this inqUiry, is it then possible that The following responses (one is a letter to the editor "separation" in a bonded pair lat any age) results In other and the others dre excerpts from books and meeting

5 6 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER March, 1982 . presentations) provide an interesting mix opinion CLARA B. JONES regarding the influence of ethology on political science. FROM: Letter to Joan S. Lockard, September 28, 1981. We thank Thomas and Roger for taking the time to assemble this collection. "Regarding the Fall rorum topic, 'How can human e tho logY 4 ill umin ate the stud Y 0 f pol i tics? ' itse ems tome that has been implicitly and expllcity CAROL BARNER-BARRY approached In each issue of the Human Ethology Newsletter, FROM: Longitudinal observational research and the study of including 3:3, 1981 in Charlesworth's and Masters' basic forms of political socialization. In: Meredith responses to the Washburn review and in Nye's letter). I W. Watts (Ed) Biopolitics: Ethologicai and Physiological also think that the discussions may reflect a general Perspectives. ("New Directions for Methodology of Social ambivalence if not confusion about what 'human ethology' is. and Behavioral Science") vol. 7, pp. 51-52.. San I think I 'hear' writers saying that they are unclear about Jossey-Bass, 1981. whether 'human ethology' and 'human " are the same discipline. "Observat i on ill rese arch is no tatechn i que that has received very wide use among political scientists. Since As Tinbergen and others have pointed out, 'ethologists' the inception Of contemporary empirical work in political have a 'commitment' (see Charlesworth) to apply Darwinian science, the major data-gathering technique has been survey theory to the analysis of behavior. If it is possible to research. This is understandable, since surveys allow the separate 'ethology' and 'sociobiology' along scholastic researcher to collect large amounts of data from numerous lines, I think it can only be done by viewing 'human respondents in a relatively short period of time. Also.. it ethology' as the study of 'species-typical' behavior is a reasonable way of stUdying questions that involve patterns ('derived" and the like.. in the attitudes and information about political classical sense), generally viewed from a level above the phenomena. One weakness of survey research, however, has individual; While 'human sociobiology" would necessarily been its inability to generate reliable information on view behavior from the individual level of analysis Cintra- actual political behavior. At best, the researcher can get and inter-popUlational) and in its interactional context data on reported behavior--either the behavior of the (neither being necessary from an ethological perspective). informant or the behavior of persons known to the informant. Observational research, conversely, is well suited to the Human ethologists are not, in my view, stUdying 'man's stUdy of actual political behavior; the researcher (or his cultural achievements'

7 8 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER 1982 think that attempts by primate ethologists and been called the 'biological revoJution'--and notably the sociobiologists for measure genetic (via extraordinary advances in molecular biology and electrophoresis or 'heritability' measures. for example) and biochemistry--have contributed to a renewed interest in the phenotypic-behavioral correlations; to clarify how biological sciences. Moreover, it was George Gaylord communication Signals may 'converge' between genotypes (cum Simpson ... an exponent of the neD-Darwinian rsynthetic' Moynihan); to study how the same signals may be employed in theory of evolution rather than an ethologist or biochemist, different contexts (Moynihan, again); to investigate how who asserted that 'biology... and no longer mathematics, is individuals, and/or genotypic or phenotypic mutualSr might now the queen of the sc·iences.' 'jam' the transmission systems of conspecifics to their own advantages; to assess the extent to which individuals There are, it might be added, numerous considerations (genotypes) can 'mimic' varying cultural patterns to their which converge to support this epistemological and own advantage (see Moynihan on mimicry'); and, to methodological shift. Like biolagy--and unlike classical assess the extent to which the' biostatistics of 'culturgens' physics--the social sciences stUdy poculations of organisms indeed, is so fine-grained) may be a function that Change over time. Like biology--and unlike classical of the biostatistics of Mendelian genetics stand in my physics--time is an essentially irreversible variable of view, as primary issues to the ultimate decisive importance in most of the phenomena analyzed by significance of behavioral systems, including belief political scientists. Like biology--and unlike classical systems. phySics--the perfectly controlled experiment is difficult if not impossible in political science. Like biology--and Most important to incorporate into 'human ethology#' I unlike classical physics--some form of technological or is the 'SOCiobiological' issue: How does behavior functional reasoning seems inherent in political life. (regardless of its degree of genetic canalization) serve an Finally, like biology--and unlike classical individual's genetic self-interests? I hope that in the physics--political science stUdies complex systems (human Human Ethology Newsletter we might address ways in which societies) which are self-replicating organizations of suCh concerns might be formalized." information. If nothing else, the convergence between biology and what has come to be called 'structuralism' in. anthropology and lingUistics suggests the importance of the ROGER O. MASTERS parallels between biological and social science. FROM: The impact of ethology on political science. In: Albert Somit (Ed) Biolog4 and Politics. The Hague: Mouton, It can be argued, however. that the widespread interest 1976, pp 198-199. in and respect for biology would not in itself have led political scientists to take a biologist like Simpson "from the first serious attempts to create a rigorous seriously when he asserted: '1 am content to define the science of politics in the sense (as distinct from an social scienes as those branches of biology dealing With 'art' or 'philosophy' of it seems fair to say org an isms th at have 1 angu age· . Rather, the emergence of that the prevalent model of i true science has been either ethology as a SUb-field of biology devoted to the mathematics or physics. Among political theorists, from the comparative stUdy of animal behavior, and especially its mechanism of Hobbes and eighteenth century philosophers like popUlarization by authors who included human behavior in Helvetius to the nineteenth century positiVism of Comte, their comparisons, has apparently encouraged many social physics increasingly became the standard of what would be scientists to consider more seriously the kinship of their scientific in a science of politics. Indeed, one eighteenth disciplines to biology ... century group which pretended to have formulated a science of politics--the physiocrats--symbolizes this tradition in Whatever the theories or empirical propositions that its very name ... political scientists may borrow or derive from ethology. thiS shift in perspective may have exceptionally profound Although the stUdy of ethology and lts application to effects on the discipline. At the risk of using a word human behavior has not been the only factor in challenging rendered trite by overusel at this level it is entirely this attitude. the popularized works of Robert Ardrey, pOSSible that political science is in the process of what Konrad Lorenz, and Desmond Morris have reflected a movement Kuhn called a chan.ge of paradigm." from physics to biology as the scientific model to which political science should aspire. To be what has often

9 18 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER March. 1982

GLENDON SCHUBERT what already is systematic knowledge about the political f"ROM: "Ethological Politics." Paper presented at Symposium behavior of humans." on Ethological Approaches to the StUdy of Politics. Annual Meeting of American Association for the Advancement of Science. Washington. D.C. (.January 6,1982), pp. 13-14. ALBERT SOMIT FROM: Introduction. In: Albert Somit

A few recent examples could be cited of attempts to JOHN WAHLKE contemporary political behavior utilizing f"ROM: "Some Notes on Biology and the StUdy of POlitics." ethological theory and methods; but the surface has barely Paper presented to the Seth Anniversary Meeting of the been scratched in work done to date in relation to what Canadian Political Science Association, May 1978. would need to be attempted were political scientists generally to begin to taking ethology seriously. And "How ... can ethology be of any use to pOlitical although a few examples can be cited of attempts scientists? Two different strategies suggest themselves. by primatologists to understand the social structure of One proceedS from the evolutionary inter-relationships among simians in political such work has been undertaken so liuing creatures essentially by analogy. It seems obVious far with only the barest genuflection in the direction of that any generalization applicable to all primates, or to the presumption that political science does not necessarily all vertebrates; or to any other whole taxonomic class Which represent a completely species-specific body of knowledge. lncludes our species must facto apply somehow to human In short; political scientists need to know a great deal behavior also. Without observation and careful stUdy of more ethology before their observational research can humans. but by reasoning from analogy to the observed begin to test the hypotheSis that human biology nas an behaviors of cognate species which have been we can important effect upon human behavior. And ethologists make valid statements about humans. This entails USing interested in the POlitical behavior of other social animals various ethologic'al concepts as 'templates.' so to speak. ought to feel obliged to acquaint themselves better with against which to compare human behvior in a search for

