Fuzzy Logic Approach for Post-Mining Land Use Planning: a Case Study on Coal Mine of Pt

INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 20, No. 2, October 2017 : 81 - 91

FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH FOR POST-MINING LAND USE PLANNING: A CASE STUDY ON COAL MINE OF PT. ADARO INDONESIA-SOUTH KALIMANTAN

PENDEKATAN FUZZY LOGIC UNTUK PERENCANAAN PASCATAMBANG: STUDI KASUS PADA TAMBANG BATUBARA PT. ADARO INDONESIA-KALIMANTAN SELATAN

MOHAMAD ANIS12,*, ARIFUDIN IDRUS2, HENDRA AMIJAYA2, and SUBAGYO3 1 Directorate General of Mineral and Coal, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Jalan Prof. Dr. Soepomo, SH, No. 10, Jakarta, 12870, Indonesia, Ph. (+6221) 8295608 e-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geological Engineering Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281 3 Department of Mechanical and Industry Engineering Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281.

ABSTRACT

Currently coal companies, especially in South Kalimantan, have not yet been or only slightly entered the post-mining stage, although part of the mining blocks have been totally exploited, so that the company should have been preparing for the development of other sectors (non-mining). It shows that optimization of coal resources from exploration, mining to post-mining land use is necessary to ensure sustainable mining and sustainable development in terms of meeting the conservation aspect. To meet all aspects of conservation, the achievement of optimization in a series of mining business activities is started from the potential optimization of the coal remain resources until the optimization of post-mining land use is absolutely required. This research has analyzed several alternative sectors outside mining, which will be selected for optimization of utilization or post-mining land use, including plantation, recreation, industry and conservation sectors. The analyzing process used several parameters to assess the selected sectors including rainfall, slope and land use. Therefore, this study uses an approach of GIS-based methods (knowledge-driven), mainly fuzzy logic for post-mining land use planning. The selected mining area for this study belongs to PT. Adaro Indonesia company that has a Work Agreement for Coal Mining Exploitation. The result shows the suitability of plantation for the optimization of land use in all mining sites and also for conservation areas or protected forests.

Keywords: optimization, land use, post-mining, fuzzy logic

ABSTRAK

Saat ini banyak perusahaan batubara terutama di Kalimantan Selatan belum ada atau hanya sedikit yang memasuki tahap pascatambang, walaupun sebagian blok tambang telah selesai dieksploitasi, sehingga perusahaan tersebut seharusnya sudah mempersiapkan pengembangan sektor lainnya (di luar sektor pertambangan). Hal tersebut menunjukkan tingkat optimalisasi sumber daya batubara mulai dari eksplorasi, penambangan sampai dengan pemanfaatan lahan pascatambang mutlak diperlukan untuk menjamin pertambangan berkelanjutan dan pembangunan berkelanjutan dalam memenuhi aspek konservasi. Jadi, pencapaian optimalisasi dalam suatu rangkaian kegiatan usaha pertambangan adalah mulai dari optimalisasi potensi sumber daya sisa batubara sampai dengan optimalisasi pemanfaatan lahan pascatambang mutlak dilakukan untuk memenuhi segala aspek konservasi. Penelitian ini telah menganalisis beberapa sektor alternatif di luar pertambangan yang akan dipilih untuk optimalisasi

Received: 22 September 2017, first revision: 06 October 2017, second revision: 27 October 2017, accepted: 29 October 2017. 81 This work is licensed under a CC BY-NC (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 20, No. 2, October 2017 : 81 - 91

pemanfaatan atau penggunaan lahan pascatambang, termasuk sektor perkebunan, rekreasi, industri dan konservasi. Studi ini menggunakan beberapa parameter untuk menilai sektor yang akan dipilih meliputi faktor curah hujan, kemiringan dan penggunaan lahan. Sehubungan dengan hal ini digunakan pendekatan metode berbasis GIS terutama logika fuzzy untuk perencanaan penggunaan lahan pascatambang. Wilayah pertambangan yang dipilih untuk penelitian ini adalah milik PT. Adaro Indonesia, sebagai pemegang izin Perjanjian Karya Pengusahaan Pertambangan Batubara. Hasilnya menunjukkan kesesuaian perkebunan untuk optimalisasi penggunaan lahan di semua lokasi pertambangan dan juga sebagian kecil lahan untuk kawasan konservasi atau hutan lindung.

