Index

Adler, Alfred, 230 dent movement in 1985 at, 119–20; stu- alienation, 59, 66, 68, 83, 236 dent movement in 1986 at, 123–24; stu- Province, 34, 110, 121, 209, 213, 223 dent movement in 1988 at, 129–33; antiorthodoxy, 169, 237 studies of students at, 252, 253 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 176 Youth News, 80, 200 antitradition, 169, 173, 237 Bell, Daniel, 15, 232 April Fifth Forum, 31, 32, 34 betrothal price, 113 April Fifth movement, 20, 24. See also big-character poster, 24, 42, 119 “black road,” 128, 250 authoritarian personality, 186–87 blind loyalty, 180, 193 , 29, 46, 135, 233; Ba Jin, 55, 83 campaign against, 117, 124, 127, 129, 138 Bacon, Francis, 231, 241 Bai Hua, 35 Calhoun, Craig, 4 Bei Dao, 23, 32, 152, 153, 179, 180 campus elections, 20, 45, 177, 180, 198 Beijing, 26, 40, 84, 127, 128, 142, 167, 191, Chai Qingfeng incident, 130–32 209, 232; abortion in, 111; April Fifth Chang Hao, 9, 11 Incident in, 20, 24; Democracy Wall Changsha (Hunan Province), 40, 111, 245 in, 34; election of 1980 in, 39, 41–47; Chen Duxiu, 9 marriage in, 105, 107; “Nature, Society, Chen Jingrun, 27 People” exhibition in, 37–38; people’s Chen Lifu, 13 response to student movement in, 127; Chen Ziming, 32, 44 protest of 1989 in, 4; returned edu- Cheng Yuanzhong, 171, 174 cated youth in, 50–51; rural youth in, Chengdu (Sichuan Province), 95 223; soaring prices in, 118–19; student Chiang Kai-shek, 13, 14 movement, 120–21, 123–24; studies ’s Human Rights, 32, 33 conducted in, 69, 77–78, 213, 216, 244, China Youth, 2, 151, 181, 206, 256; and dis- 252, 253; Western in›uence in, 245, 247 cussion on generations, 171; and discus- Beijing Daily, 25, 124, 135, 136 sion on Zhang Haidi, 76; editorial in, Beijing Foreign Language Institute, 71 63, 66; and Lang Lang discussion, , 29, 30 147–48; and Pan Xiao discussion, 51–52, Beijing Spring, 31, 32, 41 57–61, 70; questionnaire of 1985, 90 Beijing Teachers College, election of China Youth Daily, 2, 84; and discussion 1980 at, 41–43, 47 on generations, 190; and discussion on Beijing University (Beida), 41, 118, looking at money, 85–86; and discus- 230–31; election of 1980 at, 43–44; stu- sion on mainstay of life, 72; and dis-

351 352 index

China Youth Daily (continued) crisis of trust, 42, 68 cussion on modern life-styles, 98; and criterion of truth, discussion on, 19–20, Pan Xiao discussion, 57–58 29–30 China Youth incident, 30 Cui Jian, 133, 152, 154, 192 Chinese Foundation of Youth-Adoles- cult of Mao, 29, 45, 81 cent Development, 158 cultural conservatism, 11–12, 14 Chinese liberals, 13. See also intellectuals, cultural fever, 118, 227 liberal cultural re›ection, 1, 118, 121 Chinese National Association of People’s , 4, 5, 19, 30, 41, 42, Journals, 34 59, 67, 77, 120, 123, 146, 147, 152, 170, Chinese People’s University, 44, 167 190, 194, 228, 245, 252; attacks on Con- Chinese University of Science and Tech- fucianism during, 160; as a cause for nology (CUST), 26, 111, 130; student social change, 157, 227; and Chinese movement in 1986 at, 121–22 tradition, 47, 121; criticism of and/or Chinese way of eating, 100 re›ection on, 25–29, 32, 34–36, 38; co‹gurative culture, 172, 173, 181, 190 impact of, on love and marriage, 104; collectivism, 14, 71, 79, 158, 