Invertebrates 2 Arhropoda Echinodermata Chordata Cnidaria Nematoda Mollusca Porifera Annelida Platyhelminthes
Cladogram of Phyla covered in Bio 11
Cladograms Cladograms
Cladograms are constructed using a method known Cladograms are evolutionary tree diagrams that as ‘cladistics’. This method analyzes a collection show relationships based on synapomorphies of heritable character data compiled by a (shared-derived characters). researcher (morphology and/or DNA). This Shared-derived characters method groups taxa based on the number of Synapomorphies characters that they share with one another. Homologous characters
characters that are shared by two or more groups which originated in (and were derived from) their immediate (last) common ancestor.
Cladograms Cladistics example Cladograms are evolutionary tree diagrams that show relationships based on synapomorphies (shared-derived characters). Fly Fish Wolf Gorilla Human Heterotroph Heterotroph Heterotroph Heterotroph Heterotroph NOT: Chitin Vertebrae Vertebrae Vertebrae Vertebrae Antenae Eye Eye Eye Eye Homoplasy Compound eye Fins Hair Hair Hair 6 legs Scales 5 toes 5 toes 5 toes Analagous characters eggs 4 legs 2 legs+2 arms 2 legs+2 arms Opposable thumb Opposable thumb characters that look similar or have similar fucnctions, but are not derived from a common Homoplasy ancestor. Analogous characters Body Symmetry and Cephalization General Characteristics
1. Body Symmetry 2. Cephalization 3. Type of Gut 4. Type of Body Cavity 5. Segmentation Radial – body parts are Bilateral – right half and left half arranged regularly are mirror images. around a central axis. Anterior/Posterior – head/tail (example: sea anemone) Dorsal/Ventral – back/stomach
Examples of Body Symmetry Echinoderm symmetry Radial Bilateral What about sea stars and sea urchins? As adults they have pentameral symmetry which is a form of radial symmetry, but their larvae show bilateral symmetry and molecular data indicates that their ancestors had bilateral symmetry. So we consider them to be bilaterians.
Types of Guts Cephalization Sac-like Gut Tube-like Gut Bilateral organisms have developed a head in the anterior (front) end. This may have been favorable when moving forward and being able to detect and eat what’s in front of them. Many sensory and nerve cells Mouth Anus have become concentrated in the head. Single opening for Complete gut with mouth ingesting food and and anus. Food travels one- excreting wastes. way through the organism. Types of Body Cavities in Animals Types of Body Cavities in Animals
Coelom - Lined body cavity
Acoel - no body cavity Pseudocoel - unlined body cavity
Segmentation Fossils
Repeating series of body units that may be Fossile evidence has provided a greart deal of quite different. information about the origins of extant taxa. Examples: Segments of an earthworm are similar. Segments of a crustacean are different (lobster, insect). Ediacaran Fossils 600-542 million years Also called “Vendian” Ediacara Hills, Australia South Australia Spriggina Dickensonia
Burgess Shale Ediacaran Assemblage
• Yoho National Park • Canadian Rockies • ~540 mya
Burgess Shale View from the Quarry Working the Burgess Shale
Helena Walcott & family, ca. 1910?
Charles Walcott in his seventies Royal Ontario Museum camp, August 2000, near Walcott’s campsite Burgess Shale Edge of the Quarry
Discovery of Burgess Fossils Walcott’s Field Notes
Burgess Shale Burgess Shale Slabs Ready to Split for Fossils Freshly Exposed Fossils
Prepared Burgess Fossils Burgess Animals Arthropoda Trilobite Canadia
Canadaspis Sanctacaris Anomolacarus
Yohoia Annelid Arthropod Polychaete worm Marella Opabinia
Figure from: Starr, C. (2000). Biology, Concepts and Applications. Brooks/Cole. Burgess Animals Burgess Animals Weird Phyla
Onychophora Chordata Annelida Nectocaris
Hallucigenia
Canadia Dinomischus
The Burgess Sea Arhropoda Echinodermata Chordata Cnidaria Nematoda Mollusca Porifera Annelida Platyhelminthes
Cladogram of Phyla covered in Bio 11
Figure from: Starr, C. (2000). Biology, Concepts and Applications. Brooks/Cole.