- < ""'-". 11 12 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER March, 1982 mani/estations Of analogous or homologous behavior. That Jossey-Bass, 1981. is, the record of human behavior is searched for instances of territorial behavior, bonding practices, male dominance "The synthetic biopolitics refers to an interstitial behaviors, and any others which may be of interest and known discipline With an identifiable set of £ntellectual to occur among related speCies. This, to put the matter concerns, methodological interests, and a grOWing number of over-simply, is essentially the procedure followed in most scholars. Where, in the period from 1963 to 1969, there was of the popularized works approaching human behavior a total of 21 written documents clearly in the biopoliticaJ ethologically-- Ardrey, Morris. and, to a considerable tradition, there were 91 in 1976-1974 and 176 between 1975 extent, Lorenz. for example. and 1979. One Of the first papers appeared in 1964. and reviews of the literaure have appeared every few years since From the standpoint of ethology, such a strategy may be then. Those interested in the area. though hardly justifiable. But it is not very appropriate for political identifiable with sociobiology per se, have been noticed and scientists, who, political are interested picketed by the critics of -- a rare tribute to not in the grand total Of all human behavior or the sum the imagined or predicted impact Perhaps total of all facts in human history. but in political and most important, there has emerged in the biopolitical governmental phenomena. The strategy of lifting concepts literature a recognition that it is time for the rigorous out of the general body of ethological literature in hopes development of empirical research. The appearance of the of finding analogues for them in human behavior ••• is not a first biopolitics text is another Sign of grOWing Vigor ... set of directions for stUdying and explaining observed variations or uni/ormities in politically relevant human Common to all the (work) in this [field] is an interest but a vague charge to go out and find some in the evolutionary history and the biological substrate of jependent variables to describe. Abraham Kaplan's warning human sociopolitical behavior. It is by no means implied against succumbing to 'the law of the hammer' is well known. that any of these phenomena can be reduced to purely The strategy of inqUiry just described might by analogy be biological concepts. In fact, it is not argued that any of described as succumbing to 'the law of the concept.' these phenomena is biologically determined; one needs only to accept that there is a biological component and that A more effective strategy, therefore, is to begin social behavior has biological parameters. This minimal inqUiry (as Kaplan recommended) with genuine pUZZlement, acceptance is all that is needed for general social confessed ignorance, about some noteworthy set of political scientists to be able to take notice of these developments events or phenomena, with genUine curiosity about 'What in and consider their possible contributions. hell is gOing on here?' Then, accepting as hard knowledge the most general ethological principle that the problematic Biopolitics does not attempt to displace any existing or pUZZling behavior can be 'unpacked' for stUdy by approach but rather to prOVide the social sciences with the discovering to what extent programmed, fixed action patterns theoretical and empirical richness of the life sciences are involved in it and how one can formulate working perspective. Its success will very likely be determined, hypotheses as first apprOXimations to explanation. And not by the displacement of some current approaCh, but from then. of course. one must design and conduct empirical integration With contemporary and conventional usage. For research to test more specific and manageable research example, if we assume that humans are both rational, hypotheses derived from that. In sum, political scientists cognitive creatures and biological entities with appetites can do better by beginning with a provocative explanadum and anu needs, then the integration of biological wth cognitive, proceeding logically to work out the explanans than by going phenomenological, and behavioral perspectives lS more than a the other way round, i.e., by starting out with an homiletics -- it is a theoretical and empirical probability. explanation of something-or-other in hand to look for something that it might explain." THOMAS C. WIEGELE FROM: Biopolitics: Search for More Human Political MEREDITH W. WATTS Science. Boulder, Co 10. : Westview Press, 1979, FROM: Editor's notes and introduction. In: Meredith pp. 146,148. w. Watts (Ed) Biopolitics: Ethogical and PhySiological Perspectives. ("Hew Directions for Methodology of Social "Ethology has given us many useful organizing concepts ana Behavioral Science") vol. 7,_ pp. 1.11. San Francisco: including territoriality, bonding. imprinting. and

13 14 HUMAN ETHOLOGY March, 1982 ritualized behavior. Ethology also has the powerful It seems to me unwise at 'this time for political advantage that many of its insights have grown out OT a theDrists to commit themselves unreservedly to one comparative perspective on animal behavior... [However.] particular version of evolutionary theory. Biologists who the most productve avenues for the political scientist to mutually agree on the reality and fundamental significance exploit in developing a more operationally comprehensive of the evolutionary process still disagree on many important definition of human naure [may] lie in the life sciences points of interpretation. However, I do regard it as that are devoted exclusively to the study of man. The perfectly legitimate to consider SOciobiological bodies of knowledge that have dealt with the human organism speCUlations about human evolution and attempt to discern directly and empirically include medicine. some of their potential implications, as long as the psychopharmacology, neuroanatomy, biochemistry, provisional and exploratory nature of this kind of thinking epidemiology, human biology, psychophysiology, human is clearly understood. If one desires to theorize within physiology, human endocrinology and behavioral ecology. the boundaries of empirical science, there is no choice but Each of these is a significant- discipline in its own right: to attempt to develop an evolutionary conception 0; human each has focused on the human speciesj each has the nature and politics, however fumbling, error prone, and potentiality of adding to our understanding of political interminable the effort my be. society. Much of the work relating to the stUdy of elites, conflict and aggression, and even the general political As a student and teacher Df the great political system has grown out of these life sciences." theDrists of the Western tradition, I greatly admire the boldly speCUlative character of Robert Triver's work. Starting from the fundamental assumption that the individual FRED H. WILLHOITE. is the principal unit of selection within the evolutionary fROM: Rank and reciprocity: Speculations on human emotions process, Trivers seeks to explore the implications of this and political life. In Elliott White (Ed) SDciobiDlogy and assumption for our understanding of some of the most Human Politics. LeXington: Lexington Books, 1981, elementary sDcial relationShips for example. those pp.241,255. between parents and offspring, Dr between siblings. I Chave explored] a few implications for political theory of one " ••• How is one to understand the field observations of type of social interaction discussed by Trivers intraspecies lethal violence among, for example, 'reciprocal altruism,' exchanges of assistance or Chimpanzees, gorillas, several types of monkeys, wolves, resources ••. lions, hyenas, African wild dogs? Is it really 'bourgeoisffiDrphic' to interpret such behavior as competitive As genetically distinct but necessarily interdependent for status, mates, or other resources when the and cDoperative beings, conditioned by a culture that observed situation seems to make most sense in those terms? stresses the worth of the individual and by living in It seems entirely possible that ideological prejudice could complex. stratified, rapidly changing societies, we tend to prevent accurate understanding of animal behavior; the place a high value on personal freedom but also feel anxiety sword of 'unmasking' cuts more than one way. and gUilt about exploitation. Historical experience has shown that all-out unregUlated economic freedom cannot I am not implying that sOCiobiology is, Dr should be, persist. It has been unavoidably necessary for governments immune from trenchant criticisms. Sociobiological theorists to become involved to an increasing degree in redistributive have sometimes given the impression that they consider the activities. A difficult and trOUbling question with which whole symboliC realm of human culture as a mere this trend confronts us is whether, and in what ways. its epiphenomenon expressing and partially masking genetic indefinite continuation would undermine the socioeconomic imperatives. This probably reflects an understandable lack preconditions of personal and political freedom. of experience and naivete in dealing With human data. and anthropDlogists and other social scientists are well Governments that do attempt to contrDI and regUlate eqUipped to point out errors and mistaken assumptions on the nearly all exchanges of goods and services, with their part of eVOlutionary biologists. As I have indicated, some controllers claiming that they guarantee total economic of the latter have begun to develDp much more sophisticated justice trUly reciprocal altruism are hostile to conceptualizations of the evolution of human behavior, while personal freedom. Furthermore, their rigid. elaborately continuing to insist that it must be interpreted Within a graded, and unresponSible hierarchies represent fundamentaly Darwinian framework. cultural-evolutionary regression to the governmental system

15 16 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER March, 1982 of theocratic empires -- without providing the psychological To venture a further unscientific speculation# I consolations of the supernatural. And, as far as I know, believe that such an emergent behavioral biology will be there is no persuasive evidence that these political systems brought to on science itself. The 'behavioral biology are in practice any less economically exploitative than the of science' will acknowledge the profound human genetic mixed economies associated with constitutional democracies." variability that characterizes human populations and therefore the scientific community itself; it will acknowledge individual differences in background and ELLIOTT WHITE: experience as well as in intellect; and it will, finally, tROM: Introduction. In Elliott White (Ed) SoCiobiology and accept the possibility that the hypotheses, concepts, and Human Politics. LeXington: LeXington Books, 1981, findings that characterize the process of scientific inquiry pp xi-xii. exist and are SUbject to validation on their own terms, irreducible to a merely genetic or environmentalist level. "The fact that scholars and scientists differ and disagree, as they surely do in this [fieldJ, might be I will make one final unscientific prediction. Such a presented as an argument for a relativistic position, developing behavioral biology should also form the basis for whether historically or sociobiologically based. Yet the what Gunther Stent in The Coming Golden calls a alternative to an egalitarian relativism wherein each 'classical paradigm' for political and social science. Up individual's 'truth' is merely that and no more might to now political and social science have had no consistent encompass the idea of a hierarchy wherein some individuals, approach. The current behavioral umbrella has suffered from by virtue of greater ability and experience, are more apt divisive splits in the past and is now, in any case, in the than others to envision the truth. Everyone may be process of being overturned by the increasingly strong winds fallible, but some are more fallible than others. We all emanating from the life science5. Thus I believe that what recognize that the science of medicine is imperfect, but we Stephen Toulmin has called the 'would-be discipline' of still wish to consult the best doctor around .•• social sciences is now being replaced With its classical paradigm. This development, following Stent. means that the In the case of humans, this posSibiity takes on an general concepts that increasingly will gUide future added dimension with what Etkin refers to as our unique and will themselve find a fuller validation a differing 'capaCity for foresight and planning.' If contemporary levels of explanation are presented and explicated for the neurObiOlogy should establish a scientific basis for such a first time in d systematic fashion. In classical genetics capacity, as I believe it may well do (my paper at the 1979 at the turn of the century, the concept of the both American Political Science Association meeting on guided future research and came itself to be understood on 'SociObiOlogy, NeurObiology and Political Socialization' the level of molecular biology, Whereupon genetics entered a elaborates this contention), then human neurobiology will new phase in its development as a field. move to the forefront in the explanation of human behaVior and hence of science as well. In both SociObiOlogy and On I will not speCUlate here on the course of political Human Nature, Edward Wilson leaves this possibility and social science following their classical era, because I making clear that for him sociobiology is only half, albeit believe that we will not transcend our new status until both an extremely critical half, Of an emerging 'behavioral sociobiology and neurobiology -- both of them also fledgling that includes, as its other half, neurophysiology. fields -- are ready to transcend theirs. And the prospect As the latter term -- as used by Wilson implies. the for their dOing so before the passage of generations or even stUdy of the brain may stress a materialistic, genetically centuries seems to be slight." reductionistic view that will turn out to be generally compatible With the sociObiological perspective now taken by Trivers, and others. If. however, the future course of neurobiology happens to be more independent and perhaps r REVIEWS I more mentalistic, then behavioral biology -- as a union and ultimately a syntheSiS of neurObiology and SOCiObiology -- will also develop more independently of contemporary tor this issue we have reviews of two recently PUbliShed sociObiology, with the latter also undergoing qualification books. The first is a contribution from one of our members on its terms with the passage of time. and the second is' reprinted from two different outside sources.