166, 169, 206; impact of, on the second generation, abandonment of, 81, 147, 164, 255; 181; impact of, on society, 15, 53–54, 89; belief in, 67, 161; value system of, 139, impact of, on youth, 20–24, 45–46, 144–45, 163, 176, 185, 193 50–51, 71, 88, 229, 236; and Mao, 31; Collins, Jackie, 246 and the third generation, 174–80, Committee of Action, 131–32 182–84, 186–89, 203, 207, 224; value Communist morality, 5 system during, 161; violence during, Communist Party, Chinese, 19, 20, 32, 35, 21, 53, 69, 188 46, 59, 80, 82, 142, 175, 213, 238; criti- cultural tradition, Chinese, 5, 13, 121, 138, cism against, 31, 122–23; new democ- 160; continuous in›uence of, on soci- racy of, 12, 14–15 ety, 159, 164, 169, 224; criticism of, 118, Communist Youth League (CYL), 28, 30, 227, 233, 250; in›uence of, on youth, 41, 44, 57, 60, 69, 80, 96, 135, 214, 244; 79, 204, 221, 253 discussion organized by, 25; promot- ing Party’s line by, 71, 98; and Shekou decollectivization, 144, 207 Storm, 140, 142–43; studies of youth democracy, 13, 14, 24, 39, 44, 46, 130, 137, by, 87, 89, 94, 114, 215, 247, 252; and 196, 234, 238, 253; and commodity Zhang Haidi, 75 economy, 145; demand for, 38, 131, 146, Confucianism, 97, 126, 160, 161; as part of 251–52, 255; in›uence of Western, 243, Chinese tradition, 9, 11, 67, 159. See 244; movement of 1978–79, 31–34; also neo-Confucianism movement of 1986, 122–26; movement Confucian tradition, 10, 14, 159, 161 of 1989, 233; of‹cial promotion of correspondence university, 26 socialist, 36, 166; and science during corruption, 50, 116–17; people’s criticism May Fourth era, 9, 11 of, 34, 35–36, 119, 121; as a social prob- “Democracy Salon,” 130 lem, 129, 130, 131, 139, 166, 231, 253, 254 Democracy Wall, 27, 33, 34, 38, 39, 45, 47, crisis of con‹dence, 68 183; movement, 20, 24, 29–31, 41, 44, crisis of faith, 5, 15, 76, 236, 256; after the 176, 180, 197 Cultural Revolution, 22, 48, 52, 165, democratic election, 43, 122; students’ 180; during the early twentieth cen- demand for, 124, 163 tury, 10; re›ected in Lang Lang discus- democratization, 41, 130, 253 sion, 151; re›ected in Pan Xiao discus- Deng Lijun (Teresa Deng), 228, 248 sion, 66, 68–70 Deng Liqun, 83, 117 index 353

Deng Xiaoping, 19, 50, 76, 194, 239; and ‹rst generation, the, 174, 175, 176, 191; Democracy Wall, 30; and four cardinal relations between the third generation principles, 32; on political reforms, 39 and, 178, 180–82 desk literature, 151 ›oating youth, 213, 222 Dewey, John, 234 four cardinal principles, 32, 37, 46 “Dialogues among Three Generations,” Four Greats, 34, 42 200 Four Modernizations, 20, 25, 33, 43, 56, Dingyuan County (Anhui Province), 110 69, 82, 130 disco dance, 95, 244 “,” 21, 183 divorce, 108–9 fourth generation, the, 6, 174, 177, 178, Du Yaquan, 12 179, 208; attributes, 189–97; relations Duoyan, 73 between the second generation and, 191, 193–94; relations between the educated youth, 30, 110, 176, 183, 198; third generation and, 197–204; student emotional bond between, 179; recol- demonstrators of, 252 lections by, 187; returning to the cities, freedom, 10, 14, 33, 36, 37, 46, 64, 88, 116, 36, 50–51; rural experiences of, 22. See 122, 139, 150, 196, 230, 234, 235, 248; also sent-down youth Confucian perspective on