Index Adler, Alfred, 230 dent movement in 1985 at, 119–20; stu- alienation, 59, 66, 68, 83, 236 dent movement in 1986 at, 123–24; stu- Anhui Province, 34, 110, 121, 209, 213, 223 dent movement in 1988 at, 129–33; antiorthodoxy, 169, 237 studies of students at, 252, 253 Anti-Rightist Campaign, 176 Beijing Youth News, 80, 200 antitradition, 169, 173, 237 Bell, Daniel, 15, 232 April Fifth Forum, 31, 32, 34 betrothal price, 113 April Fifth movement, 20, 24. See also big-character poster, 24, 42, 119 Tiananmen Incident “black road,” 128, 250 authoritarian personality, 186–87 blind loyalty, 180, 193 bourgeois liberalization, 29, 46, 135, 233; Ba Jin, 55, 83 campaign against, 117, 124, 127, 129, 138 Bacon, Francis, 231, 241 Bai Hua, 35 Calhoun, Craig, 4 Bei Dao, 23, 32, 152, 153, 179, 180 campus elections, 20, 45, 177, 180, 198 Beijing, 26, 40, 84, 127, 128, 142, 167, 191, Chai Qingfeng incident, 130–32 209, 232; abortion in, 111; April Fifth Chang Hao, 9, 11 Incident in, 20, 24; Democracy Wall Changsha (Hunan Province), 40, 111, 245 in, 34; election of 1980 in, 39, 41–47; Chen Duxiu, 9 marriage in, 105, 107; “Nature, Society, Chen Jingrun, 27 People” exhibition in, 37–38; people’s Chen Lifu, 13 response to student movement in, 127; Chen Ziming, 32, 44 protest of 1989 in, 4; returned edu- Cheng Yuanzhong, 171, 174 cated youth in, 50–51; rural youth in, Chengdu (Sichuan Province), 95 223; soaring prices in, 118–19; student Chiang Kai-shek, 13, 14 movement, 120–21, 123–24; studies China’s Human Rights, 32, 33 conducted in, 69, 77–78, 213, 216, 244, China Youth, 2, 151, 181, 206, 256; and dis- 252, 253; Western in›uence in, 245, 247 cussion on generations, 171; and discus- Beijing Daily, 25, 124, 135, 136 sion on Zhang Haidi, 76; editorial in, Beijing Foreign Language Institute, 71 63, 66; and Lang Lang discussion, Beijing Spring, 29, 30 147–48; and Pan Xiao discussion, 51–52, Beijing Spring, 31, 32, 41 57–61, 70; questionnaire of 1985, 90 Beijing Teachers College, election of China Youth Daily, 2, 84; and discussion 1980 at, 41–43, 47 on generations, 190; and discussion on Beijing University (Beida), 41, 118, looking at money, 85–86; and discus- 230–31; election of 1980 at, 43–44; stu- sion on mainstay of life, 72; and dis- 351 352 index China Youth Daily (continued) crisis of trust, 42, 68 cussion on modern life-styles, 98; and criterion of truth, discussion on, 19–20, Pan Xiao discussion, 57–58 29–30 China Youth incident, 30 Cui Jian, 133, 152, 154, 192 Chinese Foundation of Youth-Adoles- cult of Mao, 29, 45, 81 cent Development, 158 cultural conservatism, 11–12, 14 Chinese liberals, 13. See also intellectuals, cultural fever, 118, 227 liberal cultural re›ection, 1, 118, 121 Chinese National Association of People’s Cultural Revolution, 4, 5, 19, 30, 41, 42, Journals, 34 59, 67, 77, 120, 123, 146, 147, 152, 170, Chinese People’s University, 44, 167 190, 194, 228, 245, 252; attacks on Con- Chinese University of Science and Tech- fucianism during, 160; as a cause for nology (CUST), 26, 111, 130; student social change, 157, 227; and Chinese movement in 1986 at, 121–22 tradition, 47, 121; criticism of and/or Chinese way of eating, 100 re›ection on, 25–29, 32, 34–36, 