17 18 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER March, 1982

THE ROOTS QE HUMAH BEHAVIOUR. By Myron A. Hofer. San THE MISMEASURE or By Stephen Jay Gould. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. 331 pp. (1981> W.W. Norton. 352 pp. (1981)

Reviewed by Peter K. SMith, Department Df PSYChOlogy Reviewed by Robert Kagan University of Sheffield, England Kennedy School oT Government, This is a well-written, lucid and concise book wnich --Reprinted by permissiDn of the The Wall Street Journal, gives an overview of the psychobiology early development, DoW Jones and Co., ·Inc .. 1981. All Rights Reserved. suitable for an undergraduate course. (December 9, 198b p. 22.) Much of the thrust of the book is on mechanisms in Through most of histDry, belief in an ordered ranking early development, in human and in other species. There are of beings, from beast to man to angel and demigod to god, thorough discussions of the properties and growth of has predominated over all views of creation. That same neurone5, and neuronal networks; of elementary forms of hierarchical structure also has been imposed on the human learning and of behaviour organisation; of prenatal and race. neonatal behaviour; of the effects of the intrauterine enVironment; and the influences of nutrition, hormones, and Theognis of Megara in the 6th Century B.C. divided men sensory stimulation and environmental interactiDn Dn brain into the gODd and the bad on the basis of their noble or development. ignoble birth. He believed a quality of mind separated the two_ a quality that the Greeks called "gnome" or jUdgment, The text is generally factually well-informed and "not infallible. but constant enough to assure its possessor. up-to-date, but in an otherwise strong chapter Dn the early the advantages of good moral behavior." TheDgnis believed parent-infant relatiDnship, the many criticisms aT the that Dnly a few men possessed this judgment. that it was Kennell and Klaus work on very early mother-infant bonding IDst thrDugh interbreeding between the noble and ignoble- are nDt mentiDned. The cDncluding chapters on language_ and that the Greek which put in such close proximity and sexual and aggressive benaviour will not seem 50 the base- and well-born, would ultimately lead to the strong, tD a psycholDgist, as the rest Df the book. The degeneration of the Greek peoples. treatment Df aggreSSion is partiCUlarly scanty, and the work on dominance in children is not mentioned, nor indeed other It is surprising how little man's understanding of the ethological work on peer interactiDns, the latter topic only hierarchy of human intelligence changed over the next z,sse taking up direclty one page of text. years. Today we no IDnger talk of noble and ignoble birth. nor would we propose, as Theognis and, later, Plato d1d_ The strength of'the book is in psychObiology rather that only men and women bDrn of the best parentage should than psycholDgy. It would be difficult Tor a student to rule. read this book and still hAve simplistic views of the nature/nurture issue. Despite some claims in the But as recently as 40 years agol as Stephen Jay Gould introductory and final chapters, however, it gDes very points Dut in "The Mismeasure Df Man". scientists, little of the way toward giving an evolutionary basis to sDciologists and other learned people proposed tightened early development. The first 15 pages are Dn evolutionary U.S. immigration laws. discriminatory education and forced theory. and give a fair resume of recent developments, sterilization as means of protecting the purity of a race including sociObiology; but these paints are seldom taken from the degenerative effects of interbreeding With those Df further in the text_ apart from the standard example of innately low intelligence. Even today William ShOCkley Bowlby-s attachment theory. Perhaps this just shows that advDcates voluntary sterilization of those with hereditarily the sociObiology Of early development is still largely low IQs. unexplored or at least- unsystematised territory. For an understanding Df mechanisms Df early development, the book What separates these modern believers in racial purity has mUCh to ofer. It is well-produced, and reasonably well and innate intelligence from their ancient forebears has i llustr ated. been a claim to scientifiC Dbjectivity. According tD Mr. Gould# Plata's "Hable Lie" -- that men and women were born of a certain metal. whether gold. silver Dr brass,_ indicating their place in society -- has given way tD the