individual, “educated-youth literature,” 179, 183 8; demand (‹ght) for, 83, 117, 120, 163, education: ideological, 58, 70, 143, 145; 166, 249, 252, 255, enjoyed by the moral, 5, 68; political, 24, 50, 69, 71 fourth generation, 152; liberal advo- emancipation of minds, 20, 38, 50 cacy of, 9, 13; of love and marriage, employment, 50, 88, 89, 127, 149, 254; 103, 106; of press, 123, 124, 132, 243, problems of, 51, 75; of rural youth in 253; of speech, 43, 125; quest for indi- the cities, 210 vidual, 11, 236; sexual, 246, 247; in enlightenment, 169, 255; efforts in the SEZs, 98 1980s, 16, 67, 253, 256; European, 11 Freud, Sigmund, 196; in›uence of, on Enlightenment, 31, 32 Chinese youth, 229, 230–31, 232, 233, entrepreneurs, 84, 85, 88, 93, 140, 214 235, 236, 237, 241 era of human beings, 68 Friedman, Milton, 233 ethical confusion, 167, 227, 250 Fromm, Erich, 230, 233 examination fever, 26, 104 Fu Shenqi, 31, 32, 34 existentialism, 60, 136, 150, 229, 230, 236, Fu Yuehua, 33 244. See also Sartre, Jean-Paul Fudan University (), 27, 69, 128; Exploration, 31, 32, 33, 34 election of 1980 at, 40; student move- exposure literature, 20, 34, 36 ment of 1986 at, 243 extramarital affair, 109, 113, 220, 247 futurism, 232

“family responsibility system,” 212 , 19, 25, 27, 28, 34, 35, 49, 54, , 117, 121, 122, 130, 252 66, 70 Fang Zhiyuan, 43, 44, 47 Gang Yang, 15 Feng Congde, 131 generation: characteristics, 179, 183, 189; Feng Daxing, 71–72, 133 con›ict, 170, 173, 180; consciousness, Fertile Land, 31, 32, 33 179; gap, 170, 171–74, 180, 182, 183, 191, feudalistic tradition, 47 218; identity, 179, 180, 183, 197; ladder, fever of science, 26 173; relations, 170, 171, 173, 174, 181, 192, ‹fth generation, the, 178 199, 202, 208; studies, 171–75 “Fifth Modernization,” 33, 38. See also “going with your feeling,” 151 Gold, Thomas, 2, 247 354 index gold diggers, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 194, moral, 13, 14; patriotism as the main 228. See also Shekou Storm content of, 204; political, 5, 126, 132, “golden road,” 128, 250 151; of the third generation, 183–85; Gu Cheng, 24, 179 youth belief in, 21, 58, 153, 252, 253, 256; Guangming Daily, 29 youth disillusionment in, 50, 60, 147; Guangzhou, 30, 32, 34, 80, 90, 94, 95, 194 youth shifting away from, 62, 165; Guiyang (Guizhou Province), 210 Zhang Haidi and, 75–76 Guo Haiyan, 142 impartiality and sel›essness, 15, 133–34, 138 Hailey, Arthur, 246 individual identity, 225 Han Zhixiong, 41 individualism, 67, 69, 79, 84, 146, 158, 165, Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province), 73, 105 252, 256; advocacy to adopt Western, Hartford, Kathleen, 255 7–10; collectivism and, 166; defending, Hebei Province, 213 133–40; extreme, 63, 65, 72, 169, 249; of hedonism, 99, 169, 196, 245, 250 the fourth generation, 154, 193, 203; Hefei (Anhui Province), 118, 121, 122, gold diggers and, 145; as a means, 11; 123 reasonable, 16, 71, 147, 169, 249; sci- higher education, 3, 50, 71, 88, 164, 206; enti‹c, 138; socially de‹ned, 256; sup- fever of, 25–27 pression of, 14; transition from collec- holism, 202, 203 tivism to, 81, 255; Western (bourgeois), Hong Kong, 2, 97, 120, 139, 159; cultural 7, 59, 87, 139, 164, 248–49 in›uence from, 95, 196, 228, 247–48; intellectuals, 