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Plan D'action De L'ue Pour Les Habitats PLAN D’ACTION DE L’UE POUR LES HABITATS Plan d’action visant à maintenir et à rétablir un état de conservation favorable du type d’habitat 4030 – landes sèches européennes Commission européenne, 2020 Compilateurs: Concha Olmeda1, Viera Šefferová2, Evelyn Underwood3, Lucía Millan1, Teresa Gil1, Sandra Naumann4. 1 Groupe N2K/ATECMA. 2 Groupe N2K/Daphne Institute of Applied Ecology. 3 Institut pour une politique européenne de l’environnement (IPEE). 4 Institut d’écologie de l’UE. Contributeurs: Alena Vydrova (Agence pour la conservation de la nature, République tchèque); Anamaria Roman (Institut de recherche biologique Cluj-NIRDBS, Roumanie); Axel Ssymak (Office fédéral de protection de la nature, Allemagne); Bruno E. L. Cerabolini (Université de l’Insubrie, Italie); Caitriona Douglas (National Parks and Wildlife Service, Irlande); Douglas Evans (Centre thématique européen sur la diversité biologique de l’Agence européenne de l’environnement); Fernando Ojeda (Université de Cadix, Espagne); Geert De Blust (Université d’Anvers, Belgique); Geert Sterckx (Agence flamande pour la nature et les forêts, Belgique); Gergely Király (Université de Hongrie occidentale, Hongrie); Götz Ellwanger (Office fédéral de protection de la nature, Allemagne); Graham Sullivan (Scottish Natural Heritage, Royaume-Uni); Isabel Alonso (Natural England, Royaume-Uni); Ján Šeffer (Institut Daphne d’écologie appliquée, Slovaquie); Joost Dewyspelaere (Natuurpunt, Belgique); Jørgen Lissner (Agence danoise de protection de l’environnement); Leonor Calvo (Université de León, Espagne); Martin Willing (Conchological Society of Great Britain and Wales, Royaume-Uni); Mihail Mihailov (ministère de l’environnement, Bulgarie); Mike Edwards (Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society, Royaume-Uni); Mike Smedley (Scottish Natural Heritage, Royaume- Uni); Pawel Pawlaczyk (Klub Przyrodnikow, Pologne); Philip Perrin (Botanical, Environmental and Conservation Consultants, Irlande); Philippe Frankard (Département de la nature et des forêts, Belgique). Principales étapes de la production du plan d’action: Premier projet: 18 avril 2019 Atelier du groupe d’experts: 26 avril 2019 Deuxième projet: 16 août 2019 Troisième projet: 29 octobre 2019 Consultations avec les autorités nationales, les experts et les parties prenantes: Décembre 2019 – février 2020 Projet final: 20 mars 2020 Citation recommandée: Olmeda C., Šefferová V., Underwood E., Millan L., Gil T. et Naumann S. (compilateurs). 2020. Plan d’action de l’UE visant à maintenir et à rétablir un état de conservation favorable du type d’habitat 4030 – landes sèches européennes. Commission européenne. Photo de couverture: Landes sèches littorales en Irlande. Philip Perrin. Clause de non-responsabilité: Le présent document vise à fournir des informations et des orientations pour la mise en œuvre de mesures de conservation par les organisations et les parties prenantes concernées, mais il n’a pas de caractère contraignant. Produit sous: Contrat de service visant à soutenir la réalisation du plan d’action pour le milieu naturel, la population et l’économie, en relation avec les actions 4, 5 et 7 (Commission européenne ENV/D3/SER/2017/0023). TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MATIÈRES ................................................................................................ 1 SYNTHÈSE ...................................................................................................................... 1 CADRE D’ACTION ........................................................................................................ 3 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 19 1.1 Portée géographique du plan d’action ...................................................................... 20 2. DÉFINITION, CARACTÉRISATION ÉCOLOGIQUE ET RÉPARTITION ....... 22 2.1 Définition de l’habitat ............................................................................................... 22 2.1.1 Définition de l’habitat selon le Manuel d’interprétation des habitats de l’Union européenne ...................................................................................................................... 22 2.1.2 Définition de l’habitat selon la classification des habitats EUNIS ........................ 23 2.1.3 Définition de l’habitat basée sur la liste de contrôle européenne de la végétation 24 2.1.4. Description de l’habitat d’après la liste rouge des habitats européens ................. 25 2.2 Différences entre les pays et entre les régions – problèmes d’interprétation ........... 25 2.3 Exigences écologiques et besoins de gestion ........................................................... 26 2.3.1. Landes sèches planitiaires, montagnardes et littorales ......................................... 