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Potensi Arkeologi Prasejarah Di Kawasan

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Potensi Arkeologi Prasejarah Di Kawasan Bambang Sugiyanto POTENSI ARKEOLOGI PRASEJARAH DI KAWASAN Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan Selatan KARST, KABUPATEN BALANGAN Jalan Gotong Royong II RT 03/06, Banjarbaru 70711, Kalimantan Selatan; email: [email protected] THE POTENCY OF PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY IN Diterima 10 Agustus 2017 THE KARST AREA OF BALANGAN REGENCY Direvisi 5 September 2017 Disetujui 25 Oktober 2017 Abstrak. Kabupaten Balangan mempunyai wilayah karst yang cukup potensial. Kawasan karst di Kabupaten Balangan berada pada bagian barat Pegunungan Meratus, berbatasan langsung dengan kawasan karst Kabupaten Tabalong di utara dan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah di selatan. Kawasan karst ini mempunyai indikasi hunian prasejarah, seperti situs Gua Babi dan Gua Tengkorak di Tabalong, serta Gua Pendalaman di Hulu Sungai Selatan. Letaknya yang berada di antara Tabalong dan Hulu Sungai Selatan ini yang mendasari munculnya permasalahan, yaitu bagaimanakah potensi arkeologi prasejarah di kawasan karst Kabupaten Balangan? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif dengan penalaran induktif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan survei dan ekskavasi pada beberapa gua serta ceruk payung yang ada pada kawasan karst tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui potensi gua-gua yang ada di wilayah Kabupaten Balangan. Hasil penelitian diharapkan menjadi pengetahuan dan informasi tentang budaya prasejarah pada kawasan karst Balangan. Kata kunci: arkeologi, prasejarah, potensi gua, Balangan Abstract. Balangan Regency has quite potential of karst areas. The karst is located in the western part of Meratus Mountains, directly adjacent to the karst area of Tabalong Regency in the north, and Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency in the south. Those areas have indication of prehistoric settlements, such as Babi cave and Tengkorak cave in Tabalong, and Pendalaman cave in Hulu Sungai Selatan. The karst location between Tabalong and Hulu Sungai Selatan underlies the emergence of the problem, i.e. how is the prehistoric archaeology potency in the karst area of Balangan Regency? The research conducts by descriptive method with inductive reasoning. The data are collected by survey and excavation on some caves and niches in the areas. The purpose of this research is to recognize the potency of existing caves in Balangan Regency. The expexted results of this study are to gain some knowledge and information about prehistoric culture in Balangan karst areas. Keywords: archeology, prehistory, potential cave, Balangan PENDAHULUAN dengan Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara, dan di sebelah timur berbatasan dengan Kabupaten Kabupaten Balangan beribukota Paringin, Paser (Kalimantan Timur) dan Kotabaru. merupakan daerah pemekaran dari Kabupaten Kabupaten Balangan mempunyai luas wilayah Hulu Sungai Utara. Kabupaten Balangan terletak 1.878,3 km² atau 5% dari luas wilayah Provinsi pada koordinat 2°01’ 37’’ sampai dengan 2°35’ Kalimantan Selatan. Kabupaten Balangan terbagi 58’’ Lintang Selatan, dan 114° 50’ 24’’ sampai dalam delapan wilayah kecamatan, yaitu dengan 115° 50’ 24’’ Bujur Timur. Kabupaten Lampihong, Batu Mandi, Awayan, Paringin, Juai, Balangan berbatasan langsung dengan Paringin Selatan, Halong, dan Tebing Tinggi. Kabupaten Tabalong dan Kabupaten Paser Kecamatan Halong merupakan wilayah yang (Kalimantan Timur) di sebelah utara, di sebelah terluas diantara delapan kecamatan di Kabupaten selatan berbatasan dengan Kabupaten Hulu Balangan, dengan luas mencapai 659,84 km² atau Sungai Tengah, di sebelah barat berbatasan sebesar 35,13%, sementara kecamatan terkecil Potensi Arkeologi di Kabupaten Balangan, Kalimantan Selatan-Bambang Sugiyanto (15-32) 15 wilayahnya adalah Kecamatan Paringin Selatan ditemukan banyak situs gua hunian prasejarah. dengan luas 86,80 km² atau sebesar 4,62 % dari Gerakan sempalan migrasi besar ini menurut luas Kabupaten Balangan (BPS Balangan 2014:1). Harry Widianto, melalui laut Jawa dan terus Potensi arkeologi prasejarah banyak bergerak ke utara melalui kawasan karst yang ada ditemukan di hulu sungai dan daerah pegunungan di sekitar Pegunungan Meratus. Secara karst. Kedua tempat itu merupakan ekosistem geomorfologi, wilayah Kecamatan Halong dan awal manusia prasejarah sejak Kala Plestosen, Tebing Tinggi mempunyai deretan gugus gunung ribuan tahun yang lalu. Berdasarkan hasil dan bukit karst yang sama dengan kawasan karst penelitian diketahui bahwa bukti-bukti temuan di Tabalong. Secara umum, kawasan karst prasejarah di Kalimantan Selatan, antara lain Tabalong dan Balangan masih termasuk dalam ditemukan di lembah Sungai Riam Kanan, yang kawasan karst yang ada di bagian barat sekarang sudah menjadi waduk pembangkit Pegunungan Meratus. Keletakan ini sangat tenaga listrik. Beberapa alat