4, 7, 19, 20, 131, 139, 147, 174, people ›eeing to, 50, 52 176, 185, 228; attacks on ultraleftist pol- Hu Deping, 117 itics by, 47; attitude of, toward money, Hu Ping, 32, 33, 43, 44, 46 128; and cultural fever, 118; declining Hu Qiaomu, 57, 83 living condition of, 129; dialogues Hu Shih, 9, 234 between two generations of, 190–91, , 19, 96, 117, 127 200; of the early twentieth century, , 19 8–9; elite mentality of, 160; liberal, 36, Huang Xiang, 32 117, 121, 227, 252, 256; liberal, of the Huang Xiaoju, 51, 52 1930s–40s, 12–14; May Fourth, 10–11, Huangchuan (Henan Province), 219 15; of the generation, 202; humanism, 36, 58, 74, 241; Marxist, 164; sense of social responsibility of, 126, Western, 67, 235, 242, 246 184, 253; Western in›uences on, humanitarianism, 36, 68, 83 234–37 human nature, 55, 59, 68, 144, 204, 236, iron rice bowl, 88, 89, 98 237; discussion of, 58, 83; views on, 70, irrationalism, 235–36, 241, 249, 250 71, 72 irrationalist humanism, 242 Hunan Province, 34, 40, 41, 111, 206, 213, 222, 245 James, William, 234 Hunan Teachers College, 40 Jiang Xiaoyu, 41 Huntington, Samuel, 233 Jiang Zemin, 123 Province, 102, 209, 215 idealism, 16, 33, 52, 229, 250; communist, Jiaotong University (Shanghai), student 194; in communist value system, movement in 1986 at, 122–23 160–61; con›ict between, and pragma- Jiaxing (Zhejiang Province), 94 tism, 158, 166; criticism of the fourth Jilin Province, 213 generation for lack of, 191; impact of Jin Guantao, 159 incident on youth’s, 22; Jung, Carl G., 230 index 355

Kang Youwei, 240 Macao, 52 Ke Yunlu, 181 mainstay of life, discussion on, 71–72 Kwong, Julia, 84 Mao generation, 20 Lang Lang, 147–49, 151 Maoist morality, 230 “Learning from Zhang Haidi,” 75, 79 , 32, 44, 166, 253; and new Lei Feng, 22, 52, 57, 73, 180; as a blind democratic culture, 14; and the third believer of Mao, 81; of the eighties, generation, 179, 224; as the representa- 76–78; learning from, 75; as a model of tive of the ‹rst generation, 175; death communist morality, 65, 72, 138, 145, of, 19; fervor of re‹nding, 152; shatter- 161, 166, 192; the second generation ing charisma of, 25 and, 176; the third generation and, Marcuse, Herbert, 233 183 market liberalism, 225, 233, 235, 237 Li Shengping, 41, 44 market socialism, 128 Li Yanjie, 71, 81, 140, 142, 143, 145 marriage, 4, 87; break of arranged, 9; Li Yi Zhe, 24, 38 changing attitudes toward, 103–11, 162, Liang Heng, 40–41 163, 167, 184; expense, 113, 114; match- , 9 maker, 100; mercenary, 113; moral Liang Shuming, 12 concepts of students on, 239; of rural liberal movement, 8. See also intellectu- youth, 217–20, 222, 226; Western theo- als, liberal ries of, 247 Liberation Daily (Shanghai), 69, 70 Marx, Karl, 63, 64, 66, 67, 77, 139; belief Lin Biao incident, 22 in, 76; disbelief in, 71, 117; students’ Liu Binyan, 35, 77, 83, 117, 121, 180, 252 interest in, 233, 235 Liu Gang, 130, 131 Marxism, 30, 35, 62, 70, 121, 237, 241; Liu Qing, 32, 34 belief in, 32; classical, 46; criticism of, Liu Wozhong, 44 33; disbelief in, 40, 131; as a holistic Liu Xiaobo, 252 ideology, 11; and individual emancipa- , 27 tion, 63; as only one school of Liu Yong, discussion on, 135–38 thought, 122; Sinicized, 14, 67, 159; Liu Yuan, 41 youth’s lack of interest in, 79 