19 20 The Inferiority Complex Asrls thc archetype of lho= nobla Cesare IAmbroso, couJd ld1 II murd...... IUle, umullied and wl1lly 1II from lUI cmbeuler at I alana:. BUI MIsIlKU8R! of Ma. Ihe National Sociallsl 5tall: discrediled the midsl of her sordid eJlut=.!>be nrOCl!l and Lombroso were only the in- by Stephen Jay Gould. • biological Iheories of racial and ethnic WLS, of courn, Ihe abltndoned ehild of herillln o( a lana lmdition thaI bepn NOrlon, 3n pp., $14.95 superiorilY for aboul thirty yean, bUI a morllUGtlc llW'ringe. A.moll& lbe with the I1IItural philosopbcn of the by 1969, with Ihe pubUcation of Anhur [joylm al I=t, the true c1lRnclct appar- =t1U)'. R.C.Lewocl18 Jensen', monOSl'apb How MIlCh Can colly cAn be lnuwnllteO tbrousJl the pli' The first mco:lina of OUver Twisl and WI! BOOJt IQ DIId &holasllc lernJ.I Une. BUI it is in lhe Rouaon- Tbe reductionisl mall:rialism of Des- young Jack Dawkins, the Ar1ful Dodi- =nl?, it wall once apin Dot only Macquart novw of ZO!a that binlo&ical C8r1Q'S btle rrlIZdJlftI! and La Meline', er, on Ihe rOlld to London was a con· rcspel:table, bUI even popular, III Itllue lllCOrics o( obJua= IlIe iiven lheir homme mt1chine led inevitably to the rrontation between IwD stereolype3 Df llull blacks owed their inferior social m05t careful artic:ullltioll. The Rougon; antbropm:netry of Broat and Lombroso. ninetc=llth-ceOlury Uterlllure. The Dodger position 10 Iheir inferior ICOeli. and Ml1cquartJI were, il will be rocalled, If mind i.o the consequence o( brain, BeaUle WIIS II "snub-nosed. nat·browed. com- binlOlical l!c:tcmiJili.m i.5. the two halves of a family desc.:nded then arc not 81eat m1nd5 Ibe produe:u of mon-faced boy ...with ratlter bow leas 5tructure o( social explanation thai usea (rom a woman wh= rlNt, !Dwful, II14lC lIfc:l1 brain51 Indeed. pltrenolOl)' wu a and UnJe sharp ugly eyes." Nor WII! he basic cOlll:qlLs in IIIl.Ilomy, evolutionary the soUd p=t Rougon, while be:' perfectly semible materiallil theory. much 00 English grammar end pronun- theory, lICl1Ctics. aDd neurobiology, 5CCOnd, illicit, lover was the violtat, Since e.cquilitivencu is II produc:l of a ciation. "I've gOI 10 be in Londoa oflen in 1\ corrupted fonn, its crilique un51llble Mllcqu.an. From th= 11110 material orpn, the braiD, then hishlY lonighl," lie leUs Oliver. "and 1 know a d=1llIds lhe powen' of a hiolorian of uninllJ an ClciUlble, .ll.lI!bitious, developed acquililiveneu sbould be the "sptClJlbJe old llenclmen lives there, Ide&.! and a professional biologi.ll. Gucccsdul line, Rlld the mallifcslAlioa of the enlargemenl or nlliC ,.ot'U give you lodgillilJ for noth· Beelusc the scientific methoda end COD· a1coholie, criminal branch thai Induded re;ioo of the brain. 00 the DOl cepLs involved are rather abslrUsc, Gervraise and Nana. Coupesu, unreasonable (a1thOllgb factually ink...." He \VIIS jWlI vdlal wc miahl Wbe:n: iacot· have expected of a ten·year-old slItCt· erilidJm aho requires a fIm-l:lo.u Gervaise's hlUhlUld, i" ll.dmitted to the reet) assumption 1001 the &kuU wilJ bUlae wise orph.an wilh no edUc.atiOD aDd DO writer. Fortul1llte!y. Gould b II profes- hOtlpilAl (or alcohoUlm, tbe c::wniaiJU a bil ID ac.cocnmodllc.:: a buJ,.c: in the i • i lovina fonJily, broughl up amollJl the drelS of lhe Vi"torillD larial. IT] 'Oliver's speech, end poslure CD werc very different. "'I am vert hunarY and tired,''' he says, "the lean sUlDdillJl in his eyes lIS he spoke. 'I have walked a long \lIay. I have been \lIalkina these !Cven day!,' ..' Althoup be was a '.'pale, thiD child," there \lias II "good sturdy spirit in OUver's brClUI." Yel Oliver was born and raised in that mOSI dcaradina or ninele=nth-century institutions. the parish workhouse, deprived or all love and eduClltion. During the first nine yesrs of his life he, "together with .-l !wenly or Ihirty olher juvenile or(endm CO against the poor-laws, rolled about the 0\ .-l noor all day, withoul the iDconyenience of 100 much food nr clothing." Where amid the 08kum pickinB!l did \D .-l Oliver find the mor3.1 sensitivity and I knowledge of the English subjunctive N .-l lhat accorded so well with his delica\e form? The solution of tlili, the cerllJ'al co myslery of the novel; Is thai Oli_', N blood Wl!.5 upper-rniddlc-cl4u, thOllah his nourishment Will gruel. OUVa"1 (/) whole being is an aWrmation of Ibe o power of nalure over nunUR!. It iI a • t':" o ninelC1:nlh.century prefiguration of the adoption study of modern psychologists. sional historian, an evolutionary biol- physician lUk5 him firsl, "Did your hemisphere, we might well a- showing that children's lempcramenLs ogist and anatomist of 1lfC81 accompmh. father drink?" As Zela says in his peel an enlarged "bump or acquisitiye- and cognilive powers resemble those of mellI, and a IlllUter al CJlplBinina prdne: to the eycle, has its nw" amOf\i the more sua:euful. their lIiological whalever may be science. Till! of Man i.5 lib laws, jwtllS does sravilal1oD,'" members of Ihe EJtcllanae, not to men- ;3: OJ Iheir upbringing. Blood will teU. examination and dcbunltinll of the scien· ZotA's "expcrimen131 navels,"· as he tion Jews in jenera!. 'M tific face of the fictloD o( Oliver. called Ihem, were the outcome of de- Moreover, IC55 developed nsces should Dickens's of the contrul velopmenLs in physical anlhropology u have 1es:J deyeloped brains, women between OUver and Ihe Art(ul Dodeer b Dickens's view 01 the origin of human a scientific, mOlerilllist tfuciplinc, devel. should have smaller cranial capacities a form of a general ideolo8Y thai hu variatioD WIlS hardly exceplioBB1; il opments 10 which lhe first par! of than mcn, the lower o:la35= more slop- dominaled European and AmericaD .s0- permealed ninetco:nth-«nlury literalure. Mismrosure of Man b devoted. In ing roreheads thaJ1 the bouracoisie. cial thought for the last 200 yean, and Al lim= It appcarod 'Inly incidentally lIS America, Samuel Roam Morton 1wI, Thus Oil!: should be able, by the ap- is Ihe central concern of Stephen Jay part of the subslrall: or Wl!lpokeD D.!- iD the 1830s llIId ISMls, Inrle proprllllC pbysiClll mcasuremcnll, to Gould'5 book-the ic;leololY of bioloai- sumptioD as, for ex.ample. In Holl, numbers of 5kulls Qf different hllfl1llD c:hal'ltctcr1zt the mental, moral, aDd cal determinism. Accordllll to thi.5 view, when Esther Lyon i.o act 10 learnina aroups, in.<:lut!lllJl, lona-dead IlWU and sociAl attrillule$ of individuals and the potent differenccs belween individu- FrcDch an Ihe as.sumplion Illal hOf ancienl Egypllall!l. The AnlhropolosiaJ lIfOUPS. There lIie, hQweva', twO als, sexes, elhnie and races in Frc:nch ancestry will make il easy for Society or ParlJ had been founded iD Icm.s with thi.5 theOf}'. Fint. then: Is the status, wealth, and power are based on he:r. Al othen, it ls a central preoa:upa- 1859 by Paul BrOClll, the lcadins Euro- factual enor. Despite all claims III the innale biological differences in ICIIlpera- tion, III in Eliol', Dflnil!/ DuondQ. pelID exPODCDI of the lheory thaI hiBb COllUllry, there arc DO dif(ereaces in ment and ability which are pllSSed from Daniel, the adnpted SOD o( a baronet, it Inlelllilcooe aDd character WOfe D COQ20 brain sUe or shape between c:laaset, parent 10 offspring at coDception. There • Iyplcal youllJ Enaliah milord, ..hom qucnce or !arie' braina, 50 lluIt the SCOles. or rata !lUll are nOl the limple of course, been counlercurreoll of we filiI meet al a fashionable Conlinen· meDW qualities of individuals llIld races consequence of different body size, oor "environmcnlllllsm" emphuizina the tal pmbUDI 'pa. Bul lhco, mY'w. could It: judlod from the o( their u !hue any correlation at all between malieabililY of individual developmall riowl1y, In hia yOll.l1J manhood, be: skul1l. The appellfance, in rhe ,.me brain aile and IntellcCllual Kt:OtDplish· aDd the hiJlllric:al continaency of 810llP develops an iDterest in lhiop Hebrew, year, of lhe Or/Illn of Sp«les pve rise menlo Sccootl, thes'e b the coDCq)lUDl er- bUI, with lhe elIception of falla in love with. Jr:wiJh airl, beeomcz to so evOlutiOlWry view of human dif- ror. IntelJlacnce, acquiJitlvCICSI, monI Skinnerl.a.o behavlomm, aU modem converted. Tbe reader Is Dot entirely ferences thllt p!Deed ucll physiClll rectilude are Dol 'hinllS. bul DIaltal COIIo Iheori= of social developtDCDt have aslonished la lcam lhat Daniel', motha' on an u=dini scak of from struetJ, hlslorically IlDd cu1IJIrBIly coo- assumed en irreducible Dontrivial varia- WU, in raet, a JewWt actress. The La.. our 'Ilpelike an=torll. In particular, tiDieDt. TIlt allmlpt 10 fmd lbdr phV-- tion in innate abilities amona in· of Relurn, It seerns, i.o only an expr=- criminals wtI'C &CC1l as alllvUDU, apc!lke ic:al alte in the brain and to meuure dividu.als and between Oa:a- slon of the incvilAble. in both mind and body, but in a them II like an atU:mpl to map Va1haIlL slonally, Ihe political COlUcqUCIICCI of A preoccupation with the power of o( fomtl, so lhot tlte fOunder o( It Is pun: rdfiatlOll, Ibe ClN\venlon 01 ClltrtrJle blologilm have been 50 repul· blood wu not limply wlut Ihe Frellcb criminal anlhropoloj'Y, the IlaUan abs!llltt ideal will lhiDp. WbiJe rna. nant thai environmental aDd social Cl[- know III "the madnt:Sl or the Analo- may be sencs for lh: shape of otIt planations of lIfOUP differences have Saxons," Eu,toe Sue, the most popuIM 'Emile Zolll, preface 10 L4 ForluflI! heads, lba'e =0( be any rlJl'lhe < held remporary sway. SO, the practical French author of the mid·nineteenth ROUIOIU (Librairie International A. of our hieu. It i' with Illl eJqlllIIlfe 01 opplication of molOlica! race lbcory by cenlury, created in La MYJIb'u ck Lacrols, Verb0e4:khoven, 1871). two mOO!, of blooloclall ckU:r- · HUMAN ETHOLOGV NEWSLETTER March, 1982

numerical rankings of the IQ test. But, he argues, Mr. Gould's crucial argument in "The Mismeasure o-f "determinist arguments for ranking people according to a Man" is that any attempt to "reify" intelligence, to suppose Single scale of intelligence,' no matter how numerically that there is some thing in the human mind that can be sophisticated. have recorded little more than social measured, is fallacious. He makes a daring and largely prejudice." successful attempt to explain. and then debunk, the complicated statistical theory of factor analysis, upon Mr. Gould offers quite a bit of historical evidence to which is based the notion of a scientifically measurable support this claim. "The Mismeasure of Man" is a rogue's intelligence factor for all humans. He does indeed gallery of consciously and unconsciously dishonest demonstrate that statistical analyses of intelligence are scientists and pseudo-scientists--craniometrists who juggled faUlty. They may even be forever doomed to failure. their measurements of skulls so that the mean cranial capacities of white, Northern European men always came out But he cannot disprove what has been obvious to all men the largest; social and behavioral scientists such as at all times, that some human beings are smarter than others H.H. Goddard who tOUChed up photographS of his Tamous in every way, and that the i r eh i I dren tend in gener a 1 to "Kallikak" family to make them look demented and demonic; inherit this mental superiority. This basic understanding and mental testers such as Lewis Terman, who tried to must not be allowed to affect this country's laws or social measure the IQs of great men who had been dead for hundreds policies, but neither can it be wished away or debunked. of years (Cervantes and Copernicus each managed only 10S). Hot all of these scientific frauds were committed in the "The Mismeasure of Man" is very well-written. As a of racism and class privilege, but enough of them were history of bad science and social science. and a thorough to raise doubts about the possibility for scientific lesson on how scientists often fit their facts to their objectivity in the stUdy of human intelligence, and it is prejudices, it is import",nt reading. But as an open-minded GOUld's primary aim to lend weight to these doubts. tre atment of the i nte 11 i gence quest ion, it fall s short. ;or in the end Mr. Gould becomes SUbject to the same criticism Anyone interested in the current debate over human that he levels against the measurers of man. He knows what intelligence, however, will be disappointed by this book, he believes and he sets out to prove it. He may even be for Mr. Gould fails to give it serious treatment. Instead SUbject to the political and cultural presssure of his own he devotes fUlly a third of "The Mismeasure of Man" to periOd. for if there are prejudices that plague the social craniometry, a craCkpot "science" if every there was one, sciences tOday, those prejudices more likely seek to the main premise of which was that large cranial capacity suppress evidences of inequality than to exploit them. meant high intelligence. In fact. as Mr. GOUld points out, large heads generally sit atop large bOdies. But by focusing 50 much attention on the Obviously misguided and often demonstrably racist works of a discredited science, THE MISMEASURE QE MAN. By Stephen Jay Gould. New York: Mr. Gould obscures. intentionally I believe, some of the W.W. Norton, 3SZ pp. (1981) really hard issues rAised by modern intelligence testing. Reviewed by R.C. Lewontin, AgassiZ Professor of Zoology Why, for instance, do some groups score better than Museum of Comparative Harvard University others on almost all the tests ever devised for measuring intelligence? Mr. Gould has no answer. He treats modern --Reprinted with permission from The Hew York Review QL studies of human intelligence and heredity as direct Books. ® 1981 Hyrev, Inc. 26, 12-16. 1981. descendants of the earlier frauds, besieged by the same prejudices and base motivllPS, particularly our "persistent, indigenous racism." Except for a brief discussion of Arthur Jensen, he does not deal with present-day theories of intelligence and attacks them only by inference. He is simply convinced that any study that reveals differences between races. any stUdy that makes much of hereditary inte 11 i gence # indeed, any study that attempts to me asure intelligence at all is necessarily tainted.