Origin of Multicellularity Key Points for Each Phylum:
Animals • Recognize them choanoflagellate-like protists
• Where they fall in the overall phylogenetic tree Two hypotheses 1. Ciliates • General Body Plan: symmetry, gut, coelom, skeleton One cell, many nuclei 2. Colonies • General lifestyle Colonies of cells that became specialized for certain tasks Porifera Porifera Porifera
Cnidaria Cnidaria Cnidaria symmetry symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes Snails, Octopus, squid, clams,chitons, nudibranchs simplest organ system • •Tissues Bilateral symmetry • no tissues or organs • nosymmetry • animals all to Basal • Organ system • many tissue types • Bilateral symmetry • Nematoda Flatworms Nematoda Sponges Nematoda
Mollusca Mollusca Mollusca
Annelida Annelida Annelida
Arhropoda Arhropoda Arhropoda
Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata
Chordata Chordata Chordata
Porifera Porifera Porifera
Cnidaria Cnidaria Cnidaria symmetry symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral symmetry Radial
Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes No organs • Simple tissues • Radial symmetry • Jelly fish, corals, sea anemones Platyhelminthes Organ system • •Tissues Bilateral symmetry • Organ system • Severaltypes tissue • Bilateral symmetry • Segmented worms,Earthworm Nematoda Nematoda Nematoda Roundworms
Mollusca Mollusca Mollusca
Annelida Annelida Annelida
Arhropoda Arhropoda Arhropoda
Echinodermata Echinodermata Echinodermata
Chordata Chordata Chordata sperm A spongereleasingacloudof sperm A spongereleasingacloudof Most liveincoasta Hermaphrodites that reproduce water fresh or ocean Some deep Sperm in water, but eggsretained but inwater, Sperm Swimming larval stage Hermaphrodites that reproduce water fresh or ocean Some deep Most liveincoasta Sperm in water, but eggsretained but inwater, Sperm Swimming larvalstage marine environments sexually (most species) until fertilized marine environments sexually (most species) until fertilized Porifera Porifera
Cnidaria Cnidaria l, shallow water water l, shallow l, shallow water water l, shallow symmetry symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Bilateral Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes Organ system • •Tissues Bilateral symmetry • Crustaceans, Insects ope ra systems Complex organ • Complex Tissues • Bilateral symmetry •
Mammals, reptiles, birds, fish Nematoda Nematoda Porifera Porifera
Mollusca Mollusca
Annelida Annelida
Arhropoda Arhropoda
Echinodermata Echinodermata
Chordata Chordata feeders filter Marine •General lifestyle: • • • • • • Silica spicules Sessile adults food from the water “Filter” 8000 species today Precambrian since Abundant organs tissues,or symmetry, No Porifera Structural Elements ofSponges
Cnidaria symmetry Bilateral Bilateral Success inSimplicity
Porifera (Sponges) (Sponges) Porifera Platyhelminthes Organ system • •Tissues Bilateral symmetry • Starfish, sea urchins, seacucumbers pcl types Spicule Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Arhropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata Sponges – Skeletal Elements Sponges Venus’s flower basket (Euplectella)
Tethya aurantia Figure 23.7 (c,d) from page 361 of your text puffball sponge
Sponges Sponges
Acarnus erithacus Spheciospongia confoederata red volcano sponge moon sponge
Sponges Sponges
Coral Reef
Spheciospongia confoederata close-up Vase Sponge moon sponge Cells containing Cnidocytes (nematocyst). structure a stinging
Porifera
Cnidaria oy medusa polyp Cnidarian Body Forms Body Cnidarian symmetry Jelly fish, corals, sea anemones Radial
Phylum Cnidaria Platyhelminthes (cnidocil) Trigger
Nematoda
Mollusca
Annelida
Arhropoda Cnidocyte (cell) Cnidocyte Delivers venom Hollow thread Hollow nematocyst Barbed tube Echinodermata
Chordata feeding polyp .Reproducesexually andasexually(budding) 6. Carnivores with onegutopening 5. polyp andmedusa Twobody forms – 4. Haveasac-likegut 3. have onlytwoembryonic tissues – Diploblastic 2. KeyInnovations areradialsymmetry and 1. from amature one branch polyp issessileandbenthic,medusaplanktonic (ectoderm andendoderm) a tissue-leveloforganization(still noorgans) colony reproductive polyp hlmCiai anemones, – Cnidaria Phylum ndra Reproduction Cnidarian branching sea waspwarning Sea wasp warning corals, jellies corals, Cnidarians forming polyp female medusa female ovum planula sperm zygote male medusa male Cnidarians - cnidocysts Cnidarians
Jellyfish stings
Cnidarians Cnidarians
Lytocarpus philippinus stinging hydroid Millepora –fire coral
Cnidarians Cnidarians
Portuguese Man O’ War (Physalia physalis)
Millepora – fire coral close-up Cnidarians Cnidarians
close-up of tentacles of Portuguese Man O’ War (Physalia physalis)
Urticina lofotensis rose colored anemone
Cnidarians Cnidaria
coral skeletons
corals from the Great Barrier Reef
Cnidarians Cnidarians
Tubastrea tropical coral
cup coral close-up Cnidarians Cnidarians
symbiotic zooxanthellae (dinoflagellate) in coral tentacle Echinophyllia aspera (gray coral) close-up
Cnidarians Cnidarians
soft coral gorgonian (sea fan)
Cnidarians Cnidarians
notice polyps
gorgonian close-up (sea fan) gorgonians (sea fans) Cnidarians Cnidarians
Chrysaora fuscescens Sea nettle jelly
Chrysaora fuscescens sea nettle jelly
Cnidarians Cnidarians
Chrysaora (Pelagia) colorata Purple-striped jelly Chironex fleckeri sea wasp
Exam on Friday!
We will have fewer questions!
Review session tonight at 5:30 in 2301 Tolman.