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Durabilité Des Aliments Pour Le Poisson En Aquaculture

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Durabilité Des Aliments Pour Le Poisson En Aquaculture Durabilité des aliments pour le poisson en aquaculture: Réflexions et recommandations sur les aspects technologiques, économiques, sociaux et environnementaux Selected sections in English GUIDE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE DE L’AQUACULTURE Durabilité des aliments pour le poisson en aquaculture : Réflexions et recommandations sur les aspects technologiques, économiques, sociaux et environnementaux Durabilité des aliments pour le poisson en aquaculture : Réflexions et recommandations sur les aspects technologiques, économiques, sociaux et environnementaux Raphaëla le Gouvello et François Simard, éditeurs GUIDE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE DE L’AQUACULTURE Photos de couverture : 1 2 1 Distribution d’aliments © J.-C. Raymond. 2 Évolution des prix des farines et huile de poisson (détail). 3 Granulés pour poissons © François Simard. 4 Truites arc-en-ciel (Oncorhyncus-mykiss) © Skretting. 3 4 La terminologie géographique employée dans cet Citation : ouvrage, de même que sa présentation, ne sont Le Gouvello, Raphaëla et François Simard (eds.) en aucune manière l’expression d’une opinion (2017). Durabilité des aliments pour le poisson en quelconque de la part de l’UICN, du CIPA, de la aquaculture : Réflexions et recommandations sur COOP de France, de la FEAP, de la FFA, du SNIA les aspects technologiques, économiques, sociaux et du SPPA sur le statut juridique ou l’autorité de et environnementaux. Gland, Suisse : UICN, et quelque pays, territoire ou région que ce soit, ou Paris, France : Comité français de l’UICN. 296 pp. sur la délimitation de ses frontières. Édition : Les opinions exprimées dans cette publication ne François-Xavier Bouillon, F-06800 reflètent pas nécessairement celles de l’UICN, du Cagnes-sur-Mer CIPA, de la COOP de France, de la FEAP, de la FFA, du SNIA et du SPPA. Impression : Solprint, Mijas, Malaga, Espagne Le présent ouvrage a pu être publié grâce au soutien Disponible auprès de : financier du MEEM et grâce à la collaboration du Comité français de l’UICN CIPA, de la COOP de France, de la FEAP, de la 26, rue Geoffroy Saint Hilaire – 75005 Paris FFA, de l’ITAVI, du SNIA et du SPPA. Tél. : + 33 1 47 07 78 58 e-mail : [email protected] Publié par : ou UICN, Gland, Suisse et Comité français de l’UICN, UICN (Union internationale Paris, France pour la conservation de la nature) Rue Mauverney 28 Droits d’auteur : 1196 Gland, Suisse © 2017, Union internationale pour la conservation Tel: +41 22 999 0000 de la nature et de ses ressources [email protected] www.iucn.org/resources/publications La reproduction de cette publication à des fins non commerciales, notamment éducatives, est permise sans autorisation écrite préalable du détenteur Cet ouvrage est imprimé sur papier recyclé. des droits d’auteur à condition que la source soit dûment citée. La reproduction de cette publication à des fins com merciales, notamment en vue de la vente, est inter dite sans autorisation écrite préalable du détenteur des droits d’auteur. ISBN : 978-2-8317-1831-6 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2017.02.fr AU SUJET DE L’UICN L’UICN est une union de Membres composée de gouvernements et d’organisations de la société civile. Elle offre aux organisations publiques, privées et non- gouvernementales les connaissances et les outils néces saires pour que le progrès humain, le développement économique et la conservation de la nature se réalisent en harmonie. Créée en 1948, l’UICN s’est agrandie au fil des ans pour devenir le réseau environnemental le plus important et le plus diversifié au monde. Elle compte avec l’expérience, les ressources et le poids de ses plus de 1300 organisations Membres et les compétences de ses plus de 16 000 experts. Elle est l’un des principaux fournisseurs de données, d’évaluations et d’analyses sur la conservation. Sa taille lui permet de jouer le rôle d’incubateur et de référentiel fiable de bonnes pratiques, d’outils et de normes internationales. L’UICN offre un espace neutre où diverses parties prenantes – gou ver nements, ONG, scientifiques, entreprises, communautés locales, groupes de populations autochtones, organisations caritatives et autres – peuvent travailler ensemble pour élaborer et mettre en œuvre des solutions pour lutter contre les défis environ- nementaux et obtenir un développement durable. Travaillant de concert avec de nombreux partenaires et soutiens, l’UICN met en œuvre un portefeuille vaste et divers de projets liés à la conservation dans le monde. Associant les connaissances scientifiques les plus pointues et le savoir traditionnel des communautés locales, ces projets visent à mettre un terme à la disparition des habitats, à restaurer les écosystèmes et à améliorer le bien-être des populations. Le réseau