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Italus Ore, Anglus Pectore: Studi Su John Florio Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2018 Italus ore, Anglus pectore: studi su John Florio. Volume 1 Rossi, Carla Abstract: In questo primo volume di un ampio studio sui Florio, condotto negli ultimi nove anni da Carla Rossi, Professore Titolare di Filologia romanza presso l’Università di Zurigo, vengono presentati documenti sino ad oggi sconosciuti alla critica, scoperti presso archivi e biblioteche in Italia, nel Regno Unito, in Svizzera, Germania e Francia, utili a ricostruire la biografia dei due umanisti il cui ruolo, quali rappresentanti della cultura e della lingua italiana nell’Inghilterra rinascimentale, è stato rilevante. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-158232 Monograph Published Version Originally published at: Rossi, Carla (2018). Italus ore, Anglus pectore: studi su John Florio. Volume 1. London: Thecla Academic Press. ITALUS ORE, ANGLUS PECTORE STUDI SU JOHN FLORIO (Vol. 1) Carla Rossi THECLA ACADEMIC PRESS Copyright © 2018 THECLA ISBN 978-0-244-06477-8 THECLA Academic Press Ltd Ltd. 20-22, Wenlock Road, Islington, London, N1 7GU United Kingdom The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) has awarded a grant to this e-book publication. This work is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of THECLA Academic Press Ltd. Studies & Essays 2 SOMMARIO Nota premilinare Introduzione 1 Capitolo 1. Michelangelo Florio 12 1.1. Notizie biografiche: la fede di battesimo e gli anni londinesi 25 1.2. La morte a Soglio: una realtà incontrovertibile 84 1.3. Il segno del tabellionato 119 1.4. Gli eredi e la data corretta della nascita di John 124 1.5. L'opera di Michelangelo Florio 133 Capitolo 2. John Florio: Tübingen, l’arrivo a Londra, l’attività di tintore e i Firste Fruites 147 2.1 Il debito con Alessandro Citolini e i proverbi dei Firste Fruites 197 2.2. Le mogli di John 206 2.3. I figli e gli anni Ottanta 214 2.3.1. Presso l’Ambasciata francese, l’amicizia con Giordano Bruno 221 2.4. Gli anni Novanta, i Second Frutes e il Worlde of Wordes 232 2.5. Il Seicento, John traduttore e lessicografo 251 2.6. I detrattori 258 2.7. Gli ultimi anni e il testamento 266 Conclusioni 285 APPENDICE 1. La biblioteca volgare di John Florio 290 2. La corrispondenza superstite 323 3. Il testamento di Samuel Daniel 344 4. Bibliografia 383 SIGLE ACTA ITAL Acts of the Consistory of the London-Italian Church 1570- 1591, London, British Library, Additional Manuscript Nr. 48096. CSP (Dom) R. Lemon, ed., Calendar of State Papers Domestic, Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth 1545-1580 , 6 voll., London 1856-1870. Denizations W. PAGE, ed., Letters of Denization and Acts of Naturalization for Aliens in England , 1509-1603, (HSQ VIII), Lymington 1893. AODF (Bat) Archivio dell'Opera del Duomo di Firenze, Registro dei battezzati al fonte di S. Giovanni tenuto dal preposto di S. Giovanni, Registro 8, Maschi. Returns R. E. G. Kirk and E. F. Kirk, eds., Returns of Aliens dwelling in the City and Suburbs of London from the Reign of Henry VIII to that of James I , (HSQ X, 1-5), Aberdeen 1900-1910. SAZ Staatsarchiv Zürich. StAGR Archivio di Stato dei Grigioni, Coira. BBB Burgerbibliothek Bern. NOTA PRELIMINARE Tengo a ringraziare la Dott.ssa Prisca Roth dell’Università di Zurigo, esperta di storia medievale e rinascimentale della Val Bregaglia, per la collaborazione che mi ha cortesemente fornito dal 2009 ad oggi. Le immagini dei documenti conservati presso gli archivi britannici, dove non indicato diversamente, sono riprodotte con il permesso dei National Archives Kew, Richmond, Surrey e dei London Metropolitan Archives. Le date degli atti cui faccio riferimento in questo studio, tanto quelli rogati in Inghilterra, quanto quelli relativi alla Bregaglia, sono espresse secondo il calendario giuliano ed anche gli avvenimenti cui si accenna seguono lo stesso calendario. INTRODUZIONE «In centinaia di documenti letti e in migliaia di documenti non letti sopravvivono ancora in archivio le voci dei defunti e la pietà dello storico ha il potere di riconferire timbro alle voci inudibili»: 1 così rifletteva Aby Warburg nel 1902, alludendo alla faticosa e per certi versi misericordiosa opera di ricostruzione, attraverso puntuali ricerche d’archivio, delle biografie di personaggi illustri del passato. Il critico tedesco si riferiva soprattutto al lavoro degli storici dell’arte. Per i filologi, purtroppo più assuefatti dagli anni Sessanta del Novecento all’idea di autore ridotto a mero luogo di incontro di citazioni, ripetizioni, echi, vale esattamente la stessa riflessione, perché allorquando si tratta di ricostruzioni biografiche, sebbene non esistano misteri, sussistono, a volte ostinatamente nel tempo, alcuni enigmi, che le ricerche archivistiche possono contribuire a dipanare. Il lavoro d’archivio, che riconferisce timbro alle voci inudibili , si rivela, laddove condotto con metodo, un esercizio straordinariamente importante per ricomporre un contesto vivo entro il quale circoscrivere l’attività di quelli che oggi consideriamo personaggi di rilievo della cultura del passato. Dagli archivi emergono infatti, 1 A. WARBURG, Bildniskunst und Florentinisches Bürgertum , Seemann, 1902, tradotto in italiano col titolo Arte del ritratto e borghesia fiorentina , in La rinascita del paganesimo antico , La Nuova Italia, Firenze 1966. 