Kata kunci: optimalisasi, penggunaan lahan, pascatambang, fuzzy logic

INTRODUCTION preserve the function of the environment, and ensure the sustainability of development The management capability in optimizing coal for the community. resources, will ultimately influence the success of sustainable mining and Optimization of land use related to the sustainable development. One of these achievement of sustainable development is successes is that a company has considered indicated by the level of reduction of factors for determining the purpose or dependence on the mining sector and the direction of designation after reclamation development of other sectors for the growth (Wang and Zhang, 2008; Wang, Liu and Xu, of new economic areas in post-mining land. 2008; Luppens et al., 2009; Liu, Ye and Qi, The development of sectors outside the mine 2012; Hao et al., 2013). Therefore, it can be can be evaluated with common parameters determined the steps of environmental such as land use, slope and rainfall that can management and monitoring activities in influence the sustainable development with achieving the reclamation success after post- reference to the recommended parameters of mining stage. This is also adapted to the previous studies. socio-economic conditions of the communities surrounding coal companies in This study analyzes the suitability of land for general that depend on the plantation and land use optimization and also by agriculture sectors based on a review of data considering used several parameters to from Central Bureau of Statistics (Badan assess, which a sector will be selected, Pusat Statistik, 2014). It also encourages including rainfall, slope and land use factors mining companies to give priority of the land (Watson, 2002; Craynon, 2011; Sharma, use for the plantation area, which is the 2011). This study is limited in the analysis of development of optimization modelling to optimization of conformity or land use using illustrate the above series whose estuary, that several criteria. Some of the main criteria is a series of conservation policies (Wang comprise such as rainfall, slope and limits of and Zhang, 2008; Wang, Liu and Xu, 2008; land administration/infrastructure. In this Luppens et al., 2009; Liu, Ye and Qi, 2012; analysis, it must first determine the output, Hao et al., 2013). because this study aims to optimize the mining area for sectors outside mining The success of reclamation is very supportive activities or sustainable development, then to determine the allotment of post-mining land the output selected according to related in accordance with the needs of the statistics in the area of plantation, surrounding community of mining activities. recreation, industry and conservation. While the success of the company in preparing communities around the mine, Fuzzy logic method has been widely used to socially and economically contributes to the assist in decision-making process. Fuzzy set independence of the community. was first developed in 1965 by Prof. Lotfi A. Zadeh. This theory has been widely Setiabudi and Hutamadi (2003) stated that developed and applied in various real the Conservation of Minerals Materials problems. This method often begins with (COMM) is essentially a safeguard, repair and developed based on a number of rules and use of mined materials wisely that can defined by decision makers (Lotfi et al., provide high economic and social benefits, 1974 in Nugroho and Hartati, 2012).

Fuzzy Logic Approach for Post-Mining Land Use Palnning: A Case Study … Mohamad Anis et al.

METHODOLOGY 1). The total area of this company is 35,800.80 hectares (Directorate General of This study developed a model for the Mineral and Coal, 2014). determination of land suitability (plantation, industry, conservation/ protected forest, and The analysis method is a combination of recreational land) using the above-described geographic information system (GIS) and theories of fuzzy logic. The object of this fuzzylogic analysis methods, which has research took a case study at several coal been applied to test all research related companies that had mining licenses of Work factors. The purpose of the analysis can be Agreement for Coal Mining Exploitation (or described simultaneously with the stages of abbreviated as PKP2B in Bahasa) in South the main analysis method, which is the GIS Kalimantan. modelling analysis method. The results of the expected analysis are for land Several coal mining companies included in development or post-mining land PKP2B (Contract of Work) are still active in optimization in the framework of sustainable South Kalimantan (about 14 companies), in development. The same thing can be which PT. Adaro Indonesia was selected for determined by overlaying maps approaches this study. The company site is located in related to the optimization of land use. Balangan and Tabalong Regencies, South Surely, it must first set the initial criteria for Kalimantan The site is approximately 220 the optimization of land suitability (fuzzy km from Banjarmasin to the north and it can logic). This study uses Arc-gis 10.2 software be reached by 6-hour road trip. While the with added fuzzy logic packages that have location of crushing plant and the port of been available, including as a fuzzy logic loading is in the Kelanis Village, South calculation tool. Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan (Figure