38; co‹gurative culture, 172, 173, 181, 190 impact of, on love and marriage, 104; collectivism, 14, 71, 79, 158, 166, 169, 206; impact of, on the second generation, abandonment of, 81, 147, 164, 255; 181; impact of, on society, 15, 53–54, 89; belief in, 67, 161; value system of, 139, impact of, on youth, 20–24, 45–46, 144–45, 163, 176, 185, 193 50–51, 71, 88, 229, 236; and Mao, 31; Collins, Jackie, 246 and the third generation, 174–80, Committee of Action, 131–32 182–84, 186–89, 203, 207, 224; value Communist morality, 5 system during, 161; violence during, Communist Party, Chinese, 19, 20, 32, 35, 21, 53, 69, 188 46, 59, 80, 82, 142, 175, 213, 238; criti- cultural tradition, Chinese, 5, 13, 121, 138, cism against, 31, 122–23; new democ- 160; continuous in›uence of, on soci- racy of, 12, 14–15 ety, 159, 164, 169, 224; criticism of, 118, Communist Youth League (CYL), 28, 30, 227, 233, 250; in›uence of, on youth, 41, 44, 57, 60, 69, 80, 96, 135, 214, 244; 79, 204, 221, 253 discussion organized by, 25; promot- ing Party’s line by, 71, 98; and Shekou decollectivization, 144, 207 Storm, 140, 142–43; studies of youth democracy, 13, 14, 24, 39, 44, 46, 130, 137, by, 87, 89, 94, 114, 215, 247, 252; and 196, 234, 238, 253; and commodity Zhang Haidi, 75 economy, 145; demand for, 38, 131, 146, Confucianism, 97, 126, 160, 161; as part of 251–52, 255; in›uence of Western, 243, Chinese tradition, 9, 11, 67, 159. See 244; movement of 1978–79, 31–34; also neo-Confucianism movement of 1986, 122–26; movement Confucian tradition, 10, 14, 159, 161 of 1989, 233; of‹cial promotion of correspondence university, 26 socialist, 36, 166; and science during corruption, 50, 116–17; people’s criticism May Fourth era, 9, 11 of, 34, 35–36, 119, 121; as a social prob- “Democracy Salon,” 130 lem, 129, 130, 131, 139, 166, 231, 253, 254 Democracy Wall, 27, 33, 34, 38, 39, 45, 47, crisis of con‹dence, 68 183; movement, 20, 24, 29–31, 41, 44, crisis of faith, 5, 15, 76, 236, 256; after the 176, 180, 197 Cultural Revolution, 22, 48, 52, 165, democratic election, 43, 122; students’ 180; during the early twentieth cen- demand for, 124, 163 tury, 10; re›ected in Lang Lang discus- democratization, 41, 130, 253 sion, 151; re›ected in Pan Xiao discus- Deng Lijun (Teresa Deng), 228, 248 sion, 66, 68–70 Deng Liqun, 83, 117 index 353 Deng Xiaoping, 19, 50, 76, 194, 239; and ‹rst generation, the, 174, 175, 176, 191; Democracy Wall, 30; and four cardinal relations between the third generation principles, 32; on political reforms, 39 and, 178, 180–82 desk literature, 151 ›oating youth, 213, 222 Dewey, John, 234 four cardinal principles, 32, 37, 46 “Dialogues among Three Generations,” Four Greats, 34, 42 200 Four Modernizations, 20, 25, 33, 43, 56, Dingyuan County (Anhui Province), 110 69, 82, 130 disco dance, 95, 244 “four olds,” 21, 183 divorce, 108–9 fourth generation, the, 6, 174, 177, 178, Du Yaquan, 12 179, 208; attributes, 189–97; relations Duoyan, 73 between the second generation and, 191, 193–94; relations between the educated youth, 30, 110, 176, 183, 198; third generation and, 197–204; student emotional bond between, 179; recol- demonstrators of, 252 lections by, 187; returning to the cities, freedom, 10, 14, 