21 22 ntinism Ihal Gould's The oj Henry Goddard on the J*Ill!onymous Much of the lililory of the politiQ\ Europ= facc); they are uked to defin, Mon is lllrsely concerned. KJillikllk family ..,hooe aood (kJ11w) and, we of IQ tClltins in AmcriC1l. Cillpcci.ally obscure words (sudorific, homunculus,., b.d (kDkkas) branch= wete the living in beJplo&l t.o jWltify Immigrlltion plIt1c:m:). The fiTSt problem to explain how is counterparts of the RougollJ-Mac- Act of h8J b=:l by Moreover, the cirCUll13Utllccs of u,sl· the zoologisu and anlhropologisu of the QIW'U? IUunin, who demo.!isbal the "da1.a" i/ljj nre laden with lel\sions. Gould, after ninetc:nth ""mury eould find, so con- For his part, Sir Cyril Bun, pabapa purponioa t.o show the heritabilily of RYicwinS the conlent of the Annl sistently, that, for CXAI1Iple, the mins I.bc mOll innucntW p!l)'cholOllitt of the . IQ difference:;. Unlol1U!l1Lcly, the Ilory euuification tests of the Fir5t Wotld of whites are significanlly larger than twentieth ""mUlY, k_ thllt intcl!iswce of the frauds u nowhcfc t.old Wilt, dccribcs II ICl1llth the intimidating the brains of blacks when, in facl, there wu almc:u perfcrtJy by the in lu ftill ricbnOll.l. EVCD the summary aJld alien 'all!losphcrc in which the leSU is no difference belween them. The aenes and be wu qulte wlllinJI t.o =ke by Kamin in the book conwnina his were lPVCIl. Complex commands w.".. lU\SW.". s= to be, accordil1ll 10 Gould, up the data to prove it t.o people ...bo with H.J. IE!YllCl1Ck' i2 too lliven j\l.lt once. in a military atyle, in Ihat the mosl eminent zoologists and an· Deeded that lort of thine. (His mOlt brief t.o provide the excit=t of psy- English 10 rom =y of whom were re- thropologi5l$ simply ';88ed the dnlll. notorious fabric:atioo was aimed to chol0llY', Watergsle, which had 11.9 O'WII ttlll immJannu and some of whom bad Wlu:n Samuel MOrlon, in his Cronia sbow thllt Identical twiN brouibt up WODdward and Berw1!dn (K.e..m.in and DeVCf before beld a pencil. When Gould AmuicofID of 1839, showed conclusively &eplllalely would still be cf eqU.II OlivCl' Gillie), its outraged dl:ai.ah by pve the Army Beta Test, for that American IndillJ1S had lmallcr "intelliaence,") Burt may indeed have Burt's BUpporkrl, and its fUta! cUlYI 01 Illiterates, in the presalbed Slyle t.o his craniums than Caucasians, he did so by been, as Gould says, "a sick and tor· capitulation in the face of the OVC1- HJ1rvlUd undergraduates, stxteen out of including a large number of small. tured man" durina tile last years of hi> ",he1minS evidena: of wholesale fakery. ftlty-throe gal only n B and sill lot II,C, brained (b=use small.bodi'eotieth ten- l>: me::uurcd1" iticlf do= DOt develop during the life- menu, Ihe difference between Indians tury thaIi they did in the nineteenth.. IQ U::llB vmy c;olllidt:nbly in form time of thc indJ'lidU.II. but ill a auae of and Caucasians disappeared. "Paul Broca, and COUlenL 50= are orlll, some writ- the individual's cluu!gilll ovm behav- faced with some very small brains of & the beaillIl.iDg of thl twentieth cen- len, Illme indiYidU41, some JivCSl in ior. In the jUllon of edUClltiOnal fillY- some very eminem professor., invented tury, the belief thaI greal men had big groups, &Gme verbal, some purdy aym- cboIOllY, "nuid" inldligence .becomca ad hoc corrections for age and pOStulaled "ayitalliz.ed" by eduCltion. Inldli- disOlL5e. a Inst resort he appealed 10 the -.--- r ,,,--.'1i.....,.-.... As 1=, JO vie-wed, ill not what is learned, imp.:rfection of institutions: , " "I Jl ." ;<. but the ability to Ialrn, a filled feature lmtna.!le;%lt to different every It is not very probable that rive dear- in fcrtlliud call. men of genius would have died 1be evidence thaI there is a unitary within rive years at the UniversilY 10tellcetU.II ability thllt results of of GOllingen.... A professorial la the difCemll tests and of dirrel'l:lll parU of robe is nOl necessarily a cer!iriCllle the lWIU: test are c:orrclated with each of genius; there may be even at other. ChildrCll wbo do well on pattern GOllingen some chairs occupied by rceOllnition tend to do well in numericaJ not very remarkable men.' re&Soninl, anaIoaicaJ reasoltins, IlIld so It is amusing 10 see Broca explaining on. But tlu: is apurioWl. 1Q tesu, away, correclion by correction. a re- like boola, arc commOllitics thltl can ported 1000gram superiority of the yi:ld imrnen.se profit! for their pub- brains of Germans over Frenchmen. lishm and Duthon if' they llre widely When, despite his best effom, Broca adopted by school aystcns. A chief $cU- found some measurements placins ina point oC Dew test!, as announced in blacks hisher Ihan whites, he decidCl\r· summary pieces on 1Q, followed by combine the:m lnt.o a IioiU: weighLed report by the American psychologist man, an instrument for arraying every· brief rejoind.".s. Eyscnck, formerly one lIl\lCl'a8e, ....here the ",dgbu arc derived one along a single scale of menUII ability. of Burt's strongest supporlers, here from the observed c:om:la1lolll buw= 'Paul Broca, Bullelin Soc/ili d'Anlhro- casts his vole for impeachment but say, the measun:menu. 1'hI: esTer, as ex· p%gie 2 (paris, 1861), pp. 139-207 it doesn't mailer because the rest of thl pWDed by 001 in the 'L. S. Hearnshaw, Cyril Blirl: Psyeho1o- Gould, is 2.2. b. (quotb.1 by Gould). daUl on the berilllbililY of IQ is so 1Lritlstnetic. but in the supposition th.tt, ,isl (Cornell University Press, .1979). Bood. This has bttome Ih. standllJ'd 'Leon Kamin, TM Scient:t! arul Polllirs Imvizlg lone throuih the liUItbl:matical JAgatha Christie, The Szt:UI Ad"e,,;ary way of hllDdiing the Bun fuum, since offQ (Halsted Press, 1974). C«W bu produc>ld II =.l obicd, mtvfrl M,.art IQ''l\ ,h... fa,.,.. lon.oer M denied. or at least a number that characteritcs lion of political neces.sity with an Equality then becomes equality ot op- "possessive indhLidualism"· beaan In one. As Gould poinl3 out, the price of ideologically fanned view or nature, portunity, and those who fail do so the founeenth century with the market. gasoline is wrll correlated wilh the both of which arise out of the bourgeois bccaU5e they lack intrinsic merit. But if lown corporations. and slowly became distnnce of the earth from HaJJry's com· revolutions of the scyenteenth and eight- we truly live in a meritocratic society. the dominant mode of our society. They et, at least in recent yean, but that does e:nth centuries. These revolutions were how do we account for lhe obvious brought with them an alienation and ab- not mClln that some numeriC4l1 combina· made with the "Liberty, equaJ. passage of sodal power from pacem to jettification of nature. The natural tion of the two vaJues measures ity, (raternity" and "All men are offspring? It mwt be that intrinsic merit world was seen less and less as an someuung real that is their common created eqllll.1." They meant Uterally is passed in the gcnes. The doctrine of organic unity. an extension of the Mind cause. Even with Gould's help, the "all men. It since women were excluded grace 15 replaced by the Laws of of God. Like the body locial. the body reader mllY remain my.stified. The very (rom social power, but they did nDI mean Mendd. natural came to be an assemblage of complexity of the statistical rnanipu.... "(Ill men," since slavery and property e1emeot3, interactins with each other, lion is part of the mystique of io· .qu.alifications continued well into the The emphasis in TM "1 yet each pouessing its intrinsic and in- telligence testing. validating it by mak- nineteenth cenlury. Still, one can hardly . Man on racism and ethnocenlrism in the dependent properties. No longu do we ing it inaccessible to nonexperu. After make a revolution with the cry, "Liberty study of abilities is an American bias. "murder to dissect," but rather do we aU, look bow complicated quantum me- and eqwility (or some'" The problem IQ testina was widespread In France expect to discover the true nature of the chanics is, and you can use it to blow for bouraeois society (and (or sociallit Ions before there were significant world by takina it to bits. the bilS of up the world. society, as welJ) is to reconciJe the numbers of Alaerians there, and Sir which it is trUly made. 10 this sense Gould's view of the bioloaical deter· ideoloiY of equality with the manifest Cyril Bun's masl influential edur:atiorW Descartes was as much a founding fllthe:r minist3 is that they are doubly blinded, inequality or stat115, wealth, and power, invention, the Oriwh exam, ofour society as Paine or Jefferson. first, by their own racial and ethnic a problem that did..not exist in the bad long antedated the influx of West In- It is easy to criticize the vulgar prejudices, and second. by what Gould old days of Ik/ GroliD. The solution to dians and Pakistanis. tombr03o'a aim· materialism of Spearman and Bun. who caUs ..Burt's real error,II the YUIaar that problem has been to put • new inaJ anthropology had nothing to do thought of intelligence sometimes as a reductionism that leads them to reify an glos.s 00 the Ides of equallty, ooc that with race and ethnicity, but with the form of elementarY energy, aometimes abstract statistical entity. Yet the distinauisbes artificial ineqU&lities whicb same clana Jabori&ser. classes dah· as a liquid that could be crystallized. analysis is somehow incomplete. With characteriud the ancien ,qime from the that concerned Eugtne Sue. In but it is not clear that anythina ds.c its emphasis on the racism of Individual I1DlUml inequalities which mark the America. race, ethnicity, and class arc could be expected (rom them. The reifi- scientists, and on their epistemoloalcal merilocratic society. As the Harvard so confounded, and the reality of social cation of intelligence by mental testers naIvete. TM 01 Mort re- psycbologi5t R1i:hard Hermsldn puu it: c1Jw so firmly denied. that it is easy to may be an error, but it is an error that ms.inI a curiously unpolitical and lose siabt of the general settina of i5 deeply built into the atomistic system The privileged clAsses 01 the past unpbllasophicaJ book. Monon, Broca. conflict out of which biological deter· of Caru:sian explanation that character· were probably not much superior Lombroso, Goddard. Spearman. and minism arose. Biological determinism, izes all of our natural scien<:e. It is not bloloaically to the downtrodden. Burt make thcir appearaIll:e.u if from a both in its literary and sdentific fomu, easy, aiven the analytic mode of science. which lJ wby rCY01utioD bad • fair closet, and smdlina a bit 01 mothballs. is part of the legitimatina ideololY of to replace the clockwork mind with They are "men at their time." display- chana: 01 IUcctU. By rcmoviq our society, the solution offered to our somethinS les.a silly. Updatina the meta- ins antique social prejudices which on artificiAl burien between chwa, deepest socia] mYllte:ry, the anaJsesic for pbor by cbanains clocks into computerl aociety hal encouraged the creation oc:auioo come back to haunt us in the our mast recurrent social pain. In the has Bot w nowhere. whole5A1e biolopcaJ barrien. When people form of "criminal chromosomes" and a or ytords of Charles Darwin. quoted on the jection of analysis in favor of an obscu- nAtural In IQo bricf eruption' 01 Jenseni.sm. Their bio- caa take thdr level title pqe of T1te Df Mall, mnWt holi5m has been worse. lmpria- dety, the uppet' claue:a will, by dcr- IDgical determinism appean ... dUar- "If the rniJery of our poor be caused" ooed by our Cart=ianism. we do not lnition, have greater capacity than liculated cultural artifact, D8Jty aod not by the laWI of nature, but by our kaow bow to think aboullhinkins. 0 tbelower.' curious, like cannibalism, but Dot 1n- InsUlutiODJ, Ileat is our sin." tegrated into lUJy Itnleture of IOClal 'Richard Herrnstein. IQ in tM Merllf)C. The disarticulation of social reIaumu, ·C. B. MacPherson. Polil/cal relatioDl. roq (Atlantk/Ltllle, Brown, 1973), the alienation of man from land, the 71Jeory of Ptme:s:tive Ittd/VidutlLUm «(b. Biological dctenninism is the coojuno- p.Ut. creation of what C. B. M&cPhcnon r.allJ ford Univenity PraI. 1962).

