Paahdeympäristöjen Ekologia Ja Uhanalaiset Lajit Stella from (Toim.)

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Paahdeympäristöjen Ekologia Ja Uhanalaiset Lajit Stella from (Toim.) 774 Suomen ympäristö Suomen ympäristö 774 Pa ahdeympäristöjen ek LUONTO JA LUONTO JA LUONNONVARAT LUONNONVARAT ologia ja uhanalaiset lajit Paahdeympäristöjen ekologia ja uhanalaiset lajit Stella From (toim.) Paahdeympäristöt ovat avoimia, ympäristöään kuumempia paikkoja, joilla on hyvin omaleimainen ja nykyään harvinaistunut lajistonsa. Luontotyyppejä, joissa Paahdeympäristöjen paahdekohteita esiintyy ovat mm. hiekkarannat, dyynit, harjujen paisterinteet, kedot, kalliot ja monen tyyppiset ihmisen muokkaamat alueet, mukaan lukien maatalouden muovaavat perinneympäristöt. Paahdeympäristöt ovat erityisen ekologia ja uhanalaiset lajit tärkeitä elinympäristöjä monille harvinaisille hyönteisille ja putkilokasveille. Paahdeympäristöille luonteenomaista on peittävien kasvien ja rakenteiden puuttu- minen sekä paljaan mineraalimaan suhteellisen suuri osuus pinta-alasta. Tällaisissa ympäristöissä aurinko pääsee paistamaan suoraan kasvien pohjakerrokseen tai paljaaseen mineraalimaahan, jolloin lämpötila lähellä maanpintaa kohoaa huomat- tavasti muuta ympäristöä korkeammaksi. Paahteisten avointen elinympäristöjen syntyminen ja jatkuvuus ovat Suomen oloissa riippuvaisia ulkoisista tekijöistä, joita ovat esimerkiksi kulo, eroosio, tuuli, vesi ja jää, aallokko, intensiivinen laidunnus, niittäminen, kulutus ja tallaantuminen. Paahdekohteet ovat taantuneet jo 1800-luvulta lähtien mm. metsäpalojen tehok- kaan torjunnan seurauksena, ja niiden häviämistä ovat edelleen vauhdittaneet varsinkin maatalousympäristöjen muutokset ja ympäristön rehevöityminen. Paahdeympäristöille tyypillisistä syntytavoista sekä nykyisestä maankäytöstä ja ympäristön tilasta johtuen niiden suurin uhka on juuri umpeenkasvu. Julkaisussa käsitellään luontaisten paahdeympäristöjen ekologiaa ja kasvillisuutta, paahdeympäristöjen hyönteisryhmiä ja niiden uhanalaisuutta, sekä ihmisen muovaamien elinympäristöjen tärkeyttä paahdelajiston säilymiselle. Julkaisu on saatavissa myös Internetissä: www.ymparisto.fi/julkaisut ISBN 952-11-2010-X (nid.) ISBN 952-11-2011-8 (pdf) ISSN 1238-7312 Myynti: Edita Publishing Oy PL 800, 00043 EDITA, vaihde 020 450 000 puhelin 020 450 05, faksi 020 450 2380 Edita-kirjakauppa Helsingissä: Annankatu 44, puhelin 020 450 2566 ........................................................... SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS PL 140, 00251 HELSINKI SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS Suomen ympäristö 774 Stella From (toim.) Paahdeympäristöjen ekologia ja uhanalaiset lajit HELSINKI 2005 ................................ SUOMEN YMPÄRISTÖKESKUS Julkaisu on saatavana myös Internetissä www.ymparisto.fi/julkaisut ISBN 952-11-2010-X (nid.) ISBN 952-11-2011-8 (pdf) ISSN 1238-7312 Kannen kuvat: Palava metsä ja kissankäpälät, Terhi Ryttäri. Harjusinisiipi, Mikko Kuussaari. Taitto: Satu Turtiainen Vammalan kirjapaino Vammala 2005 2 Suomen ympäristö 774 Sisällys 1 Paahdeympäristöjen merkitys luonnon monimuotoisuudelle ...........7 Stella From, Suomen ympäristökeskus 1.1 Raportin taustaa .........................................................................................................7 1.2 Paahdealueista ............................................................................................................7 1.3 Paahdelajeista ..............................................................................................................8 1.4 Paahdeympäristöjen hoito ........................................................................................9 Kiitokset ...........................................................................................................................11 Lähteet ..............................................................................................................................11 2 Paahdeympäristöt – ekologia ja kasvisto ..................................................12 Terhi Ryttäri, Suomen ympäristökeskus 2.1 Johdanto ...................................................................................................................12 2.2 Paahdeympäristöjen ekologisia ominaisuuksia ................................................13 2.3 Kasvien sopeutuminen paahdeympäristöihin ..................................................14 2.4.1 Harjujen paisterinteet .........................................................................................16 2.4.2 Hiekkarannat ja dyynit ......................................................................................18 2.4.3 Kedot ja kalliokedot .............................................................................................20 2.4.4 Nummet ja alvarit ...............................................................................................22 2.4.5 Kalliot .....................................................................................................................23 2.5 Yhteenveto ................................................................................................................25 Kiitokset ..........................................................................................................................26 Lähteet .............................................................................................................................27 3 Paahdeympäristöjen perhosista ....................................................................29 Jari Kaitila, Suomen Perhostutkijain Seura ry 3.1 Johdanto .....................................................................................................................29 3.2 Miksi paahdelajeista puhutaan vasta nyt? ..........................................................31 3.3 Paahdelajit kuuluvat vanhimpaan lajistoon .......................................................32 3.4 Miksi paahdeympäristöjen lajit taantuvat? ........................................................33 3.5 Miten paahdeperhosia voitaisiin suojella? .........................................................33 Lähteet ..............................................................................................................................35 4 Lappeenrannan lentokentän uhanalaiset perhoset vuosina 2001-2003 ...................................................................................................36 Pekka Sundell, Perhostensuojelutoimikunta 4.1 Johdanto .....................................................................................................................36 4.2 Lappeenrannan lentokenttä ja sen kasvillisuus .................................................36 4.3 Menetelmät ................................................................................................................37 4.4 Havaitut uhanalaiset lajit .......................................................................................37 4.5 Kentän hoito perhosten kannalta ..........................................................................38 Lähteet ..............................................................................................................................39 Liitteet ..............................................................................................................................40 5 Paahdeympäristöjen myrkkypistiäiset ja perhoset: vertailu vanhojen ja uusien kohteiden välillä ...............................................42 Marko Nieminen, Faunatica Oy & Pekka Sundell, Faunatica Oy Yhteenveto .......................................................................................................................42 5.1 Johdanto .....................................................................................................................42 Suomen ympäristö 774 3 5.2 Menetelmät ja kohteiden kuvaukset ....................................................................43 5.2.1 Kohdealueiden valinta .........................................................................................43 5.2.2 Inventointikohteiden valinta alueilla ja kohteiden kuvaukset ...................43 5.2.3 Inventointimenetelmät ........................................................................................43 5.3 Kohteet, havainnointi ja tulokset ..........................................................................44 5.3.1 Säkylänharju (Säkylä) ..........................................................................................44 5.3.2 Parola (Hattula) ......................................................................................................46 5.3.3 Kuhala (Taipalsaari) ..............................................................................................47 5.4 Tulosten tarkastelu ...................................................................................................48 5.4.1 Havainnoinnin onnistuminen ............................................................................48 5.4.2 Tulosten yleistettävyys .........................................................................................48 Lähteet ..............................................................................................................................49 Liitteet ..............................................................................................................................50 6 Paahdeympäristöjen myrkkypistiäiset (Hymenoptera, Aculeata) ....................................................................................53 Guy Söderman, Suomen ympäristökeskus & Reima Leinonen, Kainuun ympäristökeskus 6.1 Lajien ekologinen luokittelu ja uhanalaisuus ....................................................53 6.2 Suojelun ja hoidon reunaehdot .............................................................................54
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