Locke, John, 13, 233, 243 Maslow, Abraham, 136, 150, 232–33, 235, “looking only at money,” 84, 86, 99 237 lost generation, 177, 183 May 19 incident, 190 Lou Jingbo, 92 May Fourth: era of, 10, 12, 14, 16, 67, 123, love, 27, 49, 54, 59, 99, 101, 166, 196, 213; 171, 173, 179, 236; ideal, 252; intellectu- for the country, 35, 141; economic, 104; als, 10, 11, 15; movement, 8, 9, 11, 43, 58, of foreign cultures, 246; freedom of, 130, 173; Youth Day, 84 103, 163; for life, 77; political factor in, Mead, Margaret, 170, 171–72, 174 104; rural youth’s search for, 217, 219, meaning of life, 1, 3, 10, 51, 74, 138, 157, 223; sexual, 230; songs from 196; in contributing to society, 61, 164, and Hong Kong, 228; students’ 167; in discovering self, 60, 72; discus- engagement in, 148, 151, 247; tradi- sions on, 7, 52, 58, 66, 67, 68, 71, 83, 133, tional notion of, 103; universal, 235; of 229, 234; of‹cial view on, 161; re›ected Western products, 244; youth’s atti- in Zhang Haidi’s life, 75–77; searching tudes toward and acts of, 103–13 for, 16, 25, 54, 183, 184, 230, 231, 237, “loyalty of a second kind,” 180 251, 257; ultimate, 12, 57; views on, 4, 5, Lu Xinhua, 27 256 Lu Xun, 10, 55, 202 megatrends, 1 Ludlum, Robert, 245 Mill, John Stuart, 8, 46, 233 356 index

Ministry of Education, 71 ety, 83, 228 model culture, 145 patriotism, 119, 120; high ranking of, 79; moral absolutism, 158 as the main content of idealism, 204; moral perfection, 196 of‹cial call for, 71; as part of intellec- multigeneration family, 221 tual tradition, 253; of youth, 162, 185 Peng Qingyi, 140, 141, 146, 194 Naisbitt, John, 1, 232 pluralism, 250; political, 233, 235, 253; (Jiangsu Province), 30, 39, 122, Western theory (value) of, 243, 249; of 128, 230 youth values, 94, 158, 165 Nantong (Jiangsu Province), 209 Polish Solidarity, 46 nationalism, 11, 61, 126; parochial, 120 political participation, 47, 121, 163, 166, Nationalist (Guomindang) regime, 12, 197, 251 13–14 Popper, Karl, 232, 233, 237, 238 “Nature, Society, People” (unof‹cial popular cultures, 196, 228, 234, 244 photographic exhibition), 37 post‹gurative culture, 172, 173, 175, 181, neo-Confucianism, 12, 13. See also Con- 184, 193 fucianism pragmatism, 230; coexistence of idealism neoconservatives, 185 and, 166; con›icts between idealism new authoritarianists, 185, 187 and, 158; fever of, 233–34; tendency New Culture movement, 9, 11, 118, 173, toward, 165; Western theory of, 237, 236, 255 241, 242, 244, 250 New Democracy, 12 pre‹gurative culture, 172 new democratic culture, 14 premarital sex, 111, 113; attitudes toward, New Life movement, 13 110, 165, 219–20, 247 New Realism, 34 propaganda, 43, 71, 75, 83, 90, 117, 213; Nietzsche, Friedrich, 60, 135, 136; campaign against whateverists, 29; in›uence of, on youth, 157, 196, 229, campaign to promote modern life- 231–33, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241, 244 style, 95, 98, 114; con›ict between nihilism, 15, 42, 169, 196 social realities and, 166, 168–69; disbe- Nine-Three Society, 148, 151 lief in, 23, 55, 59, 62, 69, 140–41; state- nuclear family, 221 controlled education and, 21, 67, 108, 159 “old ‹ve classes,” 178, 182 Protestant ethics, 233; Chinese, 164, 227 “old three classes,” 26, 183, 185, 187, 197 outlook on life, 