batu dari masa menarik untuk diteliti apakah ada hubungannya paleolitik berupa kapak perimbas penetak dari dengan budaya prasejarah yang berkembang di situs ini sekarang disimpan di Museum Negeri Tabalong? Pertanyaan ini muncul karena kawasan Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarbaru. Situs prasejarah karst di Kabupaten Balangan ini masih berada lain ditemukan di Bukit Batu Buli di Kabupaten pada areal yang sama dengan kawasan karst Tabalong, berupa gua hunian dan gua Tabalong. Jika pada kawasan karst di Kabupaten penguburan dari masa prasejarah sekitar 6.000 Tabalong terdapat dua situs hunian prasejarah tahun lalu (Widianto dkk. 1997: 45). Bukti (Gua Babi dan Gua Tengkorak), apakah pada penguburan yang ditemukan di Gua Tengkorak kawasan karst Balangan juga ada situs-situs menjadi bukti manusia prasejarah pertama yang arkeologi prasejarah yang sama? Pertanyaan ini ditemukan di Kalimantan Selatan. Menurut Harry menjadi dasar perencanaan penelitian arkeologi Widianto, morfologi tulang dari individu yang yang ingin mengetahui potensi gua-gua dan ceruk dikuburkan di Gua Tengkorak mengarah pada ras payung yang ada pada kawasan karst di Halong manusia Australomelanesoid. Selanjutnya, dan Tebing Tinggi. Oleh karena itu, permasalahan dikatakan bahwa kelompok manusia Australo- utama dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakah melanesoid yang tinggal dan mengembangkan potensi arkeologi pada kawasan karst di budaya prasejarah di Gua Babi dan Gua Kabupaten Balangan? Tengkorak di Tabalong ini merupakan hasil bagian Potensi arkeologi yang dimaksud adalah dari gerak migrasi besar manusia prasejarah kandungan situs-situs arkeologi terutama daratan Asia ke kepulauan Nusantara. Migrasi arkeologi prasejarah yang ada pada kawasan besar dari Asia tersebut melewati Semenanjung karst Kabupaten Balangan. Situs arkeologi Malaysia, Sumatra, Jawa, terus ke Nusa Tenggara, prasejarah yang berada pada kawasan karst pada tetapi ada satu cabang migrasi yang mengarah umumnya ditemukan pada gua-gua dan ceruk ke Kalimantan dari Jawa (Widianto dan Handini payung (rock-shelter). Apakah semua gua-gua 2003: 60). dan ceruk payung yang ada pada kawasan karst Teori di atas tampaknya menjadi dasar untuk Balangan itu merupakan situs arkeologi? Tidak mengetahui bagaimana potensi gua-gua pada semua gua-gua dan ceruk payung merupakan kawasan karst Balangan pada masa lalu. Jika situs arkeologi atau tempat hunian manusia hipotesis yang dikemukakan Harry Widianto prasejarah masa lalu. Pada umumnya pemilihan tentang budaya prasejarah yang berkembang di gua-gua sebagai tempat hunian dipengaruhi oleh Tabalong benar merupakan “sempalan” dari banyak pertimbangan, seperti kondisi morfologi gerakan migrasi besar pada masa lalu. Tentunya gua, kedekatan dengan sumber air, dan lokasinya pada kawasan karst di sekitar Pegunungan yang berada pada daerah yang subur serta kaya Meratus, terutama yang bagian barat akan akan sumber bahan makanan. Oleh karena itu, 16 Kindai Etam Vol. 3 No.1 November 2017-Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan Selatan untuk mengetahui potensi arkeologi pada mengetahui karakter hunian prasejarah yang kawasan karst Kabupaten Balangan perlu sesungguhnya. dilakukan kegiatan inventarisasi gua-gua yang ada di dalamnya. Kegiatan inventarisasi ini merupakan HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN penelitian awal tentang potensi arkeologi yang ada pada kawasan karst Kabupaten Balangan, Kawasan karst di Kabupaten Balangan, sekaligus menghasilkan potensi gua-gua alam secara umum hanya terdapat di dua wilayah yang bisa dikembangkan sebagai wisata alam kecamatan, yaitu Kecamatan Halong dan Tebing minat khusus. Tinggi. Berdasarkan informasi yang berhasil Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat dikumpulkan di Sekretariat Daerah Kabupaten memberikan informasi yang jelas terkait Balangan, kawasan karst di Kecamatan Halong keberadaan situs gua-gua hunian dan gua-gua mempunyai luas yang lebih besar daripada alam yang ada di kawasan karst di Kabupaten kawasan karst yang ada di Kecamatan Tebing Balangan. Data ini dapat menjadi bahan Tinggi. Secara morfologi, kawasan karst di pertimbangan penting dalam perencanaan Kecamatan Halong dan Tebing Tinggi ini termasuk pengelolaan sumber daya budaya dan sumber dalam jajaran kawasan karst di sekitar daya wisata di Kabupaten Balangan pada masa Pegunungan Meratus bagian barat (Gambar 1). yang akan datang. Kawasan karst ini membujur utara selatan dari wilayah Kabupaten Tabalong, Balangan, Hulu METODE Sungai Tengah, Hulu Sungai Selatan, Tapin, dan Banjar di selatan. Dalam menjelaskan dan menjawab Hasil penelitian Balai Arkeologi Kalimantan permasalahan yang diajukan di atas, penulis Selatan tahun 1996-1999 di kawasan karst di mempergunakan metode penelitian deskriptif Kecamatan Muara Uya (Tabalong) memper- dengan pengamatan langsung di lapangan. lihatkan adanya situs gua hunian prasejarah yang Metode pengumpulan datanya dilakukan dengan berkembang pesat di Gua
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