33, 36, 37, 46, 64, 88, 116, 36, 50–51; rural experiences of, 22. See 122, 139, 150, 196, 230, 234, 235, 248; also sent-down youth Confucian perspective on individual, “educated-youth literature,” 179, 183 8; demand (‹ght) for, 83, 117, 120, 163, education: ideological, 58, 70, 143, 145; 166, 249, 252, 255, enjoyed by the moral, 5, 68; political, 24, 50, 69, 71 fourth generation, 152; liberal advo- emancipation of minds, 20, 38, 50 cacy of, 9, 13; of love and marriage, employment, 50, 88, 89, 127, 149, 254; 103, 106; of press, 123, 124, 132, 243, problems of, 51, 75; of rural youth in 253; of speech, 43, 125; quest for indi- the cities, 210 vidual, 11, 236; sexual, 246, 247; in enlightenment, 169, 255; efforts in the SEZs, 98 1980s, 16, 67, 253, 256; European, 11 Freud, Sigmund, 196; in›uence of, on Enlightenment, 31, 32 Chinese youth, 229, 230–31, 232, 233, entrepreneurs, 84, 85, 88, 93, 140, 214 235, 236, 237, 241 era of human beings, 68 Friedman, Milton, 233 ethical confusion, 167, 227, 250 Fromm, Erich, 230, 233 examination fever, 26, 104 Fu Shenqi, 31, 32, 34 existentialism, 60, 136, 150, 229, 230, 236, Fu Yuehua, 33 244. See also Sartre, Jean-Paul Fudan University (Shanghai), 27, 69, 128; Exploration, 31, 32, 33, 34 election of 1980 at, 40; student move- exposure literature, 20, 34, 36 ment of 1986 at, 243 extramarital affair, 109, 113, 220, 247 futurism, 232 “family responsibility system,” 212 Gang of Four, 19, 25, 27, 28, 34, 35, 49, 54, Fang Lizhi, 117, 121, 122, 130, 252 66, 70 Fang Zhiyuan, 43, 44, 47 Gang Yang, 15 Feng Congde, 131 generation: characteristics, 179, 183, 189; Feng Daxing, 71–72, 133 con›ict, 170, 173, 180; consciousness, Fertile Land, 31, 32, 33 179; gap, 170, 171–74, 180, 182, 183, 191, feudalistic tradition, 47 218; identity, 179, 180, 183, 197; ladder, fever of science, 26 173; relations, 170, 171, 173, 174, 181, 192, ‹fth generation, the, 178 199, 202, 208; studies, 171–75 “Fifth Modernization,” 33, 38. See also “going with your feeling,” 151 Wei Jingsheng Gold, Thomas, 2, 247 354 index gold diggers, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 194, moral, 13, 14; patriotism as the main 228. See also Shekou Storm content of, 204; political, 5, 126, 132, “golden road,” 128, 250 151; of the third generation, 183–85; Gu Cheng, 24, 179 youth belief in, 21, 58, 153, 252, 253, 256; Guangming Daily, 29 youth disillusionment in, 50, 60, 147; Guangzhou, 30, 32, 34, 80, 90, 94, 95, 194 youth shifting away from, 62, 165; Guiyang (Guizhou Province), 210 Zhang Haidi and, 75–76 Guo Haiyan, 142 impartiality and sel›essness, 15, 133–34, 138 Hailey, Arthur, 246 individual identity, 225 Han Zhixiong, 41 individualism, 67, 69, 79, 84, 146, 158, 165, Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province), 73, 105 252, 256; advocacy to adopt Western, Hartford, Kathleen, 255 7–10; collectivism and, 166; defending, Hebei Province, 213 133–40; extreme, 63, 65, 72, 169, 249; of hedonism, 99, 169, 196, 245, 250 the fourth generation, 154, 193, 203; Hefei (Anhui Province), 118, 121, 122, gold diggers and, 145; as a means, 11; 123 reasonable, 16, 71, 147, 169, 249; sci- higher education, 3, 50, 71, 88, 164, 206; enti‹c, 138; socially de‹ned, 256;