o Nyrev, 1981

11.c. HUMAN ETHOLOGY March, 1982

I!tl1i!. COMMUNICATIONS There seems to be general agreement among stUdents of primate societies that males are almost always dominant to females .• et al.# 1979). Occasionally, A Comment on the Selective Advantage of however, females may command males in a consistent pattern Male Subordination to remales in Primates that appears in mechanism and function to compare with the ("Fema I e-Dom i n ance") more common cases of male dominance (see 1966). recent review (19S1) indicates that the display of Clara B. .Jones female-dominance may be more variable within and between Museum 01 Comparative ZOQlogy seasons than patterns of male dominance and that thiS Harvard University variation may reflect synchronous reproductive states among females and their effects upon male-male and male-female Hrdy (1981) reviews those species displaying relations. Despite distinctions that may remain to be female-dominance and observes that this unusual trait may understood among hierarchical patterns. Hrdy (19B1) has most occur in three conditions: (1) where the reproductive recently stressed that the phenomenon of female-dominance output by each member of a monogamous pair is eqUivalent supports the conclusion that "primates are not totally (implying that a male in such a case would have little to locked into a pattern of male dominance." g a in by ,dom i nat ing his mate)J (2) where se ason al breed i ng correspondS with intense male-male competition for mates. In an atempt to gain some insight into the leading to the "conservation" of energy at other times of characteristics of female-dominance. I studied a captive the year. and (3) where the trai t is "PI" imi t ive." Wh i Ie it pair of Lemur fulvus fulvus (E. Geoffroy 1812) at RiverbankS is prObably true that female-dominance is a "phylogenetic Zoological Park, Columbia. South Carolina for apprOXimately trait" among the lemurs (A . .Jolly. personal communication). eleven crepUSCUlar and dayltght hours of discontinuous it is not clear that the equivalency of (genetic) interests observation in April. 198B (see Harrington, 1975 for certain between mates ever obtains to compensate asymmetries between other aspects of this subspecies' behavior). The female them (see Trivers. 1972; Power, 1989; Alatalo. et al., displaced the male 64 percent of the time (47 times out of 1981; Payne, 1979; Gladstone. 1979; Wade. 1979; Kleiman. 7A). Comparing proportional male and female supplantations 1979) or that it could benefit males to be energetically with a "goodness of fit" design, significant deviations conservative (see Schoener, 1971J Downhower and Armitage, resulted from a Se:59 expectation (p<0.Bl. df=l). 1971) to females in the same conditions. It is my I was partiCUlarly interested to that the female never purpose in this nate to suggest a simpler. testable used aggressive (i.e •• escalated) behaVior to supplant the hypothesis that will collapse the three categories of Hrdy male. although he often applied cuffing or biting to into a more general construct. displace her. the female in my brief study dominated the male through the outcomes of "ritualized" (e.g., Relations between the sexes in primates are generally tongue-flicking) and other non-damaging behavior (e.g .• discussed within the conceptual framework of differential head-on approach with eye contact) rather than the rank or status (e.g.# Hausfater# 1975), and characteristic expression of higher rates or likelihoods of escalated asymmetries (e.g., size or fighting ability) among response. that the nature of intersexual individuals apparently lead to social hierarchies in most interaction in conditions of female-dominance may differ group-liVing animals, (see Wilson. 1975). Agonistic qualitatively from the more common pattern. In relations between sexes may represent a form of intersexual females may dominate males because of the latter's competition that can be analyzed in terms of Darwinian "aggressive restraint." "" (the differential reproduction of genotypes which accrue large quantities of Nevertheless. the essential question remains: Why quality males; see Emlen, 1973). As females (or some might males restrain their agonistic responses to females? sub-class of females) may be viewed as a limiting resource Ma. 1e i n t eres t swill us u a 1IY d 0 minat e f e ma s t 5...__-sjnll for which males and males who determine the yield 'iil"tIEi'" r e C"esswrn bel i mFred 0 n 1y by the numb e I" (in Offspring) of a significant proportion of females each of mates which each can control, While female reproductive generation are most successful from a Darwinian perspective. success is limited by the amount of energy extractible from It is in this sense that males are expected to exploit the environment that can be converted into offspring (Otte. females and to dominate them socially. 197 ess'j- • ---tfO'weu er-;---t""il"n-tre-h"mi't"ed---Ei-y the' deleterioUS effects of male behavtor upon the reprOductive

23 24 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER March# 1982 success of individual females (Downhower and Armitage, Harrington. J.E. Field observations of social behavior of 1971). In these circumstances, males may forego behavior Lemur fulvus fulvus E. Geoffroy 1812. In: Lemur theoretically optimal to their own sex in favor of behavior edited by I. Tattersall and R.W. Sussman. pp. optimal to females (Parker. 1974). While it seems clear 259-279. Hew York: Plenum Press, 1975. that male selfishness may often benefit the reproductive success of females (e.g •• Orians. 1969>. a male may be Hausfater, G. Dominance and Reproduction Baboons {PapiO expected to display selfishness even where its deleterious cynocephalus. Contributions to Primatology. Uol. 7, effects upon individual females are significant if his Basel: S. Karger, 1975. reproductive success is thereby enhanced CDownhower and Armitage. 1971). The occasional occurrence of Hrdy. 5.B. The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge: female-dominance, however. demonstrates that there are Harvard Press, 1981. certain environmental mosaics that favor males who submit# on average, to their female conspecifics. By inference# Jolly. A. Lemur Behavior. Chicago: Chicago UniverSity then. I propose the hypothesis that males will adopt Press. 1966. subordination to females where males who dominate females leave fewer offspring. on average, than males who do not. Kleiman. D. Parent-offspring conflict and sibling competition in a monogamous primate. Am. Nat. Investigations of these particular conditions may 114:753-759, 1979. provide an understanding of the social and non-social factors that minimize reproductive benefits to males from Orians, G. On the evolution of mating systems in birds and agonistic intersexual behavior. Hrdy's (1981) analysis mammals. Am. Nat. 103:589-603. shows that temporal constraints upon breeding may represent one such set of factors. Otte# D. Effects and functions in the evolution of signaling systems. Ann. Rev. 385-417. 1974. I thank Alison Jolly for discussion of primate hierarchical patterns and encouragement to advertise my observations of Parker. G. Courtship persistence and female guarding as Lemur fulvus fulvus. male time-investment strategies. Behaviour, 157-184. 1974. Alatalo, R.V or Carlson. A •• Lundberg, A. and Ulfstrand. S. The conflict between male pOlygamy and female monogamy: Payne. R.B. Sexual selection and intersexual differences in The case of the pied flycatcher Ficedula hupoleuca. var i ance of breeding success. Am. Hat. 114:447-452. Am. Nat. 117:738-753, 1981. 1979.