Figure 1. Location of PT Adaro Indonesia in South and Central Kalimantan

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Analysis of land suitability for post-mining . availability of water (rainfall, humidity, land use optimization is carried out through a drainage, surface area of aquifer); series of fuzzy logic analyzes. This study . availability of oxygen (drainage, slope); uses the help of Mat lab software to solve . landscape/morphology (physiographic, complex calculations of the related graphical slope inclination, erosion sensitivity, methodology. The system fuzzy logic erosion rate); analysis also represents a series of three . type of vegetation (forest, rice field); important steps: fuzzification, inference and . road network (primary, secondary). defuzzification (Cordón et al., 2001 in Foroutan and Delavar, 2012) as illustrated in In detail, the above criteria for land types Figure 2. The fuzzification stage is the stages cover plantation, conservation, recreation performed to change the firm or crisp/bivalent and industry landscape considers the values into the values of the more specific fulfillment of criteria with the characteristics natural fuzzy membership (fuzzification) for shown in Table 1. all inputs using Mat lab software. Analysis of land suitability for post-mining Optimization of the suitability of land/land use land use optimization was conducted in this study is directed to the use of through a system of fuzzy logic. This plantation/agricultural and conservation research used a Mat lab software to solve a areas, whereas the determination of the complex calculation of fuzzyfication from criteria optimization of land use can be seen related graphical method. The analysis of in Table 1. The criteria in the table refers to fuzzyfication deals with the necessary steps the rules that set by the government and to convert bivalent values into specific refers to the Guidelines for the Spatial Layout membership values (Nugroho and Hartati, (RTRW) of the Regency (Law No. 26 Year 2012). 2007 on Spatial Planning) Such the law was issued by the National Spatial Planning Triangular membership functions actually Coordinating Agency of the Republic of have some other membership functions, such Indonesia (Nugroho and Hartati, 2012). as GenBell, Sigmoid, Phi, Trapezoidal, Gaussian, Piece Wise Linear, and so on. This The criteria and sub-criteria determination of study uses Triangle membership function in land use calculation must be referred to the this analysis. Thus, the formula for calculating above laws, so that it cannot be done the degree of membership used is as follows arbitrarily (Nugroho and Hartati, 2012). In (Nugroho and Hartati, 2012): this case, to make the determination of fuzzy logic calculation criteria was used the criteria  0, x  a, x  c μ  triangular and sub-criteria of land suitability  (x  a)/(b  a), a  x  b ...... (1) determination that include: (x, a, b, c)   (x  c)/(c  b), b  x  c

Fuzzy Inference System

Inference Real Input Fuzzification Defuzzification Real Output System

Figure 2. The scheme of the analysis fuzzy logic system

Fuzzy Logic Approach for Post-Mining Land Use Palnning: A Case Study … Mohamad Anis et al.