71, 80, 134, 251 Qingdao ( Province), 57, 89, Ownby, David, 2, 59, 61, 62, 63, 66 94, 95 Qiong Yao, 248 Pan Xiao, 70, 75, 76, 81, 115, 133, 180, 181, Qu Xiao, 180; and Shekou Storm; 256; discussion, 5, 57–66, 67, 68, 71, 140–46. See also Shekou Storm 134, 146, 229, 231; letter from, 51–57 Pan Yi, 52 rationalism, 11, 12, 235 parental authority, 108, 182, 192, 217 rationalist political theories, 242 party of princelings, 182 reconstruction of value system, 169 Party/state, 45, 68, 76, 111, 166, 195, 200, Red Guards, 22, 178, 197, 198, 208; as the 250, 254; of Chiang Kai-shek, 14; and core of the third generation, 175–76; communist values, 159, 161, 225; of criticism of, 201–2; generation of, 120; , 29; ideological movement of, 49, 188; violence of, 21, authority of, 135; ideological crisis of, 183 180; of Mao Zedong, 15; of‹cials, 117, “redness” and “expertise,” 21, 189 119, 130; relaxing control of, over soci- “red road,” 128, 249 index 357 reform: economic, 5, 6, 38, 82, 89, 102, self-design, 195 117, 205, 232; era, 1, 104; market-ori- self-determination, 146, 163, 221 ented, 157, 164, 221, 222, 227; political, self-discovery, 60, 236 39, 44, 117, 121, 125, 126, 253; rural, 82, self-education fever, 26, 104 212, 222; urban, 96 self-examination, 192 relativism, 158, 165, 166 self-realization, 7, 139, 150, 178, 193, 226, Ren Wanding, 32, 33 231, 237, 249; standard of, 185, 195; way Republican era, 224 of, 187, 253; Western theory of, 232, residence registration system, 206 244; youth’s pursuit of, 136, 151, 197, restroom literature, 151 204, 233, 236, 251, 254, 255 revolutionary successors, 20, 22, 45, 173, self-remolding, 192 175, 182 self-responsibility, 178, 195, 249 righteousness in Chinese value system, self-satisfaction, 95, 195 12, 158–63, 165–67, 169 semiunderground journals, 30, 31–32, 34, River Elegy, 118, 227 38, 46 rock and roll, 123, 133, 152, 196, 244 sense of self, 135; of the fourth genera- Rosen, Stanley, 2, 144 tion, 177, 195; growing, 150, 162, 198; rural culture, 222, 223, 225–26 inspired by Western values, 249; of the rural youth, 3, 6, 110, 158, 164, 174, 205; third generation, 185, 187 changes in love, marriage, and family sense of social responsibility, 76, 137; as of, 105–6, 113, 217–22; concepts of time Chinese intellectual tradition, 126; from and space of, 212; consumption pat- the perspective of self-centeredness, terns of, 216–17; ‹lial piety of, 221; in 138; of the third generation, 20, 34, 184; the cities, 223–25; job preference of, of university students, 235, 253; waning, 214–15; life of, before the 1980s, of the fourth generation, 191, 204 206–10; worry and con‹dence of, sent-down youth, 179, 186, 197, 201. See 211–12 also educated youth Russian Revolution, 11, 58 September 18 movement, 120, 190 sexual behavior, 112, 162 San Mao, 248 sexual morality, 112, 165, 230, 237, 246, Sartre, Jean-Paul, 60, 67, 135, 136; 247 in›uence of, on youth, 196, 229–30, sexual relations, 103, 111, 113, 163, 219, 239 232–33, 235–37, 239, 241 Shaanxi Province, 57, 72 Scar literature, 27–28, 34, 179, 180 Shandong Province, 34, 75, 89, 113 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 60, 231 Shanghai, 27, 28, 30, 69, 106, 128, 167, 181, Schwartz, Benjamin, 8 191, 209, 229; abortion in, 