ESTUDIO FARMACOGNÓSTICO Y FITOQUÍMICO DE LAS HOJAS Y SEMILLAS DE Manilkara Bindetata Subesp

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ESTUDIO FARMACOGNÓSTICO Y FITOQUÍMICO DE LAS HOJAS Y SEMILLAS DE Manilkara Bindetata Subesp UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS MODALIDAD: INVESTIGACIÓN TEMA: “ESTUDIO FARMACOGNÓSTICO Y FITOQUÍMICO DE LAS HOJAS Y SEMILLAS DE Manilkara bindetata subesp. surimanensis (Miq), T.D.Penn “ TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN PRESENTADO COMO REQUISITO PREVIO PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE QUÍMICA Y FARMACÉUTICA AUTORES: Diana Maricela Castro Jara Johana Guadalupe Coronel Nivelo TUTORA: PhD. Migdalia Miranda Martínez COTUTORA: MsC. Katherine Bustamante Pesantes GUAYAQUIL- ECUADOR 2016 i ii iii iv AGRADECIMIENTO Mi agradecimiento infinito para Dios todopoderoso, sin él mis anhelos no estarían plasmados en realidad en este momento, mi familia el pilar principal de esta sociedad y en especial a mi madre el ser más bondadoso y fiel del amor, mis hermanas por su apoyo constante y sacrificio sin esperar nada a cambio; por enseñarme que las cosas con constancia y perseverancia se logran culminar, y que nada es fácil en esta vida, y no importa el sacrificio que representa alcanzar un objetivo, gracias por estar siempre a mi lado y creer en mí. A mi tutora Dra. Migdalia Miranda, por su apoyo incondicional haciendo notar siempre mis errores y fortaleciéndome mis aptitudes, rescatando con su aliento mi desenvolvimiento como profesional capaz de resolver situaciones que se presente en el camino. Diana Maricela Castro Jara Agradezco primeramente a Dios nuestro padre, ya que sin él nada sería posible, quien con su infinito amor me ha bendecido con sabiduría y entendimiento para conseguir el objetivo. A mis padres Henry y Lourdes, que han sido instrumentos de fortaleza, amor que gracias a sus consejos, apoyo que me han brindado sin esperar nada a cambio, tan solo con el objetivo de convertirme en profesional de éxito. A mi esposo Victor por comprenderme y por su apoyo brindado. A mi tutora Lic. Migdalia Miranda, por sus valiosos aportes, apoyo y orientación para la culminación de nuestro trabajo. Johana Guadalupe Coronel Nivelo v ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN.......................................................................................................... 1 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA.......................................................................... 2 PROBLEMA ................................................................................................................. 2 HIPÓTESIS .................................................................................................................. 2 OBJETIVO GENERAL ................................................................................................. 2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ........................................................................................ 2 CAPÍTULO I. REVISIÓN BIBLIOGRÁFICA ................................................................ 3 I.1 FAMILIA SAPOTÁCEA. GENERALIDADES ....................................................... 3 I.1.1 Clasificación...................................................................................................3 I.1.2 Géneros importantes. .................................................................................... 4 I.1.3 Relaciones filogenéticas ................................................................................ 4 I.1.4 Sinónimos...................................................................................................... 4 I.1.5 Distribución geográfica................................................................................... 4 I.1.6 Hábitat ........................................................................................................... 4 I.1.7 Usos más importantes ................................................................................... 5 I.2 ESPECIE Manilkara bindetata subesp. surimanensis (Miq), T.D.Penn. ......... 5 I.2.1 Aspecto generales. ........................................................................................ 5 I.2.2 Taxonomía..................................................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Usos tradicionales......................................................................................... 9 1.2.4 Composición química.................................................................................. 10 1.2.5 Actividad Farmacológica............................................................................. 12 CAPÍTULO II. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ............................................................... 15 II.1 RECOLECCIÓN, SELECCIÓN Y SECADO DEL MATERIAL.......................... 15 II.2 CARACTERIZACIÓN BOTÁNICA DE LA ESPECIE ........................................ 15 II.2.1 Evaluación macromorfológica de hojas y semillas ...................................... 