HANS EYSENCK Consensus and Controversy Essays in Honour of Hans Eysenck Falmer International Master-Minds Challenged Psychology Series Editors: Drs Sohan and Celia Modgil 1 Lawrence Kohlberg: Consensus and Controversy 2 Hans Eysenck: Consensus and Controversy 3 Noam Chomsky: Consensus and Controversy 4 Arthur Jensen: Consensus and Controversy 5 B.F.Skinner: Consensus and Controversy HANS EYSENCK Consensus and Controversy EDITED BY Sohan Modgil, PhD Reader in Educational Research and Development Brighton Polytechnic AND Celia Modgil, PhD Senior Lecturer in Educational Psychology London University CONCLUDING CHAPTER BY Hans Eysenck London University The Falmer Press A member of the Taylor & Francis Group (Philadelphia and London) USA The Falmer Press, Taylor & Francis Inc., 242 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106–1906 UK The Falmer Press, Falmer House, Barcombe, Lewes, East Sussex, BN8 5DL © Selection and editorial material copyright Sohan and Celia Modgil 1986 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. First published in 1986 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Hans Eysenck: Consensus and Controversy. (Falmer International Masterminds Challenge) 1. Psychology. 2. Social psychology. 3. Eysenck, H.J.(Hans Jurgen), 1916–. I. Modgil, Sohan. II. Modgil, Celia. III. Series. BF121.H214 1986 150 86–11473 ISBN 0-203-21479-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-27127-0 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1-85000-021-2 (Print Edition) Jacket design by Caroline Archer v Contributors Dr Sohan Modgil and Dr Celia Modgil Brighton Polytechnic University of London Dr H.B.Gibson (author of Hans Eysenck: The Man and His Work) Professor Nicholas Martin Professor John Loehlin Dr Rosemary Jardine University of Texas at Austin Medical College of Virginia Dr Gordon Claridge Professor Paul Costa University of Oxford Professor Robert McCrae Professor Jerry Carlson Baltimore City Hospitals Dr Keith Widaman Professor Arthur Jensen University of California Riverside University of California Berkeley Dr John Ray Dr Chris Brand University of New South Wales University of Edinburgh Dr Paul One Professor Edward Erwin University of Exeter University of Miami Professor Arnold Lazarus Dr Christopher Barbrack Rutgers, The State University of Professor Cyril Franks New Jersey Rutgers, The State University of Dr David Gilbert New Jersey University of Southern Illinois Dr Glenn Wilson Professor Philip Burch University of London University of Leeds Professor Charles Spielberger Dr David Nias University of South Florida Dr Geoffrey Dean Dr Carl Sargent University of London University of Cambridge Professor Hans Eysenck University of London Acknowledgments The undertaking of this volume in the Falmer International Master-Minds Challenged Psychology Series was only possible in collaboration with the numerous distinguished contributors herein. We are greatly indebted to them for demonstrating their trust by accepting our invitation to join forces to provide statements of how Eysenck’s theory is seen in relation to particular areas. The volume has been greatly enhanced by the recognition given to it by Hans Eysenck, who increased our confidence in the project by kindly agreeing to write the concluding chapter. We thank Professor Eysenck for his very kind and generous support and for his edifying contribution to the content. We are further grateful to Falmer Press, a member of the Taylor and Francis group. We express our very sincere gratitude to Malcolm Clarkson, Managing Director, Falmer Press. Sohan and Celia Modgil June 1985 Contents I INTRODUCTION 1 Hans Eysenck: Consensus and Controversy 2 Sohan and Celia Modgil II INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER 2 Introductory Chapter 5 H.B.Gibson III BEHAVIOURAL GENETICS 3 Eysenck’s Contributions to Behaviour Genetics 16 Nicholas Martin and Rosemary Jardine 4 H.J.Eysenck and Behaviour Genetics: A Critical View 51 John Loehlin INTERCHANGE Eaves replies to Loehlin 60 Loehlin replies to Martin and Jardine 61 IV PERSONALITY 5 Major Contributions to the Psychology of Personality 65 Paul T.Costa, Jr and Robert R.McCrae 6 Eysenck’s Contribution to the Psychology of Personality 75 Gordon Claridge INTERCHANGE Costa and McCrae reply to Claridge 88 Claridge replies to Costa and McCrae 89 V INTELLIGENCE 7 The Theory of Intelligence 91 Arthur R.Jensen 8 Eysenck on Intelligence: A Critical Perspective 105 Jerry S.Carlson and Keith F.Widaman viii INTERCHANGE Jensen replies to Carlson and Widaman 136 Carlson and Widaman reply to Jensen 138 VI SOCIAL ATTITUDES 9 The Psychological