français de l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (comité français de l’UICN) regroupe plusieurs ministères, organismes publics et ONG, ainsi que plus de 250 experts. Il est une plate-forme unique de dialogue et d’expertise sur les enjeux de la biodiversité. http://www.uicn.org/fr https://twitter.com/IUCN/ 5 Sommaire PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………… 11 LE MOT DE LA PROFESSION AQUACOLE FRANÇAISE ……………………… 13 INTRODUCTION AU GUIDE ………………………………………………………… 15 CONSTRUCTION DU GUIDE ……………………………………………………… 23 1. BASES BASES DE LA NUTRITION ET DE L’ALIMENTATION EN AQUACULTURE ………………………………………………………………… 29 Chapitre 1 : Bases de la nutrition et formulation en aquaculture ……………… 30 Chapitre 2 : La fabrication d’aliments pour l’aquaculture, contraintes et enjeux ………………………………………………………………… 45 QUELQUES BASES DE L’EVALUATION DE LA DURABILITE ……………… 65 Chapitre 1 : Développement durable : de quoi parle-t-on et jusqu’où pourrait-on aller ? Réflexions …………………… 66 Chapitre 2 : La notion d’acceptabilité sociale : de quoi s’agit-il et comment peut-on intervenir ? ………………………………… 72 Chapitre 3 : Conceptions et significations du concept de naturalité pour l’alimentation des poissons en aquaculture ………………………………… 77 Chapitre 4 : L’Analyse du Cycle de Vie : un outil pour aider à l’évaluation de la durabilité des matières premières en alimentation aquacole ? ……………………………… 85 6 2. GUIDES RÉFLEXIONS ET RECOMMANDATIONS SUR LA DURABILITÉ DES PRINCIPALES MATIÈRES PREMIÈRES UTILISÉES EN ALIMENTATION AQUACOLE GUIDE A : DURABILITE DES MATIERES PREMIERES ANIMALES D’ORIGINE AQUATIQUE …………………………………………………………… 103 GUIDE B : DURABILITE DES MATIERES PREMIERES VEGETALES D’ORIGINE TERRESTRE …………………………………………………………… 153 GUIDE C : DURABILITE DES SOUS-PRODUITS D’ANIMAUX TERRESTRES …………… 189 GUIDE D : DURABILITE DES MATIÈRES PREMIÈRES PRODUITES À PARTIR D’ALGUES ………………………………………………………………… 207 GUIDE E : POUR UNE VISION OUVERTE, « GLO-CALE » ET INTEGRÉE DE LA DURABILITE DES MATIERES PREMIERES EN AQUACULTURE ………………………………………………………………… 245 ANNEXES ……………………………………………………………………………… 275 7 FOREWORD How to feed farmed fish has been proved a major challenge for the global sustainable development of aquaculture. Since the 1980s, global fish farming has developed considerably and farmed fish occupy an ever-more important place in the human diet. The growth of aquaculture has ensured a reliable supply of fish for our increasing needs. Reducing the environmental footprint of aquaculture has become a high priority as part of the drive for greater sustainability in modern society. In the European Union, particularly in France and northern European countries, the laws in place have been instrumental in significantly reducing the environmental impacts of fish farms observed in the last ten years. Equally of note is the heightened environmental awareness among aquaculture professionals, who are now concerned about the image their business enjoys with consumers and the general public. To date, a major concern has been the challenge of feeding farmed fish with products that are nutritious but, at the same time, economically and environmentally sustainable. Significant progress has already been made in this area as a result of research efforts and major investments. Further improvements are expected. The time was right, therefore, to take stock of fish feed as a key issue and assess it from a technology, environmental and social acceptability perspective. These are the reasons that led the Directorate of Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture to provide support (including financial) to IUCN to help compile this guide. Produced in collaboration with many industry players, this publication sheds light on the different sources of feed ingredients provided to fish during their life cycle. It should prove to be a very useful tool for anyone - researchers, professionals, and governments alike - who aims to reduce the impact of the aquaculture industry on marine and freshwater resources. The above-mentioned efforts, much like those carried out collectively for this work, will allow the fish farming industry to assert itself more confidently as a sustainable food source that can meet the needs of a growing human population. The publication will also serve to meet the development objectives related to aquaculture at EU level, which France has also incorporated as part of its Multiannual National Strategic Aquaculture Development Plan for 2014-2020. Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture (DPMA), French Ministry of Environment, Energy and the Sea 8 PREFACE L’alimentation des poissons, un enjeu pour le développement durable de la pisci- culture ! Depuis les années quatre-vingt, la pisciculture s’est considérablement développée au niveau mondial, occupant une place de plus en plus importante dans l’alimenta- tion humaine et assurant à elle seule l’accroissement de l’offre
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