15 II.2.2 Evaluación micromorfológica de hojas........................................................ 16 II.3 ALMACENAMIENTO........................................................................................ 17 vi II.4 DETERMINACIÓN DE LOS PARÁMETROS FÍSICO-QUÍMICOS .................... 17 II.4.1 Humedad residual....................................................................................... 17 II.4.2 Cenizas totales ........................................................................................... 18 II.4.3 Sustancias solubles .................................................................................... 19 II.5 IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS METABOLITOS POR TAMIZAJE QUÍMICO....... 19 II.6 CROMATOGRAFÍA DE CAPA FINA ............................................................... 20 II.7 EXTRACCIÓN, SAPONIFICACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DEL ACEITE DE LAS SEMILLAS.............................................................................................................. 20 II.7.1 Extracción................................................................................................... 20 II.7.2 Saponificación ............................................................................................ 21 II.7.3 Reacción de metilación............................................................................... 21 II.7.4 Análisis por el sistema acoplado Cromatografía gaseosa-Espectrometría de masas (CG-EM)................................................................................................... 21 CAPÍTULO III. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ........................................................... 23 III.1 EVALUACIÓN MACROMORFOLÓGICA DE HOJAS Y SEMILLAS. .............. 23 III.2 EVALUACIÓN MICROMORFOLÓGICA DE HOJAS ....................................... 28 III. 3 DETERMINACIÓN DE LOS PARÁMETROS FÍSICO-QUÍMICOS .................. 29 III.4 EXTRACCIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DEL ACEITE DE LA SEMILLAS. ....................... 32 IV. CONCLUSIONES.................................................................................................. 38 V. RECOMENDACIONES .......................................................................................... 39 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS........................................................................... 40 ANEXOS .................................................................................................................... 49 vii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Pág. FIGURA 1. Madera y látex de M. bidentata...........................................................................................6 FIGURA 2. Órganos de la especie Manilkara bidentata. A) Hojas, B) Flores, C)...........................6 FIGURA 3. Fruto y semilla de M. bidentata...........................................................................................7 FIGURA 4. Estudio macromorgológico de las hojas.........................................................................23 FIGURA 5. Histograma del ancho de las hojas .................................................................................24 FIGURA 6 . Estudio macromorfológico de frutos y semillas: A) fruto maduro, B) Fruto verde, C) Semillas frutos maduros con tegumento, D) Semillas frutos verdes con tegumento, E) Endospermos semillas madura, F) Endospermos semillas verdes. .......................................26 FIGURA 7. Detalles micromorfológicos del nervio central de Manilkara bidentata ssp. surimanensis. EAD: Epidermis adaxial; PL: Parénquima lagunar; HC: Haces conductores; EAB; Epidermis abaxial; CU: Cutícula.........................................................................................28 FIGURA 8. Secciones ampliadas de los detalles micromorfológicos de Manilkara bidentata ssp. surimanensis. A: Parénquima lagunar; B: Cristales de oxalato de calcio; c: Haces conductores. CU: Cutícula; EAD: Epidermis adaxial; PL: Parénquima lagunar; COX: Cristales de oxalato de calcio; HC: Haces conductores ...........................................................29 FIGURA 9. Cromatografía en capa delgada de los extractos del tamizaje fitoquímico. ...............31 FIGURA 10. Cromatogramas gaseosos analíticos de la fracción de ácidos grasos del aceite del endospermo de las semillas de los frutos verdes y maduros de Manilkara bidentata ssp. Surimanensis ...................................................................................................................................33 FIGURA 11. Cromatogramas gaseosos analíticos de la fracción de compuestos insaponificables del aceite del endospermo de las semillas de los frutos verdes y maduros de Manilkara bidentata ssp. surimanensis..................................................................................35 viii ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Pág. TABLA I. Taxonomía.................................................................................................................................8
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