Bases of Political Attitudes and Interests 141 Christopher Brand 10 Eysenck on Social Attitudes: An Historical Critique 158 John Ray INTERCHANGE Brand replies to Ray 177 Ray replies to Brand 178 VII PSYCHOTHERAPY AND FREUDIAN PSYCHOLOGY 11 Psychotherapy and Freudian Psychology 182 Edward Erwin 12 Psychotherapy and Freudian Psychology: The Negative View 208 Paul Kline INTERCHANGE Erwin replies to Kline 230 Kline replies to Erwin 233 VIII BEHAVIOUR THERAPY 13 Contemporary Behaviour Therapy and the Unique Contribution of 237 H.J.Eysenck: Anachronistic or Visionary? Christopher R.Barbrack and Cyril M.Franks 14 On Sterile Paradigms and the Realities of Clinical Practice: Critical 251 Comments on Eysenck’s Contribution to Behaviour Therapy Arnold A.Lazarus INTERCHANGE Barbrack and Franks reply to Lazarus 263 Lazarus replies to Barbrack and Franks 265 IX SEXUAL AND MARITAL BEHAVIOUR 15 Personality, Sexual Behaviour and Marital Satisfaction 269 Glenn Wilson ix 16 Marriage and Sex: Moving from Correlations to Dynamic Personality by 291 Personality Interactions—Limits of Monocular Vision David G.Gilbert INTERCHANGE Wilson replies to Gilbert 304 Gilbert replies to Wilson 306 X SMOKING AND HEALTH 17 Smoking, Personality and Health 310 Charles D.Spielberger 18 Smoking and Health 322 Philip Burch INTERCHANGE Spielberger replies to Burch 340 Burch replies to Spielberger 341 XI ASTROLOGY AND PARAPSYCHOLOGY 19 Parapsychology and Astrology 344 Carl Sargent 20 Astrology and Parapsychology 361 David K.B.Nias and Geoffrey A.Dean INTERCHANGE Sargent replies to Nias and Dean 376 Nias and Dean reply to Sargent 378 XII CONCLUDING CHAPTER 21 Consensus and Controversy: Two Types of Science 380 H.J.Eysenck Author Index 404 Subject Index 419 In loving memory of Piyare Lal Modgil Part I: Introduction 1. Hans Eysenck: Consensus and Controversy SOHAN AND CELIA MODGIL INTRODUCTION During the last forty years, Hans Eysenck’s brilliant contribution to knowledge has been well-known world-wide. From its early transmission, his work has not been without its critics. Naturally, criticisms persist, although his work continues to be frequently acknowledged with great admiration in the channels of psychology. With such prolific work, it would seem justified to consider the discrepancies, the omissions, together with the various interpretations which have been and are currently being highlighted. The publication of Eysenck’s biography by Gibson (1981) has provided an excellent forerunner to a wider directed analysis of his work and its place in the evolution of psychology. Further, the Festschrift for Eysenck (Lynn, 1981), on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday with contributions from his past students and colleagues from the Institute of Psychiatry, London, together with others attracted by Eysenck’s thinking, provides a review of the major contributions of Eysenck and his associates, ranging from the genetic and physiological foundations of personality to its clinical and social expressions. CONTINUING THE DEBATE: THE STRATEGY OF THE BOOK The book has as its objective the evaluation of elements of Eysenck’s work from the perspectives of a range of areas of psychology: behavioural genetics, personality, intelligence, social attitudes, psychotherapy and Freudian psychology, behaviour therapy, sexual and marital behaviour, smoking and health, astrology and parapsychology. It aims to provide in a single source the most recent ‘crosscurrents and crossfire’, to begin to clarify the contribution of Eysenck to the evolution of the understanding of human behaviour. The volume attempts to provide theoretical analysis supported by research on aspects of Eysenck’s work, presented predominantly either positively or negatively by pairs of distinguished academics representing particular areas of knowledge. The paired contributions have been exchanged, through the editors, to provide an opportunity for both parties to refute the ‘heart’ of the opposing paper. This would perhaps go some way towards the prescription that what the study of human behaviour needs at this stage of its own development is a wide-ranging approach to the facts, furthering the hope that this INTRODUCTION 3 growth will continue so as to include an openness to the evidence outside Eysenck’s own framework. Although axiomatic, it would be expedient to emphasize that the labelling ‘predominantly positive’ or ‘predominantly negative’ implies that the writer of the predominantly ‘positive’ chapter agrees in the main with the theory but is not in entire agreement, therefore being allowed some latitude towards disagreement.