28 2.4 Habitats associés ....................................................................................................... 29 2.5 Espèces associées ..................................................................................................... 32 2.5.1 Végétaux ................................................................................................................ 32 2.5.2 Oiseaux .................................................................................................................. 34 2.5.3 Amphibiens et reptiles ........................................................................................... 36 2.5.4 Invertébrés ............................................................................................................. 37 2.5.5 Mammifères ........................................................................................................... 42 2.6 Services et avantages des écosystèmes ..................................................................... 42 2.7 Répartition géographique ......................................................................................... 45 3. ÉTAT DE CONSERVATION, MENACES ET PRESSIONS ............................... 51 3.1 État de conservation et tendances ............................................................................. 51 3.2 État de conservation de l’habitat dans les sites Natura 2000 .................................... 55 3.3 Méthodes d’évaluation de l’état de conservation ..................................................... 57 3.3.1 Valeurs de référence favorables ............................................................................ 60 3.4 Menaces et pressions ................................................................................................ 61 3.4.1 Détermination des principales menaces et pressions exercées sur l’habitat .......... 61 3.4.2 Abandon du pâturage traditionnel, pâturage inadapté par le bétail ....................... 62 3.4.3 Eutrophisation et dépôt d’azote ............................................................................. 64 3.5 Effets du changement climatique ............................................................................. 70 3.6. Conclusions et recommandations ............................................................................ 74 4. OBJECTIFS DE CONSERVATION ET DE GESTION DE L’HABITAT ........... 76 4.1 Cadre général et contexte ......................................................................................... 76 4.2 Objectif général du présent plan d’action ................................................................. 77 4.3 Établissement d’objectifs au niveau biogéographique et au niveau national ........... 77 4.4 Établissement d’objectifs au niveau national ........................................................... 79 4.5 Établissement d’objectifs de conservation au sein des sites Natura 2000 ................ 82 4.6 Établissement d’objectifs en dehors des sites Natura 2000 ...................................... 84 4.7 Établissement des objectifs et des approches de gestion dans une zone spécifique . 84 5. MESURES DE CONSERVATION ET DE RESTAURATION ............................ 87 5.1 Principales pratiques de gestion pour le maintien de l’habitat en bon état ............... 87 5.1.1 Pâturage ................................................................................................................. 87 5.1.2 Fauche .................................................................................................................... 90 5.1.3 Brûlage................................................................................................................... 91 5.1.4 Gestion des incidences des dépôts d’azote ............................................................ 95 5.2 Restauration et défragmentation des landes ............................................................. 96 5.3 Gestion de la conservation et restauration de la faune sauvage ........................... 101 5.4 Planification de la gestion de la conservation dans une zone spécifique ............... 105 5.5 Critères de hiérarchisation des mesures et de détermination des domaines d’action prioritaires ..................................................................................................................... 109 5.6 Principaux acteurs de la définition et de la mise en œuvre des mesures ................ 109 5.7 Défis, difficultés et solutions possibles .................................................................. 110 5.8 Conclusions et recommandations ........................................................................... 110 6. COÛTS, FINANCEMENT ET OUTILS DE SOUTIEN ...................................... 113
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