111; debate “science vs. metaphysics,” 12 on Zhang Hua in, 73; discussion of second generation, the, 179, 181, 182, 201, individualism in, 133–34; divorce in, 252; relations between the fourth gen- 109, 110; election of 1980 in, 39–40; eration and, 177, 191–95, 200; socializa- marriage in, 107; returned educated tion of, 174, 175; and the third genera- youth in, 50–51; semiunderground tion, 178, 180, 184, 185; value system of, journals in, 31–32, 34; student move- 176 ment in, 122–23, 125; studies con- secularization, 165–66, 236 ducted in, 70, 114, 128, 151, 234, 238, Selden, Mark, 206 242, 247; Western in›uence in, 231–32, self-af‹rmation, 195, 249 245–46 self-centeredness, 137–38, 201, 249 Shantou ( Province), 220, 221 self-con‹dence, 127, 176, 212, 237, 257 Shanxi Province, 26, 57, 213, 216, 220, self-consciousness, 193, 237, 249 221 self-criticism, 67, 160, 192 Shekou Bulletin News, 138, 142, 145 358 index

Shekou Storm, 139, 140–47, 192, 193, 194, Taiwan, 2, 196; cultural in›uence from, 228 95, 228, 247–48 Sheldon, Sidney, 246 “talking about love,” 148 Shen Tong, 131 Tao Sen, 40 Shenzhen (Guangdong Province), 99, team spirit, 185, 201 115, 140, 141, 142, 232; modern life- Television University, 97 styles in, 96–98 third echelon, 182 “Shenzhen speed,” 99 third generation, the, 6, 15, 176, 177, 178, Shunyi County (Beijing), 209 190, 195, 196, 252; activities of, 180, 181, silent revolution, 157, 244 185; characteristics of, 183–87; as con- Sinicized Communist ideology, 251 ceptualization of urban youth, 205, Sinicized Marxism, 14, 67, 159 206, 208; and Cultural Revolution, Siu, Helen F., 21, 27, 36, 45 189; intellectual core of, 188; “old three small “I” and large “I,” 160, 169 classes” as backbone of, 187; relations Smith, Adam, 8 between the ‹rst generation and, social criticism, 202–3, 253 181–82; relations between the fourth Social Darwinism, 55, 60, 81, 97 generation and, 197–204; responsibil- social mobility, 83, 95, 98 ity (dedication) complex of, 199; sense social responsibility, 7, 10, 137, 163, 184, of identity of, 179; socialization of, 174; 185, 197, 253; blending of individual trained as revolutionary successors, value and, 47; as the core of traditional 175 values, 196. See also sense of social Third Plenum: of the Eleventh Central responsibility Committee of the Communist Party, “socialist new men,” 225 20, 31, 41, 68, 71, 82; of the Twelfth socialist realism, 27, 28, 36–37 Central Committee of the Communist socialist spiritual civilization, 164, 227 Party, 82 socialization, 6, 154, 189; Chinese, 160; of three obediences and four virtues, 160 the fourth generation, 177, 190, 194, Tiananmen Incident (1976), 30, 36, 37, 41. 197, 199; function of family in youth’s, See also April Fifth movement 79; of the third generation, 177, 185 Tiananmen Square, 37, 183; April Fifth Society of Vitalization, 31 Incident in, 20; demonstrations in, soft music, 95 119, 124, 131, 132, 199; events in 1989 in, solipsism, 136–37, 196, 202, 249 4, 197; shoe polishing in, 129–30 “Special Democratic Zone,” 122 , 30, 96, 107, 190, 191, 200 Special Economic Zones (SEZs), 6, 83, Tianjin Daily, 200 88, 115, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 232; mod- Today, 31, 32, 34, 37, 100, 131, 150 ern life-styles