Table 1. The criteria of optimal value for the selection of four land use alternatives

Land Use Criteria Plantation Conservation Recreation Industry Slope

0 - 8 % 8 - 15 % 15 - 25 % 25 - 45 % > 45 % Rain Fall 0 - 100 mm

100 - 200 mm

200 - 300 mm

300 - > 600 mm

Distance to Road 1 - 3 km 3 - 5 km > 5 km Distance to Settlement 1 - 3 km

3 - 5 km

> 5 km Distance to River 1 - 3 km 3 - 5 km > 5 km Law No. 26/2007 on Spatial Planning of the District (Nugroho and Hartati, 2012)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION refers to the Guidelines for Spatial Layout (RTRW) of the Regency (Law No. 26 Year The analysis of the land suitability for the land 2007 on Spatial Planning) issued by the use is the basis of the environmental National Spatial Planning Coordinating management of the coal company. As Agency of the Republic of Indonesia described in the previous chapter, fuzzy logic (Nugroho and Hartati, 2012). The above analysis includes three important steps, criteria parameters must be generally namely, inference and defuzzification. In this inputted without a specific limitation research, the series of analysis can be according to the class distance and applied to the company that has PKP2B determined by reference or field research licence through three stages of fuzzy logic data, e.g. drought slope and rainfall map. analysis. The first stage is fuzzification that The result of this series of analysis stages is perform to changing the firm or crisp/bivalent shown in Figure 3. values into the values of the more specific natural fuzzy membership (fuzzification) for After completing related main criteria inputs, all inputs using the Mat lab software (Figure the next step is the fuzzy set inference rules 3). Determination the most optimal output (Nugroho and Hartati, 2012). Based on the (land suitability) used several criteria such as: reference guide of rainfall map, slope and . tilt slope with a certain class distance; land administration/land use and related . rainfall at certain periods with reference reference then arranged fuzzy inference rules intervals accordingly; according to predetermined output objectives. . administrative map in the form of the The process does not only take into distance from the highway; consideration some of the detailed analyzed . administrative map in the form of the criteria, but in this research also select the distance from settlement e.g. village; suitable area for land optimization such as . administrative map in the form of the plantation land, conservation sites, distance from the parent river. recreational lands and industrial land. Those can be determined based on the overlay map This criterion refers to the rules that have land unit map by fuzzy logic determination been regulated by the government and method and GIS modeling approach.

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In conducting analysis of suitability example for this analysis is the rainfall optimization or land utility, this research uses criterion (Figure 4) with certain sub criteria criteria map. Some of the main criteria such such as high (>100 mm) and low rainfall as the rainfall map around concession of PT. (<100 mm). Application of the sample Adaro Indonesia and the slope map give analysis, this research used the Mamdani significant contribution for decision model (Nugroho and Hartati, 2012) as optimization of land suitability. Analysis of follows: GIS modelling for suitability optimization uses . If Rain_Fall Is Low Or Medium THEN the criteria above and guidance of reference Characteristic _Land Is (Figure 7) based on the criteria as follows: Land_Recreation; . slope, in the research area is generally 0- . If Rain_Fall Is High Or Very high THEN 25% for plantation and over 25% for Characteristic_Land Is conservation land; Land_Conservation; . rainfall, generally over 100 mm; . If Rain_Fall IS Low THEN . distance from street, close enough Characteristics_Land IS Land_Industry; around about 1 km; . If Rain_Fall IS Low Or Medium Or High . distance from settlement, close enough THEN Characteristic_Land Is about 1 km; Lahan_Plantation. . distance from river, close enough about 1 km; The next step of the fuzzy logic analysis or deffuzification stage is to return the results Referring to Nugroho and Hartati (2012), the of the inference analysis to the firmly return determination of fuzzy logic above was value to determine the highest output value. based on land suitability optimization The result of the above analysis at PT. criteria. The inference process for this fuzzy Adaro showed the limit criteria indicator after logic method can manually be performed the defuzzification. The results of this either by Mamdani or Sugeno methods. One analysis is shown in Figure 5 and 6.

Figure 3. The fuzzification stages inputs all the criteria and output data

Fuzzy Logic Approach for Post-Mining Land Use Palnning: A Case Study … Mohamad Anis et al.