Alexander. R.D., Hoogland, J.L•• Howard, R.D., Noonan, Power# H.W. On bluebird cuckoldry, human adultery, and the K.M. and Sherman. P.W. Sexual dimorphisms and breeding caricaturing of sociobiology. Am. Nat. systems in pinnipeds, ungUlates. primates and humans. 1980. In: Evolutionaru Biolooy and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. edited by N.A. Chagnon Schoener, T.W. Theory of feeding strategies. and W. Irons, pp. 402-435. North SC,ituate, Mass.: Ann. Rev. Ecol. 369-404, 1971. Duxbury Press. 1979. Trivers. R. Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Dawnhower, J. and Armitage. K. The marmot Sexual Selection and the Descent edited by and the evolution of polygamy. Hat. 105:355-370. B. Campbell, pp. 136-179. Chicago: Aldine,1972. 1971. Wade, M.J. Sexual selection and variance in reproductive Emlen, J. M. Ecology: An Evolutionary Aproach. Reading, success. Am. Nat. 114:742-746. 1979. Mass. : Addison-Wesley. 1913. Wilson, E.O. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge: Gladstone, D.E. Promiscuity in monogamous colonial birds. Harvard Press. 1975. Am. Nat. 114:545-557, 1979.

2S 26 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER March, 1982

I RECENT LITERATURE I Immelman, K. Introduction Ethology. New York: Plenum, 1980.

Readers are invited to send reference that they would like tmme lman, K., Bar low, G. W., Berke ley, L. P. and Main, M.8. inclUded in RECENT LITERATURE to: Robert M. Adams. Dept. of Behavioral Development. New York: Cambridge PSyChology, 145 Cammack Bldg., Eastern Kentucky University, University Press, 1981. Richmond KY 40475. Jolly, A. a World Like Our Own: Man and Nature in Books: Madagascar. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1980. Boice, R. Etholog.lcal Psychology. Monterey, Calif.: Kellerman, H. Group Cohesion: Theoretical and Clinical Brooks/Cole, 1981. Perspectives. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1981.

Chiarelli. A.B. and Corruccini, R.S. Primate Behavior and Krebs, J.R. and Davies. H.B. (Eds) Behavioural Ecology: ftQ SoCiobiology. Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. Evolutionary Approach. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer 1981. Associates, 1978.

Chiarelli, A.B. and Corruccini. R.S. Primate Evolutionary Krebs, .I.R. and Davies, N.B. (Eds) An Introduction to Biology. Berlin, Hew York: Springer-Verlag, 1981. BehaVioral Ecology. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1981. Crabtree, J.M. and Moyer, K.E. (Eds) Bibliography Aggressive Behavior: A Reader'S Guide to the Research Maple, TaL. and Hoff, M.P. Gorilla Behavior. New York: Literature. Val. I. Hew York: Alan R. Liss, 1981. Uan Nostrand Reinhold, 1S81.

DeCatanzaro, D. Suicide and Self-Damaging Behavior: A Midgley, M. Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature. Hew Sociobiological Perspective. Hew York: Academic York: Hew American Library, 1980. Press, 1981. Reynolds, P.C. On the Evolution of Behavior: The Argument Penny, M.R. (Ed) Comparative Psycholoau: An Evolutionary from Animals to Man. Berkeley: Universiiy of Analysis of Animal Behavior. Hew York: Wiley, 198e. California Press, 1981. Dixson, A.F. The Hatural History of Gorilla. New York: van den Berghe, P.L. The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Columbia University Press, 1981. Elsevier Horth Holland. 1981.

Eisenberg, J.r. The Mammalian Radiations: An AnalysiS of von Cranach, 1'1., roppa, K., Lepenies, W. and Ploog, D. Trends in Evolution. Adaptation, and Behavior. (Eds) Human Ethology: Claims and Limits of a Hew Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1979. Farber, B. Conceptions Kinship. New York: Elsevier Horth Holland, 1981. Wilson, £.0. Sociobioloay: The Abridged Edition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 198B. rogle. B. Interrelations Between People and Pets. Springi'ield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1981. Wilson, P.J. Man, The Promising Primate: New Haven: Yale University Press, Hamburg, D.A. and Trudeau, M.B. (Eds) Biobehavioral Aspects 1980. gL Aggression. New York: AIan R. LisS, 1981. Articles: Hopper, A.r. and Hart. N.H. C£ds) roundations Q£ Animal Development. Fairlawn, H.J.: Oxford University Press, Beckstrom. J.H.. SociObiology and interstate wealth 198a. transfers. Northwestern University Law Review, 1981, 76, 216-270.

27 28 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER March, 1982

Boesch, C. and Boesch, H. Sex in the use of Kimble, C.E. and Yoshikawa. J.e. Uocal and verbal natural nammers by wi Id chimpanzees: A preliminary assertiveness in same-sex and mixed-sex groups. report. Journal Human Evolution, 1981, IB, 585-593. Journal of Personality Social Psychologu, 1981. 40, Boucher, J.D. and Brandt, M.E. Judgment of emotion: American and Malay antecedents. Journal gL LoPreato, J. Toward a theory of genuine altrUism in Homo Cross-Cultural PsycholDgy. 1981, 1£. 272-283. sapiens. Ethology and Sociobiology, 1981, Crockenberg, 5.8. In'ant irritability, mother Mackie, A.J. Attachment theory: Its relevance to the responsiveness, and social support influences on the therapeutic alliance. British Journal Medical security of infant-mother attaChment. Child 1981, 54. 293-212. Development, 1981, 851-865. Main, M. and Weston, D.R. The quality of the toddler's DeNicola, D.R. SociObiology and religion: A discussion of relationship to mother and to father: Related to the issues. 19S0, 407-423. conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationShips. Child Development, 1981, 52, 932-94e. Engstrom, r.M., Roche, A.r. and Mukherjee, D. Differences between arm span and stature in White children. Matthews, K.A., Batson, C.D •• Horn, J. and Rosenman, R.H. Journal Adolescent Health Care, 19S1, 19-22. Principles in his nature which interest him in the fortune OT' others •.. : The her it ab iIi ty of emp at hie Goldenthal, RaJ Johnston, R.E. and Kraut. R.E. Smiling. concern lor others. Journal Personalitu, 1981, 49, appeasement, and the silent bared-teeth display. 237-247. Ethology SOCiobiology, 1981. 121-134. Peel, R.A. Natural selection, social evolution and GOOdY, .1.R., Duly, C. .T.. Beeson, I. and Harrison, G. strategy. Journal.Q.f.. Biosocial Science. 1981, ill Implicit sex preferences: A comparative stUdy. 377-390. I

I Journal Biosocial Science, 1981. 455-466.

I Polsky, R.H. and McGuire, M.T. Haturalistic observations of Gottman, J.M. and Ringland, J.T. The analysis of dominance pathOlogical behavior in hospitalized pSYChiatric and bidirectionality in social development. Child patients. Journal Q.f. Behavioral Assessment, 19B1, Development, 1981, 52, 393-412. 59-82.

Hand • .T.L. SociObiological implications of unusual sexual Porter. R.H. and Laney, M.D. Attachment theory and the behaviors of gulls: The genotype/behavioral phenotype concept of inclusive fitness. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly problem. Ethology.!!!1!. Sociobiology, 1981, 135-.146. Behavior and Development, 1gee, 26, 35-51.

House, A.E., House, B.J. and Campbell, M.8. Mea.sures of Porter, R.H. and Moore, J.D. Human by interobserver agreement: Calculation formulas and olfactory cues. Physiology ana Behavior, 1981, 21. distribution effects. Journal BehaviDral 493-495. Assessment, 1981, 37-58. Rosen, A.J., Sussman, S., Mueser, K.T., Lyons, J.S. and Hughes. A.L. female infanticide: Sex ratio manipulation in Davis. J.M. BehaVioral assessment of psychiatric humans. EthOlogy Sociobiology, 1981, 109-112. inpatients and normal controls across different \ environmental contexts. Journal Q£ Behavloral [ tzkowit2. M. and Nyby,.T. A parental sex Clifference in Assessment, 1981, a' 25-36. child custody suit. Ethology and SOCiobiology, 1981, g" 147-150. Smith, J.e.. Madsen, C.H. and Cipani, LC. The effects of I observat ional session length, method of record ing, and frequency of teacher behavior on reliability and accuracy of. observational data. Behavior Therapy, 1981, 565-569.

l_---29 HUMAN ETHOLOGY NEWSLETTER March, 1982 .

Stein, M. A biopsychosocial approaCh to immune function and Hawkes, K. (Ut ah) How much is enough'? 'Hunters' and medical disorders. The Psychiatric Clinics Horth 'limited needs.' America, 1981, 203-Z22. Hewitt, J. (Northwestern) Optimal foraging approaches to the Taylor, R.B. and Ferguson, G. Solitude and intimacy: archaelogical record. Linking territoriality and privacy experiences. Journal Nonverbal Behavior, 1980, 227-239. Hurd, J. (Penn State) Sex differences in mate choice among the Nebraska Amish of central Pennsylvania. Wl1cox, S. and Katz, S. The ecological approach to. development: An alternaive to cognitivism. Journal ££ Irons, W. (Northwestern) Testing Lack's tneory of optimal Experimental Child Psychology, 1981. 32. 247-263. family size. Williams, B.J. A critical review of models in sociobiology. McCommon, C. (Penn State) An analysis of mating strategies Annual Review Anthropology, 1981, 163-192. among black Caib females.

Melancon. T. (Penn State) Sexual selection in age-structured popUlations. Papers presented II the symposium "Human SOCiobiology: New Researcn .ind Theory, II November 11-14, Northwestern Sade, D., Cheverud, J. and Chepko-Sade, D. University. by NapOleon A. Chagnon and William Are monkey societies products of grDup selection. Irons, Dept. of AnthropOlogy. Northwestern University, Evanston lL 60201. Smith, £.A. (Washington) BehaVioral ecology and human sociObiology. Berte. N. (Horthwestern) Some evolutionary implications of K'ekchi' labor transactions.