in, 96–98 TOEFL, 148, 234, 255 special privilege, 42 Tof›er, Alvin, 232, 233 Spencer, Herbert, 8, 67 Tongji University (Shanghai), student spiritual pollution, 66, 83 movement of 1986 at, 122–23 “Star paintings,” 37 traditional Chinese culture, 240 Steel, Danielle, 246 Tu Wei-ming, 159 Stern, Zelda, 21, 27, 36, 45 , 19 student activism, 5, 45, 120, 125, 132, 242, 252 ultraleftist politics, 34, 45, 47–48, 70 student movement, 243, 253; of 1985, 118, unhealthy tendencies, 119 234; of 1986, 121, 125, 128, 231, 234; of urban culture, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226 1989, 4, 130, 232 urban youth, 6, 205, 217, 219, 224; adopt- Su Xiaokang, 252 ing modern life-styles by, 95; changes superiority complex, 192 in love and marriage of, 105, 107–10; index 359

cultural spending of, 216; cynicism Xiong Shili, 12 among, 147; ‹lial piety of, 221; of the Xu Bangtai, 40 fourth generation, 174; job preference Xu Wenli, 32, 33 of, 215; studies of, 79, 87, 95, 164, 165, Xu Zhengyu, 39 210, 212 utilitarianism, 244; growing tendency Yang Baikui, 43 toward, 165, 196; reasonable individu- Yang Lichuan, 43 alism coming from, 147; righteousness Yang Xiguang, 24 and, 159, 161, 169; Western, 12, 164, 250 Yangcheng Evening News (Guangzhou), 80 value system, 1, 85, 143, 154, 157, 248; , 19, 39 changes in, 157; collective-centered, 79, Yen Fu, 8, 10 139, 145, 163, communist, 15, 160, 161; Yingcheng County (Hubei Province), 111 deconstruction of a uni‹ed, 80, 144; youth: culture, 25, 51, 157, 170, 174, 179; efforts to create a new, 10–11, 13, 14, 164, employment, 89, 90; problem, 58; 169, 227, 237; of the ‹rst generation, 175; rural (see rural youth); socialization, of the fourth generation, 195; individ- 221; urban (see urban youth); values, 1, ual-oriented, 139, 144–45; morality as 88, 94, 105, 157, 158, 159, 166, 167, 168, the center of, 159; of the second genera- 170 tion, 176; of the third generation, Youth Institute, Chinese Academy of 184–85, 187; Western, 244, 249 Social Sciences, 2, 106, 210 , 95 “youth of the eighties,” 4, 6, 256 Voice of Democracy, 31, 32 Youth Research Section, Sociology Insti- tute, 158, 159, 164, 210 Dan, 130 Youth Studies, 2, 139, 158 , 19, 30 Yu Luoke, 24 Wang Juntao, 32, 39, 41, 43–44 Yu Ruomu, 100 Wang Keping, 37 Yuan Hongbing, 43 Wang Ruowang, 117 Yunnan Province, 50, 51, 191 Wang Shouxin, 35 Wang Xizhe, 32 Zhang Haidi, 81, 133; discussion of, 71, Wasserstrom, Jeffery, 2, 125 74–80 Weber, Max, 233 Zhang Hua, 75, 77, 79, 133; debate on, 71, Wei Jingsheng, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43 72–74 Wenhui Daily (Shanghai), 27, 70, 73 Zhang Junli, 12 Western culture, 21, 95, 240; as a life- Zhang Manling, 43, 44 style, 244; difference between Chinese Zhang Wei, 43, 44 culture and, 12, 118; in›uence of, 1, 7, Zhang Weiying, 84 80, 103, 157, 227, 234, 249, 250, 251; two Zhang Xiruo, 12 types of, 228 Zhang Yongjie, 171, 174, 179 Westernization, 12, 13, 253 Zhang Zhixin, 35 Whateverists, 20, 29, 31 Zhang Zhongtian, 41 worldview, 61, 81; holistic, 61 Zhao Lin, 60, 67, 81 Wouk, Herman, 245 Zhejiang Province, 34, 94, 109, 216 Wuhan (Hubei Province), 87, 106, 118, Zhong Peizhang, 143 122 , 37 Zhou Guoping, 232 Xia Shen, 43 Zhou Yang, 83 Xiao Wen, 58–59 Zhu Houze, 117