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Contesting Urban Tourism: Creative Protest in Barcelona and Venice

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Contesting Urban Tourism: Creative Protest in Barcelona and Venice Contesting Urban Tourism: Creative protest in Barcelona and Venice Elisa Bruttomesso Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement- NoComercial – SenseObraDerivada 4.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – SinObraDerivada 4.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivs 4.0. Spain License. Università UNIVERSITÀ Università Ca’ Foscari DEGLI STUDI degli Studi Venezia DI PADOVA di Verona Sede Amministrativa: Università degli Studi di Padova Sede Cotutela: Universitat de Barcelona CORSO DI DOTTORATO IN STUDI STORICI, GEOGRAFICI, ANTROPOLOGICI Curriculum: Geografico CICLO XXXII DOCTORADO EN SOCIEDAD Y CULTURA Curriculum: Antropología Social y Cultural Contesting Urban Tourism: Creative protest in Barcelona and Venice Coordinatrice del Corso: Ch.ma Prof.ssa Maria Cristina La Rocca Supervisore: Ch.ma Prof.ssa Tania Rossetto Coordinatrice del Corso: Ch.ma Prof.ssa Camila del Mármol Cartañá Supervisore: Ch.mo Prof. Roger Sansi Roca Supervisore: Ch.mo Prof. Manuel Delgado Ruíz Dottoranda: Elisa Bruttomesso 1 A tutte le persone senza le quali questo lavoro non sarebbe stato possibile. Alla professoressa Tania Rossetto, per il suo costante incoraggiamento e la sua preziosa professionalità. Al professor Roger Sansi, confronto necessario in questo percorso. Al professor Manuel Delgado, per alimentare e far confluire idee. 2 Table of contents Illustrations ................................................................................................................... 5 Riassunto ....................................................................................................................... 7 Introducción .................................................................................................................. 9 Donde lo personal y lo académico se cruzan .................................................................. 9 Objetivos de la investigación, metodología y estructura de la tesis ............................. 18 Bibliografía ................................................................................................................... 22 1. Coming to terms with overtourism. An historical journey through the strategic use of tourism in the cities of Barcelona and Venice ......................................... 24 1.1 Framing the (seemingly) emergent debate on overtourism ................................... 24 1.2 A journey through the foundations of the overtouristified Barcelona and Venice ............................................................................................................................... 30 1.3 Tourism’s evolving role in urban politics: from a strategic tool to the extractivism paradigm in the overtourism era ............................................................................ 42 References .................................................................................................................... 48 2. The emergence of a wave of discontent towards urban tourism development: some theoretical aspects to approach the field ................................................... 53 2.1 Tourism’s questioning and the spread of politicization from below ..................... 53 2.2 Social movement theories and emotions ............................................................... 59 2.3 Political engagement, aesthetics and real utopias .................................................. 62 2.4 Embodiment and performances ............................................................................. 65 References .................................................................................................................... 69 3. Making sense of the square: Questioning the privatisation of public space through convivial gatherings ............................................................................... 74 3.1.1 Defining the ethnographic space in Barcelona ................................................. 75 3.1.2 Defining the ethnographic space in Venice ...................................................... 82 3.2 Preparation and development dynamics of the gatherings .................................... 89 3.3 Making sense of the square in neoliberal times. Redefining the protest in the tourist city ......................................................................................................................... 98 3.4 Some final remarks .............................................................................................. 105 References .................................................................................................................. 107 4. Singing the touristification: Lyrics from the field ........................................... 112 4.1 Approaching the context ...................................................................................... 112 4.2 ‘Mammia Mia, They Want to Build Another Hotel’ alongside ‘Vida is Beautiful’: Content and the individual/collective identity of the performers ........................ 116 4.3 Political aspects and embodiment ........................................................................ 129 4.4 Some final remarks .............................................................................................. 131 References .................................................................................................................. 133 5. Creative research-action to contest the commodified tourist city .................. 139 3 5.1 Feeling the need to experiment creative methods ............................................... 139 5.2 A personal photographic practice-led research within the fieldwork .................. 143 5.3 A multisensory mobile technique to enact and question the tourist city ............. 155 5.4 Some final remarks .............................................................................................. 156 References .................................................................................................................. 159 6. (Auto)ethnographic insights .............................................................................. 164 6.1 Who are the protesters? ....................................................................................... 164 6.2 Personal self-reflective nuances .......................................................................... 173 6.3 Is it a matter of NYMBism? A conclusion .......................................................... 175 References .................................................................................................................. 180 Conclusioni ................................................................................................................ 182 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................. 190 4 Illustrations Figures 0.1 Letras de la canción entonada por el colectivo durante la manifestación del 26 de abril 2012. 0.2 Críticas al turismo en pop-art pegadas por las calles de Venecia (cerca de Plaza San Marco) y en Calle dels Escudellers, Barcelona. 0.3 Manifestación del 28 de enero 2017 durante la cual diferentes asociaciones de Barcelona han ocupado La Rambla bajo el lema Barcelona no está en venta. 0.4 Manifestación del 2 de Julio 2017 en Venecia bajo el lema Mi no vado via (Yo no me largo). 1.1 Barcelona Cosmopolita. 1.2 Excelsior Hotel, view from Lungomare Guglielmo Marconi Street, postcard, 1910s. 1.3 Carnival Poster 1993. 3.1 Two banners used during a manifestation in La Barceloneta in August 2014. 3.2 Photo of the paints on the panels that coated the building under renovation in Campo San Giacomo da l’Orio. 3.3 Nizioleti per La Vida. 3.4 Saturday 10th of March, protest in support of La Vida. 3.5 Details of the delimitation of the space action. 3.6 Details of a banner. 3.7 Details of a writing on the floor. 3.8 Details of the event. 3.9 Occupation of the urban space. 3.10 Photos of the gathering in which posters and small postcards defined the space. 3.11 La Vida, outside event. 4.1 Aerial photo of the lot in Barcelona. 4.2 The front of the Regional building. 4.3 Four still images taken from the video by TSM. 4.4 Detail of the parade just in front of Portal Santa Madrona. 4.5 Complaint Choir at La Vida. 4.6 Complaint Choir singing outside La Vida. 5.1 Detail of the action during the night. 5.2 Life in Venice. 5.3 Tourists inside Sagrada Familia. 5.4 Walking down La Rambla. 5.5 Taking a break in Plaça Reial. 5.6 Saint Mark’s Basilica. 5.7 People queuing outside Saint Mark’s Basilica. 5.8 Flower vendor in La Rambla. 5.9 Gondola with tourists in Venice. 6.1 Image used for the event at MACBA ‘Economic and Political Ecology of Tourism’. 5 Maps 0.1 Venezia, Centro Storico. 0.2 Barcelona, Ciutat Vella. 3.1 Sant Pere, Santa Caterina I La Ribera, Ciutat Vella, Barcelona. 3.2 Details of the location of the Pou de la Figuera. 3.3 Santa Croce, Venice. 5.1 Map of the selected shutters. Tables 4.1 Mamma mía, Volen Fer un Altre Hotel. 4.2 Lyrics of Coro delle Lamentele’s song for La Vida. 6 Riassunto Negli ultimi anni si è assistito ad una crescente politicizzazione del turismo urbano. La critica all’industria turistica, entrata ormai nell’agenda delle azioni di diversi gruppi cittadini, si è dimostrata tanto articolata quanto diversificata. Spesso, molte di queste proteste condividono la proliferazione di tattiche creative
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