Figure 4. Input data in the form of rules

Figure 5. The process of defuzzification stage for plantation output

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Figure 6. Results for the plantation output of the defuzzification process

After a series of fuzzy logic analyzes, plantation area and about 1.46%, which is simultaneous and integrated GIS analysis is not potential outside the two areas. The also overlaid using spatial operations and then show that the environmental performance converted into vector-based GIS databases, has the potential impact directly to the since the entire overlay process is environmental management performance of completed in a vector format shapefile PT. Adaro Indonesia, which has long been (Bonham-Carter, 1994). The stages are in the operational stage of production done by input data into fuzzy logic devices in (Suyartono, 2004; Craynon, 2011; Sharma, GIS, including input criteria e.g. slope map, 2011). rainfall map, distance map from highway, distance map of settlement and distance This study has analyzed the potential of the map from river. This study also determines plantations based on the local statistical the optimization of post mining land with the data to contribute significantly beyond the selection of alternative land use mining sector. The analysis result shows conservation, plantation, recreation and that the prepared criteria suggest the industry) as output data. optimum output of land to the plantation sector (Shields, 2007). It can be shown that The series of processes used the union the plantation sector contributes to the function in ArcGIS 10.2 (Lotfi et al., 1974 in sustainable development data from Central Nugroho and Hartati, 2012). The result can Bureau of Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik, be seen that the role of the predictor map 2014). Therefore, the data of the output can produce the land unit map that must be criteria for the plantation sector should have re-analyzed by fuzzy logic analysis of course been considered for preparing PT. Adaro through several series of analysis process Indonesia's future corporate reclamation (Bonham-Carter, 1994). plan (Suyartono, 2004; Craynon, 2011; Sharma, 2011). The results of the analysis also show that the other allotment is the land use for Based on the local government statistic conservation areas of only about 0.08% of central data, the analysis of land suitability the total concession area compared to the optimization in PT. Adaro is proposed since

Fuzzy Logic Approach for Post-Mining Land Use Palnning: A Case Study … Mohamad Anis et al. the post mining activity which is expected to Therefore, the selected plantation sector be returned to the original function (rubber should be considered to the post mining plantation area (Figure 7.). This is in plan of PT. Adaro Indonesia (Figure 7). The accordance with the social need and company has also an area of approximately encourage economic level in Tabalong and 97.7%, which is feasible and significant to Balangan Regencies, where there has been be diverted to other sectors outside mining rubber plantation processing plant. The activities in order to achieve complete result of this analysis shows that social- sustainable development above (Figure 7). economic performance of the society is dominant enough data from Central Bureau of Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2014). CONCLUSION

The analysis result also indicated that the The variables of land use are the important environmental performance does not always factor to determine the optimization of land affect directly because the performance of use suitability within the framework of the processing surrounding PT. Adaro sustainable development, as shown below: Indonesia is still in the early stage. The . result of GIS modeling integration result of analysis suggested that PT. Adaro approach (overlay) and fuzzy logic Indonesia should manage its environment analysis shows that the land use is based (reclamation and revegetation) into the on the employed criteria such as plantation sector such a sector will give a infrastructure map, rainfall and slope; socio-economic advantage besides the . the optimization of the suggested land is mining sector (Shields, 2007). plantation area (about 97.7%) or agriculture and the rest is conservation The plantation sector will give a significant areas (about 0.08%). contribution to the sustainable development.

SCALE 1 : 186.000

TABALONG REGENCY

LEGEND :

REGENCY BOUNDARY ROADS SETTLEMENT RIVER LAND SUITABILITY Area of Conservation (0,08 %) Area of Plantation (97,7 %) BALANGAN REGENCY Not Both Area (1,466%)

SOUTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

Figure 7. Map of optimization land suitability for post mining planning

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Luppens, J. A., Rohrbacher, T. J., Osmonson, L. M. and Carter, M. D. (2009) Coal The authors would like to acknowledge PT. resource availability, recoverability, and Adaro Indonesia for the cooperation and economic evaluations in the United States-A Summary, The National Coal providing data. The authors also appreciate Resource Assessment Overview. the assistance of the Directorate General of Denver, Colorado. Available at: Mineral and Coal for data collection and https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1625f/downloa database creation. ds/ChapterD.pdf.

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