Bugos, P.E. CNorthwester.n) Genealogical kinship as a BULLETIN predictor 01 social behavior among the Ayoreo Indians I l of BoliVia. Human Ethology Abstracts edited by Larry stettner and Campbell. D. (Syracuse) Alternative paths to ultrasociality Karen Olson is available for 53.Be postpaid from ASMER, in humans. P.O. Box 57. Orangeburg, New York 1B962. a reminder to everyone -- please send abstracts (150 words, APA format) Chagnon, N.A. (Northwestern) Kindemcom: The fourth in this year to Wade Mackey for inclusion in HEA U. Wade's the study of kinship. address is: Division of Social Sciences, Iowa Wesleyan College, P.O. Box 369, Nt. Pleasant IA 52641. Da ly, M. and Wi Ison, M. (McMaster) Homoc ide and domest ic conflict in urban America: The Detroit case. The Human Biology Council is an international non-profit organization formed in 1974 and currently having 45B Flinn, M. (Northwestern) An ethological analysis of maternal members. Its official journal, Human Biology, is pUblished kin biases in a rural Trinidadian Village. quarterly and contains research review articiesl and book reviews. The major focus is on prOblem-oriented Fredlund, E. (Penn State) Incest and relatedness in the and theoretical approaches to variation in human popUlations Shitari-Yanomamo popUlation. and individuals. The following SUbject areas in human biology are common among members' interests: body Freedman, D. (Chicago) Tribal fissioning on the Australian composition. physique; bone morphology, dentition; continent: A reconstruction. demographic factors, including fertility. mortality, migration; genetiC and familiar mecnanisms; growth, Hames. R. (Nebraska) Exchange balance and relatedness in maturation, aging, secular trends; physiology of organ Yetkwana gardening. systems; and temperature, altitude, disease. nutrition. and other environmental

31 32 HUMAN ETHOLOGV NEWSLETTER March. 1982 factors. For membership information write to: Roger Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 532Bl. M. Siervogel. Fels Research Institute. wright State University School of Medicine, Yellow Springs OH 45387. AQoressive Behavior, the official journal of the International Society for Research on is Animal Behaviour Abstracts provides coverage of the applied published quarterly. It is a multidisciplinary journal with aspects of ethology. In compiling each quarterly issue. an editorial board drawn from a broad range of academic over SSBB international research journals, books and reports fields. It is devoted to the empirical and theoretical are regularly monitored. Each issue contains approximately analysis of conflict and the scientific understanding of 14BB abstracts. For information and a free sample issue, aggression in humans and animals. Recent papers have write to American Behaviour Abstracts at: P.O. Box 1, examined such diverse topics as brain mechanisms in Eynsham, Oxford OX8 IJJ, England; or at 1911 Jefferson aggression, terrorism, rape, laboratory studies of children Davis Highway, Arlington VA 22202, USA. and adults. animal studies of natural and experimentally induced aggressive behavior, and analyses of de!inquency in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology publishes (quarterly) streets and schools. Each issue contains a comprehensive original contributions and short communications dealing with international bibliography of literature on the field of quantitative studies and analysis of animal aggressive behavior. Editor-in-Chief is Ronald Baenninger, behavior on the level of the individual and the population. Dept. of Psychology, Temple Universiy. Philadelphia PA It al50 contains articles on the functions, mechanisms, and 19122. For membership information write to Robert evolution of ecological adaptations of behavior. Editor is J. Blanchard, Dept. 07 Psychology. University of Ha.waii. H. Markl, University of Constance, Federal RepUblic of Honolulu HI 96811. Germany. Publisher is Springer-Verlag. Roger Sperry, professor of psychobiology at the California Enuironment and Behavior is an interdisciplinary journal Institute of Technology, recently received the Nobel Prize that publishes empirical and theoretical work on the in Physiology and Medicine for his now classic "split-brain" influence of the phYSical environment on human behavior at experiments which led to the discovery of the distinct- the individual# group. and institutional levels. For functions of each hemisphere of the brain. Sperry shares example: theory of architecture/behavior relations; new half of the $lS0,eee total prize with the Harvard team of research methods; evaluations of buildings or urban David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel, who won for their settings; beliefs, meanings, values, and attitudes of discoveries of the brain's mechanisms for processing visual individuals or groups concerning various building types; information. studies of planning, policy, or political action. The Associate EditOr for Architecture and Environmental Design Harald Walbott, Dept. of Psychology, University of Research is Gary T. Moore of the School of Architecture and Gieben, West Germany, writes in the Winter issue of Urban Planning, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Reviews Uideo-Informationen (5(2):14-17, 1981) that when using a are conducted by an editorial review board comprised of hidden camera, ethical issues as well as legal problems leading researchers# scholars, and practitioners, For protection of the rights of a person have to be information. write to the General Editors: Robert considered. Written consent should include all information B. Bechtel and William H. Ittelson, Environmental Psychology necessary for the subject or his legal representative to be Program, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ 85712. able to evaluate what will be done with the tapes now and in the future. If it is necessary to record SUbjects without ft Ph.D. program in architecture with a concentration in their prior knowledge, (since many records become worthless Environment-behavior studies will begin in Fall. 1982 at the once SUbjects are aware of the fact that they are being university of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. Environment-behavior recorded), then they must be permitted to view the tapes. stUdies in architecture are concerned with the mutual decide if they should be erased, and either agree or refuse interrelationships between people and the environment and to sign the written consent. If a consent is refused, the with applications enhancing the qualiy of life through tapes have to be erased immediately. In any case, records environmental pOlicy, planning, design. and education. The should not be used in a way that could prove harmfUl, school offered its first master's degree in architecture insulting. or discriminating to SUbjects, even if they will with an emphasis in enVironment-behavior stUdies in 1975. never view the .record or find out what has been done with For information write to Uriel Cohen, Dept. of Architecture, it. References provided by Wallbott are: School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of

33 34 HUMAN ETHOLOGV NEWSLETTER March, 1982

Psychologicl Association ad hoc Commitee on Ethical Square, Edinburgh EHB 9LD. Great Britain. Standards in Research. Ethical Principles in the Conduct Research with Human Seminar Counseling Across Cultures. August 3-16. 1982 in Participants. Washington: American PsychologicaJ Honolulu. Contact: The Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Association, 1973. . 250 Ward Ave .• Suite Hawaii 96814.

Canada Council. Report of Consultative Group Ethics. World Congress SocioloQu. August 23-28, 1982 in Ottawa: The Canada Council, 1971. Mexico City. Contact: Fritz Schutze, Uniuersitat rachbereich Heinrich Plett-Str. 40, D-350e Kassel, West Lavender, Da.vis, Mel Graber, E. rilm/video research Germany. recordings: Ethical issues. Kinesis, 1919, 9-29. A!lh Annual Meeting Canadian Assn. PhYSical Anthropology Rosenbaum, M. The issues of privacy and privileged pour l'Anthropologie Physique au Canada. November 18-21, communication. In M.M. Berger (Ed.) Uideotape 1982 in Ontario. ror information write to: Susan Technioues .ill Psy'Chiatric Training ..!!Ul Treatment. New Pfeiffer, School of Human Biology, of Guelph, York: Bruner/Maze I, pp. 19B-Za6, 1979. Guelph, Ontario, Canada. N1G ZW1.

Wolstenholme, G., O'Connor, M. CEds.) Ethics Medical International Conference Social Psuchology Language. Progress. Boston: Little. Brown and Co., 1966. July 18-22. 1983 in Bristol. Contact: Peter Robinson, University of Bristol, School of Education, 35 Berkeley Squ.re, Bristol BSe 1JA, Great Britain. UPCOMING MEETINGS Meeting Reminders

Northwest Association Annual Conference. March International Human Ethology Meeting. August 8-13, 1982 at 11-19. 1992 in Walla Walla College, College Place. the Colony Square Hotel. Peachtree and 14th Streets, Washington. Papers are inVited in Evolutionary Biology. Atlanta, Georgia. Held conjointly with the Science Education, Social Science, Zoology. and for a Primatological Society. and the American Society of SYQposium an Biotelemetry and Radio Tracking. For Primatologists. Al I members of ISHE should have received information. contact: Clyde L. Webster, Chemistry registration materials now-.---If you have-not (or for Walla Walla College WA 99324. information about the meeting in general). contact: Cathy Yarbrough. Congress Office. Yerkes Regional Primate Research International Conference Inlant Studies. March 18-21, Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322 (404-329-7709). 1982 in Austin. Texas. tor information. contact: Tiffany rield, Mailman Center for Child Development. Dept. of Deadlines are: University of Miami Medical School, P.O. Box Advance Registration: March 31, 1982 016820, Miami rL 33101. Student Dormitory Registration: June 20, 1982 Square Hotel Registration: June 30, 1982 IXth World Congress "0-1 Social Psychiatry. JUly.S-9, 1982 in Paris. Contact: PMU ge Congres Mondial de Psychiatrie For information about ISHE contributions to Sociale, BP 246, 92Z0S Neuilly-sur-Seine. rrance. contact: Ron Weigel, Human Ethology Laboratory, Neuropsychiatric Institute, Los Angeles CA 90024. International Association CrOSS-CUltural Psychology. July 19-23. 1992 in Aberdeen. Contact: J.B. Animal Society Meeting. August 15-20, 1982 at the Dept. of PsyChology, King's College, Old Aberdeen AB92UB, University of Minnesota, Duluth. Deadline for receipt Gre at Br ita in. abstracts 26, 1982. For information contact Terry Christenson. Dept." of Psychology. Tulane University, New XXth International Congress of Applied PsycholoQU. July Orleans LA 70118 •. (504-865-5331) 25-31, 1982 in Edinburgh. Contact: Centre for Industrial ConSUltancy and Liaison, University of Edinburgh, 16 George

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