1 quando se ne sappiano leggere e contestualizzare i dati, snodi biografici e una rete di relazioni che permette di far luce su quelle questioni aperte che, a distanza di tempo, chiedono solo una risoluzione. È il caso della biografia di due umanisti, Michelangelo e suo figlio John Florio, la cui opera è tornata recentemente in auge, in occasione dei quattrocento anni dalla scomparsa di William Shakespeare e della conseguente riesumazione della cosiddetta questione shakespeariana , quando sono state rispolverate ipotesi e teorie fantasiose, senza alcun fondamento scientifico, sulla presunta italianità del Bardo, germogliate in Italia in epoca fascista e sin da subito relegate dal mondo accademico a puro folklore. I Florio sono stati proposti nuovamente quali autori del ricco corpus shakespeariano, mentre attorno alle loro figure è sorta una vera e propria industria, fondata su ricostruzioni biografiche fittizie attraverso siti web, sedicenti associazioni culturali, libri editi con il metodo dell’autopubblicazione (dunque senza il controllo di alcun comitato scientifico) e presunte librerie specializzate. Risale ancora al giugno di quest’anno la fanfaluca del ritrovamento dell’atto di nascita di Michelangelo Florio, alias William Shakespeare, 2 2 Così recita la notizia, diffusa dal sito sky24ore (il cui nome è appositamente giocato sulla similitudine con la nota testata giornalistica televisiva): «Ufficiale: Shakespeare nacque a Messina . Quella che fino ad oggi si riteneva essere solo una leggenda si è rivelata realtà: William Shakespeare era, in 2 purtroppo subito riverberata in rete da giornalisti poco avvertiti, non al corrente del fatto che gli atti di nascita vennero istituiti, in Italia, solo dal 28 giugno 1815. 3 Per ricostruire le date di nascita dei personaggi venuti al mondo prima del 1815, si fa ricorso esclusivamente alle trascrizioni dei nomi nei registri battesimali, obbligatori per la Chiesa Cattolica dopo il Concilio di Trento (1563), ma già in uso dal Medioevo. La pratica della truffa intellettuale, perpetrata a tamburo battente attraverso la capillare divulgazione di dicerie, vaniloqui ed errori esegetici marchiani via web, spacciati per sensazionali scoperte, ha fatto sì che la disinformazione, irradiata grazie alla pigrizia degli utenti, che accolgono supinamente, senza spirito critico, dati inverosimili e contribuiscono a diffondere le ciarle, assumesse in questi ultimi anni dimensioni allarmanti. realtà, originario di Messina. La conferma arriva dal Centro Studi Shakespeariano di Stratford-upon-Avon, fino a ieri considerata la città natale di Shakespeare. Il 26 giugno 2017 è stato, infatti, recuperato l’atto di nascita di Shakespeare, fino ad oggi mancante. Il documento è stato rinvenuto nell’archivio Shakespeare della biblioteca di Stratford- Upon-Avon, in mezzo ai documenti personali dello scrittore. Dall’atto di nascita si evince che Shakespeare si chiamava in realtà Michelangelo Florio ed è nato a Messina il 23 aprile 1564. Lo scrittore era in realtà figlio di Giovanni Florio, un medico calvinista, e di una nobildonna, Guglielmina Scrollalanza». 3 Diritto civile del Regno delle due Sicilie, modellato su quello francese. 3 Per quel che attiene la questione shakespeariana, bisogna ricordare come già le proposte di identificazione di Shakespeare con Francis Bacon, attribuite al reverendo James Wilmot, in realtà dovute alla fervida e inferma fantasia di Delia Salter Bacon, si erano rivelate frutto di una contraffazione costruita ad arte, 4 secondo la quale Wilmot, verso il 1770, sarebbe giunto alla conclusione che a Stratford-upon-Avon era esistito uno William Shakespeare, ma che questi, a causa della sua modesta istruzione, non avrebbe mai potuto acquisire nel corso dell’intera esistenza la sterminata cultura del drammaturgo. Tra coloro che hanno creduto che Shakespeare non possa essere stato semplicemente un geniale attore, figlio di un guantaio desideroso di nobilitarsi non sans droict ,5 figurano sin dall’Ottocento nomi
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